Chapter 10

Nutrients That Functionas Antioxidants

Oxidation: Atom ReviewOxidation: Atom Review

•• Protons & neutrons are found in the nucleusProtons & neutrons are found in the nucleus

•• Electrons circle the nucleus in pairsElectrons circle the nucleus in pairs

•• Nucleus is positively (+) chargedNucleus is positively (+) charged

•• Electrons are negatively (Electrons are negatively (--) charged) charged

•• Positive & negative charges are balancePositive & negative charges are balance

•• Atom has no overall chargeAtom has no overall charge

Oxidation: Atom ReviewOxidation: Atom Review•• Atoms bond together in moleculesAtoms bond together in molecules

•• ReductionReduction: gain of a negatively : gain of a negatively charged electroncharged electron

•• OxidationOxidation: loss of a negatively : loss of a negatively charged electroncharged electron

•• We derive energy from food in the We derive energy from food in the form of ATP & other highform of ATP & other high--energy energy compoundscompounds

Oxidation: Atom ReviewOxidation: Atom Review•• Sharing electrons in outer shell makes Sharing electrons in outer shell makes

bonds between atoms or molecules strongbonds between atoms or molecules strong

•• Oxidation of these bonds produces stable Oxidation of these bonds produces stable compoundscompounds

•• A weak bond between atom or molecule A weak bond between atom or molecule →→possible molecule or atom left with an possible molecule or atom left with an unpaired electron in its outer shellunpaired electron in its outer shell

•• Free electron = unstable atom = free radicalFree electron = unstable atom = free radical

OxidationOxidation--Reduction ReactionsReduction Reactions

Ae–

e–

B

A

B

OxidationElectrons frommolecule A aretransferred tomolecule B.

Molecule A hasbeen oxidized.

Oxidized Reduced

OxidizedReduced

ReductionElectrons are added

to molecule Bfrom molecule A.Molecule B hasbeen reduced.

e–

e–

66

Usable energy (ATP)

Water (H2O) producedas a by-product ofenergy metabolism

Inhaled oxygen

Hydrogen fromcarbohydrates,fats, and protein

Free RadicalsFree Radicals

•• Chemically reactiveChemically reactive

•• Steals electron from adjacent Steals electron from adjacent stable moleculestable molecule

•• Results in new free radicalResults in new free radical

•• Chain reaction of instabilityChain reaction of instability

•• Body naturally tries to repair Body naturally tries to repair systems & destroy free radicalssystems & destroy free radicals

How Antioxidants Stabilize Free RadicalsHow Antioxidants Stabilize Free Radicals

e–

e–e–

e–

e–

e–

An antioxidant hasan electron to donateto a free radical

The antioxidant ismissing an electron(oxidized), but it isnot damaging toother compounds

The freeradical isnow stabilized

Free radical activelyseeks an electronor other compound

Free RadicalsFree Radicals

•• Can be helpful:Can be helpful:–– Immune system uses Immune system uses

to destroy diseaseto destroy disease--causing causing microorganismsmicroorganisms

–– WBC produce to WBC produce to destroy bacteria, destroy bacteria, viruses & fungiviruses & fungi

–– Helps body destroy Helps body destroy dead cells (may dead cells (may prevent cancer)prevent cancer)

•• Can be harmful:Can be harmful:–– Causes loss of cell Causes loss of cell

membrane integrity & membrane integrity & cell collapsecell collapse

–– Damage to LDL Damage to LDL →→plaque & plaque & atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

–– DNA alteration results DNA alteration results in altered protein in altered protein synthesissynthesis

Free RadicalsFree Radicals

•• Have been linked to:Have been linked to:

–– CancerCancer–– AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis–– ArthritisArthritis–– DiabetesDiabetes–– EmphysemaEmphysema–– Kidney diseaseKidney disease–– AlzheimerAlzheimer’’s diseases disease–– ParkinsonParkinson’’s diseases disease–– CataractsCataracts

•• Environmental factors Environmental factors ↑↑ free radical free radical formation:formation:

–– Excessive sunlightExcessive sunlight–– Air & water pollutionAir & water pollution–– RadiationRadiation–– AsbestosAsbestos–– OzoneOzone–– Toxic chemicalsToxic chemicals

Defending Against Free RadicalsDefending Against Free Radicals

•• Enzyme Systems:Enzyme Systems:

–– SeleniumSelenium–– ManganeseManganese–– ZincZinc–– IronIron–– CopperCopper

•• Antioxidant Antioxidant Chemicals:Chemicals:

–– Vitamins E, C, A Vitamins E, C, A –– Vitamin A precursor: Vitamin A precursor:

carotenoidscarotenoids–– PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals

Vitamin E (Vitamin E (TocopherolTocopherol): Functions): Functions

•• Development of musclesDevelopment of muscles

•• Development of central nervous Development of central nervous systemsystem

•• Antioxidant functionAntioxidant function

•• Maintains nervous tissue & immune Maintains nervous tissue & immune functionfunction

Vitamin E as an AntioxidantVitamin E as an Antioxidant

•• FatFat--soluble vitamin found in adipose tissue & soluble vitamin found in adipose tissue & cell membranecell membrane

•• Lipids in these membranes are Lipids in these membranes are PUFAsPUFAs

•• PUFAsPUFAs susceptible to oxidative attacksusceptible to oxidative attack

•• Vitamin E donates electrons or Vitamin E donates electrons or hydrogenshydrogens to to free radicals to make cell more stablefree radicals to make cell more stable

•• Vitamin E important in areas exposed to Vitamin E important in areas exposed to ↑↑levels of oxygen: levels of oxygen: RBCsRBCs and lungsand lungs

Vitamin E as an AntioxidantVitamin E as an AntioxidantPhospholipid bilayerof cell membrane

Neutralizedfree radical

Unsaturatedfatty acids

Vitamin E

Phospholipids

Free radical

Damagedphospholipids

Vitamin E: DeficiencyVitamin E: Deficiency

•• Deficiency is rare because Deficiency is rare because primary source of Vitamin E is primary source of Vitamin E is plant oils and our diets are plant oils and our diets are high in fathigh in fat

•• Deficiency can be problem in Deficiency can be problem in preterm infants as transfer preterm infants as transfer from mother occurs late in from mother occurs late in pregnancypregnancy

Vitamin E: Nutrient NeedsVitamin E: Nutrient Needs

•• RDA for adults: RDA for adults: –– 15 mg/day of alpha15 mg/day of alpha--tocopheraltocopheral–– the most active form of vitamin Ethe most active form of vitamin E

•• DV on labels is based on 20 mgDV on labels is based on 20 mg

Food Sources of Vitamin EFood Sources of Vitamin E

•• Only synthesized by plantsOnly synthesized by plants

•• Found in the plant oils Found in the plant oils –– good good sources include:sources include:

–– Salad oilsSalad oils–– MargarinesMargarines–– ShorteningShortening–– Fortified cerealsFortified cereals–– Nuts & seedsNuts & seeds

Food Sources of Vitamin EFood Sources of Vitamin E

RDA

Total Raisin Bran cereal, ¾ cup

Dry-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 ounce

Sunflower oil, 1 tablespoon

Dry-roasted almonds, 1 ounce

Safflower oil, 1 tablespoon

Wheat germ, ¼ cup

Almonds, 1 ounce

Oil-roasted sunflower seeds, 1 tablespoon

Italian dressing, 2 tablespoons

Canola oil, 1 tablespoon

Mayonnaise, 1 tablespoon

Avocado, 1

Chunky peanut butter, 2 tablespoons

Mango, 1

Peanuts, 1 ounce 2.1

2.3

2.4

2.7

3.0

3.0

3.1

3.4

4.5

5.2

5.9

7.5

8.0

14.3

22.5

15

Vitamin E(milligrams)

Vitamin E(IU)

Adult Male and FemaleRDA = 15 milligrams

Food Itemand Amount

Daily Value = 30 IU %RDA

GrainsVegetablesFruitsDairyProteinOils

3.1

3.5

3.6

4.0

4.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

6.8

7.7

8.7

11.1

12.0

21.2

33.5

22-33

14%

15%

16%

18%

20%

20%

21%

23%

30%

35%

39%

50%

53%

95%

150%

100%

Key: ChooseMyPlate.gov

MyPlateMyPlate: Sources of Vitamin E: Sources of Vitamin E

1919

MyPlate:Sources of Vitamin E

Protein• Nuts• Seeds• Shrimp• Peanut butter

• None

Dairy

• Mango• Apples

FruitsGrains Vegetables• Wheat germ

(whole grains)• Some fortified

breakfastcereals • Tomatoes

• Sweet potatoes• Avocados• Asparagus• Cabbage

ChooseMyPlate.gov

Fruits Grains

Protein Vegetables

Dairy Fruits

Grains

Protein Vegetables

Dairy

(green cabbage): © Isabelle Rozenbaum & Frederic Cirou / PhotoAlto/PunchStock RF; (apples): © Photodisc/Getty Images RF; (nuts): © Stockbyte/Corbis RF

Vitamin E: ExcessVitamin E: Excess

•• MegadosingMegadosing does not provide significant does not provide significant health benefits or prevent against health benefits or prevent against oxidative damageoxidative damage

•• Not stored in the liver Not stored in the liver –– stored in fat stored in fat tissuetissue

•• UL is 1,000 mg/dayUL is 1,000 mg/day

•• Excess can Excess can →→ interference with vitamin interference with vitamin K & clotting K & clotting →→ hemorrhagehemorrhage

Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): FunctionsVitamin C (Ascorbic acid): Functions

•• Collagen synthesisCollagen synthesis

•• CarnitineCarnitine synthesissynthesis

•• Serotonin & Serotonin & norepinephrinenorepinephrine synthesissynthesis

•• AntioxidantAntioxidant

•• ↑↑ iron absorptioniron absorption

•• Vital for immune functionVital for immune function

•• DoesnDoesn’’t prevent colds but may t prevent colds but may ↓↓ severityseverity

Vitamin C as an AntioxidantVitamin C as an Antioxidant

•• May May ↓↓ formation of cancerformation of cancer--causing nitrosamines in the causing nitrosamines in the stomachstomach

•• Inhibits development of Inhibits development of botulinumbotulinum toxin in cured meatstoxin in cured meats

•• Develops flavorDevelops flavor

•• Prevents rancidityPrevents rancidity

Vitamin C: DeficiencyVitamin C: Deficiency

•• Causes scurvyCauses scurvy

•• Because of Because of ↓↓ reduced reduced collagen synthesiscollagen synthesis

Vitamin C: Nutrient NeedsVitamin C: Nutrient Needs

•• Adult RDA:Adult RDA:–– 75 mg/day for women75 mg/day for women–– 90 mg/day for men90 mg/day for men

•• Smokers need an extra 35 mg+ Smokers need an extra 35 mg+ because of because of ↑↑ oxidation by tobacco oxidation by tobacco smoke in lungssmoke in lungs

•• Average US consumption: 70Average US consumption: 70--100 100 mg/daymg/day

Food Source of Vitamin CFood Source of Vitamin C

•• Citrus fruitsCitrus fruits•• StrawberriesStrawberries•• Green peppersGreen peppers•• Cauliflower & broccoliCauliflower & broccoli•• CabbageCabbage•• PapayaPapaya•• Romaine lettuceRomaine lettuce•• Brighter F/V = more vitamin CBrighter F/V = more vitamin C

Food Sources of Vitamin CFood Sources of Vitamin C

9

RDA

Orange, 1

Cooked brussels sprouts, 1 cup

Strawberries, 1 cup

Grapefruit juice, 1 cup

Red peppers, ¼ cup

Kiwi fruit, 1

Green pepper rings, 5

Tomato juice, 1 cup

Cooked broccoli, ½ cup

Kale, ½ cup

Raw cauliflower, ½ cup

Sweet potato, 1

Baked potato, 1 medium

Pineapple chunks, ½ cup

Cooked spinach, ½ cup

75-90

98

97

94

80

71

57

45

45

33

27

23

17

16

12

10%

13%

18%

19%

26%

30%

37%

50%

50%

63%

79%

89%

104%

108%

109%

100%

%RDA %RDA

100%

12%

16%

21%

23%

31%

36%

44%

60%

60%

76%

95%

107%

125%

129%

131%

Daily Value = 60 milligrams

Vitamin C(milligrams)

Food Itemand Amount

Adult FemaleRDA = 75 milligrams

Adult MaleRDA = 90 milligrams

ProteinDairyFruitsVegetables

Grains

Key: ChooseMyPlate.gov

2626

MyPlateMyPlate: Sources of Vitamin C: Sources of Vitamin C

2727

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

MyPlate:Sources of Vitamin CChooseMyPlate.gov

ProteinDairyFruitsGrains Vegetables• Fortified break-

fast cereals

• Cauliflower• Potatoes• Tomatoes

• Strawberries• Pineapple• Citrus fruits • None • None

FruitsGrains

Protein Vegetables

Dairy Fruits

Grains

Protein Vegetables

Dairy

• Green vegetables

(bowl of cereal): © Creatas/PunchStock RF; (oranges): © Ingram Publishing/SuperStock RF; (tomatoes): © Don Farrall / Getty Images RF

Vitamin C: ExcessVitamin C: Excess

•• ↑↑ iron absorption: problematic with iron absorption: problematic with hemochromatosishemochromatosis

•• UL is 2,000 mg/dayUL is 2,000 mg/day

•• Stomach inflammation and diarrheaStomach inflammation and diarrhea

•• GI distress GI distress

Vitamin A (Vitamin A (RetinoidsRetinoids): Functions): Functions

•• VisionVision

•• Acne control Acne control –– cellular reproductioncellular reproduction

•• Growth, development & reproductionGrowth, development & reproduction

•• AntioxidantAntioxidant

•• CarotenoidsCarotenoids (vitamin A precursors) (vitamin A precursors) also have antioxidant propertiesalso have antioxidant properties

Vitamin A: DeficiencyVitamin A: Deficiency•• Night blindnessNight blindness

•• Poor immunityPoor immunity

•• Insufficient mucus production in Insufficient mucus production in intestines and lung cellsintestines and lung cells

•• Poor cell healthPoor cell health

•• HyperkeratosisHyperkeratosis

•• Stunted growth if deficient during Stunted growth if deficient during childhoodchildhood

Vitamin A & VisionVitamin A & Vision

Impulseto brain

Someretinalis lost

Some retinalconverted tocis form

Retinol from theblood convertedto retinal toreplenish whatis lost

Light source

Sun

Cornea

Iris

Retina

Lens

Pupil

Opticnerve

Macula

RetinalOpsin

Rhodopsin

Retinal(cis form)Opsin

Rods and conesin retina

Retinal(trans form)

Bleaching process

Vitamin A: Nutrient NeedsVitamin A: Nutrient Needs

•• RDA: RDA: –– 700 mcg of RAE for women700 mcg of RAE for women–– 900 mcg of RAE for men900 mcg of RAE for men

•• RAE units account for activity RAE units account for activity of both preformed vitamin A & of both preformed vitamin A & carotenoidscarotenoids

•• DV on labels is based on 1,000 DV on labels is based on 1,000 mcg (5000 IU)mcg (5000 IU)

Food Sources of Vitamin AFood Sources of Vitamin A

•• Preformed vitamin A (retinol, Preformed vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) found in:retinal, retinoic acid) found in:

–– LiverLiver–– FishFish–– Fish oilsFish oils–– Fortified milkFortified milk–– ButterButter–– YogurtYogurt–– EggsEggs–– Fortified margarinesFortified margarines

Food Sources of Vitamin AFood Sources of Vitamin A

* Retinol activity equivalents.

Peach, 1

Scallions, 1 tablespoon

Margarine, 1 pat

Romaine lettuce, 1 cup

Cheddar cheese, 1 ounce

Apricots, 3

Broccoli, 1 cup

Nonfat milk, 1 cup

Cooked kale, ½ cup

Acorn squash, 2/3 cup

Baby carrots, 5

Mango, 1

Spinach, 2/3 cup

Sweet potato, ½ cup

Fried beef liver, 1 ounce

RDA

Food Itemand Amount

Vitamin A(micrograms

RAE*) Daily Value = 1000 micrograms

Adult MaleRDA = 900 micrograms

Adult FemaleRDA = 700 micrograms

Key:

GrainsVegetablesFruitsDairyProteinOils

4%

5%

7%

10%

11%

20%

20%

21%

29%

35%

54%

57%

71%

137%

435%

100%

%RDA

3%

4%

6%

8%

9%

15%

15%

17%

23%

27%

42%

45%

55%

106%

338%

100%

26

32

50

72

78

137

138

150

206

244

375

402

494

958

3042

700-900

%RDA

ChooseMyPlate.gov

3434

MyPlateMyPlate: Sources of Vitamin A: Sources of Vitamin A

ProteinDairyFruitsGrains Vegetables

• Fortified break-fast cereals

• Fortified mealreplacementbars • Sweet potatoes

• Spinach• Squash

• Broccoli• Carrots

• Papayas• Mangoes• Cantaloupes• Apricots• Peaches

• Cheese• Fortified yogurt• Fortified milk

• Fish• Eggs• Liver

MyPlate:Sources of Vitamin AChooseMyPlate.gov

FruitsGrains

Protein Vegetables

Dairy Fruits

Grains

Protein Vegetables

Dairy

(broccoli): © Image Source/PunchStock RF; (cantalope): © Jupiterimages/ImageSource RF; (eggs): © IT Stock/PunchStock RF

Vitamin A: ExcessVitamin A: Excess

•• UL is 3,000 mcg of preformed vitamin UL is 3,000 mcg of preformed vitamin A (3,000 RAE or 10,000 IU) for adult A (3,000 RAE or 10,000 IU) for adult men and womenmen and women

•• ↑↑↑↑ vitamin A intake vitamin A intake ↑↑ risk of:risk of:–– Birth defects Birth defects –– Liver toxicityLiver toxicity–– Hip fractureHip fracture–– Poor pregnancy outcomesPoor pregnancy outcomes

Vitamin A (Vitamin A (CarotenoidsCarotenoids))

•• Three Three carotenoidscarotenoids are are provitaminsprovitamins -- can be can be turned into vitamin A:turned into vitamin A:

–– BetaBeta--carotenecarotene–– AlphaAlpha--carotenecarotene–– BetaBeta--cryptoxanthincryptoxanthin

•• Other Other carotenoidscarotenoidsthat may have health that may have health benefits:benefits:

–– LycopeneLycopene–– ZeaxanthinZeaxanthin–– LuteinLutein

Vitamin A (Vitamin A (CarotenoidsCarotenoids): Functions): Functions

•• Vision: Vision: ↓↓ macular macular degeneration risk & degeneration risk & ↓↓cataract riskcataract risk

•• CVD: may oxidize LDLCVD: may oxidize LDL

•• Cancer prevention: Cancer prevention: antioxidant rolesantioxidant roles

Vitamin A (Vitamin A (CarotenoidsCarotenoids): Deficiency): Deficiency

•• Eye disordersEye disorders•• Impaired immunityImpaired immunity

Vitamin A (Vitamin A (CarotenoidsCarotenoids): Excess): Excess

•• High High carotenoidcarotenoid concentration in concentration in blood (blood (hypercarotenemiahypercarotenemia) can ) can occur from large intake of carrots or occur from large intake of carrots or betabeta--carotene pillscarotene pills

•• Dietary Dietary carotenoidscarotenoids dondon’’t produce t produce harmful effectsharmful effects

•• No ULNo UL

Food Sources of Vitamin A (Food Sources of Vitamin A (CarotenoidsCarotenoids))

•• Dark green & yellowDark green & yellow--orange orange vegetables and some fruitsvegetables and some fruits

•• Carrots, spinach, greens, winter Carrots, spinach, greens, winter squash, sweet potatoes, broccoli, squash, sweet potatoes, broccoli, mangoes, cantaloupe, peaches & mangoes, cantaloupe, peaches & apricotsapricots

PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals

•• Thousands of food substances in addition Thousands of food substances in addition to 45 essential nutrientsto 45 essential nutrients

•• No deficiency disease if not present in diet No deficiency disease if not present in diet –– they are not essentialthey are not essential

•• PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals: health: health--promoting promoting compounds found in plant foodcompounds found in plant food

•• Many foods contain hundreds of Many foods contain hundreds of phytochemicalsphytochemicals

PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals: Functions: Functions

• Antioxidants

• Inhibit cancer & cell death

• Alter absorption, production & metabolism of cholesterol

• Mimic or inhibit hormones & enzymes

• ↓ formation of blood clots

• ↓ inflammation – affecting immune-related disorders

Selenium (Se): FunctionsSelenium (Se): Functions•• Trace mineralTrace mineral

•• Helps glutathione Helps glutathione peroxidaseperoxidase::

–– Glutathione Glutathione peroxidaseperoxidase chemically converts chemically converts dangerous peroxides dangerous peroxides →→ waterwater

•• Selenium spares vitamin E & helps maintain Selenium spares vitamin E & helps maintain cellcell--membrane integritymembrane integrity

•• Activates thyroid hormoneActivates thyroid hormone

•• Helps immune functionHelps immune function

4545

Selenium: DeficiencySelenium: Deficiency

•• Low blood levels linked to Low blood levels linked to ↑↑ risk of some risk of some types of cancer (ex: prostate)types of cancer (ex: prostate)

•• Muscle pain & wasting & heart damageMuscle pain & wasting & heart damage

•• ChinaChina’’s s KeshanKeshan provinceprovince’’s soil is known to s soil is known to be deficient in seleniumbe deficient in selenium

Selenium: Nutrient NeedsSelenium: Nutrient Needs

•• RDA: 55 mcg per day for RDA: 55 mcg per day for adultsadults

•• DV used on supplement and DV used on supplement and food labels is 70 mcgfood labels is 70 mcg

•• Adults generally meet Adults generally meet selenium needsselenium needs

Food Sources of SeleniumFood Sources of Selenium

•• Selenium content of soil Selenium content of soil where plant or animal food where plant or animal food comes from predicts selenium comes from predicts selenium content in plant or animal foodcontent in plant or animal food

•• Brazil nuts, fish, meat & organ Brazil nuts, fish, meat & organ meats, shellfish, eggsmeats, shellfish, eggs

•• Some grains and seeds Some grains and seeds grown in selenium rich soilgrown in selenium rich soil

Food Sources of SeleniumFood Sources of Selenium

9

4

Adult Male and FemaleRDA = 55 micrograms

Daily Value = 70 micrograms%RDA

Selenium(micrograms)**

Food Itemand Amount

*For adults; see DRI table in the back of this book for gender- and age-specificrecommendations.**Depends on soil content. This is the average.

ProteinDairyFruits

VegetablesGrains

Key:

Raisin bran cereal, 1 cup

White bread, 1 slice

Cooked oat meal, 1 cup

Whole-wheat bread, 1 slice

Oat bran cereal, 1 cup

Special K cereal, 1 cup

Chicken breast, 3 ounces

Egg noodles, 1 cup

Salmon, 3 ounces

Clams, 3 ounces

Lean ham, 3 ounces

Sirloin steak, 5 ounces

Tuna, 3 ounces

Brazil nuts, 2

RDA* 55

136

68

47

42

41

40

35

20

17

14

10

10

7%

16%

18%

18%

25%

31%

36%

64%

73%

75%

76%

85%

124%

247%

100%

ChooseMyPlate.gov

Selenium: ExcessSelenium: Excess

•• Selenium toxicity has not been Selenium toxicity has not been reported from food sourcesreported from food sources

•• Supplementation for long periods Supplementation for long periods of time is toxicof time is toxic

•• UL is 400 mcgUL is 400 mcg

•• Toxicity signs: hair loss, weakness, Toxicity signs: hair loss, weakness, cirrhosiscirrhosis

Nutrition and Your Health:Nutrition and Your Health:Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplements –– Who Needs Them?Who Needs Them?

•• DSHEA Act of 1994 defines a DSHEA Act of 1994 defines a supplement as:supplement as:

–– A vitaminA vitamin–– A mineralA mineral–– An herb or other botanicalAn herb or other botanical–– An amino acidAn amino acid–– A dietary substance to A dietary substance to

supplement the dietsupplement the diet

Dietary SupplementsDietary Supplements

•• Can be sold without proof that they Can be sold without proof that they are:are:

–– SafeSafe–– EffectiveEffective

•• Supplements are a $28Supplements are a $28--29 billion 29 billion annual industry in the USannual industry in the US

•• FDA does not closely regulate the FDA does not closely regulate the industryindustry

Supplement Sales: 1994Supplement Sales: 1994--20102010Sa

les

in $

Bill

ions

2

6

Supplement Sales: 1994–201030

18

24

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010© Stockbyte/Getty Images RF

Who May Need a Supplement?Who May Need a Supplement?

•• Post menopausal women at risk for Post menopausal women at risk for osteoporosis:osteoporosis:–– Calcium & Vitamin DCalcium & Vitamin D

•• Adults over age 50:Adults over age 50:–– Vitamin B12 consumed in synthetic formVitamin B12 consumed in synthetic form

•• Women with Women with ↑↑↑↑ menstrual bleeding:menstrual bleeding:–– IronIron

•• Pregnant women:Pregnant women:–– 400 mcg per day synthetic folic acid400 mcg per day synthetic folic acid

Who May Need a Supplement?Who May Need a Supplement?

•• People with low calorie intakes:People with low calorie intakes:–– Various vitamins & minerals if Various vitamins & minerals if kcalskcals <1,200<1,200

•• Strict vegans:Strict vegans:–– Extra calcium, iron, zinc & vitamin B12Extra calcium, iron, zinc & vitamin B12

•• Newborns:Newborns:–– Single dose of vitamin KSingle dose of vitamin K

•• Those with limited sun exposure and many Those with limited sun exposure and many AfricanAfrican--Americans & breastfed babies:Americans & breastfed babies:–– Vitamin DVitamin D

Who May Need a Supplement?Who May Need a Supplement?

•• People on lowPeople on low--fat diets or low in fat diets or low in plant oils and nuts:plant oils and nuts:

–– Extra vitamin EExtra vitamin E

•• People with large amounts of food in People with large amounts of food in diet coming from refined vs. whole diet coming from refined vs. whole foods:foods:

–– Various vitamins & mineralsVarious vitamins & minerals

•• Some older infants:Some older infants:

–– FluorideFluoride

Supplement SafetySupplement Safety

•• ↑↑ vitamin K or vitamin E can alter vitamin K or vitamin E can alter anticlottinganticlottingmedication mechanismsmedication mechanisms

•• ↑↑ vitamin B6 can offset action of Lvitamin B6 can offset action of L--dopa (used dopa (used in treating in treating ParkinsonsParkinsons))

•• ↑↑ vitamin C can interfere with cancer regimenvitamin C can interfere with cancer regimen

•• ↑↑ zinc can inhibit copper absorptionzinc can inhibit copper absorption

•• ↑↑ folatefolate can mask vitamin B12 deficiencycan mask vitamin B12 deficiency

Supplement SavvySupplement SavvyCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Healthy DietRich in Vitamins

and Minerals

Fortified Foods

PossibleMultivitamin and

Mineral Supplement Use

Individual Supplements in Some Cases

(salad): © PhotoDisc OS49 RF; (oj): © Corbis / Vol. 83 RF; (pill): © PhotoDisc / Vol. 67 RF

Supplement Facts PanelSupplement Facts PanelCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

▲ These statements have not been evaluated bythe Food and Drug Administration. This product

is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, orprevent any disease.

Serving size

% Daily Value

Manufacturer

Structure/functionclaim

FDA disclaimer

Nutrientsand amounts

Suggested use

Supplement FactsServing Size 1 TabletEach Tablet Contains % Daily Value

Calcium 600 mgVitamin D 200 I.U.

60%50%

INGREDIENTS: Calcium Carbonate, Maltodextrin, Starch, Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, Talc, Cellulose, Croscarmellose Sodium, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Titanium Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, Polysorbate 80, Cholecalciferol, Polyethylene Glycol 3350, Sodium Citrate, 6 Lake.

DIST. BY NUTRA-VITE ASSOC., INC.700 WHITE POINT RD, SKOKIE, IL 60077

Suggested use: Take one tablet one to two times daily with a full glass of water, preferably after a meal.

Vitamin D assists in the absorption of calcium. A heathfuldiet with adequate calcium is essential.

Made to U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) quality, purity and potency standards. Laboratory tested to dissolve within 30 minutes.

Supplement SummarySupplement Summary

•• Supplements canSupplements can’’t fix a poor diett fix a poor diet

•• Supplements rarely prevent disease or are Supplements rarely prevent disease or are demonstrated to help cure diseasedemonstrated to help cure disease

•• MegadosesMegadoses of supplements can be harmfulof supplements can be harmful

•• High doses of one supplement can disrupt High doses of one supplement can disrupt metabolism of other nutrientsmetabolism of other nutrients

•• When choosing a multivitamin When choosing a multivitamin –– look for one look for one as close to 100% of DV in the majority of as close to 100% of DV in the majority of nutrientsnutrients