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March | April 2013Transforming aquaculture production using

oxygenation systems

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis ofinformation published.Copyright 2013 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any formor by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

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After the BSE crisis in the EU

in late 2001, processed animal

proteins (PAPs) were banned

fromutilisationinfeedsforaqua-

cultureand livestock. Someproductswere

re-introducedin2005(bloodproducts,milk

products, hydrolyzed proteins, gelatin) as

theydidnotposeanyriskoftransferringBSEtoconsumptionanimals.Meanwhilethebulk

of processed animal proteinswasusedfor

otherapplicationsandexportedtomarkets

outsideEurope.

The ever-increasing cost of fishmeal has

causedimportantincreasesinfishfeedprices.

Itisthereforelogicalthatfishfeedproducers

continuouslylookforalternatives,butallother

potentialproteinsourcesarebecomingscarce

and expensive.The re-introductionof PAPs

intoEuropeanaquafeeds,effectiveonJune1,

2013,would helpthe European aquaculture

industry to solve part of the raw material

problem.

SustainabilityIt would also reduce considerably the

carbon footprint of aquafeeds, since these

protein sources are locally available andwill

partially substitute imported soybean meal

from the Americas and fishmeal from Peru

andChile.

Thecarbonfootprintof PAPsis much

lower than the footprint of vegetablemeals(Figure1).Alsotheemissionsrelated

to landuseand landusechange(LULUC)

arehigherforvegetablemeals.Thecarbon

footprint of poultry meal originates from

theproduction of the by-products (based

on a a llocat ion according to economic

valueofmeatandby-products),plusener-

gy for transporting the by-products and

dryingofthematerial.

Aquaculture is often criticised for using

morefishthanproducingfish(FIFO>1).The

re-introductionofPAPsprovidesachanceto

lowertheFIFOconsiderably.Apartfromsustainability,alsonutritionally,

PAPsarethefirstproteinssourcestobeused

toreplacefishmeal,foranumberofreasons:

High protein and amino acid contentPAPs are rich in most essential amino

acids except methionine. They are particu-

larlyhighinarginineandotherwatersoluble

amino acids (proline, glycine, and glutamic

acid),whichactasattractantandpalatantin

aquafeeds.

Digestible proteinsDigestibilityvariesalotbetweendifferent

PAPsandisaffectedbyqualityofrawmateri-

alsbeforedryinganddryingmethod.Wecan

observethatgoodqualityPAPsshowdigest-ibilitylevelswhichareashighasthehighest

qualityfishmeals.(Table2)

Partially soluble proteinsBothfishmealandPAPscontainimportant

amounts of water soluble proteins, in the

form of peptides or longer chains. These

water soluble proteins are highly digestible,

but also will improve the attractibility and

Table 1: Table of composition of feather meal, poultry meal and meat and bone meal in comparison with the

requirement of gilthead sea bream, rainbow trout and salmon

Fethermel

Poultry melMet ndbone mel

SlmonidsGilthed

se brem

Crude protein 85 63 50 35-45 38-46

amino cids (in % of CP)

arginine 7,0 6,7 6,9 3.3-5,1 5.0

Histidine 0,8 1,8 1,7 1,6-1,8

Isoleucine 4,9 3,5 2,8 2,0-2.3

eucine 8,2 6,3 5,3 3,6-4.0

Vline 7,4 4,9 3,7 2.9-5,3

ysine 2,4 5,7 5,0 4.0-5,0 5.0Phenyllnine 4,9 3,6 3,3 4,1-5,3

Meth+Cyst 4,9 3,0 2,1 2,4-4,0 4.0

hreonine 4,8 3,6 3,0 1,8-2,2

ryptophn 0,7 0,9 0,6 0,5-1.4 0.6

Nutritional benefits of using Processed AnimalProteins (PAPs) in European aquafeeds

by Eric De Muylder1 and Geert van der Velden2

14 | IntenAtIonA AquAFeed | March-April 2013

FEATURE

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Hydrolyzed animal proteins for shrimp & fish feed: MucoPro & Gelko, highly digestible

Processed Animal Proteins for shrimp & fish feed: high protein alternative for fish meal

(Porc meal 65, Porc meal 58, Poultry meal 65)

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ingessentialunsaturatedfatty

acids(linolenic,EPAandDHA

for salmonids and EPA and

DHA for marine fishes) and

asenergysource.

For fish species that cantolerate higher amounts of

lipidsintheirdiet,likesalmo-

nids,seabreamandseabass,

acombinationofanimal,veg-

etableandfishoilcansatisfy

both requirements, without

alteringthefattyacidcontent

ofthefishflesh.

Presence of somenutrients whichstill need to be

investigatedDue to the ever-increas-

ingpricesandscarcityoffishmeal,researchis

continuouslysearchingforalternatives.Thisis

oftenpossibleuptoacertainlevel,buttotal

replacementoftenresultsingrowthloss,even

thoughdietswere formulatedto contain the

sameamountsofessentialnutrientsforwhichtherequirementsareknown.

Replac ing f ishmeal by PAPs gener-

ally results in better results than replacing

fishmeal by vegetable proteins. There are

probably some unknown nutrients still to

be discovered, which are present in ani-

malproteins butnot in vegetable proteins.

Hydroxyproline,taurineandnucleicacidsare

somenutrients that has attracted attention

recently by researchers, but their require-

ments still need furtherinvestigation.There

are probably more nutrients to be discov-

eredinthenearfuture.

ConclusionPAPs are high quality protein sources.

Their re-introductioninto European aqua-

feedswillfacilitate the formulationof high

proteins fish feeds, since their availability

is better than fishmeal.This will also help

the strive towards more sustainable aqua-

culture. PAPs contain a lot of interesting

nutrients and are a better alternative to

replace fishmeal than vegetable protein

sources.

Diets contained 17 % Fish oil, 12 % fishoil + 5 % poultry oil or porc bone oil. In

treatment Poultry oil/Fish oil, the fish receivefirst the diet with poultry oil and than the

diet with only fish oil

Table 2: Overview o Apparent Digestibility Coefcients (ADC) and Apparent Digestibility o Proteins (ADP) observed

or Rainbow trout and Gilthead seabream compared to other protein sources

inbow rou Gihed se brem

aDC aDP aDC aDP

lt fish me 72,6 90,5 71,8 87,5

Dnish fish me 95,8

Hydroyzed feher me 65,7-84 % 71,6-87 48,8 51,6-57,7

Me nd bone me 55,9-72 83-89 35-79Poury me 59,8-77 83-91 80-89,9

Soyben me 29,5-75,3 95,9 86-90,9

Soy proein concenre 53,2 90,4

Corn guen 80-95 74,5-89,5 90

"PAPs are high quality protein sources.

Their re-introduction into European

aquafeeds will facilitate the formulation

of high proteins fish feeds, since their

availability is better than fishmeal"

More InforMatIon:

Website: www.sonac.biz

1CreveTec, eric@crevetec.be2Sonac BV, geertvandervelden@sonac.biz

16 | IntenAtIonA AquAFeed | March-April 2013

FEATURE

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Transforming aquaculture

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oxygenation systems

Nutritional benefits of

processed animal proteinsin European aquafeeds

Towards aquafeeds with

increased food security

Bioenergetics application in aquaculture nutrition

Volume 16 I ssu e 2 2013 - mARC H | APR I l

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