Nutritional Assessment and Its Comparison Between Obese and Non

PROJECT REPORT

ON

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND ITS

COMPARISON BETWEEN OBESE AND NON-

OBESE FEMALEA case study on

STUDENTS OF GNE

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The original term was used by a sub-committee of the League of Nations (1932) referring to a

set of medical tasks to determine the nutritional status of a population (Gibson, 2005). After

1976 (Bistrian & Blackburn et al), it became a standardized, hospital-based set of tools to

predict nutrition and health outcomes in individual patients with post-op complications, trauma

or malnutrition. In 1996, Theresa Schneider RD decided to take assessment tools out of the

hospital to assess the health of athletes, those with chronic diseases and corporate executives.

Today a nutrition assessment includes computerized food intake analysis, clinical nutrition

body composition assessment (bioelectrical impedance), laboratory blood test results if

applicable, anthropometrics, review of medications, lifestyle and fitness indicators. Whether

your goal is to improve your athletic performance, or you want to make a nutrition lifestyle

choice or you want to better manage your medical condition nutrition assessment can help you

succeed.

How much food in a day is too much? Am I overweight? What is my body fat content? Am I

better off with proteins (Atkins diet) than carbs (Mediterranean diet)? No easy answers to

these questions for many of us.

Even if you feel good and you are happy with the way you look you should still consider the

long term impact of an improper caloric balance or carbs vs. protein balance to your health.

The nutritional and medical experts defined few indicators that assess the physical body

from an energetic perspective. Further on, the experts correlated these indicators with certain

health risk factors. For laymen though these indicators are translated in real life information

as: food daily needs, body weight and body fat assessment or even decisions like pasta or

stake for dinner.

The nutritional indicators should be regarded as a starting point. The human body is more

complex than a simple energy exchange machine of calories in, calories burned type. There

are subtle mind related factors for example that are not accounted for in the above indicators.

And the mind regulates at the subconscious level the metabolism including the calories

burned.

It is also important to emphasize that these indicators are statistical in nature therefore may

not be representative for certain individuals. Think of them as a golden mean that provides a

ballpark figure of your nutritional state .

The goal of nutritional assessment in childhood is to prevent nutritional disorders and the

increased morbidity and mortality that accompany them. To meet this goal, pediatric

clinicians must know the risk factors for obesity and malnutrition and must understand the

normal and abnormal patterns of growth and the changes in body composition during

childhood and adolescence. In addition, they must be able to accurately perform and interpret

the results of the nutritional evaluation.

Nutritional assessment is the quantitative evaluation of nutritional status. A comprehensive

nutritional assessment has five components:

• Dietary, medical, and medication history

• Physical examination

• Growth, anthropometric, and body composition measurements

• Laboratory tests

• Intervention and monitoring

The epidemiology of nutritional disorders and the indications for

nutritional assessment are reviewed here. The dietary history and the clinical and laboratory

features of nutritional disorders are discussed separately.

Krause's Food, Nutrition, and Diet Therapy is a classic textbook in the field of nutrition and

diet therapy, recognizing the increasing importance of nutrition in achieving and maintaining

optimal health and fitness and as a component of complete and effective healthcare.

Originated by Marie Krause Mendelson in 1952, this text has become a universally

recognized and authoritative text for nutrition and diet therapy students and practicing

registered dietitians. As always, with its extensive appendices, tables, illustrations, figures,

and clinical insight boxes providing practical hands-on procedures and clinical tools, it

continues to be the textbook that can accompany the graduating student into clinical practice

as a valuable reference source. As with previous editions, all material has been updated to

reflect the most current information available, and a new chapter titled Nutrition and

Genetics has been added. The text is edited by two leading experts in the field of nutrition

and written by close to 50 contributors, all experts in their specialty fields. Forty-five

chapters, divided into five units, provide a wealth of information on nutrition basics, nutrition

through the life cycle, nutrition care, nutrition for health and fitness, and medical nutrition

therapy.

So you determined if you are or not overweight what is your body fat and how many calories

you need every day.

Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem was stated as “Nutritional Assessment and it’s Comparison

between Obese and Non-Obese Female Students of GURU NANAK DEV ENGINEERING

COLLEGE,LUDHIANA”.

Objectives of the Study

¾ To assess the nutritional status of obese and non-obese female students of GNE

COLLEGE,

¾ To compare the obese and non-obese female students of GNE COLLEGE in relation

to nutritional Status.

Delimitations

¾ The study was delimited to fifty female students of GNE COLLEGE

¾ The study was further delimited to students who’s age ranging between 18 to 28 years.

¾ The study was further confined to the following nutritional questionnaires:

Prudent Diet Questionnaire

Calorie Control Questionnaire

Fat/Cholesterol Control Questionnaire

Sodium/Salt Control Questionnaire

Limitations

¾ Different ways of living, socio-economic conditions, nature of activity, daily routine &

habits of different Female students of GNE COLLEGE which were not under the control of

research scholar were considered as a limitation of the study.

¾ The educational and socio – economic back ground, which could have affected the

ability of the subjects in answering the questionnaire would not be taken into consideration in

analyzing the results. This was another limitation of the study.

The questionnaire in itself has its own limitations. As such any biasopinion that may be

given by the subject in the form of responses that affect the result of the study might be

considered as limitation of the study.

Hypothesis

It was hypothesized that there might have been significant differences in nutritional status

between obese and non-obese female students of Banaras Hindu University.

Definition and Explanation of theTerms Nutritional Assessment

The definition of Nutritional Assessment is: A structured way to establish nutritional status

and energy-requirements by objective measurements and whereby, completed with objective

parameters and in relation to specific disease-indications, an adequate (nutritional-) treatment

can be developed for the patient. All this happens preferably in a multidisciplinary setting.

Nutrition assessment is an evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to

assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may

be used in making the assessment.

Obese

Obese the word came out from obesity and Obesity is a medical condition in which excess

body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to

reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.

Non-Obese

Non-obese is a medical condition in which the body fat does not accumulated to the extent

that it may not have an adverse effect on health or the increased health problems.

Significance of the Study

The study will contribute in the following ways:-

1. The findings of the study may be used to assess the nutritional status of obese and non-

obese female students of Banaras Hindu University.

2. The findings of the study may be used to highlight the differences between obese and

non-obese female students of BHU in relation to nutritional assessment.

3. The study will highlight the diet, calorie control, fat/cholesterol control, and

sodium/salt control in obese and non-obese female students of Banaras Hindu University.

4. The findings of the study will provide a guide-line to the future research investigators

in nutritional assessment and nutritional sciences to conduct further research in this field.

5. The results of the present study will add to the existing body of knowledge in the respective

areas.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Capitalizing on the reviews of expert researchers can be fruitful in providing helpful ideas and

suggestions keeping this in mind the research scholar made an attempt to go through the

related literatures available in the libraries of LNUPE, Gwalior and BHU, Varanasi, the

relative studies found from various sources, which the scholar has come across, are cited

below:

Greene GW, & Schembre SM (2011) Weight gain and an increase in overweight and

obesity in college students raise serious health concerns. Weight management interventions

for college-age men and women might be more effective if they were tailored to subgroups of

students with similar behavioral and psychosocial characteristics associated with body weight

status. The purpose of this study was to use cluster analysis to identify homogenous subgroups

of college-aged men and women enrolled in a weight gain prevention study (Project

WebHealth) using baseline data collected in 2008. Project WebHealth was a 15-month

nutrition and physical activity intervention designed to decrease the rate of unwanted weight

gain in 1,689 college students at eight geographically diverse universities in the United States.

Outcome measures included anthropometrics, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity,

cardiorespiratory fitness, and psychosocial variables associated with weight status in college

students. Cluster analysis was performed separately by sex using a two-step clustering

procedure using weight-related eating and exercise behaviors and

psychosocial variables. Cluster groupings were validated against students' measured weight

status and waist circumference as indicators of health risk. The study design was cross-

sectional. Results showed that three similar clusters were identified for each sex. Validity of

the cluster solution was supported by significant group differences in body mass index and

waist circumference with the High Risk cluster at elevated health risk compared to the others.

For men, variability in eating competence and cognitive restraint scores contributed most to

the difference between clusters, whereas for women, emotional eating and uncontrolled eating

scores did. These findings could be used to improve effectiveness of messages and

interventions by tailoring them to subgroups of college students with similar behavioral and

psychosocial characteristics associated with elevated health risk

Guest J, & Bilgin A, (2010) In Western countries the increasing prevalence of obesity in

young people is a major public health concern. While the focus has been on reducing obesity,

paradoxically the success of these campaigns may result in unhealthy nutritional practices.

The aim of this study was to investigate the use and impact of weight control techniques on

the health of adolescent females. Using Analysis of Variance we compared physiological and

biochemical markers of health against responses to a modified, Schools Physical Activity and

Nutrition Survey (SPANS) in 482 adolescent females (14-17 yrs) from secondary schools in

the northern Sydney and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. Participants

who 'often' used weight control methods had, on average, a healthy BMI of 22.5 (SD=3.7).

However, comparison of blood derived markers between participants who 'never',

'occasionally' or 'often' used weight reduction techniques showed that, those who 'often' used

weight

control methods had significantly lower haemoglobin (p<0.05), alkaline phosphatase

(p<0.001), bilirubin (p<0.05), albumin (p<0.05), total protein (p<0.05), and calcium (p<0.05),

but higher blood levels of creatinine (p<0.05) and potassium (p<0.05). These data suggest that

the use of common weight control techniques by healthy weight adolescent females can

produce a metabolically divergent group whose biochemical markers are consistent with

subtle levels of chronic under-nutrition.

Darcy L. Johannsen, & James P. DeLany (2008) Physical activity (PA) is known to decline

with age; however, there is a paucity of data on activity in persons who are in their nineties and

beyond. We used objective and reliable methods to measure PA in nonagenarians (≥90 yr; n =

98) and hypothesized that activity would be similar to that of aged (60–74 yr; n = 58) subjects

but less than in young (20–34 yr; n = 53) volunteers. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was

measured by doubly labeled water over 14 days and resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect

calorimetry. Measures of PA included activity energy expenditure adjusted for body

composition, TEE adjusted for RMR, physical activity level (PAL), and activity over 14 days

by accelerometry expressed as average daily durations of light and moderate activity. RMR

and TEE were lower with increasing age group (P < 0.01); however, RMR was not different

between aged and nonagenarian subjects after adjusting for fat-free mass, fat mass, and sex.

Nonagenarians had a lower PAL and were more sedentary than the aged and young groups (P

< 0.01); however, the nonagenarians who were more active on a daily basis walked further

during a timed test, indicating higher physical functionality. For all measures of activity, no

differences were found between young and aged volunteers. PA was markedly lower in

nonagenarians compared with

young and aged adults. Interestingly, PA was similar between young volunteers and those who

were in their 60s and 70s, likely due to the sedentary nature of our society, particularly in

young adults.

Feifei Wang, & Tim McDonald (2005) to examine the influence of physical activity (PA) and

BMI on health care utilization and costs among Medicare retirees. This cross-sectional study

was based on 42,520 Medicare retirees in a U.S.-wide manufacturing corporation who

participated in indemnity/preferred provider and one health risk appraisal during the years

2001 and 2002. Participants were assigned into one of the three weight groups: normal weight,

overweight, and obese. PA behavior was classified into three levels: sedentary (0 time/wk),

moderately active (1 to 3 times/wk), and very active (4+ times/wk). Generalized linear models

revealed that the moderately active retirees had $1456, $1731, and $1177 lower total health

care charges than their sedentary counterparts in the normal-weight, overweight, and obese

groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The very active retirees had $1823, $581, and $1379 lower

costs than the moderately active retirees. Health care utilization and specific costs showed

similar trends with PA levels for all BMI groups. The total health care charges were lower with

higher PA level for all age groups (p < 0.01). Regular PA has strong dose-response effects on

both health care utilization and costs for overweight/obese as well as normal-weight people.

Promoting active lifestyle in this Medicare population, especially overweight and obese

groups, could potentially improve their well-being and save a substantial amount of health care

expenditures. Because those Medicare retirees are hard to reach in general, more creative

approaches should be launched to address their needs and interests as well as help reduce the

usage of health care system.

Jacques Rigoaf (2001) In recent years, improvements in care have significantly improved

survival in preterm and, particularly, the very low birth weight infant (VLBW). While

immediate survival can be directly related to pulmonary maturity, several studies stress the

importance of timely and adequate nutrition in these high-risk infants on a short- and long-term

[1]. Yet, nutritional support remains a very controversial issue in these high-risk infants. Early

provision of adequate intakes may be limited by clinical instability and immaturity. At the

same time, nutritional requirements and methods of nutritional assessment are not well defined.

The aim of this paper is to outline some of the methods used during nutritional assessment in

preterm infants with special reference to the measurement of body composition.

METHODOLOGY & DESCRIPTION OF INTERVENTIONS

In this chapter selection of subjects, selection of variables, criterion measures, selection and

description of the tools/questionnaires, administration of questionnaires, collection of data and

statistical technique employed for analyzing the data have been described.

Selection of Subjects

For the purpose of the study, fifty female students of BHU (25 obese & 25 non-obese) had

been randomly selected as the subjects for the study. The age level of the subjects was ranging

from 18 to 28 years.

Selection of Variables

Keeping the feasibility aspect in mind the following variables were selected for present study:

a. Prudent Diet Questionnaire

b. Calorie Control Questionnaire

c. Fat/Cholesterol Control Questionnaire

d. Sodium/Salt Control Questionnaire

Criterion Measures

The following criterion was adopted for the present study:

To Assess Obesity:

1. Body Mass Index (BMI) approach was adapted.

To Assess Nutritional Status:

1. Prudent Diet was assessed by the total scores in Prudent Diet Questionnaire.

2. Calorie Control was assessed by the total scores in Calorie Control Questionnaire.

3. Fat/Cholesterol Control was assessed by the total scores in Fat/Cholesterol Control

Questionnaire.

4. Sodium/Salt Control was assessed by the total scores in Sodium/Salt Control

Questionnaire.

Administration of Questionnaires / Observation

The subjects were consulted personally and their sincere cooperation was solicited. The

research scholar herself visited the different hostels of BHU and collected data on the selected

nutritional variables of obese and non obese female students. Respondents were called to a

common place in groups when they were not busy and have enough time to spare for testing.

Necessary instructions were given to the subjects before the administration of tests which

include the purpose of the study and the procedure for answering the questionnaires. The

research scholar motivated the student respondents by promising to send a separate abstract of

the conclusions of her study to each subject. The confidentiality of responses was guaranteed

so that the subject would not camouflage their real feelings and they were urge to feel free and

reply every question frankly and sincerely.

After making sure that subjects understood the general instructions, the questionnaires were

distributed to the subjects. All the four questionnaires

were administered to all subjects under the direct supervision of the investigator. The

questionnaires were administered in accordance with the instructions laid down in the

manuals. While administering questionnaire, these tests were administered continuously. The

subjects were asked to read each statement of the questionnaire carefully. In case of doubts,

they were clarified by the investigator and were asked to reply the question as per direction in

the questionnaire. The approximate time taken to complete each questionnaire was about 6

minutes. However, no time limit was given for the various tests and the subjects were asked to

response to each statement truthfully as soon as possible. The questionnaires were taken back

after duly completed. Thorough screening was done to check that no question was left

unanswered. The scoring was done for each variable according to the instructions given in the

respective manual.

Collection of Data

With the help of the questionnaires related to nutritional assessment necessary data was

collected. Data was collected with regard to various nutritional aspects from 50 female

students (25 obese & 25 non-obese) in two consecutive days at their respective institution.

Statistical Technique

The data was analyzed by applying Descriptive Statistic & “t” test in order to assess and

compare the nutritional assessment between obese and non obese female students of BHU.

The level of significance was set at 0.05.

ANALYSIS OF DATA AND FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

The statistical analysis of data collected on nutritional variables from 50 female students (25

obese & 25 non-obese) of BHU belonging to different streams has been presented in this

chapter. The data pertaining to various nutritional variables had been analyzed by using the

descriptive statistics i.e. mean, standard deviation & range and Independent t test for each

variable separately to find out the significant difference between the means.

Level of Significance

The level of significance to check the t ratio was set at 0.05 level which was considered

appropriate for the purpose of the study.

Findings of the Study

The findings pertaining to descriptive statistics and independent t ratio for the various

nutritional variables from 50 female students (25 obese & 25 non-obese) of BHU have been

presented in table No.1to6.

Table-1

Descriptive Statistics of Obese Female Students of Banaras Hindu

University

Fat/Cholesterol Sodium/Salt

Prudent Calorie Control Control Control

Diet Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire

Mean 14.4 Mean 9.8 Mean 11.44 Mean 6.8

Standard Standard Standard Standard

Deviation 2.140872 Deviation

3.12249

9 Deviation 3.686462 Deviation 1.607275

Kurtosis -0.97124 Kurtosis -1.30604 Kurtosis -1.13024 Kurtosis 3.39582

Skewness -0.18278 Skewness

0.49627

2 Skewness 0.21546 Skewness 1.596877

Range 7 Range 9 Range 11 Range 7

Minimum 11 Minimum 6 Minimum 6 Minimum 5

Maximum 18 Maximum 15 Maximum 17 Maximum 12

It is evident from table - 1 that mean and standard deviation scores of obese female students of

BHU in relation to prudent diet questionnaire, Calorie Control Questionnaire, Fat/Cholesterol

Control Questionnaire, and Sodium/Salt Control Questionnaire have been found 14.4, 9.8,

11.44, & 6.8 and 2.1, 3.1, 3.6 & 3.3 respectively whereas range of scores was found 7, 9, 11, &

7 respectively.

Table-2

Descriptive Statistics of Non-Obese Female Students of Banaras Hindu

University

Fat/Cholesterol Sodium/Salt

Prudent Calorie Control Control Control

Diet Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire

Mean 14.92 Mean 10.24 Mean 9.72 Mean 7.2

Standard Standard Standard Standard

Deviation 1.956187 Deviation 1.832121 Deviation 3.102687 Deviation 2.27303

Kurtosis 0.110961 Kurtosis -0.88317 Kurtosis -0.56607 Kurtosis 0.000987

Skewness -0.67729 Skewness 0.100533 Skewness 0.46645 Skewness 0.865383

Range 8 Range 6 Range 10 Range 8

Minimum 10 Minimum 7 Minimum 6 Minimum 5

Maximum 18 Maximum 13 Maximum 16 Maximum 13

It is evident from table - 2 that mean and standard deviation scores of non-obese female

students of BHU in relation to prudent diet questionnaire, Calorie Control Questionnaire,

Fat/Cholesterol Control Questionnaire, and Sodium/Salt Control Questionnaire have been

found 14.9, 10.24, 9.72, & 7.2 and 1.9, 1.8, 3.1 & 2.2 respectively whereas range of scores

was found 8, 6, 10, & 8 respectively.

Table-3

T-Ratio for the comparison of Means of Obese and Non-Obese Female Students of

Banaras Hindu University in Prudent Diet Questionnaire

Groups

T-Ratio

Obese Non-Obese

Mean Variance Mean Variance

.896*

14.4 4.583 14.92 3.827

Level of Significance at 0.05 level

T-Value required at 48 df =1.67

Table-3 revealed that insignificant difference was found between obese & non-obese female

students of BHU in relation to prudent diet questionnaire, since T-value of .896 was found

lower than the required tabulated value of 1.67 with 48 df at 0.05 level of significance.

The graphical representation of means between obese & non-obese female students of BHU

in relation to prudent diet questionnaire has been presented in figure No.1.

Table-4


Banaras Hindu University in Calorie Control Questionnaire

Groups

T-Ratio

Obese Non-Obese

Mean

Variance Mean Variance

.608*

9.8 9.75 10.24 3.36




students of BHU in relation to calorie control questionnaire, since T-value of .608 was

found lower than the required tabulated value of 1.67 with 48 df at 0.05 level of

significance.


in relation to calorie control questionnaire has been presented in figure No.2.

Table-5


Banaras Hindu University in Fat/Cholesterol Control Questionnaire

Groups

T-Ratio

Obese Non-Obese


1.785*

11.44 13.59 9.72 9.63



Table-5 revealed that significant difference was found between obese & non-obese female

students of BHU in relation to fat/cholesterol control questionnaire, since T-value of 1.78

was found lower than the required tabulated value of 1.67 with 48 df at 0.05 level of

significance.


in relation to fat/cholesterol control questionnaire has been presented in figure No.3.

Table-6


Banaras Hindu University in Sodium/Salt Control Questionnaire

Groups

T-Ratio

Obese Non-Obese


.718*

6.8 2.58 7.2 5.17




students of BHU in relation to sodium/salt control questionnaire, since T-value of .718 was

found lower than the required tabulated value of 1.67 with 48 df at 0.05 level of

significance.


in relation to sodium/salt control questionnaire has been presented in figure No.4.

Discussion of Findings

The scholar examined the nutritional differentials between obese and non-obese female

students of BHU. The results of the study in general revealed that there was insignificant

difference in following three nutritional variables i.e. prudent diet, calorie control, and

sodium/salt control between obese and non-obese female students of BHU whereas

significant difference was found between obese and non-obese female students in case of

fat/cholesterol control.

From the findings of the study, in case of prudent diet it was evident that the insignificant

difference was found between obese & non-obese female students of BHU. Further,

graphical picture represents that non obese females have high mean value in comparison

to obese females in relation to prudent diet. The findings may be attributed to the fact that

prudent diet habits referring to general nutritional balance and obese females due to their

overweight may be under the process of dieting and score lower in form of mean score in

comparison to non obese females who have scored high indicate that they have positive

nutritional balance means high intake of calories and less expenditure of calories.

In case of calorie control the findings of the study revealed that the insignificant difference

was found between obese & non-obese female students of BHU. Further, graphical

picture represents that obese females have less mean value in comparison to non obese

females in relation to calorie control, Calorie control habits pertaining to weight loss and

gain. Obese females those have already overweight may be conscious about their

overweight and under the process of dieting that’s why score lower in form of mean score

in comparison to non obese females who wants to put on weight and in tendency of high

intake of calories in their diet.

The findings of the study in relation to fat/cholesterol control showed significant

difference between obese & non-obese female students of BHU. Further, graphical

picture represents that obese females have high mean value in comparison to non obese

females in relation to fat/cholesterol control. The findings may be attributed to the fact

that dietary fat/cholesterol referring to habits that affect cholesterol in the diet and obese

females have high deposition of fat and cholesterol due to their fat rich dietary habits in

comparison to non obese that have scored lower than obese on fat/cholesterol control

component. Non obese females have less deposition of fat/ cholesterol due to their non

fatty diet.

From the findings of the study, in case of sodium/salt control it was evident that the

insignificant difference was found between obese & non-

obese female students of BHU. Further, graphical picture represents that obese females

have less mean value in comparison to calorie control obese females in relation to

sodium/salt control. The findings may be attributed to the fact that sodium or salt control

which affects blood pressure and obese females may be conscious about their health due

to overweight which lead to risk of cardio-vascular risks and in habit of less intake of

salt/sodium rich diet in comparison to non obese females who have in tendency of

consuming salt/sodium rich diet.

The findings of the study are in strong consonance with the findings of Greene GW &

Schembre SM (2011), Guest J, & Bilgin A, (2010), Darcy L. Johannsen, & James P.

DeLany (2008), Feifei Wang, & Tim McDonald (2005), & Jacques Rigoaf (2001).

It became apparent; however, in the present study that there were insignificant differences

in nutritional variables of obese and non obese females of BHU in relation to prudent

diet, calorie control, and sodium/salt control whereas significant difference was found in

obese and non obese females of BHU in relation to fat/cholesterol control.

Discussion of Hypothesis

The findings of the present study strongly indicate that there were insignificant differences

in selected nutritional variables of obese and non obese females of BHU. Hence, the

hypothesis earlier set that there might have been significant differences in selected

nutritional variables of obese and non obese females is rejected and accepted in case of

fat/cholesterol control variable.

26

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The statement of the problem was stated as “Nutritional Assessment and it’s

Comparison between Obese and Non-Obese Female Students of Banaras Hindu

University”.

The objectives of the study were: To assess the nutritional status of obese and non-

obese female students of Banaras Hindu University.To compare the obese and non-

obese female students of BHU in relation to nutritional Status.

It was hypothesized that there might have been significant differences in nutritional

status between obese and non-obese female students of Banaras Hindu University.

For the purpose of the study, fifty female students of BHU (25 obese & 25 non-obese)

had been randomly selected as the subjects for the study. The age level of the subjects

was ranging from 18 to 28 years.

Keeping the feasibility aspect in mind the following variables were selected for present

study:

a. Prudent Diet Questionnaire

b. Calorie Control Questionnaire

c. Fat/Cholesterol Control Questionnaire

d. Sodium/Salt Control Questionnaire

The criterion measures adopted for the study were as follows:

To Assess Obesity:

1. Body Mass Index (BMI) approach was adapted.

To Assess Nutritional Status:

27

1. Prudent Diet was assessed by the total scores in Prudent Diet Questionnaire.

2. Calorie Control was assessed by the total scores in Calorie Control

Questionnaire.

3. Fat/Cholesterol Control was assessed by the total scores in Fat/Cholesterol

Control Questionnaire.

4. Sodium/Salt Control was assessed by the total scores in Sodium/Salt Control

Questionnaire.

With the help of the questionnaires related to nutritional assessment necessary data

was collected. Data was collected with regard to various nutritional aspects from 50

female students (25 obese & 25 non-obese) in two consecutive days at their respective

institution.

The data was analyzed by applying Descriptive Statistic & “t” test in order to assess

and compare the nutritional assessment between obese and non obese female students

of BHU. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

The results of the study in general revealed that there was insignificant difference in

following three nutritional variables i.e. prudent diet, calorie control, and sodium/salt

control between obese and non-obese female students of BHU whereas significant

difference was found between obese and non-obese female students in case of

fat/cholesterol control.

Conclusions

On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Insignificant difference was found between obese & non-obese female

students of BHU in relation to prudent diet.

28

2. Non obese females have high mean value in comparison to obese females in

relation to prudent diet.


students of BHU in relation to calorie control.


relation to calorie control.

5. Significant difference was found between obese & non-obese female students

of BHU in relation to fat/cholesterol control.

6. Obese females have high mean value in comparison to non obese females in

relation to fat/cholesterol control.


students of BHU in relation to sodium/salt control.


relation to sodium/salt control.

Recommendations

In the light of the conclusions drawn; the following recommendations are made:

1. Similar studies may be conducted selecting other nutritional variables

contributing to health efficiency of females.

2. The study may be repeated on subjects of sedentary, moderate and highly

active females to measure their nutritional characteristics.

3. Education teachers and mentors should take into consideration the nutritional

pre requisites of females in enhancing wellbeing.

4. The similar study can be done on male counterpart.

5. A comparative study can be conducted between male and female.

6. A more comprehensive study can be conducted on large samples.

29

7. The similar study can be conducted on other regions of India with other age groups.

30

Appendix - A

Raw Scores of Nutritional Assessment of Obese Females

Nutritional Assessment

obese Females

P D Q CCQ F/CCQ S/SCQ

1 17 87 9

2 16 810 6

3 11 78 6

4 11 77 5

5 12 67 7

6 12 712 7

7 18 811 9

8 18 1410 8

9 15 1313 7

10 14 1017 7

11 15 714 5

12 13 610 6

13 12 79 6

14 14 96 6

15 15 1314 12

16 11 77 7

17 16 1313 7

18 14 97 9

19 16 1012 5

20 16 1212 5

21 15 1517 6

22 16 1517 6

23 16 1517 6

24 15 1217 6

25 12 712 7

31

Appendix - B

Raw Scores of Nutritional Assessment of Non Obese Females

Nutritional Assessment

Non - obese Females

P D Q CCQ F/CCQ S/SCQ

1 13 12 9 8

2 17 9 12 6

3 16 12 6 9

4 12 11 7 7

5 13 10 12 5

6 12 7 6 6

7 17 9 9 5

8 14 12 10 11

9 16 10 10 7

10 14 9 6 6

11 13 13 10 13

12 16 8 6 6

13 15 9 9 10

14 16 13 6 8

15 17 10 12 9

16 10 7 6 5

17 17 10 12 9

18 15 13 11 6

19 18 10 14 5

20 14 9 7 5

21 15 10 13 5

22 16 12 16 5

23 15 13 16 9

24 17 9 9 5

25 15 9 9 10

32

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Gibson, R. S. (2005). Principles of Nutritional Assessment, Second Edition, Oxford University

Press, Oxford.

Journals and Periodicals

Greene, G. W., Schembre, S. M., White, A. A., Hoerr, S.L., Lohse, B., Shoff, S., Horacek,

T., Riebe, D., Patterson, J., Phillips, B.W., Kattelmann, K.K., Blissmer, B. (2011) Identifying

clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and

psychosocial determinants of body weight.

Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 10 Ranger Rd, 112

Ranger Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. [email protected] HYPERLINK "javascript:AL_get(this,

'jour', 'J Am Diet Assoc.');" J Am Diet Assoc. 3:394-400.

Guest, J., Bilgin, A., Pearce, R., Baines, S., Zeuschner, C., Rossignol-Grant, C.L., Morris,

M.J., Grant, R. (2010) Evidence for under-nutrition in adolescent females using routine dieting

practices. Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, NSW, 2076

Australia. [email protected] Asia Pac J Clin Nutr.4: 526-33.

Feifei Wang, Tim McDonald, Bonnie Reffitt, and Dee W. Edington, (2005) BMI, Physical

Activity, and Health Care Utilization/Costs among Medicare Retirees.

Obes Res.13:1450-1457.

Unpublished Literature

Darcy L. Johannsen, James P. DeLany, Madlyn I. Frisard, Michael A. Welsch Christina K.

Rowley, Xiaobing Fang, S. Michal Jazwinski, Eric Ravussin, (2008) Physical activity in aging:

Comparison among young, aged, and nonagenarian individuals.

The Louisiana Healthy Aging Study. accepted in final form 10 June 2008

Miscellaneous

Edington, J. (1999). Problems of nutritional assessment in the community. Proc Nutr Soc; 58:

47-51.

www.biologyonline.com

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