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I N D E X

Numerics0 CIR (zero CIR), 4575 percent rule, network planning, 44

AAAL5 (ATM adaptation layer, 5), 235access

bandwidth optimization, 413SVCs

configuring, 315–321implementing, 318monitoring, 321–324

virtual interfaces, 293–295active TCP/IP header compression, 424. See also

TCP/IP Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface

Congestion. See also congestioncase study, 279–285configuring, 274–276verifying, 276–278

adaptive shapingBECN, 117–118ForeSight, 118–119

ADD_LINK_ACK message, 386ADD_LINK_REJ message, 387adding subrate shapers, 565addresses

ELMIconfiguring, 366–369MIB, 369–377registering, 358–360

global significance, 97local significance, 95. See also local

significance SVC, 317X.121, 339

administrationbroadcast traffic, 54–56bundles, 386, 387congestion, 51, 483–484

configuring, 168monitoring, 178–188

queuing, 487RSVP, 612–617switched PVCs, 161

ELMI Address Registration, 358links, 384–386network planning, 40–45performance, 50–54SNMP, 370

advertisements, SAP, 494agents, MIB SNMP, 370AIM (Advanced Integration Modules), 417Airline X.25 (AX25), 337algorithms

compression, 429leaky bucket, 116Lempel-Ziv compression, 415LSZ, 54Predictor compression, 416Stacker compression, 415token bucket, 116Van Jacobson’s, 423WFQ, 486

Annex G, 331, 334–335case study, 345–353implementing, 335–336monitoring, 350troubleshooting, 350

answers to review questions, 623–641any-to-any connectivity, remote sites, 313Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), 228applications

LFI, 572LLQ, 538–547provisioning bandwidth, 43PVCs/SVCs, 314–315real-time, 42

architecture, hierarchical queuing, 487, 495ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), 228assignment of DLCIs, 94–98association

FRTS map classes, 125–127virtual template interfaces, 574

Asynchronous Transfer Mode. See ATM ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 227

Cisco, 2600 series routers, 254Cisco, 3600 series routers, 254–255

CH01.book Page 643 Tuesday, February 17, 2004 8:05 AM

644

Cisco, 7200 series routers, 255CLP, 237–240configuring, 255–265congestion, 240–241DE, 237–240Frame Relay protocol, 229–230FRF.5, 231–237FRF.8.1, 241–252IMA, 254interworking, 230–231overview of, 228–229platform support, 253

ATM adaptation layer, 5 (AAL5), 235authentication, 287autonotification, 358–360

configuring, 366–369MIB, 369–377

Autosense (ELMI QoS), 357–366avoidance (congestion)

RED, 596WRED, 594–599

configuring, 599–602troubleshooting, 602–605

AX25 (Airline X.25), 337

BB channels, switching on, 159backups

bandwidth-on-demand, 313–314VCs, 56–57

Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN), 51

bandwidthCBWFQ, 522compression

algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465

latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,

415memory, 431monitoring, 432–447nonreversible data compression schemes,

415payloads, 435Predictor, 416ratios, 416, 432RTP header configuration, 426–429, 444schemes, 418–420speed, 431Stacker, 415TCP/IP, 423, 441troubleshooting, 447

LFI, 571optimizing, 413planning, 43requirements, 40reservations services, 610troubleshooting, 530virtual template interfaces, 574

bandwidth percent command, 531bandwidth-on-demand, 313–314Bc (committed burst), 45Be (excess burst), 45BECN (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification),

51, 117–118BFE (Blacker Front End), 337bidirectional mode, End-to-End Keepalive, 199B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital

Network), 228bit mapping

CLP to DE, 240, 250DE to CLP, 238, 248

Blacker Front End (BFE), 337bottlenecks

RED, 596WRED, 594–599


broadband connections, ATM, 228–229Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

(B-ISDN), 228broadcasts

configuring, 146–147

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)


645

managing, 54–56queues, 493–494

bundlesconfiguring, 386–388load balancing, 392–397managing, 387resiliency, 404tearing down, 388

Ccapacity, planning bandwidth, 40, 43case studies

Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion, 279–285

Annex G, 345–353LFI, 581fragmentation, 477–479PPP, 301–308SVCs, 326–329

CBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing), 487, 513, 518–520

configuring, 521–526LLQ/PQ, 531–537troubleshooting, 526–531WFQ, 520

CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 429cell loss priority (CLP), 230, 237–240Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol

(CHAP), 287channels, switching B channels, 159CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication

Protocol), 287CIR (committed information rate), 110

Frame Relay subscription, 44maximum, 47MINCIR, 613moderated, 46planning, 45–47reducing, 414zero CIR, 45

circuitsCisco, 90i IDSL Channel Unit, 289compression, 54

Cisco, 2600 series routers, ATM, 254Cisco, 3600 series routers, ATM, 254–255

Cisco, 7200 series routers, ATM, 255Cisco, 90i IDSL Channel Unit, 289Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF), 429Cisco Frame Relay Enhanced LMI. See ELMI Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements feature,

158–161configuring, 162monitoring, 171–188

Cisco IOS MLP LFI feature, 573. See also LFI Cisco MC3810 platform, 253Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ), 487,

513, 518–520configuring, 521–526LLQ/PQ, 531–537troubleshooting, 526–531WFQ, 520

classesassociating, 125–127FRTS, 120–125

classification of mission-critical traffic, 50class-map commands, configuring, 515–518CLI (command-line interface), configuring, 66clockrate command, 92CLP (cell loss priority), 230, 237–240cnfport IGX switch port configuration command, 363commands

bandwidth percent, 531class-map, 515–518clockrate, 92cnfport IGX port configuration, 363debug, 102–104

debug frame-relay end-to-end keepalive event, 212

debug frame-relay events, 102debug frame-relay lmi, 103debug frame-relay packet, 103debug priority, 506

enacpsulationencapsulation frame-relay, 67encapsulation x25, 336

frame-relayframe-relay adaptive-shaping foresight, 118frame-relay address registration ip, 368frame-relay broadcast-queue, 494frame-relay cir, 122frame-relay congestion threshold de, 182frame-relay congestion threshold ecn, 182

commands


646

frame-relay congestion-management, 169frame-relay de-group, 145frame-relay fragment, 456frame-relay holdq, 488frame-relay idle-timer, 320frame-relay interface, 125frame-relay interface-dlci, 87frame-relay intf-type dce interface, 92frame-relay map, 72, 80frame-relay mincir, 123frame-relay policing, 166frame-relay qos-autosense, 361frame-relay route, 92frame-relay svc, 319frame-relay switching, 92, 162frame-relay traffic-shaping, 164, 457frame-relay traffic-shaping interface

configuration, 120hold-queue interface configuration, 595max reserved-bandwidth, 611no shutdown, 69policy-map global configuration, 556service-policy, 518shape, 522show

LFI, 577–580MFR, 98–101, 397–408 show compress, 438, 465show frame-relay end-to-end keepalive, 204show frame-relay fragment, 470show frame-relay lmi, 71show frame-relay map, 82, 100, 321show frame-relay pvc, 182, 240, 365show frame-relay qos-autosense, 364show frame-relay route, 101show frame-relay vofr global EXEC, 473show interface, 70, 142show interface global EXEC, 322show interface serial, 337show interface serial privileged EXEC

mode, 98show interface serial type/number global

EXEC, 277show interface type slot/port privileged

EXEC mode, 69show ip tcp header-compression, 465show policy-map privileged EXEC, 526

show traffic-shape, 132show x25 map, 343

snmp-server community, 368X.25, 339

committed burst (Bc), 45committed information rate (CIR), 110

Frame Relay subscription, 44maximum, 47MINCIR, 613moderated, 46planning, 45–47reducing, 414zero CIR, 45

Common Part Convergence Sublayer (CPCS), 232Common Part Indicator (CPI), 234comparisons

ATM/Frame Relay protocol, 229–230CBWFQ to WFQ, 520hardware/software compression, 416–418PVCs/SVCs, 312, 314–315Tail Drop/WRED, 600

compatibility of hardware/software compression, 461components

BECN adaptive shaping, 117–118ForeSight adaptive shaping, 118–119

Compressed RTP (CRTP), 427compression, 53, 413

algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes, 415memory, 431monitoring, 432–447nonreversible data compression schemes, 415payloads, 435Predictor, 416ratios, 416, 432RTP header configuration, 426–429, 444schemes, 418–420

commands


647

speed, 431Stacker, 415TCP/IP, 423, 441troubleshooting, 447

Compression Service Adaptors (CSA), 417, 465conditions, FRF.12 Fragmentation, 460configuration, 66, 73


bundles, 386–388CBWFQ, 521–526Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements

feature, 162compression

algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,



congestion management, 168. See also congestiondynamic mapping, 77–79ELMI, 360–369encapsulation, 67–70End-to-End Keepalive, 197–202Express Header Compression, 429Fragmentation at the Interface, 552–556

Frame Relay IP RTP Priority feature, 446FRF.12 Fragmentations, 460FRF.5, 255–262FRF.8.1, 262–265FRTS, 119–120

associating map classes, 125–127BECN adaptive shaping, 117–118broadcast queues, 146–147DE, 144–146DLCI priority levels, 147enabling, 113–117ForeSight adaptive shaping, 118–119generic traffic shaping, 147–148map classes, 120–125monitoring, 127–144overview of, 112–113

hardware compression, 461–465keepalives, 74hierarchical queuing architecture, 487LAPF parameters, 321LLQ, 533LMI, 70–77local significance, 94–98MQC, 514–518Multilink Frame Relay, 384

initializing, 386–388load balancing, 392–397Multilink Frame Relay Link Integrity

Protocol, 384–386parameters, 388–392routers, 390–397

packet-by-packet payload compression, 420parameters, 339PIPQ, 497–503policing, 166PPP

case study, 301–308frame formats, 291–293interfaces, 293–295monitoring, 295–299requirements, 287–288RFC, 1973 implementation, 288–291

routers, 574–582RSVP, 612–617RTP header compression, 426–429static mapping, 79–83subinterfaces, 83–90

configuration


648

SVCs, 315–324switches, 90–94TCP/IP header compression, 423–426threshold queue depth, 272traffic shaping, 164UFM ports, 363virtual template interfaces, 293, 574WFQ interfaces, 519WRED, 599–602X.25, 336–344

congestion, 270–271ATM, 240–241BECN/FECN, 51compression, 53




DE, 144–146FRF.8.1, 252FRTS, 110management, 483–484

configuring, 168monitoring, 178–188

queuing, 487RSVP, 612–617switched PVCs, 161

managing, 51map-class, 273notification, 124RED, 596Tail Drop, 595traffic shaping, 271–274WRED, 594–599


congestive-discard-threshold option, 519connections. See also networks

ATM, 228–229bandwidth. See bandwidthbroadband. See broadbandDLCI, 94–98ELMI Address Registration, 359End-to-End Keepalive, 207frame mode setup, 316ping utility, 324point-to-point subinterfaces, 87PPP

requirements, 287–288RFC, 1973 implementation, 288–291

queuing, 484–487, 495remote sites, 313RSVP, 609SVCs, 323troubleshooting, 102–104verifying, 98X.25, 338

control messages, 316convergence, 232CPCS-UU (CPCS User-to-User notification), 234CPE (customer premised equipment), 288CPI (Common Part Indicator), 234CPU (central processing unit) compression, 431CQ (custom queuing), 52, 485CRC (cyclic redundancy check), 229credit, 115CRTP (Compressed RTP), 427CSA (Compression Service Adaptors), 417, 465custom queuing (CQ), 52, 485customer premises equipment (CPE), 288

configuration


649

customizationAdaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for

Interface Congestion, 274–276bundles, 386–388CBWFQ, 521–526Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements





congestion management, 168. See also congestiondynamic mapping, 77–79ELMI, 360–369encapsulation, 67–70End-to-End Keepalive, 197–202Express Header Compression, 429Fragmentation at the Interface, 552–556Frame Relay IP RTP Priority feature, 446FRF.12 Fragmentations, 460FRF.5, 255–262FRF.8.1, 262–265FRTS, 119–120

associating map classes, 125–127BECN adaptive shaping, 117–118

broadcast queues, 146–147DE, 144–146DLCI priority levels, 147enabling, 113–117ForeSight adaptive shaping, 118–119generic traffic shaping, 147–148map classes, 120–125monitoring, 127–144overview of, 112–113






routers, 574–582RSVP, 612–617RTP header compression, 426–429static mapping, 79–83subinterfaces, 83–90SVCs, 315–324switches, 90–94TCP/IP header compression, 423–426threshold queue depth, 272traffic shaping, 164UFM ports, 363virtual template interfaces, 293, 574WFQ interfaces, 519

customization


650

WRED, 599–602X.25, 336–344

cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 229

Ddata circuit-terminating equipment (DCE), 318Data Compression Protocol (DCP), 54Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)

assignment, 94–98ForeSight adaptive shaping, 119priority levels, 147

Data Network Identification Codes (DNICs), 339data payload compression schemes, 419data rates, troubleshooting mismatch, 111data terminal equipment (DTE), 318data traffic, RSVP, 609–611data-stream compression, 460. See also compression DCCs (International Data Country Codes), 339DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment), 318, 357DCP (Data Compression Protocol), 54DDN (Defense Data Network), 337DE (discard eligibility), 230

ATM, 237–240configuring, 144–146

debug commands, 102–104debug frame-relay end-to-end keepalive event

command, 212debug frame-relay events command, 102debug frame-relay lmi command, 103debug frame-relay packet command, 103debug priority command, 506

debugging. See also troubleshootingAnnex G, 353End-to-End Keepalive, 211–212

Defense Data Network (DDN), 337Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), 317delay

LFI, 571MLP, 575

deletingconnections, 359FRTS, 545

deployment of ELMI QoS Autosense, 358

designAdaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for







customization


651







routers, 574–582RSVP, 612–617RTP header compression, 426–429static mapping, 79–83subinterfaces, 83–90SVCs, 315–324switches, 90–94TCP/IP header compression, 423–426threshold queue depth, 272traffic shaping, 164

UFM ports, 363virtual template interfaces, 293, 574WFQ interfaces, 519WRED, 599–602X.25, 336–344

destination service-assess point (DSAP), 247devices, 197–201

configuring, 201–202monitoring, 202–211troubleshooting, 211–212

DiffServ (differentiated services), 513DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency), 317discard eligibility (DE), 230

ATM, 237–240configuring, 144–146

distributed class-based WFQ, 487Distributed Traffic Shaping (DTS), 522distributed WFQ, 487DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier)

assignment, 94–98ForeSight adaptive shaping, 119priority levels, 147

DNICs (Data Network Identification Codes), 339DSAP (destination service-assess point), 247DTE (date terminal equipment), 318, 357DTS (Distributed Traffic Shaping), 522dual-FIFO, 491dynamic mapping, configuring, 77–79dynamic throttling, output, 138dynamic-queues option, 519

EE.164 addressing schemes, 317edge routers, 459EFCI (Explicit Forward Congestion Indication), 241egress interfaces, FRTS, 115ELMI (Cisco Frame Relay Enhanced LMI), 355

Address Registration, 358–360configuring, 366–369MIB, 369–377

configuring, 360–369QoS

Autosense, 357–358configuring, 360–366inability to obtain, 356

ELMI (Cisco Frame Relay Enhanced LMI)


652

enabling. See also configurationELMI, 360–369encapsulation, 67–70, 575FRF.12 Fragmentation, 457–459FRTS, 113–117, 120interleaving, 575MLP, 574PIPQ, 497–503SVCs, 319switching, 162WRED

interfaces, 599traffic policies, 600

X.25, 336–344encapsulation

Annex G, 334–335configuring, 67–70implementing, 335–336LFI, 575matching, 72MFR interfaces, 395PIPQ, 495–497


PPP frame formats, 291–293queuing, 487SVCs, 318TCP/IP header compression, 424verifying, 69X.25, 336–344

encapsulation frame-relay command, 67encapsulation x25 command, 336end systems, RSVP, 609–611End-to-End Fragmentation, 462, 553End-to-End FRF.12 Fragmentation, 455–457End-to-End Keepalives, 197–201


end-to-end mapping, inability to obtain, 356ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), 40establishment

of bundle links, 386of link, 384–386

Ethernet interfaces, Layer, 3 queues, 594events, windows, 198excess burst (Be), 45

existing CIR, reducing, 414existing networks, compression design, 430Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI), 241Express Header Compression configuration, 429

FFast Ethernet interfaces, Layer, 3 queues, 594fast switching, 115, 429FECN (Forward Explicit Congestion Notification), 51FIFO (First-In-First-Out), 485, 491flow-based WFQ, 486flow-based WRED, 600flowcharts, leaky buckets/token buckets, 116ForeSight, FRTS adaptive shaping, 118–119formatting






415payloads, 435Predictor, 416ratios, 416, 432RTP header configuration, 426–429, 444schemes, 418–420speed, 431

enabling


653

Stacker, 415TCP/IP, 423, 441troubleshooting, 447







case study, 301–308frame formats, 291–293

interfaces, 293–295monitoring, 295–299requirements, 287–288RFC, 1973 implementation, 288–291

routers, 574–582RSVP, 612–617RTP header compression, 426–429static mapping, 79–83subinterfaces, 83–90SVCs, 315–324switches, 90–94TCP/IP header compression, 423–426threshold queue depth, 272traffic shaping, 164UFM ports, 363virtual template interfaces, 293, 574WFQ interfaces, 519WRED, 599–602X.25, 336–344

Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN), 51fragmentation, 451

case studies, 477–479configuring, 553hardware compression, 460–465implementing, 455

FRF.11 Annex C, 465FRF.12, 455–465

LFI, 571proprietary formats, 466sizing, 575switched PVCs

configuring FRF.12 Fragmentation, 460FRF.12 support, 457

troubleshooting, 467–476Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 552–556


Frame Relay CIR subscription, 44–47Frame Relay Forum Implementation Agreement

Document Number FRF.5, 231Frame Relay IP RTP Priority, configuring, 446Frame Relay PIPQ, 487Frame Relay Service Specific Convergence Sublayer

(FR-SSCS), 232Frame Relay Traffic Shaping. See FRTS frame-relay commands

frame-relay adaptive-shaping foresight command, 118

frame-relay commands


654

frame-relay address registration ip command, 368frame-relay broadcast-queue command, 494frame-relay cir command, 122frame-relay class interface command, 125frame-relay congestion threshold de command,

182frame-relay congestion threshold ecn command,

182frame-relay congestion-management command,

169frame-relay de-group command, 145frame-relay fragment command, 456frame-relay holdq command, 488frame-relay idle-timer command, 320frame-relay interface-dlci command, 87frame-relay intf-type dce interface configuration

command, 92frame-relay map command, 72, 80frame-relay mincir command, 123frame-relay policing command, 166frame-relay qos-autosense command, 361frame-relay route command, 92frame-relay svc command, 319frame-relay switching command, 92, 162frame-relay traffic-shaping command, 164, 457frame-relay traffic-shaping interface

configuration command, 120frames

Annex G, 334–336compression, 53formats, 291–293modes, 316transmission, 553

FRF.11 Annex C Fragmentation, 465–466FRF.12 Fragmentation, 455–465FRF.5, configuring, 231–237, 255–262FRF.8.1, 241–252, 262–265FRF.9, 421–423, 439FR-SSCS (Frame Relay Service Specific Convergence

Sublayer), 232FRTS (Frame Relay Traffic Shaping). See also traffic

BECN, 117–118broadcast queues, 146–147configuration, 119–120

associating map classes, 125–127mapping classes, 120–125monitoring, 127–144

data rate mismatch, 111DE, 144–146deleting, 545DLCI priority levels, 147enabling, 113–117ForeSight adaptive shaping, 118–119generic traffic shaping, 147–148oversubscription, 110–111overview of, 112–113

fully meshed topologies, 48, 49functionality of fragmentation, 556functions. See also commands

Annex G, 334–335implementing, 335–336

Gglobal significance addressing, 97GTS (Generic Traffic Shaping), 147–148, 522

Hhardware

compression, 416–418algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,


415payloads, 435Predictor, 416ratios, 416, 432RTP header configuration, 426–429, 444

frame-relay commands


655

schemes, 418–420speed, 431Stacker, 415TCP/IP, 423, 441troubleshooting, 447

configuring, 66Header Error Control (HEC), 229headers

compression, 53Express Compression configuration, 429packet compression schemes, 419RTP

compression configuration, 426–429verifying compression, 444

TCP/IPcompression configuration, 423–426verifying compression, 441

UDP, 426HEC (Header Error Control), 229HELLO messages, 387hierarchical queuing architecture, 487–495High Speed Serial Interface (HSSI), 494hold-queue interface configuration command, 595HSSI (High Speed Serial Interface), 494hub-and-spoke networks

broadcast queues configuration, 146–147compression design, 430

IIDNs (International Data Numbers), 339IDSL (ISDN Digital Subscriber Line), 288–289IfIndex (interface indexes), 359IMA (Inverse Multiplexing over ATM), 254implementation




algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54

design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,





hardware compression, 461–465keepalives, 74

implementation


656

hierarchical queuing architecture, 487LAPF parameters, 321LLQ, 533LMI, 70–77local significance, 94–98MQC, 514–518Multilink Frame Relay, 384






incoming switched interfaces, 166increasing bandwidth, troubleshooting, 530indexes, IfIndex, 359ingress interfaces, monitoring, 175–178initialization of Multilink Frame Relay, 386–388Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 57, 159interface indexes (IfIndex), 359interface-level queuing, 488

interfacesconfiguring, 66congestion, 270–271

monitoring, 183traffic shaping, 271–274

encapsulation, 67–70Fast Ethernet Layer, 3 queues, 594Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 552–556


FRTS, 113HSSI, 494incoming switched, 166ingress, 175–178ISDN B channels, 159LMI, 70–77map classes, 126mapping, 82MQC, 513

configuring, 514–515customizing class-map commands, 517–520

Multilink Frame Relay, 389NNI, 93, 455PIPQ, 495–497


PP, 293–295queuing strategies, 498split horizons, 62subinterfaces

configuring, 83–86point-to-point, 87–90troubleshooting, 60–62

subrate shaping, 556UNI, 118, 455UNI DCE, 161VIP2, 422virtual templates, 574WFQ, 519WRED, 601X.25, 336–344

interleavingenabling, 575frames for transmission, 553LFI, 573. See also LFI

internal timers, End-to-End Keepalive, 198International Data Country Codes (DCCs), 339

implementation


657

International Data Numbers (IDNs), 339interworking, ATM, 230–231Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA), 254IP RTP Priority feature, configuring, 446ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 57, 159ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL), 288

Jjitters, 173. See also LFI JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 415

Kkeepalives, configuring, 74, 198

LLAPF (Link Access Procedures to Frame), 315, 321latency, compression, 431Layer, 3

queuing, 596SVC user call states, 316

LCI (logical channel identifier), 338LCP (Link Control Protocol), 288leaky bucket algorithm, 116legacy Frame Relay Traffic Shaping feature,

fragmentation, 554Lempel-Ziv compression algorithm, 415levels, configuring DLCI, 147LFI (Link Fragmentation and Interleaving), 571

case studies, 581configuring, 574–582troubleshooting, 577–580

line cards, VIP2, 422Link Access Procedures to Frame (LAPF), 315, 321Link Control Protocol (LCP), 288Link Fragmentation and Interleaving. See LFI link-layer efficiency mechanisms, 571links, 384–386

bundles, 386LFI, 571load balancing, 392–397

lists, configuring DE, 144–146

LLC (logical link control), 244LLQ (Low Latency Queuing), 487

CBWFQ, 531–537configuring, 533Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 554–558


troubleshooting, 539–547load balancing, Multilink Frame Relay, 392–397local significance, DLCI assignment, 94–98logical channel identifier (LCI), 338logical link control (LLC), 244lookups, process switching, 114loss-less compression algorithm schemes, 415Low Latency Queuing (LLQ), 487LSZ algorithms, 54

MMAC (Media Access Control) process switching, 114maintenance of links, 384–386. See also

troubleshootingmanagement, 384–386

broadcast traffic, 54–56bundles, 386, 387congestion, 51, 483–484

configuring, 168monitoring, 178–188queuing, 487RSVP, 612–617switched PVCs, 161

ELMI Address Registration, 358links, 384–386network planning, 40–45performance, 50–54SNMP, 370

map classescongestion, 273FRTS, 120–127SVCs, 318, 320

mappingdynamic, 77–79end-to-end, 356static, 79–83

matching, encapsulation, 72maximum CIR, 47

maximum CIR


658

maximum transmission unit (MTU)LFI, 572

max-reserved-bandwidth command, 611measurement intervals, 117memory, compression of, 431messages

ADD_LINK_ACK, 386ADD_LINK_REJ, 387control, 316HELLO, 387Multilink Frame Relay Link Integrity Protocols,

384–386REMOVE_LINK_ACK, 388

MIB (Management Information Base) ELMI Address Registration, 369–377

MINCIR (Minimum CIR), 118, 272, 613mission-critical traffic, classifying, 50mixes, protocols, 41MLP (Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol), 571, 574models, Frame Relay/X.25 interworking, 334moderated CIR, 46modes

End-to-End Keepalive, 199frame connection setup, 316

Modular Quality of Service Command Line Interface. See MQC

modulesCSA, 465hardware/software compression, 461

monitoringAnnex G, 350CBWFQ, 526–531Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements

feature, 171–188compression, 432–447congestion management, 178–188End-to-End Keepalive, 202–211Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 561–568fragmentation, 467–476FRTS, 127–144LFI, 577–581LLQ, 538–547Multilink Frame Relay, 397–408PIPQ, 503–511PPP, 295–299RSVP, 617–619SVCs, 321–324

switched PVCs, 173–175WRED, 602–605

MQC (Modular Quality of Service Command Line Interface), 513

CBWFQ, 521–526configuring, 514–518

MTU (maximum transmission unit), 572Multilink Frame Relay, 381

configuring, 384implementing, 389–397initializing, 386–388interfaces, 389load balkanizing, 392–397Multilink Frame Relay Link Integrity Protocol,

384–386parameters, 388–392routers, 390–397troubleshooting, 397–408

multimedia, ATM, 228–229multiplexing, 235

IMA, 254TDM, 290

multipoint subinterfaces, 62, 89–90

NNarrowband Integrated Services Digital Networks

(N-ISDN), 228NCP (Network Control Protocol), 288Network Layer Protocol ID (NLPID), 292networks

broadcast traffic, 54–56CIR, 45–47compression design, 430EMI QoS Autosense, 357–366performance, 50–54planning, 40–45queuing, 484–487

configuring PIPQ, 497–503hierarchical architecture, 487–495PIPQ, 495–497troubleshooting PIPQ, 503–511

RSVP, 609split horizons, 58–60static mapping, 82subinterfaces, 60–62

maximum transmission unit (MTU)


659

SVCs, 311–313any-to-any connectivity, 313bandwidth-on-demand, 313–314case study, 326–329configuring, 315–321implementing, 318monitoring, 321–324

topologies, 47–50VCs, 56–57

N-ISDN (Narrowband Integrated Services Digital Networks), 228

NLPID (Network Layer Protocol ID), 292NNI (Network-to-Network Interface), 93, 455no shutdown command, 69nonreversible data compression schemes, 415notification

congestion, 124ELMI Address Registration, 358–360

configuring, 366–369MIB, 369–377

Ooperations, 384–392, 397–408optimization. See also customization

bandwidth, 413Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements

feature, 158–161performance, 50–54

optionsAdaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for



algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415

hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,





hardware compression, 461–465keepalives, 74hierarchical queuing architecture, 487LAPF parameters, 321LLQ, 533LMI, 70–77local significance, 94–98

options


660

MQC, 514–518Multilink Frame Relay, 384






outgoing switched PVCs, configuring, 164output

compression, 435show interface, 142throttling, 138

oversubscription, troubleshooting, 110–111

Ppacket header compression schemes, 419packet-by-packet payload compression configuration,

420

packetscompression, 53congestion, 270–274dropping, 594–599

configuring WRED, 601–604troubleshooting WRED, 602–605

End-to-End Keepalive, 205FRTS, 113real-time, 577SAP, 494Tail Drop, 597

PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 287parameters

FRTS, 120–125LAPF, 321Multilink Frame Relay, 388–392policing, 166QoS, 356X.25 SVC connections, 339

partially meshed networks, static mapping, 82partially meshed topologies, 49, 61passive TCP/IP header compression, 424. See also

TCP/IP passive-reply modes, End-to-End Keepalive, 200Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), 287patterns, traffic, 42. See also compression payload type (PT), 230payloads

compression, 435data payload compression schemes, 419FRF.9

compression, 421–423verifying, 439

packet-by-packet compression, 420peers, End-to-End FRF.12 Fragmentation, 457performance




algorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432

options


661

Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,





hardware compression, 461–465keepalives, 74

hierarchical queuing architecture, 487LAPF parameters, 321LLQ, 533LMI, 70–77local significance, 94–98MQC, 514–518Multilink Frame Relay, 384






permanent virtual circuit (PVC), 287per-PVC level queues, 522physical interfaces, 84. See also interfacesping utility, SVCs, 324PIPQ (PVC Interface Priority Queuing), 495–497


PIPQ (PVC Interface Priority Queuing)


662

planning. See also configurationbandwidth provisioning, 43CIR subscription, 45–47ERP, 40networks, 40–45

backing up VCs, 56–57customizing topologies, 47–50managing broadcast traffic, 54–56performance management, 50–54split horizons, 58–60subinterfaces, 60–62

platformsCisco MC3810, 253support, 253

Point-to-Point Protocol. See PPP point-to-point subinterfaces, configuring, 87–90poison reverse, 58policies, traffic, 600policing, 160

incoming switched interfaces, 166ingress interfaces, 175–178parameters, 166

policy-map global configuration command, 556ports, UFM, 363. See also connections; networksPPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 287

case study, 301–308frame formats, 291–293monitoring, 295–299requirements, 287–288RFC, 1973 implementation, 288–291virtual access interfaces, 293–295virtual template interfaces, 293–295

PQ (priority queuing), 52, 485CBWFQ, 531–537PIPQ, 495–497


Predictor compression algorithm, 416preferences




algorithms, 429CIR, 414

CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431loss-less compression algorithm schemes,





hardware compression, 461–465

planning


663

keepalives, 74hierarchical queuing architecture, 487LAPF parameters, 321LLQ, 533LMI, 70–77local significance, 94–98MQC, 514–518Multilink Frame Relay, 384






premium traffic class, 525priority, configuring DLCI levels, 147priority queuing (PQ), 52, 485

CBWFQ, 531–537PIPQ, 495–497


processingswitching, 114X.25, 336–344

proprietary fragmentation formats, 466protocols

broadcast traffic, 55CHAP, 287DCP, 54End-to-End Keepalive, 197–201


Frame Relay, 229–230LCP, 288mixes, 41MLP

enabling, 574LFI, 573

Multilink Frame Relay Link Integrity, 384–386NCP, 288PAP, 287PPP, 287RIP, 55RSVP, 609SNAP, 244SNMP

ELMI Address Registration, 367MIB agents, 370

UDP headers, 426provisioning bandwidth, 43PT (payload type), 230PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 287

bandwidth-on-demand, 313–314compression, 54configuring, 164monitoring, 173–175queuing, 488SVCs

comparing, 314–315comparing to, 312

switchedconfiguring FRF.12 Fragmentation, 460FRF.12 Fragmentation support, 457–459

traffic shaping, 159

PVCs (permanent virtual circuits)


664

QQ.933 operations, 73, 315QoS (Quality of Service), 357–366. See also

performancequestions, answers to review, 623–641queuing, 52, 484–491

broadcasts, 146–147CBWFQ, 518–520

configuring, 520–526LLQ/PQ, 531–537troubleshooting, 526–531

congestion, 270–274CQ, 52depth, 272Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 552–556


hierarchical architecture, 487Layer, 3, 594LLQ, 538–547map classes, 121PIPQ, 495–497


PQ, 52Tail Drop, 595WFQ, 519

RRandom Early Detection (RED), 506, 596rates

output, 138traffic, 139

ratios, compression, 416, 432real-time applications, 42

bandwidth, 43LFI, 572

real-time interactive traffic, RSVP, 609–611real-time packets, 577real-time traffic, 573RED (Random Early Detection), 506, 596reduction of CIR, 414redundancy services, 56

registration of ELMI addresses, 358–360configuring, 366–369MIB, 369–377

regulation of output traffic rates, 139remote sites, any-to-any connectivity, 313REMOVE_LINK messages, 388REMOVE_LINK_ACK messages, 388reply mode, End-to-End Keepalives, 200request mode, End-to-End Keepalives, 200requests, End-to-End Keepalives, 198requirements

bandwidth, 40PPP, 287–288

reservable-queues option, 519reservation services, bandwidth, 612resiliency, verifying bundles, 404Resource Reservation Protocol. See RSVP restrictions

FRF.12 Fragmentation, 460Multilink Frame Relay, 389PIPQ, 497

review questions, answers to, 623–641RFC, 1973 implementation, PPP, 288–291RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 55Route Switch Processor (RSP), 417routers

Annex G, 347CBWFQ, 523Cisco, 2600 series, 254Cisco, 3600 series, 254–255Cisco, 7200 series, 255Cisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements

featureconfiguring, 162monitoring, 171–188

compressionalgorithms, 429CIR, 414CPU, 431DCP, 54design, 430–432Express Header configuration, 429FRF.8 configuration, 439FRF.9 configuration, 421–423function of, 414–415hardware/software, 416–418, 460–465latency, 431

Q.933 operations


665

loss-less compression algorithm schemes, 415

memory, 431monitoring, 432–447nonreversible data compression schemes,

415payloads, 435Predictor, 416ratios, 416, 432RTP header configuration, 426–429, 444schemes, 418–420speed, 431Stacker, 415TCP/IP, 423, 441

configuring, 66congestion, 483–484edge, 459ELMI QoS Autosense, 357–366End-to-End Keepalives, 201–202flow-based WRED, 598Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 556FRF.9 payload compression, 423LFI


LLQ, 536Mulitlink Frame Relay, 390–397subinterfaces, 60–62switches, 90–94

Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 55RSP (Route Switch Processor), 417RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 609–611


RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol)header compression configuration, 426–429verifying, 444

SSAP (Service Advertising Packets), 494SAR (segmentation and reassembly), 229saving bandwidth, 413schemes

compression, 418–419

data payload, 419packet header, 419packet-by-packet payload configuration, 420

fragmentation, 455, 467–476FRF.11, 465–466FRF.12, 455–465

segmentation and reassembly (SAR), 229serial interfaces

encapsulation, 67–70ISDN B channels, 159X.25, 336–344

serialization, 571Service Advertising Packets (SAP), 494service-policy command, 518services

bandwidth reservation, 610SVCs

configuring, 315–321implementing, 318monitoring, 321–324

user-on-demand, 313–314shape command, 522shaping

adaptiveBECN, 117–118Firesight, 118–119

generic traffic, 147–148subrate, 554, 565traffic, 51, 109

Adaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for Interface Congestion, 274

congestion, 271–274ELMI QoS Autosense, 358

show commandsconnections, 98–101LFI, 577–580MFR, 397–408show compress command, 438, 465show frame-relay end-to-end keepalive command,

204show frame-relay fragment command, 470show frame-relay lmi command, 71show frame-relay lmi privileged EXEC mode, 100show frame-relay lmi privileged EXEC mode

command, 100show frame-relay map command, 82, 100, 321

show commands


666

show frame-relay pvc command, 100, 130, 182, 240, 365, 490

show frame-relay qos-autosense command, 364show frame-relay route commands, 101show frame-relay vofr global EXEC command,

473show interface command, 70, 142show interface global EXEC command, 322show interface serial command, 337show interface serial privileged EXEC mode

command, 98show interface serial type/number global EXEC

command, 277show interface type slot/port privileged EXEC

mode command, 69show ip tcp header-compression command, 465show policy-map privileged EXEC command,

526show traffic-shape command, 132show x25 map command, 343

signalingRSVP, 609SVC operations, 316

sizingfragments, 575frames, 53

SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Service), 147SNAP (Subnetwork Access Protocol), 244SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

ELMI Address Registration, 367manager, 370

snmp-server community command, 368software

compression, 416–418, 461FRF.9 payload compression, 439

source service-assess point (SSAP), 247speed, compression, 431split horizons

interfaces, 62subinterfaces, 83–86troubleshooting, 58–60

SSAP (source service assess-point), 247Stacker compression algorithm, 415star topologies, 48static compression ratios, 432static mapping, configuring, 79–83status

End-to-End Keepalive, 207keepalives, 198

subinterfacesconfiguring, 83–86map classes

associating, 126point-to-point, 87–90troubleshooting, 60–62

Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), 244subrate shaping

adding, 565interfaces, 554

subscriptionsFrame Relay, 44planning, 45–47

support. See also troubleshootingplatforms, 253RSVP, 612–617, 617–619

SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 311–313any-to-any connectivity, 313bandwidth-on-demand, 313–314case study, 326–329compression, 54configuring, 164, 315–321congestion management, 161FRF.12 Fragmentation, 460implementing, 318monitoring, 173–175, 321–324PVCs, 314–315traffic shaping on, 159X.25, 339

switchesCisco Frame Relay Switching Enhancements

feature, 158–161configuring, 90–94ELMI QoS Autosense, 357–358, 360–366QoS, 356

switchingenabling, 162Express Header Compression, 429fast, 115process, 114

synchronization of compression, 415

TT_HELLO timers, 386Tail Drop, 595

troubleshooting, 602–605WRED, 600

show commands


667

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 597TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol)compression configuration, 423–426verifying compression, 441

TDM (time division multiplexing), 290tearing down

bundles, 386–388links, 384–386

templatescreating, 574virtual interfaces, 293–295

thresholds, queue depth, 272throttling output, 138time-division multiplexing (TDM), 290timers

End-to-End Keepalive, 198T_HELLO, 386

token bucket algorithms, 116tools, ping, 324topologies

fully meshed, 48options, 47–50partially meshed, 49, 61star, 48

trafficAdaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for

Interface Congestion, 274Annex G, 334–336ATM, 228–229broadcast, 54–56classes, 521–526class-map commands, 515–518compression


415memory, 431

monitoring, 432–447nonreversible data compression schemes,

415payloads, 435Predictor, 416ratios, 416, 432RTP header configuration, 426–429, 444schemes, 418–420speed, 431Stacker, 415TCP/IP, 423, 441

FRTS, 109LFI, 571LLQ, 538–547mission-critical, 50patterns, 42policies, 602policing, 160protocol mixes, 41RSVP, 609–611shaping, 51

configuring, 164congestion, 271–274ELMI QoS Autosense, 358generic, 147–148on switched PVCs, 159

translation modes, FRF.8.1, 244transmissions, interleaving frames, 555Transmission Control Protocol. See TCPTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. See

TCP/IPtransparent modes, FRF.8.1, 247troubleshooting, 58

Annex G, 350bandwidth, 530CBWFQ, 526–531compression, 447congestion, 270–271, 483–484

ATM, 240–241compression, 53FRF.8.1, 252FRTS, 110managing, 51queuing, 487RED, 596traffic shaping, 271–274WRED, 594–599

connections, 102–104, 207

troubleshooting


668

data rate mismatch, 111End-to-End Keepalive, 211–212fragmentation, 455, 467–476

FRF.11 Annex C, 465–466FRF.12, 455–465

Fragmentation at the Interface feature, 561–568LLQ, 538–547Multilink Frame Relay, 397–408oversubscription, 110–111PIPQ, 503–511PPP

case study, 301–308monitoring, 295–299

routers, 577–580RSVP, 617–619split horizons, 58–60, 83–86subinterfaces, 60–62SVCs, 324VCs, 56–57WRED, 602–605

tunneling Annex G, 334types of LMI, 70–77

UUDP (User Datagram Protocol) headers, 426UFM (Universal Frame-Relay Module), 363UNI (User-to-Network Interface), 118, 455UNI DCE interfaces, policing, 161user call states, SVC, 316user requirements, planning networks, 40user-on-demand services, 313–314utilities, ping, 324

Vvalues, MINCIR, 118Van Jacobson’s algorithms, 423VCIs (virtual circuit identifiers), 229VCs (virtual circuits)

backing up, 56–57LFI


point-to-point subinterfaces, 87–90

verificationAdaptive Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for

Interface Congestion, 276–278bundle resiliency, 404congestion, 178–188, 432–447connections, 98–101ELMI

Address Registration, 371QoS Autosense, 361

encapsulation, 69End-to-End Keepalive, 202–211Frame Relay Switching Enhancements feature,

171–188FRF.5 configuration, 258FRF.9 payload compression, 439PIPQ, 499policing, 175–178regulation of output traffic rates, 139RSVP support, 614–617RTP header compression, 444SVC connections, 323switched PVCs, 173–175TCP/IP header compression, 441

version negotiation, ELMI Address Registration, 360viewing compression, 435VIP2 (Versatile Interface Processor), 422virtual access interfaces, 293–295virtual circuit identifiers. See VCIsvirtual circuits. See VCsvirtual template interfaces, 293–295, 574VoIP (Voice over IP), 555, 572VPI (virtual path identifier), 229

WWFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing), 485

CBWFQ, 520overview of, 519

window events, 198WRED (Weighted Random Early Detection), 506, 595

configuring, 599–602congestion avoidance mechanisms, 594–599fragmentation, 555Tail Drop, 600troubleshooting, 602–605

troubleshooting


669

XX.121 addressing, 317, 339X.25, 331

Annex G, 334–336, 345–353configuring, 336–344

Zzero CIR (0 CIR), 45

zero CIR (0 CIR)


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