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Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

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Copy of PowerPoint slides for presentation on Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding by Dr. Nelson Escobar, Small Ruminant Specialist at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
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1 Enrique Nelson Escobar, Ph.D. Assistant Professor & NUTRITION OF EWES or DOES BEFORE AND AFTER LAMBING or KIDDING 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION Small Ruminant Specialist University of Maryland Eastern Shore Princess Anne, Maryland 21853 IS TODAY A GOOD LUCK DAY? Let’s make a 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION GREAT DAY!!! 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland Extension We only have 45 minutes to learn about feeding pregnant and lactating ewes and does…can we do it? Let’s take the following approach: 1 Introduction and basic ruminant 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION 1. Introduction and basic ruminant nutrition concepts 2. The task 3. If not fed adequately…the problems 4. Proposed solutions 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION INTRODUCTION Feeding sheep and goats involves combining various feedstuffs into an acceptable and palatable ration to meet nutrient requirements. These requirements vary depending on: th tg f d ti 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION the stage of production gestation growth confinement conditions, and the season of the year. Sheep and goats are ruminants like cattle, deer, llamas, bison, etc. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONS The anatomy of the digestive tract determines the type of feed that is nutritionally useful for a particular species. Monogastrics (dogs, pigs, 2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION particular species. Monogastrics (dogs, pigs, humans, etc.) have digestive tracts that are relatively short and low in volume. In contrast ruminants have digestive systems with a relatively large volume (Tish, 2006)
Transcript
Page 1: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

1

Enrique Nelson Escobar, Ph.D.Assistant Professor &

NUTRITION OF EWES or DOES BEFORE AND AFTER

LAMBING or KIDDING

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Small Ruminant SpecialistUniversity of Maryland Eastern Shore

Princess Anne, Maryland 21853

IS TODAY A GOOD LUCK

DAY?

Let’s make a

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

GREAT DAY!!!

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland Extension

We only have 45 minutes to learn about feeding pregnant and lactating ewes and does…can we do it?

Let’s take the following approach:

1 Introduction and basic ruminant

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

1. Introduction and basic ruminant nutrition concepts

2. The task3. If not fed adequately…the problems4. Proposed solutions

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

INTRODUCTION

Feeding sheep and goats involves combining various feedstuffs into an acceptable and palatable ration to meet nutrient requirements. These requirements vary depending on:

th t g f d ti

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

the stage of productiongestationgrowth confinement conditions, and the season of the year.

Sheep and goats are ruminants like cattle, deer, llamas, bison, etc.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONS

The anatomy of the digestive tract determines the type of feed that is nutritionally useful for a particular species. Monogastrics (dogs, pigs,

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

particular species. Monogastrics (dogs, pigs, humans, etc.) have digestive tracts that are

relatively short and low in volume. In contrast ruminants have digestive systems with a

relatively large volume(Tish, 2006)

Page 2: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

2

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONSArrangement and relative capacities of organs in the chicken’s digestive system

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Ratio of (crop+proventiculus+ventriculus+intestine+ceca+rectum) length to body length 5:1

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONSArrangement and relative capacities of organs in the

pig’s digestive system

Ratio of (small intestine+cecum+colon+rectum) length to body length 15:1

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONSArrangement and relative capacities of organs in the sheep’s digestive system

Ratio of (small intestine+cecum+colon+rectum) length to body length 27:1

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

RUMINANT’S STOMACH

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

FACTS ABOUT THE RUMINANT’S RUMEN

It is a balanced ecosystemThe breakdown of fiber or cellulose by microbes converts to volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) which are absorbed through the rumen wall and

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

y ( ) gprovide up to 75% of the ruminant animal's energy.Protein is produced by the microorganisms from nitrogen in the feedVitamin K and the B vitamins are also manufactured by the microorganisms.

Feed Types (According to the National Research Council - NRC)

1. Dry forages2. Pasture, range plants, feeds cut and fed green3. Silages4. Energy concentrates

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

4. Energy concentrates5. Protein supplements6. MINERALSSheep-Cu

7. VITAMINS8. Additives

Page 3: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

3

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Feed NutrientsENERGYPROTEIN

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

MINERALSSheep-Cu

VITAMINS

WATER

CLEAN WATER…PLEASE!!!

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Feeding ewes and does throughout their production cycle…at least five stages

Dry/non-pregnant/ open/maintenance

f

Late gestation-last four weeks

6 8

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Breeding/flushingEarly pregnancy up to 15 weeks after conception

Lactation -6 to 8 wks after parturition

The Task. . .1. The nutrition of ewes and does is critical during the last two

months of pregnancy as up to 75% of fetus(es) growth takes place during this period.

2. At the same time, the ewe/doe’s rumen capacity is decreasing rapidly due to the increasing size of the uterus

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

rapidly due to the increasing size of the uterus.3. Protein and energy requirements cannot be met by forage

alone and therefore supplementation will be required. 4. It is critical that a high quality ration is offered to ewes/does to

ensure that a) body condition loss is not excessive, b) newborns’ birth weight is not compromised and c) that sufficient colostrum is produced.

WHEN IS THE EWE/DOE DUE TO KID?SHEEP (ewe) PREGNANCY

142-152 daysWhen in doubt use an on line calculator:

GOAT (doe) PREGNANCY

150-155 daysWhen in doubt use an on line calculator:

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

on-line calculator: on-line calculator:http://www.gestationcalculator.com/other/sheep-pregnancy-calculator

http://www.gestationcalculator.com/other/goat-pregnancy-calculator

Page 4: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

4

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Traditional Relationships in Dairy Goats

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

56

58

60

62

64

66 Changes in Feed Energy Concentration Requirements in Ewes During the Production Cycle

Energy TDN %Energy TDN %

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

50

52

54

MaintenanceFlushing

Pregnancy-15 wksPregnancy-Last 4

wks Lactation-Twins-

6-8 wks

Pregnancy-15 wks

Pregnancy-Last 4 wks

Lactation-Twins-6-8 wks

9.30

10.70

13.40

Changes in Crude Protein Requirements in Feed (% protein in feed) for Ewes During the Production Cycle

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00

Maintenance

Flushing

9.40

9.10

There is not a pathogenic agent involved (bacteria, virus, etc.)

MOST COMMON:

a) Milk fever or hypo-calcemia

If not fed properly…then the problems

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Balanced feeding plan is the prevention method of choice

b) Pregnancy toxemiaor ketosis

c) Enterotoxemia orovereating disease

1.- MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA...hypo = low

Most frequent after 2-3 days after parturition

Due to:

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

lack of calcium in dietinability of ewe/doe’s metabolic system

to move calcium or absorb calcium

Page 5: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

5

2…MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA…

A lack of blood calcium results in loss of muscle tone and controlThe ewe/doe will go off feed Become lethargic

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Become lethargicMilk production will go downLittle rumen activityEars become coldIf not treated...death

3…MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA PREVENTION

Two weeks before lambing/kidding feed a low Ca level diet (VERY HARD TO ACHIEVE) which will prompt Ca mobilization from bones into blood

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

p ppool.

When ewes/does are fed a diet that supplies LESS Ca than they require, the ewes/does are in NEGATIVE Ca balance. Which causes a minor decline in blood levels of Ca which produces a complex endocrinological events resulting in Ca bone “discharge” (efflux) and the intestine is ready to absorb CA efficiently when available

3…MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA PREVENTION

Transition diet: high nutrients dietCalcium gluconate intravenously (IV). Keep in first aid closet Ask your veterinarian how to use an IV kit

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

aid closet. Ask your veterinarian how to use an IV kit.Keep Ca:P as close as 2:1 as possible in prepared diets + forages (Alfalfa is high in Ca).

1.- Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis...

Caused by imbalance between energy intake and energy requirementsO diti d (f t)

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Over-conditioned (fat) ewes/does are prone to pregnancy toxemiaCharacterized by low glucose levels

2…Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis… The ewe/doe’s metabolism uses body fat for energy instead of carbohydrates from the diet.The breath, urine and milk may have a sweet smell due to

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

, yketone bodies in blood. Ketone bodies are normal by-products of fats breakdown. In cows about two months after calving.Sheep and goats: in pregnant animals (last 6 weeks) if carrying multiple fetuses.

3…Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis…Ketosis can occur any time the doe goes out off feed for any reason. For example: kidding, inadequate feeder space or illness.

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Ketone body concentration in the blood sends a message to the brain to decrease appetite...more problems!!!Ketosis can be tested easily in urine and milk (CMT)

Page 6: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

6

4…Pregnancy toxemia or ketosisTreatment is of little value80% of total weight of kid(s) happens in the last 5-6 weeks

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

weeksPLUS... preparing for milk production

THEREFORE...

PREVENTION IS BEST POLICYFEED HIGH QUALITY FORAGES

RISK OF PREGNANCY

TOXEMIA

Litter size

+Nearness tolambing/kidding

Environment

+

Dietary energylevel inlate gestation

+

_

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

TOXEMIA

RISK OFLACTATIONAL

KETOSIS

Individual andgenetic factors

Quality of ingestedenergy

Level of lactosesecretion

Dietary energylevel in early lactation

_

1.- ENTEROTOXEMIA…Acute, highly fatal poisoning caused by the absorption of a powerful toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, type C and D.The bacterium resides in the intestinal tract of ruminants

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

The condition is characterized by nervous system symptoms: convulsions, sudden prostration and death.Often seen in young, rapidly growing animals Sudden change from pasture to grain

2…ENTEROTOXEMIA Overeating a highly energy (carbohydrates) diet

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

causes a disturbance in the digestive system and creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of the Clostridium

3…ENTEROTOXEMIA Ewe/Doe immunization two weeks before kidding will protect the lambs/kids for about six weeksThen vaccinate lambs/kids +booster after 4 weeks

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

/If outbreaks occurs there is an antitoxinStart feeding grain gradually

Secure feed!!!Change diet gradually, especially pre-partum

Proposed Solutions…it is

NOT Rocket

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

NOT Rocket Science

Page 7: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

7

CHECK THE NRC TABLEShttp://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=614&page=1

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Look at Addendum 1, and notice the following:1. Seven (7) production stages for ewes2. Energy diet concentration requirements3. Example of diet proportions4 Protein diet concentration requirements

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

4. Protein diet concentration requirements5. Ca, P and Vitamins diet concentration requirements

85 85

65

Changes in FORAGE-CONCENTRATE Ratios Requirements in Ewes During the Production Cycle

Concentrate % Forage %

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

015

015

35

10085

10085

Maintenance Flushing Pregnancy-15 wks Pregnancy-Last 4 wks Lactation-Twins-6-8 wks

CHECK THE NRC TABLESGOATS: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309031850

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

CHECK THE NRC TABLESGOATS: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309031850

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Updating two previous National Research Council publications, Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition, 1985, and Nutrient Requirements of Goats, First Edition, 1981

New Nutrient Requirements Book-2007

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11654

Page 8: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

8

Look at Addendum #2, and notice the following:Using the Langston University

Interactive Nutrient CalculatorGo to:http://www2.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutritionmodule1.htm.

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Follow the directions and ask questions about some of the information to enter on the boxes. CHALLENGE LEVEL?

No Challenge 1 2 3 4 5 Difficult

Practice, Practice, Practice!!!

Now some practical suggestions

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

suggestions…

From Oregon State University

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

From Oregon State University

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Example: Late Pregnancy Doe Ration (BW= 60 kg-132 lb)(From Oregon State University)

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

Examples of Phase Doe Feeding (From OK State University Extension)

Last 6-8 weeks of Gestation:Feed 1-2 lbs. of grain concentrate1.75 lbs. of high quality legume hay

Lactation:

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

2 lbs. of corn, or similar grain2.5 lbs. of high quality legume hay

Page 9: Nutrition of ewes and does before and after lambing and kidding

9

Check Susan’s FEED by “RULE OF THUMB”…..http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/generalfeedingguidelines.html

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION

WHO IS FEEDING TODAY….???

2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION


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