NRI INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Presentation On:- NUCLEAR WEAPON AND INDIA

CONTENTS… INTRODUCTION HISTORY NUCLEAR WEAPON IN INDIA HISTORY OF NUCLEAR WEAPON IN INDIA TECHNOLOGY IN NUCLEAR WEAPON NUCLEAR WEAPON DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION CENTRES RANGE OF TOP NUCLEAR MISSILES DARK CHAPTERS ANTI NUCLEAR POLICIES TALKS FROM HEARTS HITLER IS BACK WHAT TO CHOOSE..GOOD OR BAD. THANK YOU

NUCLEAR WEAPON

A Nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions.

Also, called as Weapons of Mass Destruction. A nuclear weapon is so much powerful that it can destroy or disable

the whole city.

The first nuclear weapon was made by “Federation of American Scientist ” during world war 2.

It was jointly made by J. Robert Oopenhiemer and Albert Einestein under MANHATTAN PROJECT.

Two bombs made are named as ‘little boy’ and ‘fat man’.

First bomb fired for test detonation is done under ‘Trinity Project’.

In nuclear warfare, nuclear bombs are used for two times, both by U.S.

On 6th aug, 1945 an uranium based gun-type atom bomb called as ‘LITTLE BOY’ was fired on Japanese city ‘Hiroshima’.

On 9thaug,1945 a plutonium based impolsion –type bomb named as ‘FAT MAN ’ was fired on another Japanese city ‘Nagasaki’.

Both bombs were named so due to their shapes.

NUCLEAR WEAPON IN INDIA

India is among those countries of world who have constructed nuclear weapons.

Not only the launching centres, but also india posses an intelligent defence system and stands at 6th of doing so.

History of nuclear weapon in india

India’s nuclear weapon program was started in march 1944 under leadership of Dr. H.J. Bhabha, when he founded the ‘Institute Of Fundamental Reseach’.

Defeat from china in 1962 and losing some parts of Kashmir also worked as catalyst in this direction,

The first nuclear weapon was successfully test fired in 1974 in pokharan (Raj.), code named as ‘smiling budhha’ and called a ‘peaceful nuclear explosion’.

History contd…..

The test used plutonium produced in the Canadian –supplied CIRUS reactor and raised that nuclear technology supplied for peaceful purposes could be diverted to weapon purposes.

In 1978, india again successfully test fired the another nuclear weapon under ‘operation Shakti.’

It lead a worry in ‘nuclear suppliers countries’.

TECHNOLGY USED IN NUCLEAR WEAPON There are two types of reactions which are used in a nuclear weapon. nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

The fission reactions involve breaking of a big nuclei and resule in formation of ‘ATOM BOMB’.

The fusion reaction involve combining of small nuclei and results in formation of ‘H-BOMB’.

Generally, U235.Plutonium-239, U233, neptunium-237 are used in fission reaction.

Contd…. Hydrogen isotopes are used in fusion reactions. H-bombs are also called as thermonuclear weapon.

NUCLEAR WEAPON DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA on 7 September 1972 Prime Minister Indira Gandhi gave verbal

authorization to the scientists there to manufacture the nuclear device they had designed and prepare it for a test .

The leader of the team developing the device was Raja Ramanna, director of BARC. Ramanna worked closely with Dr. Basanti Dulal Nag Chaudhuri of director of the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and science advisor to the minister of defense to coordinate the work of explosive system development. P.K. Iyengar, as Ramanna's second in command, played a lead role in directing the development effort; and R. Chidambaram lead the nuclear system design

RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION CENTRES Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) – Trombay

Apsara reactor – 1 MWT, pool type, light water moderated, enriched uranium fuel supplied by France

CIRUS reactor – 40 MWT, supplied by Canada, heavy water moderated, uses natural uranium fuel

Dhruva reactor – 100 MWT, heavy water moderated, uses natural uranium fuel Purnima series

Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR) – Kalpakkam PFBR – 500MWe Sodium cooled fast breeder nuclear reactor, under construction.

Expected completion 2013. FBTR – 40 MWT Fast Breeder Test Reactor, uses mixed (plutonium and uranium)

carbide fuel KAMINI –30 kWT, uses U-233 fuel

RANGE OF TOP NUCLEAR MISSILES OF INDIA

BRAHMOS

NUCLEAR POLICY IN INDIA

Nuclear policy of india is no first use policy. it only pursue a ‘retaliation policy’. This policy states that india will not be first to initiate a nuclear strike. The decision to authorise the use of a nuclear weapon will be made

by P.M. or his designated successor. Although tension escalated between india-pak in 2001-02, but india

still remained with her policy. In 2010, shivshankar menon said that india will not use first , nuclear

weapon against non-nuclear country only.

DARK CHAPTERS OF NUCLEAR WEAPON… Nuclear explosions produce both immediate and delayed destructive effects.

Blast, thermal radiation, and prompt ionizing radiation cause significant destruction within seconds or minutes of a nuclear detonation.

Thermal effects--Approximately 35 percent of the energy from a nuclear explosion is an intense burst of thermal radiation.

Radiation effect--There are several kinds of radiation emitted from a nuclear explosion includeng gamma, neutron, and ionizing radiation.

Blast effect--Most of the initial damage produced by a nuclear explosion comes from the blast effects.

Delayed effect--there are long term effects on the atmosphere and climate. The idea of disaster can be imagined by the examples of two cites Hiroshima

and Nagasaki,who has experienced the weapon of mass destruction.

ANTI –NUCLEAR POLICIES

By the 1960s steps were being taken to limit both the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries and the environmental effects of nuclear testing,

 The Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) restricted all nuclear testing to underground nuclear testing.

 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) attempted to place restrictions on the types of activities signatories could participate in.

In 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established under the mandate of the United Nations to encourage development of peaceful applications for nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against its misuse.

 In 1996, many nations signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,[28] which prohibits all testing of nuclear weapons.

Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

Talks from heart..

Hitler is back…….

WHAT TO CHOOSE….GOOD OR BAD..