Date post: | 11-May-2015 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | university-of-maryland-extension-small-ruminant-program |
View: | 2,723 times |
Download: | 5 times |
1
Enrique Nelson Escobar, Ph.D.Assistant Professor &
NUTRITION OF EWES or DOES BEFORE AND AFTER
LAMBING or KIDDING
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Small Ruminant SpecialistUniversity of Maryland Eastern Shore
Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
IS TODAY A GOOD LUCK
DAY?
Let’s make a
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
GREAT DAY!!!
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland Extension
We only have 45 minutes to learn about feeding pregnant and lactating ewes and does…can we do it?
Let’s take the following approach:
1 Introduction and basic ruminant
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
1. Introduction and basic ruminant nutrition concepts
2. The task3. If not fed adequately…the problems4. Proposed solutions
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
INTRODUCTION
Feeding sheep and goats involves combining various feedstuffs into an acceptable and palatable ration to meet nutrient requirements. These requirements vary depending on:
th t g f d ti
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
the stage of productiongestationgrowth confinement conditions, and the season of the year.
Sheep and goats are ruminants like cattle, deer, llamas, bison, etc.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONS
The anatomy of the digestive tract determines the type of feed that is nutritionally useful for a particular species. Monogastrics (dogs, pigs,
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
particular species. Monogastrics (dogs, pigs, humans, etc.) have digestive tracts that are
relatively short and low in volume. In contrast ruminants have digestive systems with a
relatively large volume(Tish, 2006)
2
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONSArrangement and relative capacities of organs in the chicken’s digestive system
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Ratio of (crop+proventiculus+ventriculus+intestine+ceca+rectum) length to body length 5:1
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONSArrangement and relative capacities of organs in the
pig’s digestive system
Ratio of (small intestine+cecum+colon+rectum) length to body length 15:1
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS COMPARISONSArrangement and relative capacities of organs in the sheep’s digestive system
Ratio of (small intestine+cecum+colon+rectum) length to body length 27:1
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
RUMINANT’S STOMACH
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
FACTS ABOUT THE RUMINANT’S RUMEN
It is a balanced ecosystemThe breakdown of fiber or cellulose by microbes converts to volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) which are absorbed through the rumen wall and
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
y ( ) gprovide up to 75% of the ruminant animal's energy.Protein is produced by the microorganisms from nitrogen in the feedVitamin K and the B vitamins are also manufactured by the microorganisms.
Feed Types (According to the National Research Council - NRC)
1. Dry forages2. Pasture, range plants, feeds cut and fed green3. Silages4. Energy concentrates
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
4. Energy concentrates5. Protein supplements6. MINERALSSheep-Cu
7. VITAMINS8. Additives
3
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Feed NutrientsENERGYPROTEIN
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
MINERALSSheep-Cu
VITAMINS
WATER
CLEAN WATER…PLEASE!!!
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Feeding ewes and does throughout their production cycle…at least five stages
Dry/non-pregnant/ open/maintenance
f
Late gestation-last four weeks
6 8
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Breeding/flushingEarly pregnancy up to 15 weeks after conception
Lactation -6 to 8 wks after parturition
The Task. . .1. The nutrition of ewes and does is critical during the last two
months of pregnancy as up to 75% of fetus(es) growth takes place during this period.
2. At the same time, the ewe/doe’s rumen capacity is decreasing rapidly due to the increasing size of the uterus
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
rapidly due to the increasing size of the uterus.3. Protein and energy requirements cannot be met by forage
alone and therefore supplementation will be required. 4. It is critical that a high quality ration is offered to ewes/does to
ensure that a) body condition loss is not excessive, b) newborns’ birth weight is not compromised and c) that sufficient colostrum is produced.
WHEN IS THE EWE/DOE DUE TO KID?SHEEP (ewe) PREGNANCY
142-152 daysWhen in doubt use an on line calculator:
GOAT (doe) PREGNANCY
150-155 daysWhen in doubt use an on line calculator:
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
on-line calculator: on-line calculator:http://www.gestationcalculator.com/other/sheep-pregnancy-calculator
http://www.gestationcalculator.com/other/goat-pregnancy-calculator
4
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Traditional Relationships in Dairy Goats
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
56
58
60
62
64
66 Changes in Feed Energy Concentration Requirements in Ewes During the Production Cycle
Energy TDN %Energy TDN %
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
50
52
54
MaintenanceFlushing
Pregnancy-15 wksPregnancy-Last 4
wks Lactation-Twins-
6-8 wks
Pregnancy-15 wks
Pregnancy-Last 4 wks
Lactation-Twins-6-8 wks
9.30
10.70
13.40
Changes in Crude Protein Requirements in Feed (% protein in feed) for Ewes During the Production Cycle
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
Maintenance
Flushing
9.40
9.10
There is not a pathogenic agent involved (bacteria, virus, etc.)
MOST COMMON:
a) Milk fever or hypo-calcemia
If not fed properly…then the problems
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Balanced feeding plan is the prevention method of choice
b) Pregnancy toxemiaor ketosis
c) Enterotoxemia orovereating disease
1.- MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA...hypo = low
Most frequent after 2-3 days after parturition
Due to:
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
lack of calcium in dietinability of ewe/doe’s metabolic system
to move calcium or absorb calcium
5
2…MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA…
A lack of blood calcium results in loss of muscle tone and controlThe ewe/doe will go off feed Become lethargic
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Become lethargicMilk production will go downLittle rumen activityEars become coldIf not treated...death
3…MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA PREVENTION
Two weeks before lambing/kidding feed a low Ca level diet (VERY HARD TO ACHIEVE) which will prompt Ca mobilization from bones into blood
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
p ppool.
When ewes/does are fed a diet that supplies LESS Ca than they require, the ewes/does are in NEGATIVE Ca balance. Which causes a minor decline in blood levels of Ca which produces a complex endocrinological events resulting in Ca bone “discharge” (efflux) and the intestine is ready to absorb CA efficiently when available
3…MILK FEVER or HYPOCALCEMIA PREVENTION
Transition diet: high nutrients dietCalcium gluconate intravenously (IV). Keep in first aid closet Ask your veterinarian how to use an IV kit
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
aid closet. Ask your veterinarian how to use an IV kit.Keep Ca:P as close as 2:1 as possible in prepared diets + forages (Alfalfa is high in Ca).
1.- Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis...
Caused by imbalance between energy intake and energy requirementsO diti d (f t)
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Over-conditioned (fat) ewes/does are prone to pregnancy toxemiaCharacterized by low glucose levels
2…Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis… The ewe/doe’s metabolism uses body fat for energy instead of carbohydrates from the diet.The breath, urine and milk may have a sweet smell due to
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
, yketone bodies in blood. Ketone bodies are normal by-products of fats breakdown. In cows about two months after calving.Sheep and goats: in pregnant animals (last 6 weeks) if carrying multiple fetuses.
3…Pregnancy toxemia or ketosis…Ketosis can occur any time the doe goes out off feed for any reason. For example: kidding, inadequate feeder space or illness.
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Ketone body concentration in the blood sends a message to the brain to decrease appetite...more problems!!!Ketosis can be tested easily in urine and milk (CMT)
6
4…Pregnancy toxemia or ketosisTreatment is of little value80% of total weight of kid(s) happens in the last 5-6 weeks
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
weeksPLUS... preparing for milk production
THEREFORE...
PREVENTION IS BEST POLICYFEED HIGH QUALITY FORAGES
RISK OF PREGNANCY
TOXEMIA
Litter size
+Nearness tolambing/kidding
Environment
+
Dietary energylevel inlate gestation
+
_
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
TOXEMIA
RISK OFLACTATIONAL
KETOSIS
Individual andgenetic factors
Quality of ingestedenergy
Level of lactosesecretion
Dietary energylevel in early lactation
_
1.- ENTEROTOXEMIA…Acute, highly fatal poisoning caused by the absorption of a powerful toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, type C and D.The bacterium resides in the intestinal tract of ruminants
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
The condition is characterized by nervous system symptoms: convulsions, sudden prostration and death.Often seen in young, rapidly growing animals Sudden change from pasture to grain
2…ENTEROTOXEMIA Overeating a highly energy (carbohydrates) diet
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
causes a disturbance in the digestive system and creates an ideal environment for the proliferation of the Clostridium
3…ENTEROTOXEMIA Ewe/Doe immunization two weeks before kidding will protect the lambs/kids for about six weeksThen vaccinate lambs/kids +booster after 4 weeks
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
/If outbreaks occurs there is an antitoxinStart feeding grain gradually
Secure feed!!!Change diet gradually, especially pre-partum
Proposed Solutions…it is
NOT Rocket
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
NOT Rocket Science
7
CHECK THE NRC TABLEShttp://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=614&page=1
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Look at Addendum 1, and notice the following:1. Seven (7) production stages for ewes2. Energy diet concentration requirements3. Example of diet proportions4 Protein diet concentration requirements
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
4. Protein diet concentration requirements5. Ca, P and Vitamins diet concentration requirements
85 85
65
Changes in FORAGE-CONCENTRATE Ratios Requirements in Ewes During the Production Cycle
Concentrate % Forage %
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
015
015
35
10085
10085
Maintenance Flushing Pregnancy-15 wks Pregnancy-Last 4 wks Lactation-Twins-6-8 wks
CHECK THE NRC TABLESGOATS: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309031850
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
CHECK THE NRC TABLESGOATS: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309031850
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Updating two previous National Research Council publications, Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition, 1985, and Nutrient Requirements of Goats, First Edition, 1981
New Nutrient Requirements Book-2007
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11654
8
Look at Addendum #2, and notice the following:Using the Langston University
Interactive Nutrient CalculatorGo to:http://www2.luresext.edu/goats/research/nutritionmodule1.htm.
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Follow the directions and ask questions about some of the information to enter on the boxes. CHALLENGE LEVEL?
No Challenge 1 2 3 4 5 Difficult
Practice, Practice, Practice!!!
Now some practical suggestions
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
suggestions…
From Oregon State University
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
From Oregon State University
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Example: Late Pregnancy Doe Ration (BW= 60 kg-132 lb)(From Oregon State University)
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
Examples of Phase Doe Feeding (From OK State University Extension)
Last 6-8 weeks of Gestation:Feed 1-2 lbs. of grain concentrate1.75 lbs. of high quality legume hay
Lactation:
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
2 lbs. of corn, or similar grain2.5 lbs. of high quality legume hay
9
Check Susan’s FEED by “RULE OF THUMB”…..http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/generalfeedingguidelines.html
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION
WHO IS FEEDING TODAY….???
2011 Lambing and Kidding School/University of Maryland EXTENSION