Lymphomas
Blair McLaren
Oncologist, Southern DHB
2008 NZ Cancer Registrations
*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers.Source: Cancer: New Registrations and Deaths. MOH 2011
Men
9647
Women
8963
• 28% Breast
• 14% Colon & rectum
• 11% Melanoma of skin
• 9% Lung & bronchus
• 4% Uterine corpus
• 4% Non-Hodgkinlymphoma
• 3% Ovary
• 3% Leukaemia
• 2% Pancreas
• 2% Thyroid
• 20% All Other Sites
Prostate 28%
Colon & rectum 14%
Melanoma of skin 11%
Lung & bronchus 9%
Non-Hodgkin 4% lymphoma
Kidney 3%
Leukaemia 3%
Urinary bladder 2%
Stomach 2%
Head & Neck 2%
All Other Sites 22%
Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
(NHL)
• Incidence of NHL increasing
• Life time incidence c2% (rising)
• Generally disease of aging (median age onset
50-60) but bimodal for Hodgkins and
aggressive NHL
Clinical Presentation
• Symptoms and signs
– History
• Painless lymphadenopathy
• Systemic symptoms
– Pruritis
– Fever, weight loss, night sweats (“B symptoms”)
• Pain
• Local symptoms from mass effect
– Examination
• Nodes
• Tonsils and oropharynx
• Occipital, posterior auricular, shotty inguinal nodes often
benign
Basic rules of oncology
• What is it (tissue)?
• How much of it is there (staging)?
• What sort of nick is the patient in?
(performance status/ comorbid conditions)
• What are my treatment options?
• What is my treatments aim?
• What does the patient want?
NHL staging
• History, examination
• Diagnostic biopsy (FNA inadequate)
• Bloods – FBC, U + E, LFT, SPE, ß2microglobulin
• LDH
• CT chest
• CT abdo/pelvis
• Bone marrow aspirate/trephine
NHL special staging (selected)
• ENT exam
• Endoscopy +/- small bowel studies
• CSF exam (esp high grade with +ve bone
marrow, paranasal sinus or testicular NHL)
• PET scanning
Histopathology
Generous biopsy of fresh tissue (molecular studies)
please surgeon
• WHO classification - cell size, appearance,
architecture
• Immunophenotype (markers on cells)
• Real clinical entities
Immunophenotype (tissue stains
by pathologist)
• Help distinguish from carcinoma and
confirm clonal
• Specific combinations of markers allow you
to determine specific types of lymphomas
B cell differentiation
NHL - classificationIndolent Aggressive Highly Aggressive
B-Cell lymphomas
SLL/CLL Follicular lymphoma (G3) Burkitt's lymphoma
Follicular Grade 1 & 2 Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma Precursor B lymphoblastic
leukemia/lymphomaLymphoplasmacytic Mantle-cell lymphoma
Plasmacytoma/myeloma
Hairy cell leukaemia
Marginal B-Cell lymphoma / MALT
Mantle Cell lymphoma
T-cell Lymphomas
T-cell large granular lymphocyte
leukaemia
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia
Mycosis fungoides Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T/null
cell
Precursor T lymphoblastic
leukemia/lymphomaT-cell promyelocytic leukaemia
NK cell neoplasms
NK cell large granular lymphocyte
leukaemia
Adapted from Harris et al JCO 1999
Generalisations
• FOLLICULAR - usually indolent, low grade, incurable (except localised)
Treatment options – observation, chemo,
radiotherapy
• DIFFUSE - usually aggressive and potentially curable with chemotherapy +/-radiotherapy
Follicular lymphoma (22% NHL)
• Usually widespread
(51% stage IV)
• Median survival >8 years
FLIPI score prognostic
(nodes, LDH, age, stage, Hb)
Diffuse large B cell (33% NHL)
• Mixed group
• Curable with chemo
(potentially)
• Prognosis by International prognostic index (IPI)
• Use of rituximab + CHOP chemotherapy
MALToma (8% NHL)
• Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)
• Usually localised and indolent (may be
curable by radiotherapy or surgery)
Gastric MALToma
• Commonest extranodal NHL
• Presence of H. Pylori infection in >60% of
gastric lymphoma
• Regression can occur with antibiotics alone
(75%)
• Can transform to aggressive grade NHL
Mycosis fungoides
• Cutaneous T cell
lymphoma
• Indolent (very)
• Can progress to
T cell leukaemia
Burkitt’s lymphoma
• Median age = 30 in adults
• Highly aggressive but curable
• Doubling time can be 7 days
• Associated with tumour lysis syndrome; ↑uric acid, K+, PO4 - can cause renal failure)
Burkitt’s lymphoma
• Endemic (Africa and PNG); facial, jaw,
abdo, associated with EBV
• Sporadic ; generally abdominal, 30% EBV
• HIV associated; usually lymph nodes
Prognosis in NHL
Depends on
• Tumour factors
• Patient’s response to tumour
• Patient’s ability to tolerate treatment
Prognosis - NHL
• Age
• Advanced stage
• Low Hb
• LDH
• Extensive nodal involvement (>4 areas)
• Poor ECOG performance status
• More than one extranodal area
Ann Arbor staging for lymphoma
IPI prognosisIPI prognosis Survival %
Risk
group
Risk
factor
CR
rate
5
year
Low 1 87 73
Low/
int
2 67 51
High/
int
3 55 43
High 4,5 44 26
Treatment of NHLKey Questions
• Stage and histologic subtype
• Clinical aggressiveness
• Is it curable? – all Stage I potentially
- all aggressive NHL (regardless
of stage)
• Which treatment is “best” to achieve cure or
palliation
Radiation treatment
• Potentially curative for
- Stage I indolent
• Addition to chemotherapy – bulky disease
or localised aggressive disease
• Palliation (high response rates)
Chemotherapy (lots of options)Intensity depends on treatment goal
• Oral alkylating agents e.g. chlorambucil in very
indolent NHL and frail patients
• Minimally intensive chemo e.g. CVP in progressive
indolent (+/- rituximab)
• Moderately intensive chemo e.g. CHOP or R-CHOP
• Highly intensive chemo – leukaemia like (includes
intrathecal);
Rituximab
• Monoclonal Antibody
• Reacts with CD20 on B lymphocytes
( > 90% express CD20)
• Uses immune system
• May promote apoptosis
Mechanism of action of rituximab
R
Killerleukocyte
MalignantB-cell
CD20
Rituximab
CD20
Complement
Rituximab
Rituximab - clinical
• For diffuse large B cell NHL better survival in patients treated with R-CHOP
• Indolent lymphoma - better response rate, prolongs remission and survival with chemotherapy or when used as maintenance treatment
• Toxicities – fever, rigors, headache, bronchospasm, hypotension (1st dose)
High dose chemotherapy treatment
• Big dose chemotherapy with autologous or
allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) rescue
• Proven in chemo-sensitive relapse for diffuse large
cell (survival 53% vs. 32% for standard chemo)
Hodgkins disease
• All potentially curable
• Chemo (ABVD) +/- radiotherapy
• ?More intensive chemo (e.g. BEACOPP) for poor risk disease
• High dose chemo with autologous stem cell rescue effective for 1st relapse
Hodgkin Lymphoma
• Bimodal incidence: 20’s, and >50
• EBV associated
• Reed-Sternberg cells pathognomic
(“Owl Eyes”)
•Mediastinal mass in younger person common
•BM and CNS involvement rare
•Increased incidence w HIV
HD: Prognosis and Treatment
Risk factor Score 5 year PFS
Hb <105 0 84%
WBC > 15 1 77%
L <0.6 2 67%
Stage 4 3 60%
Albumin < 40 4 51%
Age > 45 5+ 42%
Male gender
Treatment:
- Early disease = short chemo + XRT
- Advanced disease = more chemo, XRT to bulk areas only
- Transplant at first relapse
Long term effectsShort-medium term
- Tiredness, depression, anxiety and hyper-vigilance
Consider late effects (high rates of survival)
– fertility (ABVD relatively spares fertility compared to other regimens)
–Second cancers
- Organ damage from treatments