Marcelo Q. Buenavista Jr.

PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY Intuitive

Period Period

Apprentice Educative

Period Period

Contemporary

INTUITIVE PERIOD Prehistoric

Early Christian Era More on intuition NOMADS travel from one place to another Survival

of the fittest Best for the most motto

Sickness

is due to voodoo Performed out of feeling of compassion for others Performed out of desire to help Performed out of wish to do good Nursing is given by the WOMEN

INTUITIVE PERIOD

SHAMAN uses white magic to counteract the black magic They

are the doctors during those time.

TREPHINING drilling the skull Used

to treat Psychotic patients Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by evil spirits.

Growth of religion most important thing that happened Growth of civilization Law of self preservation inspire man in search of knowledge

RISE IN CIVILIZATION From

the mode of Nomadic life agrarian society gradual development of urban community life Existence of means of communication Start of scientific knowledge more complex life increase in health problems demand for more nurses Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there was progress in the practice of Medicine. Care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic

RISE IN CIVILIZATION Near

East birth place of 3 religious ideologist: Judaism Christianity Mohammedism

or Islam

- Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks and Romans combine wit the wonders of the Far East by returning crusaders and explorers improved and was carried to Europe during the Renaissance Period that resulted to greater knowledge then to the New World by the Early settlers.

RISE IN CIVILIZATION New

World a tiny area known as birth of monotheism that lies between Tigris and Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew.MONOTHEISM

believer of one God

BABYLONIANS CODE1st

OF HAMMURABI

recording on the medical practice Established the medical fees Discouraged experimentation Specific doctor for each disease Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms, medicine, or surgical procedure

EGYPTIANS ART

OF EMBALMING

Mummification Removing

the internal organs of the dead body Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy. Since work was done and performed on the dead, they learned nothing of Philosophy THE

250 DISEASESabout 250 diseases and

Documentation

treatments

HEBREW

Teachings of MOSESCreated Leviticus Father of sanitation

Practice the values of Hospitality to strangers and the Act of Charity contained in the book of Genesis LEVITICUS 3rd book of the Old Testament

Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases Laws governing cleanliness Laws on preparation of food Purification of man and his food The ritual of CIRCUMCISION on the 8th day after birth

MOSAIC LAW

Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only

CHINA

Use of pharmacologic drugs MATERIA MEDICA Book

that indicates the pharmacologic drug used for treatment

No knowledge on anatomy Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead Method of paper making FACTORS THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE: Baby

boys given girls name Prohibits dissecting of human body thus thwarting scientific study

INDIA

SUSHURUTO

1st recording on the nursing practice

Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of animal worship Medicine men built hospitals Intuitive form of asepsis There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks There was also decline in Medical practice due to fall of Buddhism state religion of India

GREECE

AESCULAPUS

Father of medicine in Greek mythology Father of modern medicine 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits 1st to apply assessment Practice medical ethics Insignia of medicine Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.

HIPPOCRATES

CADUCEUS

NURSES function of untrained slaves

ROMANS Proper

turnover for the sick people If youre strong, youre healthy motto Transition from Pagan to Christianity FABIOLAWas

converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her wealth for the sick.

1st

hospital in the Christian world

APPRENTICE PERIOD 11th

century 1836 On-the-job training period Refers to a beginner (on-the-job training). It means care performed by people who are directed by more experienced nurses Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the Crusades in the 11th century (1836 when the deaconesses School of Nursing was established in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)

APPRENTICE PERIOD There

was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure During the Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power struggle. Christians were divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.

MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORKS KNIGHTS Also

(ITALIAN)

OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM

called as Knights of the Hospitalers Established to give care TEUTONIC Took

KNIGHTS (GERMAN)

subsequent wars in the Holy Land Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military camps KNIGHTS Care

OF ST.LAZARUS

for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases

ALEXIAN BROTHERS

A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969

ST. VINCENT DE PAUL

He organized the charity group called the La Charite and the Community of Sisters of Charity composed of women dedicated in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He founded the Sisters of Charity School of Nursing in Paris, France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing.

LOUISE de GRAS

Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity

NURSING SAINTS

ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI the

Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and chastity Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisipoor Claire

ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY

The patroness of Nursing A princess Sees her calling to give care for the sick Fed thousands of hungry people

St. CATHERINE OF SIENA

Little Saint took care of the sick as early as 7y/o 1st Lady with a Lamp

RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER Orders 1st

of St. Francis of Assisi

order founded by St. Francis 2nd order the poor Claire founded by St. Claire 3rd the tertiary order Beguines Oblates Benedictines Ursulites Augustinians

DARK PERIOD OF NURSING

From 17th century 19th century Also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War Hospitals were closed Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and opportunists) Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed, overworked Mass exodus for nurses The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther, the war was a religious upheaval that resulted to the destruction in the unity of Christians. The conflict swept everything connected to Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages, and hospitals

DARK PERIOD OF NURSING THEODORE (a

FLIEDNER

pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and later be established the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3 months as nurse

FLORENCE Practiced

NIGHTINGALEher profession during the Crimean

War Lady with a Lamp From a well-known family Went to Germany to study

EDUCATIVE PERIOD

Florence Nightingale era Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London England, where 1st program for formal education of Nurses began and contributed growth of Nursing in the US

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION:Social forces Trends resulting from war Emancipation of women Increased educational opportunities

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Mother of Modern Nursing Lady with the Lamp Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL to change the profile of Nursing She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observations of sanitation practices and entered Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany for 3 months.

EDUCATIVE PERIOD

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during the Illness (refers to the ill governess or instructors of Nursing She disapproved restriction on admission of patient and considered this unchristian and contrary to health care. Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable profession Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and sick soldiers during the Crimean War She was designated as Superintendent of the Female Establishment of English General Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her effort by improving the practice of sanitation techniques and procedure in the military barracks

EDUCATIVE PERIOD

THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:

School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital. Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors Correlate theories to practice Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses Introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness and sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did not believed in the Germ Theory of Bacteriology. Opposed central registry of nurses Wrote Notes on Nursing, What it is and what it is not. Wrote notes on hospitals

EDUCATIVE PERIOD

OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING

Bellevue Training School for Nurses New York City Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it closed down in 1969.

LINDA RICHARDS the first graduate nurse in US. Graduated in September 1, 1873. 2 NURSING ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN US:

American Nurses Association National League for Nursing Education

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD World

War II present This refers to the period after World War I and the changes and development in the trends and practice of Nursing occurring since 1945 after World War II. Includes scientific and technological development, social changes occurring after the war. Nursing is offered in College and Universities

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS:

W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by providing health information, proper nutrition, living standard, environmental conditions. The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment. Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and treatment Health related laws Primary Health Care Nurses involvement in CHN Utilization of computers Technology advances such as development of disposable equipment and supplies that relieved the tedious task of Nurses. Development of the expanded role of Nurses

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD FACTORS

AFFECTING NURSING TODAY:

Economics Consumers Family

Demand

Structure and Telecommunications

Information Legislation

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Womens Religion War Societal

Roles

Attitudes

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE WOMENS The

ROLES

role as a wife, mother, daughter, sister has always been included in the care of their family They cared for their infants, members of the family and members of the community (It could be said that Nursing have its roots in the home) Has the will to serve for others (subservient) The care provided were related to physical maintenance and comfort They care given were humanistic, nurturing comforting and supporting

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

RELIGION

Played a significant role in the development of Nursing The Christian values of LOVE THY NEIGHBOR AS THY SELF, PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN had a significant impact on Nursing CHRISTIANITY the greatest impact in the influence of religion in the development The religious values of self-denial, Spiritual Calling, Devotion to Duty, and Hard Work dominated Nursing throughout the history and led to the development. Knights contributions, Fabiolas contributions, the saints and other personalities Deaconesses Theodore Fliedner

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE WARCrimean

War (Arm conflict between England and allies Turkey, Sardinia vs. Russia); 1854-1856 Florence Nightingale emerged and became well-known (Crimean War)She

was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British war department to recruit contingent of female nurses to provide care to the sick and injured in Crimea. She transformed military camps into hospitals by setting up sanitation process: hand washing and washing clothes regularly

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

WAR

American Civil War (1861-1865) Harriet

Tubman and Sojourner Truth provided care and safety to slaves fleeing to the North on the Underground Railroad Mother Biekerdyke and Clara Barton searched the battlefield and gave care to injured and dying soldiers Walt Whitman And Loiusa May Alcott volunteered as nurses to give care to injured soldiers in military hospitals Created

World War II

acute shortage of care Cadet Nurse Corps established in response to markes shortage of nurses Auxiliary health care workers became prominent Practical Nurses, aides, and technicians provided much of the actual nursing care under the instruction and supervision of better prepared nurse Medical specialties aros to meet the needs of hospitalized clients

HISORICAL PERSPECTIVE

SOCIETAL ATTITUDES

Nursing was without organization, no education, and social status Womens role was in the home and no respectable woman should have a career Victorian Middle Class Women were just wives to their husbands and children Nurses were poorly educated, some were incarcerated criminals This was reflected in the book written by Charles Dickens through the character of Sairy Gamp who cared for the patients by stealing from them, physically abused them. This literary works has greatly affected social attitudes about nursing, the negative impression and image of nurses up to the contemporary period. Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercy image arose in the latter part of 19th century because of work of Florence Nightingale in the Crimean War. She brought respectability to the nursing profession, nurses were viewed as noble, compassionate, moral, religious, dedicated, and self-sacrificing Doctors handmaiden image arising in the early 19th century ; this image evolved when women had yet to obtain the right to vote; the family structures were highly paternalistic, and when the medical profession portrayed increasing use of scientific knowledge that was viewed as male domain.

NURSING LEADERS

Florence Nightingale Clara Barton Lillian Wald Lavinia L. Dock Margaret Higgins Sanger Mary Breckinridge

NURSING LEADERS FLORENCE

NIGHTINGALE

Contributions

are well documented Lady with the Lamp She was the 1st nurse to exert political pressure on government Notes on Nursing: What It is and What It Is Not her greatest achievement ; made her be recognized as nursings 1st scientist-theorist Born on a wealthy and intellectual family She was given an honorarium of 4500 and used it to develop Nightingale Training School for Nurses, which was opened in 1860.

NURSING LEADERS CLARAA

school teacher who volunteered as nurse during the American Civil War Her responsibility was to organize the nursing services Established the American Red Cross

BARTON

LILIAN

Founder

of Public Health Nursing Wald and Mary Brewster were the 1st one to offer trained nursing services to the poor in the New York slums

WALD

NURSING LEADERS LAVINIA

L. DOCK

Feminist,

prolific writer, political activist, suffragette Friend of Wald She participated in protest movements for womens rights which granted women to vote. Campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather than physicians to control their professions Founded the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses on the United States and Canada precursor to the current National League for Nursing

NURSING LEADERS MARGARETPublic

HIGGINS SANGER

health nurse in New York Had a lasting impact on womens health care Imprisoned for opening the 1st birth control information clinic in America Considered to be the founder of Planned Parenthood

NURSING LEADERS MARY

BRECKINRIDGE

Notable

pioneer nurse Established Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) She worked with the American Committee for Devastated France, distributed food, clothing, and supplies to rural villages and taking care of the sick children.

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) EARLY

BELIEFS AND PRACTICESAbout Causation of Diseases:

Beliefs

Caused

or inflicted by other person (enemy or witch) Evil spiritsBeliefs

That Evil Spirits Could Be Driven Off By Person With Powers To Expel Bad Spirits:Believed

in Gods of healing Word doctors priest physicians Herbolarios herb doctors

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) EARLY

CARE OF THE SICK herbmen who practice

HERBICHEROS

witchcraft MANGKUKULAM / MANGANGAWAY a person suffers from disease without any identified cause and were believed bewitched by such Difficult child birth and some diseases (PMAO) attributed to (NONO) midwives Difficult birth, witches were supposed to be the cause, gunpowder exploded from a bamboo pole close to the head of the mother to drive evil spirits

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) EARLY1st

HOSPITALS:Real de Manila 1577

Hospital

hospital established Gov. Francisco de Sande To give service to kings Spaniard soldiersSan

Lazaro Hospital 1578

Fray

Juan Clemente Named after the Knights of St. Lazarus Hospital for the lepers

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) EARLY Hospital de Indios 1586 Franciscan Orders Hospital for the poor Filipino people Hospital de Aguas Santas 1590 Fray Juan Bautista Named after its location (near spring) because people believed that spring has a healing power. San Juan de Dios Hospital For poor people Located at Roxas Boulevard

HOSPITALS:

1596

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) PERSONAGES: Dona 1st

Hilaria de Aguinaldo

wife of Emilio Aguinaldo Established Philippine Red Cross February 17, 1899 Dona 2nd

Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo

wife of Emilio Aguinaldo 1st president of Philippine Red Cross (Batangas Chapter) Josephine Helped

Bracken

Rizal in treating sick people

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) PERSONAGES: Melchora Took

Aquino Giron Tupaz

care of the wounded Katipuneros

Anastacia Founder

of Filipino Nurses Association established on October 15, 1922 1st Filipino chief nurse of PGH 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses in the Philippines Francisco 1st

Delgado

president of Filipino Nurses Association

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING)

PERSONAGES: Cesaria Tan

1st Filipino to receive Masteral Degree in Nursing abroad

Socorro

Pioneer in Social Service at San Lazaro Hospital Also the chief nurse

Sirilan

Rosa

Pioneer in nursing education

Militar

Socorro

1st editor of PNA magazine called, The Message

Diaz

Conchita

Full time editor of the PNA newly named magazine, The Filipino Nurse

Ruiz

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) EARLYIloilo

NURSING SCHOOLS

Mission Hospital and School of NursingEstablished

in 1906 under the supervision of Rose Nicolet (American) Nursing course 3yrs. Produced 1st batch of Nursing graduates in 1909 22 nurses 1st TRAINED NURSES: Nicasia

Cada Felipa Dela Pena Dorotea CalditoApril

1944 1st Nursing Board Exam at Iloilo

HISTORY OF NURSING (PHILIPPINE SETTING) EARLYPGH

NURSING SCHOOLS

School of Nursing 1907 St. Paul School of Nursing 1907 St. Lukes School of Nursing 1907 UST 1946 MCU 1947 Fatima 1947

NURSING: DEFINITIONS NURSING Is

(as an art)

the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health

NURSING Is

(as a science)

the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem

NURSING: DEFINITIONS FLORENCE Nursing

NIGHTINGALE

is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.

VIRGINIA Nursing

HENDERSON

is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

NURSING: DEFINITIONS

CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (CNA)

Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse assist the client to achieve and obtain optimal health. 1987 THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE DEFINITION: Nursing

is caring Nursing is an art Nursing is a science Nursing is client-centered Nursing is holistic Nursing is adaptive Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration Nursing is a helping profession

NURSING: DEFINITIONS

AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)

1973 Nursing

is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and community during health and illness. is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE:Attention to the full range of human experiences and responses to health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation. Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding of the client or groups subjective experience. Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment. Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and

1980 Nursing

1995 ANA

NURSE: DEFINITION NURSE Comes

cherish One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health and healthy environment.

from a Latin word to nourish or to

PATIENT: DEFINITION PATIENT Comes

Bear An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due to illness or a disease. Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is physically or mentally disabled.

from a Latin word, to Suffer or to

NURSING PROGRAMS

Licensed Vocational Nursing Program / Licensed Practical Nursing Program (LVN,LPN) REGISTERED NURSING PROGRAMS:

Community College / Associate Degree Diploma Program Baccalaureate Degree Program

GRADUATE NURSING EDUCATION:

Masters Degree Doctoral Degree

External Degree

LVN / LPN Licensed Last

Vocational Nursing Program / Licensed Practical Nursing Program (LVN,LPN)

for 9 12 months Provide both classroom and clinical experiences Provided by the community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies. Under supervision of RN Prepares students how to give basic direct technical care Graduate takes NCLEX PN to obtain license as a practical or vocational course.

REGISTERED NURSING PROGRAMS Community Arose

in early 1950s 2-year program Technical nurse or bedside nurse ADN (AA or AS)

College / Associate Degree

Diploma 3-year

program Hospital-based Provide rich clinical experience for nurses Associated with colleges and universities

Program

REGISTERED NURSING PROGRAMS

Baccalaureate Degree Program

Early Baccalaureate Program 5-year program (3-year diploma program in addition to 2 years of liberal arts) Todays Baccalaureate Degree Program 4-5-year program Offer courses in the liberal arts, sciences, humanities, and nursing Graduates must fulfill both the degree requirements of the college or university and the nursing program before being awarded a baccalaureate degree. BSN Also admit RN who have diplomas or associate degrees. Much background More theories

GRADUATE NURSING EDUCATION

Masters Degree

1.5 2-year program Encourage the development of graduate study in nursing Major emphasis was to be research and specialization for teaching and administration Provide specialized knowledge and skills that enable nurses to assume advanced roles in practice, education, administration, and research. MAN / MSN

Doctoral Program

PhD, DNS, ND Further prepares the nurse for advanced clinical practice, administration, education, and research. Content and approach vary among doctoral programs. All emphasized research No specific time

EXTERNAL DEGREE ExternalOffers

Degree

credit for expertise gained outside formal classroom setting Seminars post- grad courses No specific time Short courses

ROLES OF A NURSE

Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client Advocate Counselor Change Agent Leader Manager Case Manager Research Consumer Role Model Administrator Expanded Career Roles

ROLES OF A NURSE

Caregiver

Primary goal TYPES OF CARE: Full

Care for completely dependent patient Partial Care for partially dependent patient Supportive-Educative care to assist clients in attaining their highest possible level of health and wellness; for learnings

Communicator

Integral to all nursing roles Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community Nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team

ROLES OF A NURSE

Teacher

Nurses help clients learn about their health and the health care procedure they need to perform to restore or maintain their health. Nurses assesses the clients learning needs and readiness to learn, sets specific learning goals in conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies, and measures learning. Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive personnel to whom they delegate care, and they share their expertise with other nurses and health professionals.

Client Advocate

Acts to protect the client Nurse may represent the clients needs and wishes to other health professionals, such as relaying the clients wishes for information to the physician. Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves

ROLES OF A NURSE

Counselor

Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth. Involves providing emotional, intellectual and psychologic support. Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals with normal adjustment difficulties and focuses on helping the person develop new attitudes, feelings, behaviors by encouraging the client to look at alternative behaviors, recognizing the choices, and develop sense of control.

Change Agent

Assisting others to make modifications in their own behavior. Nurses also often act to make changes in a system if it is not helping client return to health.

ROLES OF A NURSE

Leader

Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal. Can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or the community

Case Manager

Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes. Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific caseload. Primary nurse or provides some level of direct care to the client and family Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs.

ROLES OF A NURSE

Research Consumer

Often use research to improve client care Have some awareness of the process and language of research Be sensitive to issues related to protecting the rights of human subjects Participate in the identification of significant researchable problems Be a discriminating consumer of research findings

Role Model

Has good physical appearance Practices proper hygiene Practices healthy lifestyle

ROLES OF A NURSE Administrator Assumes

middle management position Connects the patient to other services of the hospital Expanded Nurse

Career Roles

practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse researcher, and nurse anesthetist All of which allow greater independence and autonomy.

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE FOUR

AREAS:Health and Wellness Illness

Promoting Preventing Restoring Care

Health

of the Dying

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE PROMOTING Wellness

HEALTH AND WELLNESS

state of well-being. Engaging in attitudes and behavior that enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential For both healthy and ill. Involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy lifestyle, such as improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, restricting smoking, and preventing accidents and injury in the home and workplace.

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE PREVENTINGThe

ILLNESS

goal is to maintain optimal health by preventing diseases Nursing activities includes immunizations, prenatal and infant care, and prevention of sexually transmitted disease.

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE

RESTORING HEALTH

Focuses on the ill client Extends from early detection of disease to helping the client during the recovery period NURSING ACTIVITIES: Providing

direct care to the ill person: administering medications, baths, and specific procedures and treatments Providing diagnostic and assessment procedures: measuring BP and examining feces for occult blood Consulting with other health care professionals about clients problems Teaching clients about recovery activities: exercise that will accelerate recovery after a stroke Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level following physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction

SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE CARE

OF THE DYING

Involves

comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying Includes helping clients live as comfortable as possible until death and helping support persons cope with death. Work in homes, hospitals, and extended care facilities Hospices are specifically designed for this purpose.

BIOETHICAL ISSUES IN NURSING

DO NOT RESUSCITATE ORDER (DNR)

Physician may order no code or do not resuscitate for client who are in stage of terminal, irreversible illness, or expected death. DNR order that no effort be made to resuscitate the client in the event of respiratory or cardiac arrest.

ABORTION

Termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches the stage of viability.

EUTHANASIA

mercy killing The act of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable or distressing disease.

HUMAN CLONING

Human reproduction / replication

SEX TRANSPLANT

PROFESSIONAL CRIMES

CRIME act committed in violation of Public Law and punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment FELONY serious in nature (ex. Murder) MISDEMEANOR less serious in nature (ex. Negligence) MANSLAUGHTER 2nd degree crime; unintentional TORT civil wrong against a person

TYPES:

Intentional unintentional

Types of Law

Private / Civil

Public Law Criminal Law

Contract Law

Torts

Felony Unintentional Intentional

Misdemeanor

Negligence/ Malpractice

Assault / Battery False Imprisonment

Common Elements Willful Action

Failure to meet standard of care Must be present

Invasion of Privacy Defamation

Intended to bring about consequences

Causation Duty Breach of Duty Foreseeability Causation Harm/Injury Damage Libel Slander

PROFESSIONAL CRIMES NEGLIGENCE The

doing of that thing, which a reasonably prudent person would not have done, or the failure to do that thing which a reasonably prudent person would have done, in like or similar circumstance. Act of omission or commission THEORIES OF NEGLIGENCE: Respondeat Superior let the superior answer ; let the principal answer for the acts of his agent Res Ipsa Loquitur the thing speaks for itself; talks about the evidence; you cannot deny the negligence because of the presence of evidence. Force Majeure irresistible or superior force. It is a fact or accident which human prudence can neither foresee nor prevent

PROFESSIONAL CRIMES

MALPRACTICE

Any professional misconduct, or any unreasonable lack of skill, or fidelity in the performance of the professional or fiduciary duties. For Nurses, Malpractice refers to the failure to follow a reasonable professional standard of care, thereby, resulting to injury of patient ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE/MALPRACTICE: Duty Breach

of Duty Foreseeability Causation Harm/Injury Damage

PROFESSIONAL CRIMES INVASION Violation

OF PRIVACY

on the right of an individual to withhold herself and her life from public scrutiny. Violation on the right to remain alone and the right to keep information.

FRAUD False

presentation of some facts with the intention that will be acted upon by another person. Willful misrepresentation

PROFESSIONAL CRIMES DEFAMATION Derogatory

remarks about a person Making false statements about a person that can result to the injury of his reputation KINDS

OF DEFAMATION: Slander oral defamation Libel written defamation

ASSAULT

Attempt

or threat or to touch another person unjustifiably

PROFESSIONAL CRIMES

BATTERY

Assault that is carried out Willful touching of a person (without consent) that may or may not cause harm Performing procedures without consent

INCOMPETENCE

Lack of knowledge or skills

FALSE IMPRISONMENT

Prevention of movement without consent Unlawful restraint or detention of another person against his or her wishes

CONSENT

KINDS OF CONSENT:Informed Consent Implied Consent

INFORMED CONSENT

Agreement by the client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure after complete information, including the risk of treatment and facts relating to it, has been provided by the physician ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT:

Consent must be given voluntarily Consent must be given by an individual with the capacity, competence, and understanding. The client must be given enough information to be the ultimate decision maker.

CONSENT

NURSES RESPONSIBILITY Witnessing

physician. Establish that the client really did understand, that is, was really informed Witnessing the clients signature

the exchange between the client and the

PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT ALLOWED TO PROVIDE CONSENT: Minors

below 18 years old; except for married and already a parent Mentally ill Unconscious or injured in such a way that they are unable to give consent.

IMPLIED CONSENT

In a life threatening situations and consent can not be