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Number 14 - September 2004 EFC NEWSLETTER FÉDÉRATION EUROPÉENNE DE LA CORROSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF CORROSION EUROPÄISCHE FÖDERATION KORROSION Published for the European Federation of Corrosion by The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London, UK EUROCORR 2005 takes place in Lisbon, capital of Portugal for more than 700 years. Organised by the Portuguese Society for Materials (SPM), EFC’s newest Member Society, it will take place as EFC Event Number 273 on 4 th - 8 th September 2005. It will provide a forum for the international exchange of information about all aspects of corrosion and corrosion protection. The overall theme, to which all 17 EFC Working Parties will contribute, is Corrosion Control for Sustainable Development. This landmark event coincides with the Golden Anniversary of the EFC, founded in 1955, and will feature special plenary lectures to mark the occasion. It will also be the first time that EUROCORR has been held in Portugal and an additional feature of EUROCORR 2005 will be a session on Corrosion Control in the Aeronautical Industry. Full details of the conference are available on its website: http://www.eurocorr2005.org Contents EUROCORR 2005 EUROCORR 2006 THE EFC WEBSITE REPORT ON EUROCORR 2003 NEW EFC VICE-PRESIDENT EFC TASK FORCE 2 HEAT EXCHANGER WORKSHOP OBITUARY: R. N. PARKINS EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON DIFFUSION MODELLING OBITUARY: A. K. TILLER “CORROSION 2004” NEW EFC MEMBER SOCIETIES CAVALLARO MEDALLIST FOR 2004 PROPOSED EFC WP ON CORROSION OF POLYMERS NEW AND FORTHCOMING ADDITIONS TO THE EFC SERIES TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR COSTA EFC WORKING PARTY NEWS EFC CALENDAR EFC MEMBER SOCIETIES EFC SECRETARIATS 1 3 4 5 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 20 21 22 22 23 27 31 32
Transcript

Number 14 - September 2004

EFC NEWSLETTER FÉDÉRATION EUROPÉENNE DE LA CORROSION

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EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF CORROSION EUROPÄISCHE FÖDERATION KORROSION Published for the European Federation of Corrosion by The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, London, UK

EUROCORR 2005 takes place in Lisbon, capital of Portugal for more than 700 years. Organised by the Portuguese Society for Materials (SPM), EFC’s newest Member Society, it will take place as EFC Event Number 273 on 4th - 8th September 2005. It will provide a forum for the international exchange of information about all aspects of corrosion and corrosion protection. The overall theme, to which all 17 EFC Working Parties will contribute, is Corrosion Control for Sustainable Development.

This landmark event coincides with the Golden Anniversary of the EFC, founded in 1955, and will feature special plenary lectures to mark the occasion. It will also be the first time that EUROCORR has been held in Portugal and an additional feature of EUROCORR 2005 will be a session on Corrosion Control in the Aeronautical Industry. Full details of the conference are available on its website: http://www.eurocorr2005.org

Contents

EUROCORR 2005

EUROCORR 2006

THE EFC WEBSITE

REPORT ON EUROCORR 2003

NEW EFC VICE-PRESIDENT

EFC TASK FORCE 2

HEAT EXCHANGER WORKSHOP

OBITUARY: R. N. PARKINS

EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON DIFFUSION MODELLING

OBITUARY: A. K. TILLER

“CORROSION 2004”

NEW EFC MEMBER SOCIETIES

CAVALLARO MEDALLIST FOR 2004

PROPOSED EFC WP ON CORROSION OF POLYMERS

NEW AND FORTHCOMING ADDITIONS TO THE EFC SERIES

TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR COSTA

EFC WORKING PARTY NEWS

EFC CALENDAR

EFC MEMBER SOCIETIES

EFC SECRETARIATS

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• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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Programme

An International Scientific Committee is planning the technical programme. This is co-chaired by Professor Sika Schweiz AG, Switzerland, who is Chairman of the EFC Science and Technology Committee (STAC).

The technical topics will include:

A. Corrosion and Scale Inhibition B. Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures C. Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products D. Nuclear Corrosion E. Environment Sensitive Fracture F. Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion G. Corrosion Education and Computer Applications H. Corrosion Testing I. Marine Corrosion J. Microbial Corrosion K. Corrosion in Concrete L. Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production M. Coatings N. Corrosion in the Refinery Industry O. Cathodic Protection P. Automotive Corrosion Q. Tribo-Corrosion R. Corrosion Control in the Aeronautical Industry

There will also be workshops focussing on specific topics:

1. Pre-Treatments 2. Heritage Preservation 3. Alternative Reinforcing Materials for Corrosion

control 4. Trends in Electrochemical Techniques 5. Corrosion Monitoring and Standards 6. Corrosion Control in Water Systems 7. Biomaterials: Corrosion and Wear 8. Corrosion Issues in Future Nuclear Systems

Call for Papers

The deadline for the submission of abstracts is Monday 17th January 2005. Authors wishing to offer oral and poster presentations should submit abstracts electronically via the EUROCORR 2005 website: www.eurocorr 2005.org

Authors will be notified of acceptance by Tuesday 1st March 2005 and must submit their manuscripts by Monday 16th May 2005. Mário Ferreira of the

Department of Chemical Engineering at Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Technical University of Lisbon (who is also Chairman of the Local Organising Committee), and Dr Jörg Vogelsang of

Venue

Professor Mário Ferreira

Lisbon stands by the estuary of the Tagus River and the Atlantic Ocean and enjoys a mild climate, with temperatures typically of 20-25 ºC in early September.

The IST Conference Centre

The IST Conference Centre benefits from a location in Central Lisbon, within a couple of minutes walk of two large and reasonably priced hotels. Downtown Lisbon is easily accessed by underground, being only five stops away from IST. The city offers accommodation at all price levels, including bed & breakfast places for as little as €40 per night.

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Its large auditorium seats three hundred in comfortable tiered seats and the immediately adjacent Civil Engineering Department provides six further auditoria, also with tiered seating. In addition to a good supply of meeting rooms for the EFC Working Parties, there is also an “Internet Room” providing connections for up to 16 laptop/desktop computers. Wi-Fi connectivity is also available for those with suitable laptops, meaning that the Internet can be accessed from anywhere on campus.

Social Programme The social programme will include a welcome reception and the conference dinner at the Estoril Casino and an outing to Estoril and Cascais is planned for one afternoon.

Estoril Casino, venue for the Conference Dinner

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 • EUROCORR 2006: “Reliability Manage-ment of Technical Systems” will take place in Maastricht, The Netherlands on 25 – 28 September 2006.

St. Servaasbrug, Maastricht

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In 2006, the Netherland Corrosion Centre (NCC) celebrates its 50th anniversary. That the NCC has been granted the opportunity to organise EUROCORR 2006 is an excellent opportunity to highlight this special occasion. As all specialists are aware, EUROCORR is by far the most important event in Europe on the subject of corrosion and protection. It’s both a meeting place for specialists as well as a breeding ground for new research. The NCC will add a new perspective and will also focus on the managerial perspective of corrosion. Therefore, the NCC will broaden the horizon of corrosion specialists in 2006 by introducing a multidisciplinary view of corrosion subjects and focussing on the ‘Reliability management of technical systems’. A hot topic of 2006 will be ‘Corrosion of Polymer Materials’. The NCC will also provide the possibility of participating in short courses. Meetings of the EFC Working Parties will take place in parallel with the sessions of oral and poster presentations. We invite you to come to The Netherlands and celebrate our 50th anniversary with us. And we do hope that you will participate both in the congress and in the technical exhibition. Scientific Topics:

• Degradation of polymer materials; • Integrity of industrial sites; • Durability of buildings and constructions as a

technical system; • Materials selection in energy production;

• Session dedicated to the IOP Surface Technology;

• Lightweight constructions - the NCC aims to launch this as a new Working Party;

• Risk based maintenance; • Asset management control (as a tool to

improve design). Exhibition There will be a Technical Exhibition. This will ensure contacts and the exchange of information between manufacturers and users of materials, instruments, software and publications. Interested exhibitors should contact the Congress Secretariat for specific information. Location Maastricht's vibrant history and its situation at a crossroad of European cultures, languages and trade routes lend it a unique charm and international flavour. Dutch visitors to this most ancient, most European and most southerly city of the Netherlands find Maastricht so 'un-Dutch' that they feel as if they are abroad, while foreign visitors tend to feel perfectly at home in its international atmosphere.

Onze Lieve Vrouweplein

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• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 • The saying that many roads lead to Maastricht is due to the fact that year after year it is one of the top three conference cities in the country. Nestling where the borders of The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany meet, Maastricht is an undoubted beneficiary of the European integration process. The Euro-region surrounding Maastricht lies in the centre of north-western Europe and is an area of great scientific, technological and industrial potential, with a modern infrastructure, an internationally oriented multilingual population, a high standard of living and many cultural and recreational facilities.

Stokstraat

Social Programme A social programme for registered participants and accompanying persons will include a welcome reception and the congress dinner. And of course the NCC will make sure that a variety of sightseeing tours is available.

Congress Secretariat

EUROCORR 2006 p/a NCC, att. Dr.ir. G.H. Nijhof, P.O.Box 190 2700 AD Zoetermeer The Netherlands Tel: +31-79-3531411 Fax: +31-79-3531365 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://corrosiecentrum.nl/eurocorr2006

THE EFC WEBSITE

The EFC Website is maintained by the Frankfurt Office of the EFC. Readers are invited to visit it at www.EFCweb.org where they will find much information about the Federation. This includes:

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• the current EFC Newsletter in full colour;

• information about forthcoming events; • details of the EFC Publications; • hot links to the EUROCORR Congress

sites. • the objectives and structure of the EFC

and its: Member Societies (29) Working Parties (17) Board of Administrators (BoA) Science and Technology

Advisory Committee (STAC) General Secretariat.

The site is now being populated with web pages devoted to each of the Working Parties.

These will outline the scope and objectives of each WP, provide a summary of their activities and other essential information.

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The Home Page at www.EFCweb.org

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• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

Conference Report

EUROCORR 2003: “BRIDGE BETWEEN ACADEMY AND INDUSTRY”

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Budapest Congress Centre Eurocorr 2003 was held in Budapest, Hungary, on 28 September - 2 October 2003. The venue was the Budapest Congress Centre, the largest congress and convention facility in the country. Located in the green belt of Buda, a few minutes from the city centre, it provided ample facilities for the six parallel sessions, the display of posters, and an exhibition of over 80 stands, which were features of the conference.

The principal organiser of the event, which was number 261 in the EFC Series, was the Hungarian Corrosion Soc-iety, HUNKOR, led by its President, Professor Erika Kálmán of the Chemical Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. She and her collea-

Erika Kálmán gues, including those from Diamond Congress Ltd. and the Paint Research Institute, provided an extremely well managed and successful conference.

Opening Session Professor Norbert Kroó, General Secretary of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, was the first speaker at the Opening Ceremony on 29 September. In his welcoming address he reflected on Europe’s role as the cradle of physics and chemistry in the 20th century. Many pioneers in these subjects had studied in Budapest, not least of whom was Edward Teller, the physicist (1908-2003) who, seventy years after leaving Hungary, though living in California and speaking English, said that he still counted and dreamed in Hungarian. Professor Kroó was optimistic

that the formation of the European Research Area and the proposed European Research Council would rekindle the pioneering spirit in Europe. He felt that European strength in basic research needs to be complemented by greater success in applications and he welcomed EUROCORR as being largely about applications in the field of corrosion based on scientific work. He wished every success to the conference for the benefit of Europe.

The next speaker was Don Harrop, UK, President of the EFC.

He highlighted the important contribution of the seventeen EFC Working Parties to the organisation of the technical content of EUROCORR 2003.

He assured everyone that they could expect a strong technical programme together with the opportunity to enjoy Hungarian culture, which had already commenced with an organ concert in the Mattias Church on the previous evening. Mr Harrop pointed out that cooperation between EFC Member Societies throughout Europe dates back to 1955, and was recently extended to the USA with the recent signing of a cooperative agreement between the EFC and NACE International. This had brought together two principal bodies in the corrosion field and full advantage should be taken of this cooperation.

Don Harrop

Erika Kálmán then previewed the week ahead. It was expected that there would be upwards of 400 participants from 46 countries. A total of 338 presentations were planned, including 8 plenary lectures, 31 keynote lectures, 200 oral presentations and 99 poster presentations. A special “hot” topic among the 21 technical sessions would be nanocorrosion and nanostructured coatings, and in addition to sessions devoted to the interests of each of the EFC’s 17 working parties, there were to be special sessions devoted to quality control, industrial aspects, and the EU-sponsored CREVCORR project to develop a crevice corrosion test for stainless steels in marine environments. Prizes would be awarded for the best poster, sponsored by the Chemical Research

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• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 • Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and for the best young lecturer (below the age of 35) in the session on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production, sponsored by ANTIKOR, the Russian Member Society of EFC. The social events would include an opening party, a poster reception and an optional excursion and conference dinner, all in all making for a very full week.

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The Opening Ceremony continued with the presentation of the EFC Awards for 2003. The first of these was Honorary Membership of the EFC, which went to Professor Giordano Trabanelli of the “Aldo Dacco” Study Centre on Corrosion of the Institute of Chemistry at the University of Ferrara, Italy. This rarely granted honour was presented in recognition of his tremendous contribution to the field of inhibition, in particular as Chairman of EFC WP 1 on Corrosion and Scale Inhibition and as the organiser of nine European Symposia of Corrosion Inhibitors in Ferrara at five-yearly intervals between 1960 and 2000. Unfortunately, Professor Trabanelli was unable to be present due to ill health, so the award was accepted on his behalf by Professor Fabrizio Zucchi of the same Centre. The European Corrosion Medal was presented by Don Harrop to Dr. Prof. Pier-Luigi Bonora of The University of Trento, Italy in recognition of his outstanding achievements in the application of corrosion science in the field of coatings, and in particular his pioneering contribution to the application of advanced electrochemical techniques for assessing the performance of organic coatings. He was the founder and first Chairman of the EFC Working Party on Coatings, and also served as Chairman of the EFC Task Force on Certification and, for three years from 1996-1999, as President of the EFC. Following the presentation, Professor Bonora expressed gratitude for the honour and paid tribute to the many people who had helped him over the years. By coincidence, these included Professor Trabanelli (nicknamed ‘The Titan’), who had taught him organic chemistry. He described his period as EFC President as ‘a beautiful adventure’, which included a visit to China during which he had accepted the opportunity to eat three fried scorpions. Particular thanks were given to his group of colleagues at Trento University, with whom he hoped to continue working for many years to come. Finally, he urged people to think positively about corrosion in terms of reliability and

durability, and to be optimistic about the outcome for the future.

ThMrLitpreBaQuindto coEFTilthaunfouCoOb TplepreRo“Eadento coco

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Pier-Luigi Bonora with the European Corrosion Medal

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e next award, the Martí Í Franqés Medal, went to Ken Tiller (since deceased), a consultant with hgow Associates, Newport, South Wales. This was sented by Professor José Costa of the University of rcelona on behalf of the Sociedad Española de imica Industrial (SEQUI). The award recognises ividuals who have made outstanding contributions the advancement of the science and technology of rrosion through international cooperation within the C, transfer of knowledge and education. Mr ler’s career in the corrosion field had spanned more n 50 years. He was an expert in the field of derground and microbial corrosion and was a nder of EFC Working Party 10 on Microbial rrosion, which he chaired from 1987 to 1992 (see ituary). he Opening Session continued with the first nary lecture of the conference, which was sented by Professor Christopher Leygraf of the yal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Entitled: nvironmental aspects of metal runoff”. This dressed the question “what does metal do to the vironment?”. It dealt with the release of metal ions the environment in rainwater due to atmospheric

rrosion of, for instance, metal roofs made of pper, zinc, etc., and

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

the release of metal ions to the human body from surgical implants or from watches in contact with the skin. The EU leads the world with regard to restrictions over the use of certain metals but regulations

Technical Sessions

EUROCORR 2003 included 23 different technical sessions. Most of these concerned the topics of the EFC’s active Working Parties and Task Forces: WP1 Inhibition of corrosion and scaling; TF2 Corrosion & protection of steel structures WP3 Corrosion in hot gases and corrosion products; WP4 Nuclear corrosion;

Christopher Leygraf

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have been based on caution rather than a full environmental risk assessment. More information is needed on environmental runoff and its assessment to enable this. To date, most of the activity has been on zinc. As in atmospheric corrosion tests, runoff tests involve the exposure of coupons inclined at an angle of 45º and facing south. The runoff water is collected and analysed. There has been a reduction of corrosion rates in Europe due to a 50 % reduction of the SO2 content in the atmosphere since the late 1980s. However, in other parts of the world, runoff rates are increasing. Professor Leygraf emphasised that runoff rates are not directly related to corrosion rates because corrosion occurs at the interface between the patina and the metal whereas runoff takes place at the interface between the patina and the atmosphere and is chemically controlled (rather than being electrochemical). For example, with zinc, the runoff rate is initially only 20 % of the corrosion rate. Organic or inorganic coatings can be used to reduce the runoff rate from zinc by a further factor of 50 times compared to hot dip galvanised steel, and have a life of at least 5 years. Release rates for stainless steels are much lower that for zinc or copper, but the iron dissolves much faster than the chromium or nickel. The bioavailability of the metal ions depends on the chemical form. Hydrated ions are usually the most bioavailable. In the case of zinc, most is bioavailable initially as Zn(H2O)6

2+. The observed toxicity of zinc for green algae increases linearly with the concentration of zinc ions in the water immediately after runoff occurs. Professor Leygraf’s main messages were that metal runoff is a phenomenon that lies outside the usual corrosion field and that studies are ongoing in both the field and the laboratory. This talk concluded the opening session, and after the coffee break delegates dispersed into six parallel sessions for most of the conference.

WP5 Environment sensitive fracture; WP6 Surface science and mechanisms of corrosion WP7 Corrosion education and computer applications WP8 Testing WP9 Marine corrosion WP10 Microbial corrosion WP11 Corrosion in Concrete WP13 Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production WP14 Coatings WP15 Corrosion in Refineries WP16 Cathodic Protection WP17 Automotive Corrosion WP18 Tribo-corrosion As well as the individual sessions listed above, a couple of joint sessions took place, including: Corrosion inhibition in oil and gas production (WP1 & WP13); and a small joint session between WP13 and WP15. What is more, there were special sessions on: Industrial corrosion; Nano-corrosion and nanostructures; Corrosion in biological systems; and Quality Control. It is not possible within the confines of this Newsletter to summarise so many sessions and, in any case, this has been done already in issues 1, 2 and 3 of of Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology volume 39 (2004). Erika Kálmán acted as a guest co-editor for Issue 1, which was largely devoted to papers that she had selected from the proceedings of EUROCORR, including four plenary lectures, two keynote papers, and two other first class contributions. Issue 1 also included the first part in a three-part summary of every session, which was concluded in Issues 2 and 3. However, seven excellent plenary lectures were delivered at the beginning of subsequent morning and afternoon sessions. These deserve special mention, beginning with one presented by Tim Burstein of Cambridge University (UK) and entitled “Origins of Pitting Corrosion”.

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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It was argued that pitting corrosion occurs in a series of consecutive steps. The nucleation event is a sharp, microscopically violent event, attributed to chloride migration from the electrolyte to the metal film interface. The pit nucleates when the volume expansion at that interface causes passive film rupture. The nucleated event can repassivate immediately, or it can propagate through the formation of a locally saturated salt solution during dissolution of the chloride salt. This is the embryonic pit and its formation is the second step. If the current is high enough and/or the site is sufficiently occluded, the embryonic pit may develop into a metastable pit, in which stability is maintained by occlusivity as well as the surrounding vestiges of the ruptured oxide film. In the metastable state, which is the third consecutive growth step, the pit is not of itself sufficient to sustain diffusion control; the geometry of the site and the surrounding passive film are required to prevent wash-out and repassivation. If the pit propagates metastably to a sufficient size then it may reach a state where its growth is stabilised by its own size, geometry and depth and may then propagate indefinitely. This is stable pit growth and the potential at which this occurs defines the pitting potential. The pitting potential characterises only the transition from metastable pit growth to stable pitting. Stable growth of the pit is the fourth and last step in the pit growth kinetic sequence. The pitting potential is not a characteristic breakdown potential of surface. This is an important distinction to recognize in circumstances where the surface integrity of a component is required. Martin Stratmann of Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany, spoke about “Surface Modification of iron and aluminium based

alloys for improved corrosion resistance and adhesion”. Recent surface- and interface-analytical studies of the degradation mechanisms of polymer coated metal surfaces have shown that such mechanisms are dominated by electron transfer reactions and the electroreduction of oxygen at the metal/polymer interface. New ways to improve the corrosion protection of metals by a chemical tailoring of the surface aim to slow down the reaction kinetics. Proposed surface modifications include the use of novel zinc alloys, tailored oxide films, molecular adhesion promoters and ultra-thin functional organic coatings. For example, physical- and chemical-vapour deposition processes allow the deposition of novel zinc alloys like Zn-Mg, Zn-Mn or Zn-Si which could not be prepared by galvanising or electrodeposition processes. On oxidation in air these alloys will be covered by thin oxide layers whose semiconducting properties completely determine the rate of electron transfer reactions. Tuning the semiconducting properties allows the design of extremely stable interfaces that are significantly superior to existing ones. Another example related to the use of molecular adhesion promoters based on organophosphonates as ordered and densely packed monolayers on aluminium-based materials. If chemically anchored to the substrate and covalently bonded to the organic coating the adhesion and the corrosion properties are improved significantly. Finally, plasmapolymerisation can be used to form extremely cross-linked polymers on nearly all materials of interest. These films can be prepared at high rates under industrial production conditions and their chemical composition and morphology can be tailored to give inherently stable interfaces. However, problems may be encountered because the plasmapolymer film is very brittle and the lecture concluded by demonstrating how the formation of plasmapolymer modified surfaces can be investigated by modern scanning probe microscopy techniques and how such studies can be used to tailor such films for improved formability and corrosion resistance.

Tim Burstein at the Poster Party

Tetsuya Osaka of Waseba University, Japan, discussed “Corrosion Properties of High-performance CoNiFe-based Soft Magnetic Thin Films Prepared by Electro- or Electroless Deposition”. Electrodeposited CoNiFe thin films with a high saturation magnetic flux density are suitable for use as core materials for magnetic recording heads. The

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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corrosion behaviour of such films had been investigated by varying the crystalline structure and the amount of impurities. CoNiFe soft magnetic thin films with a fine crystalline structure of fcc-bcc mixed phase displayed high corrosion resistance when electrodeposited from an additive-free bath. Moreover, it was shown that the corrosion resistance of films deposited from additive-free baths can be improved by annealing at 250 °C under vacuum because this improves the crystallinity. However, no improvement of the corrosion resistance of films containing sulphur was observed on annealing in vacuum and it was demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of CoNiFe films is strongly influenced by the amount of impurities. However, the boron content in systems for the electroless deposition of CoNiFe films did not significantly reduce their corrosion resistance compared with the effect of sulphur and carbon contents in systems used for the electrodeposition of CoNiFe films. Films with a high Ni content display good corrosion resistance whether they contain impurities or not. It was concluded that a fine crystalline structure free from impurities is one of the most important requirements for CoNiFe soft magnetic thin films required to show high corrosion resistance. “Corrosion and passivation in nanoscopic and microscopic dimensions: The influence of grains and grain boundaries” was the title of a plenary lecture by Joachim Schultze of Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany. This demonstrated the value of surface analytical techniques including electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) mapping, atomic force microscopy (AFM), force microscopy (dF/ds) and lateral force microscopy (LFM) in the study of microstructures and corrosion processes occurring during chemical and electrochemical polishing on both nanoscopic and microscopic scales. In particular, the techniques had been applied successfully to the analysis of grain size, surface topography, and oxide film hardness in chemically and electrochemically polished coarse-grained iron. The application of these methods to elucidate the factors influencing the formation of protective films during the phosphating of iron was also demonstrated. Svein Eliassen, of Statoil, Stavanger, Norway, gave a plenary lecture on “A new concept for cathodic protection of offshore pipelines to reduce Hydrogen Induced Stress Cracking (HISC) in high strength 13

Cr stainless steels”. He explained that the cathodic protection (CP) of submarine pipelines by sacrificial anodes has generally been based on a conservative approach, as consequences of failure, to a great extent, are higher than the cost of installations. Recent failures on pipelines with supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) materials had led to the introduction of a new design concept for the cathodic protection of offshore pipelines made from high strength stainless steel materials such as this, with enhanced coating systems such as multilayer polypropylene coatings for combined corrosion protection and thermal insulation. Studies had shown that the most critical factors for HISC are pipeline conditions with high stress and strain, especially stress concentrations, potential levels more negative than -0.80 V versus Ag/AgCl, low operating temperatures, coating failures and deep waters (high hydrostatic pressures). A new concept for cathodic protection involving the use of anode banks at large separations along the pipeline, which is being introduced for new pipeline projects, was described. This reduces the danger of HISC in high strength materials. Keith Lewis of Shell Global Solutions International BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, addressed the very positive impact that high quality materials and corrosion engineering can have on the reliability, availability and profitability of refining and other petrochemical processing operations in a lecture entitled: “Using Corrosion Engineering to Improve Refinery Reliability, Availability and Profitability”. This discussed the role and responsibilities of the corrosion engineer in establishing and maintaining the so-called "integrity operating window" for plant. This window closely defines the design and operating limits beyond which the integrity of the plant will suffer due to corrosion or either long-term or short-term degradation of the material. In this way it is possible to increase flexibility and profitability of operations whilst at the same improving plant reliability and availability through structured multi-disciplinary work processes such as risk based inspection. Examples were provided of profitability improvements gained in the processing of corrosive opportunity crude oils. The failure properly to define and control integrity operating windows can have severe or even catastrophic impact on plant reliability and can discredit the gains in availability offered by

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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risk based inspection. The lecture included some examples of what can go wrong, and the consequences, when the integrity operating window is unknown or ignored. The final plenary lecture was presented on the last afternoon of the conference by Walter Madarassy of Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Budapest has about 400 public statues made of bronze, nearly half of which were erected more than 50 years ago. Severe corrosion problems have arisen due to production problems, mechanical damage, electrochemical and environmental corrosion, and tinkering or poor craftsmanship in previous restorations. During the process of corrosion protection and restoration each type of damage requires a different approach. Fortunately, the problem has attracted more attention during the past 15 years through a European initiative concerned with technologies for the conservation of copper alloy monuments (EU 316 EUROCARE COPAL). The increased availability of financial resources has allowed the restoration of monuments to become a reality. One example concerned an attractive group of statues, sculptures and reliefs which was heavily damaged during the World Wars and revolutions of the twentieth century. Most of the bronze statues were in poor condition and badly needed a thorough restoration. Details were presented of the complex restoration and corrosion protection processes used during the full restoration of the ensemble, which is

w known as the Millennium Monument. no

Social and Cultural Events The organisers of EUROCORR 2003 took full advantage of Hungary’s cultural heritage in arranging some unforgettable events for participants throughout the conference. These began following registration on the evening of Sunday 28th September with a marvellous organ concert in Matthias Church in the Castle district of Budapest. On the following day the Exhibition opened at lunchtime with a reception and at eight o’clock in the evening there was a large welcoming reception with plenty of food and wine, which went on late into the evening and was enjoyed by everyone. Then on the day after that (Tuesday 30th September) the Poster Session ran for three hours from 7 pm in the evening and was again accompanied by a reception that, on this occasion featured snacks and beer.

For most delegates, the highlights of the social programme took place on Wednesday afternoon and evening, when most delegates opted to participate in the optional excursion and conference dinner.

The Welcoming Reception

The Poster Party

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The Royal Palace at Gödöllő

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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This involved a guided tour to Gödöllő and its Royal Palace, the summer residence of Queen Elisabeth of Hungary (Empress of Austria) where visitors saw the living quarters of Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elisabeth (or “Sissi” as she was affectionately know to millions).

The Palace Interior

This impressive residence was built 250 years ago and was greatly loved by Elisabeth who was of Bavarian birth but learned to speak Hungarian fluently and spent more time in Budapest than in Vienna. In the 1860’s she was revered as the world’s most beautiful monarch. Tragedy struck in 1889 when her son Rudolf committed suicide, and again on September 10 1898 when she was assassinated at the age of 60 by a 24-year old anarchist who stabbed her with a file as she boarded the steamship for Montreux on the promenade of Lake Geneva.

Lázár Equestrian Park

From Gödöllő the excursion continued to Domonyvölgy for a visit to the Lázár Equestrian Park where, as dusk fell, there was a most impressive

At full gallop!

Traditional Hungarian Dancing

Dancing with wine

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display of traditional Hungarian horsemanship, after which dinner was served in the restaurant. This was accompanied by a display of traditional Hungarian dancing and at one stage all of the ladies were dancing with flasks of red wine on their heads!

The Opening of the Exhibition

The EFC Bookstand

Closing Ceremony

The closing ceremony included the presentation by Jörg Vogelsang, Chairman of the EFC Science and Technology Advisory Committee, of the Best Poster Prize. This went to Sutha Sutthiruangwong and Gregor Mori of the University of Leoben, Austria, for a poster entitled “Influence of Refractory Metal Carbide Addition on Corrosion Properties of Cemented Carbides”. Professor Endre Berecz of the Hungarian Corrosion Society announced that over 460 participants from 46 countries had attended EUROCORR 2003. During the three-and-a-half days of the event, there had been 70 sessions with 8 plenary lectures, 30 keynote lectures and over 200 other oral lectures and approximately 60 poster presentations as well as an exhibition with 80 stands. He thanked Erika Kálmán

Jörg Vogelsang (left) presents the Poster Prize to Sutha Sutthiruangwong and Gregor Mori

for the excellent organisation of the conference, Diamond Congress Ltd. for running it so smoothly, and all the participants. The last word went to Erika Kálmán, who for her part thanked everyone who had helped to make the conference so successful, including her secretary, Andrea, and Ilona Felhősi, who had acted as both Scientific Secretary and Conference Secretary. Thanks were also given to the sponsors of the event, including the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which had provided support for 25 people from developing countries to attend the conference. It had certainly been a EUROCORR to remember.

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NEW EFC VICE-PRESIDENT

The appointmCEBELCORthe new EFCGeneral Ass2003.

________________________________

N

Antoine Pourbaix

ent of Antoine Pourbaix, Director of , the Belgian Member Society of EFC, as Vice-President was confirmed by the

embly in Budapest on 29th September

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EFC TASK FORCE 2: “FOCUSSED APPLICATIONS IN CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF STEEL STRUCTURES”

Three years ago, in EFC Newsletter No. 11, it was reported that Professor K. Darowicki of the Technical University of Gdańsk, the then President of the Polish Corrosion Society, had proposed the reactivation of EFC WP2 on “Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures”. WP2 last met in 1985, since when it had become dormant. This proposal met with some opposition in the EFC Science and Technology Advisory Committee, as reported in EFC Newsletter 12, two years ago. There was concern that the proposed objectives were too broad and there would be potential overlap with the work of other currently active EFC Working Parties, particularly those on Testing (WP8), Coatings (WP14) and Cathodic Protection (WP18). It was decided that a meeting should be held to resolve the situation, and this took place in Budapest on Monday 20th September 2003 under the chairmanship of the EFC Scientific Secretary, Paul McIntyre.

The Inaugural Meeting of EFC Task Force 2 in Budapest

At the meeting, it was agreed that it would be more appropriate to establish a new EFC Task Force. Such a task force already exists, on “Computer Applications in the field of Corrosion Education”, and is chaired by Professor Walter Bogaerts of the Catholic University of Leuven. The new task force will, therefore, be known as EFC Task Force 2 “Focussed Applications in Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures”. Professor Darowicki accepted the appointment as Chairman of the new group, with the remit of identify-

ing problem areas not already being dealt with by the EFC, ranking these in importance, and establishing multi-disciplinary groups drawn both from the EFC Working Parties and other sources, as appropriate. Professor Darowicki reported that there was already strong industrial interest within Poland for activity related to the monitoring and inspection of steel structures such as bridges, towers, tanks and heat exchangers by various modern techniques including acoustic emission and vibration analysis. Jörg Vogelsang pointed out the need for the development of a reliable short-term test for organically-coated, cathodically protected structures. At present, there is a long-term ISO test, but this takes 6-12 months. A quick, reliable test is needed and this could involve Task Force 2 as well as WP14 on Coatings and WP16 on Cathodic Protection. It was agreed that, as in the case of the EFC Working Parties, Task Force 2 should report to the Science and Technology Advisory Committee. Its progress would be reviewed after three years in order to decide on its longer-term future. The Scientific Secretary undertook to inform all of the WP Chairmen of these developments so that they would be ready to collaborate with Professor Darowicki as the need arose. The new task force has already organised its first event, a Workshop on Industrial Heat Exchanger Problems and related NDT Inspection, which took place in Prague during June 2004, and this is reported overleaf. Professor Darowicki is now fully engaged in the organisation of a second workshop, to take place in Vilnius, Lithuania, during 2005. Having established a group of corrosion engineers in Prague, which is cooperating with Task Force 2, he now wishes to develop the strength of the team working within the Task Force. Further information about progress and topics being addressed by Task Force 2 will appear in forthcoming issues of the EFC Newsletter.

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EFC TASK FORCE 2 WORKSHOP: INDUSTRIAL HEAT EXCHANGER PROBLEMS: NDT INSPECTION

EFC Task Force 2 on Focussed Applications in Corrosion and Protection of Steel Structures held its first workshop, on Industrial Heat Exchanger Problems: NDT Inspection in Prague, Czech Republic, on June 20-21, 2004, as EFC Event Number 276. The Workshop took place in Masaryk´s College and the Department

Prof. K. Darowicki introduces a paper

There were three oral presentations in Session2: The Methodologies of Heat Exchanger NDT Control and Importance of Laboratory Analysis in Defectoscopy, both by M. Prochazka, from TEDIKO, Chomutov, Czech Republic; and Application of Wavelet Transform for Corrosion Monitoring by Dr A. Zielinski of Gdańsk University of

of Metals and Corrosion Engineering of the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. Prof. Kazimierz Darowicki, Chairman of EFC Task Force II, and Prof. Pavel Novak were the principal organiser and co-organiser of the Workshop, respectively, and Dr Zbigniew Klenowicz was its scientific secretary. The Workshop took place in two Sessions:

1) Heat Exchanger Problems, and 2) NDT Inspection.

Prof. Pavel Novak and Dr Douglas Mills co-chaired the first Session while Prof. Kazimierz Darowicki and Dr Douglas Mills looked after the second session. A total of 19 papers were presented in either oral or poster form. Over 25 participants took part in the Workshop. The four lectures in Session 1 included: Restoration of Heat Exchanger and Condenser Tubes by K.G. Cox, from CTI U.K.; Corrosion of Stainless Steels Under Heat Transfer by Prof. P. Novak, Head of the Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague; Flow Monitoring to Diminish Tube Outer Surface Erosion by Dr Z. Klenowicz of Gdańsk University of Technology and Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steam Generator Materials by Stanislav Vejvoda from the Institute of Applied Mechanics, Brno.

Technology. Topics presented as posters were: Pitting Corrosion - Practical Experience and Laboratory Investigations by Dr S. Krakowiak; Intercoat Adhesion Monitoring Using Impedance Spectroscopy by Dr A. Miszczyk; Digital Monitoring System of Corrosion in Electrochemical Environments by Dr J. Orlikowski; A Time-Frequency Method for Detection of Electromagnetic Field Interference on Metal Constructions by Dr K. Zakowski; Monitoring of Passive Layer Cracking Under Tensile Stress by A. Arutunow; Evaluation of Protective Properties of Organic Coatings, by M. Szocinski; Application of Ellipsometry in Corrosion Measurements by W. Felisiak; Detection of Lining Destruction by Means of Acoustic Emission by A. Mirakowski; Electrode Impedance Measurements in Non-Stationary Systems by P. Slepski; Applications of Conducting Polymers in Corrosion Protection, by J. Kawula, all from Gdańsk University of Technology; The Initiation and Propagation of the Stress Corrosion Cracks in High Temperature and High Pressure Conditions, and Hydrogen Embrittlement and Mössbauer Effect, by R. Novotný, P. Sajdl, J. Vošta, O. Schneweis, J. Macák , D. Nižňanský, all from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague.

Discussion between Kevin G. Cox and Dr Douglas Mills on heat exchanger tube restoration

A dozen posters presented

hot scientific topics

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Obituary: Professor R. N. Parkins We are saddened to announce the death on 22 April 2004 of Redvers Parkins at the age of 78 years. He was widely recognised for his exceptional work in the field of environment-sensitive fracture. His scientific career spanned half-a-century and was notable for its contribution to our present ability to design against failures that result from the conjoint effects of stress and corrosion. A native of Willington, Co Durham, he was educated at King’s College of the University of Durham from which he graduated with First Class honours in 1947. His career began with an appoint-

Redvers Parkins (right), leading the UK delegation to the first UK/USSR Corrosion Fatigue Exchange, in Moscow, May 1980

An appointment as William Cochrane Professor of Metallurgy and Head of the Department of Metallurgy and Engineering Materials at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne followed in 1974 and he retained this position until his retirement in 1990. After that time he maintained a prolific workload and output as Emeritus Professor, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Throughout his career, Redvers made an unstinting and effective contribution to many national and international committees. He belonged to committees of the Department of Trade and Industry, the

ment as Lecturer in Metallurgy in the same department at Newcastle upon Tyne, a post he held until 1960. In 1948, he was presented with the Saville Shaw Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry, and three years later he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy for a thesis entitled "The Stress Corrosion Cracking of Mild Steels”. His earliest publications from the 1950s are recognised as providing the foundations of our understanding of the stress corrosion cracking process and he has remained one of the most active researchers of environmentally-assisted cracking, now having about two hundred publications to his credit. His work often highlighted the interactions between both electrochemical and mechanical factors which contribute to the initiation and growth of stress corrosion cracks, and he originated the concept of a continuous spectrum between anodic and cathodic cracking processes. Between 1960 and 1974, Redvers was Reader in Metallurgy at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, where he led a very active research group whose activities included the development of the slow strain rate test method as a means of determining susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking under the dynamic straining conditions that are encountered in many service situations. At the same time, he maintained a very demanding teaching schedule, providing inspiration to students in each of the three undergraduate years. He still found time to become a visiting Fellow of the Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, USA in 1966, and from 1968 he often spent up to two months each summer carrying out research at Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA. In recognition of his published work in the field of stress corrosion cracking, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1972.

National Physical Laboratory and the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. He chaired Corrosion Committees of the British Standards Institution, the International Organization for Standardization, the European Federation of Corrosion, and the Materials Preservation Group of the Institute of Corrosion. He was a President of the Institute of Corrosion and, from 1993-1994, of NACE. He also lectured in many countries around the world and led UK Government delegations to Hungary and the USSR (see photo) for exchanges in the fields of corrosion and corrosion fatigue. His achievements received recognition through many awards, including: the Willis Rodney Whitney Award of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (1978); the Samuel Tour Award of the American Society for Testing and Materials (1979); the Cavallaro Medal of the European Federation of Corrosion (1985); the U.R. Evans Award of the Institute of Corrosion (1988); the Donald Julius Groen Prize of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1989); the Distinguished Lecturer Award of ASM International (1990); the R.A. Brannon Award of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (1991), the Kroll Medal and Prize of The Institute of Metals (1991) and the European Corrosion Medal of the European Federation of Corrosion in 1996. Redvers Parkins made what is unquestionably one of the most significant contributions to the field of stress corrosion cracking and its avoidance. His work had impact in many industries and he was responsible for the development of the slow strain rate test, which is now an internationally accepted method for determining susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. He loss will affect everyone who knew him, many of whom benefited from his help and kindness.

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REPORT ON A EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON DIFFUSION MODELLING Held at Dechema e.V., Frankfurt/Main on 17-18 December 2003

On 17 and 18 December 2003 an informal two-day workshop took place at Karl-Winnacker-Institut der DECHEMA e.V. in Frankfurt/Main, which was solely devoted to all aspects of diffusion modelling in high temperature corrosion. The special focus of the workshop was on issues of alloy depletion by oxidation and of the enrichment of protective scale forming elements in the subsurface of the alloy by a diffusion treatment (diffusion coating). During the two days, ten presentations were given and a laboratory tour was organized at Karl-Winnacker-Institut and twenty-five researchers from all over Europe (Poland, Germany, France, England and Spain) took part in the intense and fruitful discussions. Furthermore, there was time for closer contacts during the breaks and the joint dinner. The workshop was an activity in the context of the SUNASPO-project, which is funded by the European Commission in the frame of their Research Training Networks program. At the beginning of the workshop, Prof. Schütze (Karl-Winnacker-Institut, DECHEMA e.V., Frankfurt/Main), Chairman of EFC Working Party 3, welcomed the guests on behalf of the local organisation and gave a short introduction to the two important diffusion based subjects of the workshop, the subsurface zone depletion during high temperature corrosion and the design and manufacturing of protective diffusion coatings. For the description of subsurface zone depletion the concentration of the oxide forming elements, their thermodynamic stability with regard to the atmosphere and their diffusivity must be considered. If their concentration is too low, chemical failure may occur. Protective coatings are produced either by a diffusion process (e.g. in-pack or out-of-pack cementation) or by thermal spraying (e.g. HVOF). Modelling describes the formation of the passive layer as well as the diffusion of metal ions and oxygen through the passive layer, in the subsurface zone and in the coating. Furthermore, it describes the diffusion of metals during the formation of diffusion coatings. V. Rohr (Karl-Winnacker-Institut, DECHEMA e.V., Frankfurt/Main) presented a literature survey summarizing the work on diffusion models in high-temperature corrosion of Alloy 800 performed at Iowa State University. The study was based on the COSIM software developed at NASA by J.A. Nesbitt. Alloy 800 was considered as a FeNiCr-ternary system forming a protective layer consisting of pure Cr2O3. Diffusion coefficients as a function of the composition of the alloy were estimated from the oxidation depletion profile. This method avoids some extra diffusion experiments. As a consequence, oxid-

ation with TGA and precise quantitative analyses of the diffusion profile gave all information necessary for modelling c(x,t) with COSIM. This modelling method showed good agreement with the experimental data for isothermal oxidation. In this case, the model can be used for determining the lifetime of Alloy 800. For cyclic oxidation the assumptions made for the modelling lead to significant differences between the model and the experiment. Dr. Renusch (Karl-Winnacker-Institut, DECHEMA e.V., Frankfurt/Main) described his lifetime model for thermal barrier coatings which is related to the formation of thermally grown oxide (TGO), consisting in general of Al2O3. During the formation of the TGO the adjacent bond coat material is depleted of Al. One coating failure criterion is given when the aluminium concentration drops under a critical value, which is necessary for the alumina formation. The described lifetime model is similar to the NASA model with additionally a depletion term and a term, which takes thermal cycling into account. The depletion factor is described as a function of the diffusion coefficient of aluminium and its concentration. Prof. M. Danielewski (AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland) proposed an extended analysis of diffusion. Instead of using the classical Fickian-type flux formula (J= D dN/dx) he is looking at the flux expressed as J= c vdiff (Nernst-Planck formulation). This leads to a concept of maximum diffusion velocity and consequently kinetic constraint for the diffusion flux. In this view even fluxes for high concentration gradients can correctly be described, whereas the classical flux description results in difficulties. Additionally, working with diffusion velocities allows to simplify tremendously the mathematical description of diffusion and interdiffusion processes. As an example Danielewski reported his measurements of the intrinsic diffusivities in a Pt-modified β−NiAl/ MAR M002 system together with the modelling of the subsurface zone depletion in the oxidised Pt-modified β-NiAl coating on MAR M002. The results were in good agreement with the modelled data. The presentation led to an intense discussion on the advantage of the described formulation compared to the traditional approach of a deliberate choice of the coordinate system. Dr. R. Filipek (AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland) presented a computer model of interdiffusion in multi-component multi-layer systems (e.g. substrate/coating). The model works for ideal and non-ideal alloys and allows calculations of interdiffusion in closed systems (e.g. diffusion mixing) and open systems

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(e.g. oxidation). Moreover there are no restrictions with regard to the number of components in the system. Dr. Filipek showed results for modelling interdiffusion in the Pt/β-NiAl system. He found that the presence of Pt raises the intrinsic diffusion coefficient of Al by a factor 10, compared to the Pt and Ni in the system. Furthermore, the model produces correct results from the first seconds on. So it allows the description of the formation of very thin oxide layers during the very first seconds of oxidation. The model provides the basis for the DIFSIM software developed by NENSEC (Nanoscale Engineering in Corrosion – a research group in the Department of Solid State Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, leader Professor M. Danielewski). Later, Dr. Filipek demonstrated the DIFSIM-software on the example of the concurrent sulphidation of Fe and Cr in the ternary Fe-Cr-Ni system. During the discussion Prof. Schütze drew attention to the observation that the concentration of the oxide-forming element in the metal subsurface zone as a function of oxidation time can present a minimum during the oxidation process. This fact was also observed in a DIFSIM-simulation but on another time scale. With the same software (DIFSIM) Dr. Kucharska (Technical University of Częstochowa, Poland) studied the oxidation of a Cr containing alloy – P91 steel. Dr. Kucharska showed results of oxidation modelling for different kinetic data (kp), e.g., for the oxidation in dry air and air with different humidity. She found, that the Cr concentration drops very fast to zero when kp is high. For low kp-values the Cr concentration only drops to a threshold value. Prof. Inden (MPIE Düsseldorf, Germany) gave an introduction to the fundamental ideas about diffusion, which represent the base of the modelling software DICTRA. He described diffusion by the transport of atoms through a grid, where this transport can be given by the flux of atoms or by the drift of the centre of gravity. He stated that diffusion only depends on the activity of the species and not on their concentration. Furthermore he annotated, that the mobility of an element depends on the surrounding structure. Only by diffusion of the slower elements, which are constituting this environment, changes in the mobility may occur and grain boundaries can move. By modelling, Prof. Inden found that a low concentration of impurities might have a large effect on the growth of grain boundary cementite, even if a higher concentration of the same element may not give rise to a strong additional effect.

He also stated a strong dependence of the transport systems on grain distances. The model also takes into account the formation of meta-stable phases, which is important because of their influence on the development of the stable phases. DICTRA allows long-term predictions in a system, such as 20 years. Dr. Milewska (UCM Madrid) utilised the DICTRA-Software in combination with THERMO-CALC for her modelling activities. She explained the basic concepts behind these programs and the implementation of the CALPHAD method in simulation of diffusion controlled transformations. The discussion pointed out, that the mobility calculated with DICTRA is always constant, while the real mobility may be influenced by lattice vacancies. Dr. David (LCSM-Université de Nancy) is studying new coatings in the Cr-Nb-Si system produced by a pack cementation process and devoted to oxidation protection of new Nb-superalloys. For the modelling of this process, he uses a kinetic approach (DICTRA-Software) needing thermodynamic data given by the CALPHAD description of the ternary system. The aim is to calculate the diffusion coefficients in the solid phase in order to predict the composition of the coating when the composition of the master alloy is known. This can lead to an optimisation of the coatings with regard to their use. Dr. Durham (Forschungszentrum Jülich) reported about his experiences with the software tools Thermocalc and DICTRA, which he used for modelling thermal barrier coating systems, especially the MCrAlY-bond coat. His requirements for a good model are the accurate description of the oxidation of the system. Dr. Durham’s results are matching satisfactorily with experimental results but he also observed some deviations for high Al and Co coatings at 1000°C. Alloy compositions lying on the multiphase boundaries, have shown fluctuations in the calculated phase compositions. DICTRA-results had a great accuracy up to a number of eight components. Integration of more elements, leads to problems. All presentations gave rise to very intense and fruitful discussions. The participants appreciated the program and the quality of the workshop and thanked the DECHEMA for the excellent organization. The workshop was also a starting point for an initiative to compare the main two computer models presented during the workshop (DIFSIM and DICTRA).

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ARTHUR KENNETH TILLER, 1933-2004

Arthur Kenneth Tiller was educated at Thames Valley Grammar School in Kingston-upon-Thames and at Borough Polytechnic, now South Bank University. Ken, as he was universally known, began his long and distinguished corrosion career in the school of research that was based on simple and patient experimental work but which never lost sight of the ultimate objective of preventing corrosion in the real world. The importance of the latter had already been instilled in him in his first job in the paint industry and was to be confirmed towards the end of the 20th century.

Ken Tiller

Much of this work fell to Ken when he naturally translated to the National Corrosion Service which had been established following the Hoar Report in 1971 The diagnostic and advisory work involved Ken in much travelling and writing of not only specific reports on failures but also of extensive state of the art reviews. Notable examples of this involvement were his reports on corrosion of copper in institutional buildings and the possible health aspects associated with this and with replacement materials. Ken eventually became Head of the Service and his reputation and enthusiasm stood him in good stead

His arrival at CRL came shortly after the upsurge in interest in underground corrosion of metal structures and objects resulting from the activities of the anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria. This was the field in which he was to find his métier. With the late Guy Booth and others he showed the relevance of classical electrochemical techniques to the study of the behaviour of these bacteria in corrosion processes. A stream of papers in a wide range of journals resulted from this work which was then extended to examine the role of bacteria in other environments. It was found that although responsible for numerous examples of materials degradation bacteria were not always the main cause of corrosion in those environments in which they could flourish. The example of the preservation of iron nails in unearthed Roman boots - resulting from the presence of phosphates and tannins in the soil- was a particular example but a more significant finding was in the work of Booth and Tiller on the relative corrosion of steel in the polluted Thames estuary and the almost unpolluted waters of the Afon Dyfi in Wales. Perhaps surprisingly, the corrosion rates in the ‘clean’ estuary were higher than in the polluted waters of the Thames and this was shown to be as a result of the enhanced supply of dissolved oxygen in the former. The picture with polluted anaerobic environments was not, however, as straightforward as this and a series of papers was devoted to this topic. It was generally concluded that in flowing estuary waters the effect of sulphate reducing bacteria on corrosion is small. The same could not be said about corrosion in more stagnant conditions such as buried pipelines, under corrosion products or other deposits and these conditions were investigated and reported over a number of years by Ken. Metals examined included stainless steel, copper, aluminium and engineering alloys n the various environments of plumbing systems, oil and oil products, low level radioactive waste and so on.

when on reaching retirement age he continued to work as a private consultant, a field in which he was still active at his untimely death Ken was a staunch supporter of the Institute of Corrosion and held at various times the offices of Chairman London Branch, Member of Council, and of the Branch and Divisional, Membership, Professional Conduct and Professional Development Committees. He was at various times a member of the Corrosion Section of the International Biodeterioration Group, of the Corrosion Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, of the National Council of Corrosion Societies and for five years Chairman of the European Federation Working Party on Microbial Corrosion. He and C. A. C. Sequeira (Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon) were responsible for organising the first three International EFC Workshops (1988, 1992 and 1994) on Microbial Corrosion. Within the U.K. his authority in the field of microbial corrosion was recognised by his appointment as Visiting Professor to the University of Portsmouth, 1994-1997. In the European context he was awarded in 2003 the Marti Franques Award of the EFC for his work in corrosion education as reflected by his work on microbial corrosion, his publications, lectures and technical and scientific advice. Throughout his working life Ken was actively, in fact it could be said enthusiastically, supported by his wife Jean and, as the years went by, by his children Jane and Paul. Ken Tiller was a happy, hard working man dedicated to his craft and to his family; they and all those in any way associated with the ‘corrosion business’ will remember him with affection, respect and gratitude.

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VII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE-EXHIBITION “Corrosion 2004”

The VIIth international conference-exhibition "Problems of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Materials" (Corrosion-2004) was held in Lviv, Ukraine from 8 to 10 June 2004 (EFC Event No. 272). The organisers of the event were the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Ministry of Education and Science, and Ministry of Industrial Politics of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Association of Corrosionists and the Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute. The conference/exhibition was held under auspices of European Federation of Corrosion.

Scientists from England, Belarus, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Libya, Germany, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Ukraine and from other countries presented about 193 oral and poster papers. Presentations were related to fundamental corrosion aspects, new corrosion resistant materials and protective coatings, inhibitor and biocide protection, electrochemical protection, investigation methods and corrosion monitoring, ecological problems of corrosion and corrosion specialists’ training. A separate section was devoted to corrosion protection of pipelines and reservoirs. A number of oil and gas industry professionals took part the section work. New product developments of 15 companies were presented in the exhibition.

The Chairman of Organising Committee, Professor V. Pokhmurskii, who is also President of Ukrainian Association of Corrosionists, made the opening speech. The plenary presentation of Dr. I. Lukovits and co-authors (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) was devoted to general trends in corrosion inhibitor research. Correlations between structure and corrosion behaviour of dispersion coatings with nickel and copper particles were presented in the paper of Professor S. Steinhauser (Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany). Prof. E. Lunarska (Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences) gave a talk on improvement of corrosion and hydrogen resistance of Ti, Ni and Fe by plasma-treated multiplex layers of aluminides. Prof. V. Pokhmurskii and Dr. M. Khoma spoke about electrochemical aspects of the initial stage of corrosion fatigue of stainless steels. Dr. G. Monka (Institute of Precision Mechanics, Warsaw, Poland) considered the effect of shot peening on the fatigue behaviour of spring steel after corrosion acting.

In the section “Fundamentals of corrosion and corrosion assisted mechanical fracture”, Dr. L.

Petelguzov (Physico-Technical Institute, National Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kharkov) presented a paper about corrosion kinetics, change of structure and mechanical characteristics of zirconium alloy in high temperature water/steam and Prof. A. Kuzyukov (Severodonetsk Science and Research Institute for Chemical Industry, Ukraine) gave a lecture about destruction of chemical and petrochemical apparatus after long-term service in corrosion-active environments. Prof. A. Gareev (Ufa State Technnical University, Russia) concerned on some questions of cyclic crack resistance of mild steels. Dr. G. Pawlowska (Czestochowa TU, Poland) presented data on the corrosion resistance of nanocrystalline permanent magnets consolidated with epoxy resin. Dr. D. Greenfield (Sheffield Hallam University, England) made a presentation about characterisation of novel chromate-free conversion coatings using the scanning vibrating electrode technique. The paper of Prof. M. Sakhnenko (Kharkiv Technical University, Ukraine) about electrochemical diagnostic of hydrogen degradation of materials in service conditions was most interesting in the section “Hydrogen and gas corrosion, new corrosion resistant materials and protective coatings”. In this section Dr. H. Pokhmurska (Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany) presented a paper about the corrosion behaviour of high energy beam remelted layers of magnesium alloys. It should be mentioned that in the section “Inhibitor and Biocide Protection” papers of Dr. V. Obrazcov and Prof. F. Dani1ov (Ukranian State University of Chemistry and Technology, Dnipropetrovsk) on ac id corrosion inhibition and Dr. I. Zin, Prof . V. Pokhmurski (Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute, Lviv, Ukraine) and Dr. S. Lyon (UMIST, England) on inhibition of steel corrosion with phosphate, calcium and zinc ions. A Joint meeting of the Science and Technology Council on Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Problems and the Ukrainian Association of Corrosionists was held at the end of the conference. The next event in the series, the VIIIth International conference and exhibition “Corrosion 2006” will be organized in 2006 in Lviv by the Ukrainian Association of Corrosionists and Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute Institute.

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NEW EFC MEMBER SOCIETIES

The EFC is proud to have SPM, the Portuguese Society of Materials, based in Lisbon, as its newest member. The Society was formed in 1981 and is a non-profit association of materials scientists and engineers working in Portugal. It has more than 400 members including researchers, academics and industrialists. Its main activities include: the publication of the scientific journal Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais; the organization of both an International Materials Symposium every other year and regular short courses, conferences and seminars; the promotion of materials science and engineering among undergraduate students, and collaboration with other scientific societies in Portugal and further afield. Its Electrochemistry and Corrosion Division is one of ten Technical Divisions. This has organised short courses and seminars for industry and students and is currently involved in the organization of EUROCORR 2005. An application to join the EFC from the Albanian

Corrosion Society, based in Tirana, is also in hand and will be submitted to the EFC General Assembly in Nice for approval. This Society was founded recently, also as a non-profit organisation, following the participation of the Corrosion Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Tirana in an EC-supported TEMPUS Project in which Prof. Günter Schmitt, Chairman of EFC WP1 (Scale and Corrosion Inhibition) was also involved. This led to the establishment of a postgraduate course entitled “Electrochemistry of Corrosion Processes and Surface Phenomena”. The membership of the Society has reached forty and is growing steadily with the growing realisation of the problems associated with corrosion in Albanian industry. Further applications to join the EFC have been received recently from organisations in Switzerland and the Czech Republic. These are expected to bring EFC membership up to thirty-two societies in twenty-four different European countries.

CAVALLARO MEDALLIST FOR 2004

Professor Hubert Gräfen is the winner of this year’s Cavallaro Medal, to be presented during the Opening Ceremony at EUROCORR 2004 in Nice. Hubert Gräfen was born on 16th January, 1926, in Hohenlimburg, Germany. He studied Chemistry, Materials Science and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and the Technical University of Aachen and went on to obtain his PhD in Chemistry at the Technical University of Stuttgart. His career began in 1962 at Röhrenwerke Mülheim where he worked in the field of stress corrosion cracking. Within two years he was Head of the ‘Corrosion of Materials’ Group at BASF AG, and by 1970 he was Director of the ‘Materials Technology and Plant Safety’ Department at Bayer AG. In the same year he commenced his academic work as a lecturer in Materials Science, Corrosion, and Failure Investigations at the Technical University of Hannover. In 1977 he was appointed a Professor of Materials Science, lecturing at the Technical Universities of Hannover, Clausthal, and Munich. His research activity has focused on basic work in the fields of stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, hydrogen induced

corrosion, failure analysis, fracture mechanics and corrosion Over the years, his professional activities have included periods as Head of the Working Parties on Materials Science and Corrosion at DECHEMA e.V., VDI and DGM. He has also been Head of the DIN working group NMP 171 on standardisation in the field of corrosion and corrosion protection. The Cavallaro Medal is awarded every two years by the University of Ferrara under the auspices of the European Federation of Corrosion to a scientist who is particularly distinguished by his activity and his publications in the field of corrosion research. Professor Gräfen amply fulfils these requirements, having established a worldwide reputation for extensive scientific research work of outstanding quality. For several decades he has been one of the leading figures in corrosion research and corrosion protection in Germany. He has been the author, editor and co-editor of several books about corrosion and corrosion protection and has more than 150 Papers in German and International Journals to his credit.

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PROPOSED NEW EFC WORKING PARTY: CORROSION OF POLYMER MATERIALS

At a recent meeting of the EFC President’s Task Force in London, a proposal was received from Professor Günter Schmitt, President of GfKORR, the Society for Corrosion Protection, a Full Member Society of the EFC based in Frankfurt, that a new EFC Working Party on “Corrosion of Polymer Materials” (EFC WP19) should be formed. The EFC Bye-Laws require that a proposal for the formation of a new Working Party must receive the written support of Member Societies with Full Membership of the EFC in at least four different European countries (in addition to that of the proposer). Accordingly, the Scientific Secretary initiated an enquiry among the EFC Member Societies, of which there are currently 29 in 24 different European countries. Each Society was invited to indicate whether it either approved or objected to the formation of the new Working Party. The enquiry also invited the Societies to nominate, either immediately or at a later date, up to two official delegates to participate fully in the activity of the new working party, including voting. The results of the enquiry should be available in the near future and are expected to show sufficiently strong support for the formation of WP19. The suggested objectives and scope of the proposed working party are as follows:

“To improve harmonisation of the theoretical understanding of corrosion mechanisms leading to the sustainable use and safe application of polymer materials, using a European network of experts to assemble the present understanding in the field of corrosion of polymers, identify the needs for further research, both in basics and application, evaluate existing testing methods, promote new investigation methods, and foster pre-normative work on an international basis.” Preliminary enquiries by GfKorr had revealed support for the proposal from current and potential EFC Member Societies, as follows:

Austria: The Austrian Society for Metallurgy (ASMET)

Belgium: Centre Belge d'Etude de la Corrosion (CEBELCOR)

Germany: Gesellschaft für Korrosionsschutz e.V. (GfKORR)

Netherlands: Netherlands Corrosion Centre (NCC) Sweden: Swedish Corrosion Institute Switzerland: Swiss Society for the Treatment of

Surfaces (SGO/SST)

GfKorr decided to hold the inaugural meeting of the new working party as a “Kick-off Workshop” in conjunction with EUROCORR 2004 under the convenorship of Dr Rudolf Morach of Ciba Speciality Chemicals, AG, Switzerland (e-mail: [email protected]), at the following time and venue:

08.40 h on Thursday September 16th 2004 Nice Acropolis 1, Esplanade Kennedy F – 06302 Nice France

The following draft Programme has been drawn up for the inaugural meeting:

1. Introduction (Dr. R. Morach, Ciba Specialty Chemicals AG, Switzerland)

2. Corrosion of Polymer Materials - A Short Overview (Dr. R. Morach)

3. Stress Cracking of Polymers - Research Demands (Dr. M. Rudschuck, Deutsches Kunststoffinstitut Darmstadt, Germany)

4. Corrosion of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (Dr. St. Rümhild, Swedish Corrosion Institute, Sweden)

5. Microbial Induced Corrosion of Polymers - Prevention Strategies (Prof. P. Linhardt, University of Technology, Vienna, Austria)

6. New Tools for Investigation and Testing of Polymer Performance (Prof. B. Blümich, University of Technology Aachen, Germany)

7. Failure Analysis of Corroded Components (Dr. R. Brüll, Deutsches Kunststoffinstitut Darmstadt, Germany)

8. Short Term Tests for Life Endurance Prediction - Do They Exist? (Speaker to be announced).

The inaugural meeting will end with the completion of various formalities including the appointment of a Chairman and initial members, approval of the terms of reference and objectives, and the discussion of future work.

The final stage in the formation of WP 19 will be for the minutes of the inaugural meeting to be presented for approval at the next of the EFC Science and Technology Advisory Committee in Lisbon and subsequent submission to the EFC General Assembly for final approval.

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NEW AND FORTHCOMING ADDITIONS TO THE EFC SERIES

New Additions to the EFC Series

EFC 37: “Test Methods for Assessing the Susceptibility of Prestressing Steels to Hydrogen Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking” by B. Isecke (EFC WP11 on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete). EFC 39: “The use of Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Production” edited by J. W. Palmer, W. Hedges and J. L. Dawson (EFC WP13 on Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production). EFC 40: “Control of Corrosion in Cooling waters” edited by J. D. Harston and F. Ropital (EFC WP15 on Corrosion in Refineries). Forthcoming Additions to the EFC Series EFC 38: “Corrosions of Reinforcement in Concrete: Mechanisms, Monitoring, Inhibitors and Rehabilitation Techniques” edited by J. Mietz (EFC WP11 on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete). EFC 41: “Corrosion by Carbon and Nitrogen - Metal Dusting, Carburisation and Nitridation” edited by M. Schütze and H. J. Grabke (EFC WP4 on Corrosion in Hot Gases and Combustion Products). EFC 42: “Corrosion in Refineries” edited by J. D. Harston (EFC WP15 on Corrosion in Refineries). EFC 43: “The Electrochemistry and Characteristics of Embeddable Reference Electrodes for Concrete” by R. Myrdal (EFC WP11 on Corrosion in Concrete).

TRIBUTE TO PROFESSOR COSTA

Professor Dr. Josep M. Costa, Chairman of EFC Working Party 7 on Corrosion Education and Computer Applications, has been honoured on the occasion of his 70th birthday. The University of Barcelona has dedicated to him a book entitled “Trends in Electrochemistry and Corrosion at the beginning of the 21st Century”. The book, which runs to over 1200 pages, is structured in two large sections, one on Electrochemistry and the other on Corrosion. It contains about 75 original papers, in English and Spanish, co-authored by more than 200 researchers from all over the world. Edited by Prof. Dr. Enric Brillas and Prof. Dr. Pere-Lluís Cabot, it is published by Publicacions i Editions de la Universitat de Barcelona (ISBN: 84-475-2639-9). Professor Costa has devoted more than 45 years to teaching and research and has published 12 books and about 200 research papers on Electrochemistry and Corrosion. This magnificent tribute reflects the very high regard in which Professor Costa is held by all of his friends and colleagues.

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EFC WORKING PARTY NEWS

There are currently sixteen active working parties (WPs), each concerned with a different aspect of the corrosion of metals and alloys. The WPs undertake many interesting activities within their own fields, such as: collaborative research and testing programmes; the organisation of workshops, seminars and conferences; the preparation of state-of-the-art reports, guidelines and proceedings for publication as books in the EFC Series; and the organisation of sessions at the annual EUROCORR conferences.

Membership of the EFC Working Parties is available to all those belonging to the EFC Member Societies. Others may participate at the discretion of the WP Chairman. Anyone wishing to join a particular WP should apply to the appropriate Chairman, details of whom are given below, or to the EFC Scientific Secretary, Dr Paul McIntyre c/o The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5DB ([email protected]). _________________________________________________________________________________________

WORKING PARTY ACTIVITIES

WP1: Corrosion and Scale Inhibition Chairman: Prof. Dr. Günter Schmitt, Iserlohn University of Applied Sciences, Fachhochschule Südwestfalen, Frauenstuhlweg 31, D-58644 Iserlohn, Germany, Tel: 0049 2371 566160, Fax: 0049 2371 566271, e-mail: [email protected]

WP1 has announced that the Tenth European Symposium on Corrosion Inhibitors (10th SEIC) will take place as EFC Event No. 274 in Ferrara, Italy, on 29th August - 2nd September 2005. Other items in the three-year plan of WP1 include:

• Organisation of an EFC Workshop and publication on monitoring inhibitor efficiency in functional fluids (machining and hydraulic fluids);

• Collaboration in Round Robin tests to underpin standards for inhibitor testing;

• Organisation of sessions at future EUROCORRs. WP3: Corrosion by Hot Gases and Combustion Products Chairman: Prof. Dr-Ing. Michael Schütze, Karl-Winnacker-Institut der DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Tel: 0049 697 564 361; Fax: 0049 697 564 388; e-mail: [email protected]

WP3 was involved in the organisation of an informal two-day workshop devoted to all aspects of diffusion modelling in high temperature corrosion at Karl-

Winnacker-Institut der DECHEMA e.V. in Frankfurt/Main, on 17th - 18th December 2003. It will be holding an EFC Workshop on “Novel Approaches to the Improvement of High Temperature Corrosion Resistance” in Frankfurt on 27-29 October 2004 (EFC Event No. 275), and it is planning to hold a session at EUROCORR 2005 in Lisbon.

Other key elements of its programme include:

• Participation in the EC-funded project “Cyclic oxidation testing - development of a code of practice for the characterisation of high temperature materials performance (COTEST)”;

• Participation in the EC-funded project “Degradation and Protection of New Heat-Exchanger Alloys for Ultra-High Efficiency Power Generation by In-Situ Scales and Coatings (SUNASPO);

• Development of International Standards in conjunction with ISO/TC 156 WG13 on High Temperature Corrosion.

• Publication of books in the EFC Series. WP4: Nuclear Corrosion Chairman: Dr. Damien Féron, Deputy Head of the CEA Corrosion Service, DPC/SCCME, CEA-Saclay, Bât. 458, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, Tel: +33 1 6908 2065; Fax: +33 1 6908 1586, e-mail: [email protected]

WP4 is organising an EFC Workshop on “Electrochemistry in Light Water Reactors, which will take place as EFC Event No. 279 in Leuven, Belgium, on 30 November 2004. It is intended that

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the proceedings will be published as a new addition to the EFC Series.

Other publications planned for the next two years include books on “Corrosion Issues in Light Water Nuclear Reactors” and “Corrosion Issues in Future Nuclear Systems” Expressions of Interest concerned with Nuclear Corrosion have been submitted under the EU’s 6th Framework Programme, and WP4 plans to be included in the task “dissenination of knowledge” from Euratom-funded programmes.

WP4 has planned the 2nd International Workshop on “Prediction of Long Term Corrosion Behaviour in Nuclear Waste Systems at EUROCORR 2004.

Important topics in its future programme include:

• Microbial corrosion in nuclear waste systems; • Concrete Degradation in Nuclear Reactors

and/or in Nuclear Waste Systems WP5: Environment Sensitive Fracture Chairman: Dr. Jean-Marc Olive, Université Bordeaux 1 - UHR CNRS 5469, Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique, 351, Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France,Tel.: 33 5 56 84 62 19, Fax: 33 5 56 84 69 64, e-mail: [email protected]

WP5 has organised a very important Workshop on Environment Sensitive Fracture and Corrosion-Deformation Interactions” as part of EUROCORR 2004 in Nice.

Provisional plans for the future include:

• Development of new tests for SCC and CF of engineering materials and of methods of presenting the results by means of iso-damage maps;

• Development of quantitative models of the damage process to predict crack velocities;

• Introduction of SCC and CF considerations into the materials selection process.

WP6: Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion and Protection Chairman: Dr. Philippe Marcus, Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Paris, 11, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France; Tel: 0033 144 276

738; Fax: 0033 146 340 753; e-mail: [email protected].

We have Philippe Marcus, the Chairman, and his colleague Isabelle Frateur, the Scientific Secretary, to thank for their huge part in organising the scientific programme for EUROCORR 2004. Despite the additional workload, WP6 has also organised its own session with 2 keynote speakers, 20 other oral contributions and 30 posters. Nevertheless, the working party’s long-term collaborative research programme to develop a reference material and reference procedures to facilitate the use of STM and AFM in corrosion research will continue. WP7: Corrosion Education Chairman: Prof. Josep M. Costa, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Department, Av. Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; Tel: 0034 340 21243; Fax: 0034 341 11492; e-mail: [email protected].

Readers with interests in Corrosion Education are invite to visit the web page of WP7 on the EFC websire (www.EFCweb.org) where they will find a compilation of information in the field of corrosion. Such resources need continuous updating, so please inform Professor Costa of any necessary changes. Professor Walter Bogaerts, Chairman of the EFC Task Force on Computer Applications (e-mail: [email protected]) is responsible for the EU-supported Mentor-C project to develop modern distance learning materials for use in connection with vocational training in corrosion. This ambitious project is now nearing completion, scheduled for December 2004. Members of WP7 will play an important role by testing the software-based teaching aids currently under development in the Mentor-C Project over the next 6 months.

WP8: Corrosion Testing Chairman: Prof. Dr. Hans de Wit, Raad van Bertuur TNO, Schoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 6000, 2600 JA Delft, Netherlands, e-mail: [email protected].

WP8 (together with WG6) has helped to organise a major Workshop on “Local Probe Techniques for Corrosion Research” to be held as Workshop 2 during EUROCORR 2004. Over two days it will feature 2

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 • keynote lectures, 24 other lectures, a round table discussion and 3 posters.

WP8 will also be organising its usual session at EUROCORR 2004 in Nice, this time with seven oral and ten poster presentations.

WP9: Marine Corrosion Chairman: Mr. Bård Espelid, Det Norske Veritas AS, Section for Materials Technology and Condition Management, Johan Berentsensvei 109-111, P.O. Box 7400, 5020 Bergen, Norway, Tel: 0047 559 43800; Fax: 0047 559 43602; e-mail: [email protected]

WP9 is heavily involved in the EU - funded project “Development of new method to characterise the susceptibility of stainless steels to crevice corrosion in natural and treated sea water” (acronym: CREVCORR). The aim is to develop a crevice corrosion test to qualify different stainless steels to crevice attack in natural and simulated sea waters. A Round Robin test programme to verify the reliability and reproducibility of the new test method has been organised. On the basis of the results, a new standard test will be developed.

WP9 has organised a Marine Corrosion Workshop on Copper and Aluminium Alloys in Sea Water and is planning to publish a survey of the literature in this area as a new addition to the EFC Series during 2005.

WP10: Microbial Corrosion Chairman: Dr. Rolf Gubner, Swedish Corrosion Institute, Kräftriket 23A, S-104 05 Stockhölm, Sweden, Tel: 0046 867 41745, Fax: 0046 867 41780, e-mail: [email protected]

Workshop 10 at EUROCORR 2004 on “Biofilms and Materials in Natural Environments” has been organised by WP10 and will include two keynote presentations, 12 other lectures and 10 posters.

The topics will include microbially influenced corrosion in environments including sea water, ultrapure water systems, biological media, underground conditions and environments encountered in the oil and gas processing industries. WP11: Corrosion in Concrete Chairman Prof. Dr.-Ing. Michael Raupach, Institute for Building Materials Research, Technical University of Aachen, Schinkelstrasse 3, 52062 Aachen,

Germany, Tel: 0049 241 8095104; Fax: 0049 241 8092139; e-mail: [email protected]

Michael Raupach, who is in charge of Maintenance of Buildings at the Institute of Building Materials Research has succeeded Jürgen Mietz as Chairmen of WP10. His division has working groups on the Conservation and Repair of Concrete and Steel and Corrosion. WP10 currently has Task Groups on Reference Electrodes and Corrosion Models. It has recently published a report entitled “Test Methods for Assessing the Susceptibility of Prestressing Steels to Hydrogen Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking” as EFC 37 and two other publications are still in preparation: EFC 38: “Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete: Mechanisms, Monitoring, Inhibitors and Rehabilitation Techniques”, and EFC 43: “The Electrochemistry and Characteristics of Embeddable Reference Electrodes for Concrete”

Other activities of WP11 include participation in the COST 534 project on the Protection of Pre-stressed Concrete. WP13: Corrosion in Oil and Gas Production Chairman: Mr Stein Olsen, STATOIL ASA, Arkitekt Ebbelsvei 10, Rotvoll, N-7005 Trondheim, Norway, Tel: 0047 7358 4174, Fax: 0047 7358 4629, e-mail: [email protected]

During the past year, a volume from WP13 entitled: “The use of Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Production”, has been prepared for publication as EFC 39.

The WP has organised a strong session at EUROCORR 2004 with two keynote papers, 23 lectures and 2 posters.

Other interests of WP13 include:

• The performance of corrosion resistant alloys in the absence of hydrogen and in H2S service;

• The performance of carbon steels in H2S service;

• Corrosion in CO2 service; • Publication of an EFC Handbook of case

histories on corrosion in oil and gas production.

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WP14: Coatings Chairman: Prof. Lorenzo Fedrizzi, Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy, Tel: 0039 0 432 558839, Fax: 0039 0 432 558803, e-mail: [email protected]

WP14 helped to organise a successful international workshop on “Electrochemical Techniques applied to Organic Coatings” as EFC Event No. 270 in Sintra, Portugal, on 22-25 October 2003. It is now organising the 4th International Workshop on Application of Electrochemical Techniques to Organic Coatings, which will take place as EFC Event No. 278 in Villars de Lans, France, on 13-16 April 2005.

WP14 is also participating in ISO/TC35/SC9/WG29 on the development of a standard for EIS measurements on barrier coatings and associated round robin testing.

It has organised the largest session at EUROCORR in Nice, with 4 keynotes, 29 other lectures and 22 posters.

WP15: Corrosion in the Refinery Industry Chairman: Dr. François Ropital, Ing. De Recherche, Dept. Corrosion, Institut Français du Pétrole, 1-4 Avenue Bois Préau, B.P. 311, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France, Tel: 0033 1 47 52 7156, Fax: 0033 1 47 52 7058, e-mail: [email protected]

Draft guidelines have been prepared on corrosion under insulation and the whole of the working party’s meeting in Nice will be dedicated to this very important topic which is responsible for huge costs.

The preparation for publication as EFC 40 of a new report entitled “Control of Corrosion in Cooling waters” has now been completed, and EFC 42 on “Corrosion in Refineries” will follow shortly.

WP16: Cathodic Protection Chairman: Marcel Roche, Head of Corrosion Department, Total Technology Division, Tour Michelet A, 1309, 24, Cours Michelet, 92069 Paris la Défense Cedex, France; Tel 0033 1 4135 3006; Fax 0033 141353696; e-mail: [email protected]

WP16 is hoping to prepare a “State-of-the-art Report for the Assessment of CP of Buried Pipelines for

publication in the EFC Series in 2007. It is also maintaining a watching brief on developments relating to certification in the CP field via its involvement with CEN/TC 219/WG5 on “Qualification and Certification of Cathodic Protection Personnel”.

WP17: Automotive Corrosion Chairman: Dr Fouzia Hannour, Corus Research, Development and Technology, PO Box 10000, 1970 CA IJmuiden, The Netherlands, Tel: 0031 251 497 425; Fax: 0031 251 470 432; e-mail: [email protected]

Fouzia Hannour has succeeded Frits Blekkenhorst as Chairman of WP 17. She will co-chair with P. Rolland a session on Corrosion in the Automotive Industry at EUROCORR 2004. This will include a keynote presentation by Ralf Neuhaus on Trends in the Automotive Paint Industry for Corrosion Protection. She will also preside over her first meeting as

Dr Fouzia Hannour Chairman of WP17 in Nice.

WP18: Tribo-Corrosion Chairman: Prof. Jean-Pierre Celis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Dept. M.T.M., Kasteelpark, Arenberg 44, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium, Tel: 0032 163 21260; Fax: 0032 163 21991, e-mail: [email protected]

WP18 has organised a major workshop at EUROCORR 2004 entitled “Tribocorrosion: Industrial Needs and Scientific Insights”. This will include no less than five keynote lectures from international experts in the complex field, including one by Dieter Landolt, a past chairman of the EFC Science and Technology Advisory Committee entited “The Challenges to Science and Technology in the Field of Tribocorrosion”.

Work is proceeding in WP18 on two round robin test programmes, one of sliding corrosion wear and the other on erosion corrosion wear. The aim is to generate data to enable researchers to evaluate the synergisms and antagonisms of tribocorrosion under such contact conditions

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CALENDAR OF FORTHCOMING EFC AND OTHER MAJOR EVENTS Date/venue Conference Contact 12-16 September 2004 EUROCORR 2004 - Long Term Prediction and CEFRACOR Nice Modelling of the Corrosion Behaviour of 28 rue Saint-Dominique, 75007 Paris France Metallic Materials France (EFC Event No. 266) Fax: +33 1 45 55 90 74 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.eurocorr.org 19-23 September 2004 2nd International Conference on Environment Dr Sergei Shipilov Banff, Alberta Induced Cracking of Metals (EICM-2) Department of Mechanical and Canada Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Fax: +1 403 282 8406 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.enme.ucalgary.ca/EICM-2 19-24 September 2004 55th Annual Meeting of the ISE Spiridoula Kastani, Incentives Department, Thessaloniki “From Nanostructures to Power Plants” Zorpidis Travel Services, 76 Egnatia Str. Greece 54624 Thessaloniki, Greece Fax: +30 310 242254 E-mail: [email protected] 20-24 September 2004 4th International Conference on Advances in Dr David Scantlebury Cambridge Corrosion Protection by Organic Coatings Corrosion and Protection Centre UK UMIST, Sackville Street, P.O. Box 88 Manchester, M60 1QD, UK Fax: +44 (0)161-200 4865 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.corrosion.org 21-22 September 2004 Floating Production & Storage Systems: Lucie Kennedy, Conference Director London Integrity Management for Lifecycle IQPC Ltd., Anchor House, UK Enhancement 15-19 Britten St., London, SW3 3QL Fax: +44 (0) 207 368 9301 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.oilandgasIQ.com/2286a 22-25 September 2004 Ninth International Corrosion Symposium and Onur Baylan Ankara Exhibition – ICCP IXth ICCP 2004 Symposium Office Turkey CMS Congress Management Systems International

Organisation Publishing Information Technologies Co. Ltd. Fax: +90 312 442 8846 e-mail: [email protected] website: iccp-tr.com

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27 September - International Workshop on Atmospheric Prof. Carlos Arroyave 1 October 2004 Corrosion and Weathering Steels Corrosion and Protection Group Cartangena de Indias University of Antioquia, Columbia Calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellín, Columbia Fax: +57 4 211 9028

e-mail: [email protected] website: http://ingenieria.udea.edu.co/workshop

4-7 October 2004 Corrosion in the Oil and Gas Industry Colin Britton Amsterdam (Short Course) Corrosion Engineering Consultancy & The Netherlands Training Courses Station Road, Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire, PE28 0HS, UK Fax: +44 1480 860 943 e-mail: [email protected] 4-8 October 2004 International Pipeline Conference 2004 Linda Abercrombie Calgary, Alberta Conference Coordinator Canada Fax: +1 403 244 7533 e-mail: [email protected]

website: http://internationalpipelineconference.com 10-12 October 2004 Titanium (European Executive Seminar) Niels Parusel Ermatingen Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde Switzerland Hamburger Allee 26, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany Fax: +49 69 7917 733 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.dgm.de/executive 19-20 October 2004 Overview of Subsea Pipeline Engineering Linda Hammond Houston, Texas (Course) Trevor Jee Associates, 26 Camden Road, USA Tunbridge Wells, Kent, TN1 2PT, UK [email protected] Website: www.tja.co.uk 25-27 October 2004 Advanced Metallic Materials and their Joining Ing. Alojz Jajcay, Conference Secretary, Bratislava (International Conference) Welding Research Institute - Industrial Slovakia Institute of SR, Račianska 71, 832 59 Bratislava 3, Slovakia Fax: +421 2 4924 6296 e-mail: [email protected] 25-28 October 2004 Fourth International Conference on Advances in Brent Lancaster Hilton Head Island Materials Technology for Fossil Power Plants EPRI, 3412 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto South Carolina, USA California 94304 USA e-mail: [email protected] website: www.epri.com 27-29 October 2004 Novel Approaches to the Improvement of Sabine Sporleder Frankfurt am Main High Temperature Corrosion resistance DECHEMA e.V. Germany (Workshop) Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 (EFC Event No. 275) 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Fax: +49 69 7564 304 e-mail: ssporleder website: www.dechema.de/efcws04

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9-11 November 2004 Valve World 2004 Mr Sjef Roymans Maastricht KCI Publishing BV, Jacob Damsingel 17, The Netherlands NL-7201 AN Zutphen, The Netherlands Fax: +31 575 511 099 E-mail: [email protected] 10 November 2004 Third Symposium on Structural Integrity ASTM Symposia Operations Department Washington, D.C. of Fasteners, including the Effects of 100 Barr Harbor Drive USA Environment and Stress Corrosion Cracking West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA e-mail: [email protected] website: www.astm.org 24-25 November 2004 ANTICOR-2004 “Pipeline Corrosion Control Farida Mammadova Moscow in the Energy Industry” Confidence UK Russia Unit 5, Drakes Court Yard 291, Kilburn High Road London, NW6 7JR, UK Fax: +44 207 372 7129 e-mail: [email protected] 30 November 2004 High Temperature Electrochemistry in Light Damien Féron Leuven Water Reactors Laboratory of Aqueous Corrosion Belgium (EFC Event No. 279) CEA/Saclay, Bâtiment 458, 91191 GIF SUR YVETTE Cedex France Fax: 33 1 6908 1586 e-mail: [email protected] 23-26 January 2005 Paint and Coatings Expo 2005 Annette S. DeLorenzo Las Vegas, Nevada SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings USA 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh PA, 15222-4656 USA e-mail: [email protected] website: www.pace2005.com 24-25 January 2005 Nano and Hybrid Coatings Janet Saraty, Conference Administrator Manchester The Paint Research Association UK 8 Waldegrave Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 8LD, UK Fax: +44 (0) 208 943 4705 [email protected] website: www.nanoandhybridcoatings.com 16-18 March 2005 7th Offshore Mediterranean Conference and OMC scrl Ravenna Exhibition Viale L. C. Farini, 14 Italy 48011 Ravenna, Italy Fax: +39 0544 39347 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.omc.it

3-7 April 2005 CORROSION NACExpo 2005 NACE International Houston, Texas 1440 South Creek Drive USA Houston, Texas 77084-4906 Fax: +1 281 228 6329 E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.nace.org/nace/content/ conferences/c2005/welcome.asp

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13-16 April 2005 4th International Workshop on Application of Dr Sebastien Duval Villars de Lans Electrochemical Techniques to Organic Coatings Institut Français du Pétrole, France (EFC Event No. 278) Echangeur de Solaize, 69390 Vernaison, France Fax: +33 4 78 02 21 41 e-mail: [email protected] 17-19 May 2005 Pipeline Operations and Integrity Management Linda Hammond Aberdeen (Course) Trevor Jee Associates, 26 Camden Road UK Tunbridge Wells, Kent, TN1 2PT, UK [email protected] Website: www.tja.co.uk 18-20 May 2005 Fifth International ASTM/ESIS Symposium ASTM Symposia Operations Department Reno, Nevada on Fatigue and Fracture 100 Barr Harbor Drive USA West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA e-mail: [email protected] website: www.astm.org 7-9 June 2005 Corrosion 2005 - Science and Economy - New Dr.ing. Agnieszka Królikowska Warsaw Challenges Polish Corrosion Society Poland (EFC Event No. 277) c/o Bridge and Road Research Institute, Jagiellońska 80, 03-301 Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] 29 August – 10th European Symposium on Prof. F. Zucchi 2 September 2005 Corrosion Inhibitors – 10th SEIC Corrosion Study Centre “Aldo Daccò” Ferrara (EFC Event No. 274) Department of Chemistry Italy University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 44100 Ferrara, Italy Fax: +39 0532 240709 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.unife.it/corr_study_centre 4-8 September 2005 EUROCORR 2005 EUROCORR 2005 Congress Secretariat Lisbon (EFC Event No. 273) Instituto Superior Técnico Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa

Portugal e-mail: [email protected] website: www.eurocorr2005.org

19-24 September 2005 16th International Corrosion Congress Professor Yinshun Wu Beijing Chinese Society for Corrosion and China Protection, 30 Xue Yuan Lu Rd. Beijing 100083, China Fax: +86 10 8237 2305 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.16ICC2005.com 27-29 September 2005 EUROCOAT 2005 UATCM Lyon (International Exhibition & Congress) 5, rue Etex, 75018 Paris, France France Fax: +33 1 42 63 31 50 e-mail: [email protected]

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• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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2-4 November 2005 Super-High-Strength Steels - First Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia Rome International Conference P.le Rodolfo Morandi 2, Italy 20121 Milan, Italy Fax: +39 02 7602 0551 e-mail: [email protected] website: aimnet.it/shss.htm 12-17 March 2006 CORROSION NACExpo 2006 NACE International San Diego, California 1440 South Creek Drive USA Houston, Texas 77084-4906 Fax: +1 281 228 6329 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nace.org 24-28 September 2006 EUROCORR 2006 Dr. ir. Gerrit Nijhof Maastricht (EFC Event No. 280) Netherlands Corrosion Centre (NCC) The Netherlands Boerhaavelaan 40, Postbus 190 2700 AD Zoetermeer, The Netherlands Fax: 0031 79 353 13 65 e-mail: [email protected] __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

EFC MEMBER SOCIETIES * denotes participation in the EFC Membership Card Scheme

Austria* Eisenhütte Österreich c/o Montanuniverstät Institut für Eisenhüttenkunde A-8700 Leoben Tel: +43 384 245 189 Fax: +43 384 245 852

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Society for Protection against Corrosion A. Alekperov str. 97, apt. No. 113 370141 Baku Tel: +994 12 300 778 Fax: +994 12 300 778 e-mail: [email protected]

Belgium* CEBELCOR Ave. Paul Héger, Grille 2 B-1050 Bruxelles Tel: +32 2 649 6396 Fax: +32 2 649 3107

Croatia Croatian Society for Materials Protection c/o Fakultet strojarstva 1 brodogradnje, Ivan Lucica 5 HR-10000 Zagreb Tel: +3851 611 1944 343 Fax: +3851 611 1944 343

Czech Republic* AKI - Czech Association of Corrosion Engineers Technicka 1905 CZ-16628 Praha 6 Tel: +42 224 31 0151 Fax: + 42 2 3117 151 Denmark Force Instituttet Park Allee 345 DK 2605 - Brøndby Tel: +45 4396 8800 Fax: +45 4396 2636 Finland The Corrosion Society of Finland, FINNCORR P.O. Box 171 FIN-01301 Vantaa Tel: +358 0857 3412 Fax: +358 0857 3412 France* Centre Francais de l'Anticorrosion, CEFRACOR 28 rue Saint-Dominique F-75007 Paris Tel: +33 1 4705 3926 Fax: +33 1 4555 9074

France* Société de Chimie Industrielle 28 rue Saint-Dominique F-75007 Paris Tel: +33 1 4555 6946 Fax: +33 1 4555 4033

Germany* DECHEMA e.V. Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 D-60486 Frankfurt Tel: +49 6975 64209 Fax: +49 6975 64201

Germany* GfKORR - Gesellschaft für Korrosionsschutz e.V. Postfach 15 01 04 D-60061 Frankfurt Tel: +49 6975 64343 Fax: +49 6975 64388

Hungary* Hungarian Corrosion Society ‘HUNKOR’ c/o Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Surface Chemistry and Corrosion Research P.O.Box 17 H-1525 Budapest Tel: +36 1212 2900 Fax: +36 1212 3118

• EFC NEWSLETTER 14 - SEPTEMBER 2004 •

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EFC Member Societies (Continued) * denotes participation in the EFC Membership Card Scheme Italy* AIM - Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia Piazzale Rodolfo Morandi 2 I-20121 Milano Tel: +39 0276 021 132 Fax: +39 0276 020 551 Italy* AITIVA, Associazione Italiana Technici Industrie Vernici e Affini Piazzale Morandi, 2 I-20121 Milano Tel: +39 0278 4236 Fax: +39 0278 4969 Netherlands* Nederlands Corrosie Centrum - NCC Postbus 190 2700 AD Zoetermeer Tel: +31 79 353 14 12 Fax: +31 79 353 13 65 Norway* Norsk Korrosjonsteknisk Forening c/o Aker Maritime (Attn. T. Havn) P.O. Box 589 N-4001 Stavanger Tel: +47 5189 8000 Fax: +47 5189 3533 Poland* Polski Stowarzyszenie Korozyjne c/o Technical University of Gdansk Department of Anticorrosion Technology 11/12 Narutowicza St., PL-80-952 Gdansk Fax: +48 58 347 1025 Portugal* INETI Instituto Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial Azinhaga dos Lameiros a Estrada do Paco do Lumiar 1699 Lisboa Codex Tel: +351 1716 5141 Fax: +351 1716 0901

Portugal Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais INETI - DMTP Estrada do Paço do Lumiar P - 1649-038 Lisbon Tel.: ++351-21-716 51 81 Fax: ++351-21-716 65 68 Romania* Corrosion Commission of the Romanian Academy University Politehnica Street Polizu 1-5 Bucharest 7826 Romania Tel: +40 1 9050 7680 Russian Federation* ANTIKOR - International Scientific & Educational Corrosion Centre c/o State University of Oil/Gas, Lenin Avenue, 65 117917 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION Fax: +7 095 135 7286 Slovenia Institute of Metals and Technologies Lepi pot 11 SLO-61000 Ljubljana Tel: +386 6115 1161 Fax: +386 6121 3780 Spain* Sociedad Espanola de Química Industrial Departmento de Ingenieria Quimica & Metalurgia, Facultad de Quimica Martí Í Franqués 1, 6° planta E-08028 Barcelona Tel: +34 3402 1288 Fax: +34 3411 1492

Sweden Korrosionsinstitutet Kräftriket 23A S-104 05 Stockholm Tel: +46 879 09800 Fax: +46 816 7270 Turkey* The Corrosion Association Middle East Technical University Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department 06531 Ankara Turkey Tel: 0090 312 210 2516 Fax: 0090 312 210 1267 Ukraine* Ukranian Association of Corrosionists 5, Naukova Str. 290601 Lviv Tel: +380 322 654 353 Fax: +380 322 631 577 United Kingdom* Institute of Corrosion 4 Leck House, Lake Street Leighton Buzzard Bedfordshire LU7 8TQ Tel: +44 1525 851 771 Fax: +44 1525 376 690 United Kingdom* The Institute of Materials 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DB Tel: +44 171 451 7336 Fax: +44 171 839 2289 Yugoslavia: Union of Engineers and Technicians for Protection of Materials Kneza Milosa 9, 11000 Belgrade Tel: +381 11 3232 327

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________ The EFC Secretariats are located at: Professor Dr G. Kreysa Europäische Föderation Korrosion DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, D-60486, Frankfurt, Germany EFC Secretary: Mrs I. Honndorf Tel: +49 697 564 209; Fax: +49 697 564 299 e-mail: [email protected]

Dr P. Berge Fédération Européene de la Corrosion Société de Chimie Industrielle 28 rue Saint-Dominique, F-75007 Paris, France EFC Secretary: Mrs. P. Bridou Tel: +33 153 590 218; Fax: +33 145 554 033 e-mail: [email protected]

Dr B. A. Rickinson European Federation of Corrosion The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5DB, UK EFC Scientific Secretary: Dr P. McIntyre Tel: +44 207 451 7366; Fax: +44 207 839 2289 e-mail: [email protected]

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