Date post: | 29-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | teresa-pitts |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Science Has Changed Our World
• A quick trip from Eugene to Denver• In 1850 it took two months to get a letter from
Utah to California• Cholera in London in 1854
3
Human Conflict: The Fundamental Process Driving Most Problem
Development• Involved in the development of
aggressive social behavior• Involved in marital discord• Involved in the interactions of
depressed people with those around them.
5
Effect of Maltreatment and Poverty on Health
• Meta-analysis of 24 studies – Adults with a history of maltreatment were 2.77 times
more likely to have stroke or myocardial infarction. • Poverty in childhood leads to adults having
– A 20%–40% Increased risk of all-cause mortality: – Excess risk of 30-60% for CVD across studies – Effects even among those who have increased their
SES as adults; 20-40% range for CVD– Maternal nurturance prevents these effects!
6
Threat Rewires the Brain Threat Rewires the Brain for Evolutionary Reasonsfor Evolutionary Reasons
• Genetic, epigenetic, neuroscience, and behavior analysis are converging to show that stressful and threatening environments result in – Impaired self-regulation, – Hyper vigilance– Mistrust of others, – Poor social relationships, – Deviant peer group formation– Early childrearing32
– Depression33
– Obesity – Cardiovascular disease
• This pattern of behavior further increases the chances of stress and further physiological harm. (Miller, Chen, Fok, et al., 2009). 11
“The scientific foundation has been created for the nation to begin to create a society in which young people arrive at adulthood with the skills, interests, assets, and health habits needed to live healthy, happy, and productive lives in caring relationships with others.”
12
Nurturing EnvironmentsThe Generic Features
• Minimize toxic social and biological conditions• Teach, promote and richly reinforce diverse forms of
prosocial behavior• Limit influences and opportunities for problem
behavior• Promote psychological flexibility—a mindful approach
to pursuing one’s values– More than 100 randomized trials showing the value of
psychological flexibility for a wide variety of psychological, behavioral, and health problems.
14
Teach, Promote, and Richly Reinforce Prosocial Values and Behavior
• Every day in virtually every interaction with a young person (or an older person), we have an opportunity to recognize, appreciate, and make more likely social behavior that helps others, contributes their self-development, or helps their community.
15
Limit Influences and Opportunities Limit Influences and Opportunities for Problem Behavior for Problem Behavior
• Influences: Tobacco, Alcohol, and Unhealthful Food Marketing
• Opportunities: Deviant Peer Influences
16
PROMOTING PSYCHOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY
A Mindful Approach To Living A Valued Life That Can Prevent And Ameliorate The Effects Of Trauma
17
Suppose That the Wide Variety of Consequences of Trauma Are All for the Purpose of Avoiding Distressing
Experience?• Drinking• Taking Drugs• Getting Angry• Avoiding “difficult” situations• Staying in bed• Worrying• Self-denigrating• Complaining
18
Experiential AvoidanceAcceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ)
1. I am able to take action on a problem even if I am uncertain what is the right thing to do.
3. When I feel depressed or anxious, I am unable to take care of my responsibilities.
6. When I evaluate something negatively, I usually recognize that this is just a reaction, not an objective fact.
8. Anxiety is bad.
19
Experiential Avoidance is associated with
– Higher anxiety– More depression – More overall pathology– Poorer work
performance– Inability to learn– Substance abuse– Lower quality of life– Trichotillomania
– History of sexual abuse– High risk sexual behavior– BPD symptomatology
and depression– Thought suppression– Alexithymia– Anxiety sensitivity– Long term disability– Worry
20
The Traditional Moves
• Think positive thoughts• Control those negative thoughts and feelings• Get your psychological ducks in a row• When you are confident you can move
mountains• Shake it off
21
But
• Learning never subtracts.• Efforts to control unwanted thoughts and
feelings just magnify them.
22
OpeOpenn
AwareAware
EngageEngagedd
Def
usi
onCon
tact
with
the
Pres
ent M
omen
t
Self-as-context
ValuesAcceptance
Com
mitted
Action
ACT Made Simple (Harris, 2009)25
Psychological Flexibility
What do you want your life to be about?
• Values are chosen life directions. They’re the compass headings you choose to guide the direction you want to travel in life
• Values are not what others want for you. They’re what you want for yourself.
• Values are not something to be right or wrong about. You don’t need to explain or defend them.
• Values are continuous. • They are the answers to the question “In an ideal world how
would you choose to act on an ongoing basis. What do you want to keep on doing (verbs) and how do you want to keep on doing it (adverbs)?
27
What do we want to keep doing?• Playing• Acting• Behaving• Interacting• Working• Being• Performing• Getting along• Helping• Living• Learning
• Giving• Applying• Serving• Relating• Connecting• Caring• Nurturing• Loving• Speaking up• Sharing• Communicating• Embracing• Engaging• Contributing28
A Celebration
• If five years from now, there was an event where a group of the people you have worked with had a gathering to celebrate your work, what would you like them to be saying about the qualities of your work with them?
• Notice the thoughts that come up for you.
30
Open—Making Room
• Acceptance– Falling into a hole– A tug of war?
• Defusion– “I’m having the thought that…”– Writing them on a piece of paper– Wear a name tag…
• Willingness
32
So what is mindfulness, then?
• Choosing to pay purposeful, curious attention to the present moment
• Noticing with your five senses• Noticing thoughts as “mental weather”• When you get “hooked” by a thought, gently
noticing and bringing yourself back to the present moment
• Making room for all of your sensations, thoughts, and emotions as they are
• Saying “yes” to the present moment
The Self and Perspectives
• Glimpses of your life• Who is watching?• The Other:
– Someone who troubles you in some way?– What are they
• Seeing?• Thinking?• Feeling?
39
Self-CompassionTake care of ourselves first
Put on our own oxygen mask before we help others
The heart first pumps blood to itself
40
Problems Affected by ACT
• Anxiety• Depression• Smoking • Epilepsy• Drug abuse• Exercise • Weight Loss• Pain
• Hallucinations• Prejudice• Trichotillomania • Obsessive thinking• Stigma• Stress • Innovation
41
Thinking about Our Relationships with Others
• What do you want your relationships with other people to be like?
• What thoughts and feelings come up that pull you away from nurturing those relationships?
• What behaviors do those thoughts and feelings engender?
• What actions can you take in the service of your values?
43
Forbearance and Forgiveness
• When Charles C. Roberts stormed an Amish school house and killed five young schoolgirls before he killed himself, the Amish community expressed its forgiveness by attending his funeral and raising money for Roberts’s widow and three small children. Those three small children must live out their lives knowing that their father committed a horrendous act. They will face difficulties in any case. But which will be better for them: knowing that the families of their father’s victims hate them, or knowing that those families have forgiven their father and care for them?
44
Ghandi• When Mohandas Gandhi vowed to fast
until all violence between Hindus and Muslims ended, a Hindu man came to him and confessed that he had killed a Muslim boy as revenge for the killing of his son. He implored Gandhi to end his fast because he didn’t want to have Gandhi’s death on his soul. Gandhi told him that he could atone for his sin by finding a Muslim child whose parents had been killed in the religious riots and raising that child as a Muslim (Gandhi 1998).
45
The Civil Rights Revolution
• During Martin Luther King’s nonviolent movement to end segregation, civil rights activists subjected themselves to violent attacks. In so doing, they inspired the sympathy and support of enough Americans that segregation ended.
46
In South Africa • Under Nelson Mandela’s leadership, a
Truth and Reconciliation Commission was created to address the many wrongs that had been done during apartheid. The commission invited victims of apartheid to give statements about their experiences. Perpetrators of violence were also invited to give testimony and could request amnesty from both civil and criminal prosecution. The process is generally credited with having prevented a great deal of retaliatory violence.
47
Compassion and Acceptance
• Compassion is a basic human kindness, accompanied by an awareness of the suffering of oneself and other living beings, coupled with a wish and an effort to relieve it. Paul Gilbert
• “Acceptance is not merely tolerance – it is the active non-judgmental embracing of experience in the here and now. Acceptance involves undefended “exposure” to thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations as they are directly experienced to be.” Steven C. Hayes
49
Responding to Criticism• Get More Information
– Active Listening• Nonverbal attention—A posture of curiosity • Paraphrasing—Listening to the message; Reflecting it back;
Discovering the speaker’s intent– Ask for Details—Requesting clarifying information– Guess—When the other person can’t think of a
specific example, you come up with one. • Agreement—Seek it out wherever it exists
– Agree with facts—Be explicit in your agreement– Agree with critic’s perception—acknowledge the
critics perception is reasonable.
Raising Delicate Issues• Ask for the opportunity to discuss your concern.
– Indicate that you have a concern, while making clear that your intention is not to hurt the other person.
– Edit out accusative language and red flag terms• Pinpoint Details
– Describe exactly what the other person said or did, when they said or did it
• Acknowledge your part– Search for and communicate what you may have done that
contributed to the problem• Agree on a solution
– Develop a solution that you both create and both implement