cg'jfbs p:dfg ugL ldofF
;+zf]ws cxdb x';]g
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
,
1439


1439
: 978-603-8229-71-2
240 733 /1439
1
13cNnfxdfly cf:yf3
49kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf4
73efUodf cf:yf8
99wd{ / dfu{16
7
e"ldsf
;Dk"0f{ k|z+;fsf dflns pg} cNnfx x'g\ . pg}sf] xfdL k|z+;f u5f}}{ F, pg};Fu dbt dfU5f}F, pg};Fu Ifdfofrgf u5f}{ F, xfd|f] s'r]i6f tyf xfd|f s'sd{x?af6 pg}sf] z/0f lnG5f}F . h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{bz{g u5{g\ p;nfO{ s;}n] kye|i6 ug{ ;Sb}g . h;nfO{ pgn] kye|i6 ul/lbG5g\ s;}n] p;nfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sb}g .
d ujfxL lbG5' ls Ps cNnfx afx]s sf]xL ;To k"Ho 5}g . sf]xL klg pgsf] ;femL 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pg} x'g\ h;n] pDdLx¿aLr Ps /;"n :jo+ pgLx¿dWo]af6 g} k7fP h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfotx¿ kf7 u/]/ ;'gfpF5g\Ù pgLx¿nfO{ z'l4s/0f u5{g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ lstfa tyf tTjblz{tfsf] lzIff lbG5g\ . hals o;cl3 pgLx¿ k|:6 kye|i6tfdf lyP . -;"/x h'd'cx M @_
d ujfxL lbG5' ls df]xDdb ;= cNnfxsf pkf;s Pj+ O{Zb"t x'g'x'G5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M lg:;Gb]x cNnfxn] cf:yfjfgx¿dfly 7"nf] pksf/ u/]Ù ha pgLx¿dfem pgLx¿dWo]af6} Pp6f o:tf] /;"n -O{zb"t_ k7fP hf] pgLx¿nfO{ cNnfxsf cfot -Znf]s_ x¿ k9]Þ/ ;'gfpF5gÙ pgLx¿nfO{ z'4 kf5{g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ O{z–u|Gy Pj+ tTjblz{tfsf] lzIff lbG5g\ . oyfy{df ltgLx¿ o;cl3 :ki6 kye|i6tfdf lyP . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !^$_
cNnfxn] dfgjnfO{ c+wsf/af6 pHofnf]tkm{ Nofpg / s'dfu{af6 ;'dfu{tkm{ dfu{blz{t ug{ cfˆgf] O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;=nfO{ dfu{bz{g tyf ;To dfu{ lbP/ k7fP . lsgeg] cNnfxsf] dfu{bz{gaf6 g} dfgjsf] dgnfO{ zflGt ldNg] u5{, dfgj dg k|km'Nn x'G5 . cNnfxsf] dfu{bz{g eg]sf] nfesf/L 1fg xf], Tof] g} ;Todfu{ xf] / ;To sd{ klg ToxL xf] . oL b'O{6f cfwf/df g} dfgjsf] :jR5 hLjg :yflkt x'g ;S5 .
cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] u|Gy s'/cfgnfO{ dfgjsf lglDt cfjZos kg{] s'/fx? h:t} cf:yf, pkf;gf, dfgjsf cfk;L dfldnfx?, cfr/0f nufot ;a} s'/fx?sf nflu k"0f{?kdf hdfgL agfOlbPsf 5g\ .
8
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
cNnfxsf ;+b]i6fn] To;sf] /fd|f] JofVof klg ul/lbg' ePsf] 5 . O{Zb"tn]
eGg'eof] M ;'g, dnfO{ lstfa lbOPsf] 5 / To;sf] ;fydf Tolt g} c? s'/fx? klg
lbOPsf] 5 . -ca" bfpmb_
O:nfdL cf:yf O:nfd wd{sf] cfwf/ xf] . O:nfdL zlQmsf] /x:o klg oxL xf] .
k"0f{ wd{df cf:yfsf] k|bz{g klg x'G5 . o;sf s]xL ljz]iftfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!, Ps]Zj/jfb M pkf;gfsf] xsbf/ Ps cNnfxnfO{ dfq dfGg' / cg'z/0fsf]
kfq O{Zb"tnfO{ dfq dfGg' .
@, O:nfdL cf:yf c6n 5 .
%, O:nfdL cf:yfsf] cfk;df cGt/;DaGw 5 .
^, O:nfdL cf:yf dWodfuL{ cf:yf xf] .
O:nfdL cf:yfsf] kmfObfx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!, Ps kfngxf/sf] dfq elQm / dfgj tyf ;[li6k"hfaf6 d'lQm .
@, Ps O{zb"tsf] cg'z/0f / cGo labct tyf v'/fkmftL s'/fx?af6 d'lQm .
#, cNnfx;Fu ;DaGw agfP/ cfTdzflGtsf] k|flKt .
$, v'/fkmft tyf bf]wf/kgaf6 d'lQm .
%, cfWoflTds tyf zf/Ll/s cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ .
d'l:nd lj4fgx?n] O:nfdL cf:yfsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em], o;sf] tflnddf cfˆgf]]
d]xgt vr{ u/] . o; ljifodf snd klg rnfP / o;sf] lj:t[t JofVof klg u/] .
;fy} o; ljifodf kye|i6 labctLx?sf] dgu9Gt] s'/fx?sf] hjfkm klg lbP .
O:nfdL cf:yf g t w]/} nfdf] 5 g w]/} 5f]6f] . O:nfdL cf:yf k|i6 x'g'sf ;fy}
;/n klg 5 . To;sf/0f x/]s d'l:nd o;af6 nfeflGjt x'g ;S5g\ / ;nkmsf]
9
cf:yfsf] lgrf]8df klg k'Ug ;S5g\ . To;}n] d}n] o; k':tssf] gfd s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n csLbf gfdfs/0f u/]sf] 5' .
cNnfxn] o; z'esfo{nfO{ s]jn cfˆgf]] k|;Ggtf k|flKtsf] dfWod agfpg\ / kf7sju{sf nflu nfebfos agfpg\ .
8f= cxdb lag cAb'/{xdfg cn\ sfhL
s'lNnot' cZz/Lct jn\ lb/f;ft cn O:nfdLof
csLbf zf:q ljefu
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
O:nfdL cf:yfsf] cfwf/ eg]sf] cNnfxdfly cf:yf /fVg', pgsf kml/Ztfx?dfly cf:yf /fVg', pgsf u|Gyx?dfly cf:yf /fVg', pgsf b"tx?dfly cf:yf /fVg', k|nf]sdfly cf:yf /fVg' / /fd|f] tyf g/fd|f] efUodfly cf:yf /fVg' xf] . t;y{ cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M a? ;Tsd{ of] xf] ls dflg;x¿ cNnfx, cflvÞ/tsf] lbg, kmÞl/ Ztfx¿, O{z–u|Gy tyf gaL -;Gb]i6f_ x¿dfly cf:yfjfg xf]pmg\ . -;"/x as/x M !&&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M logLx¿ ;a} cNnfx, pgsf kÞml/Ztfx¿, pgsf u|Gyx¿ Pj+ pgsf /;"n -O{zb"t_ x¿dfly cf:yfjfg eP . -;"/x as/fx M @*%_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M x] O{dfgjfnfx¿ xf] Û cNnfxdfly, pgsf /;"ndfly, pgn] cfˆgf /;"n -d'xÞDdb ;=_ dfly cjt/0f u/]sf] u|Gydfly / o;eGbf k"j{ cjt/0f u/]sf] u|Gydfly O{dfg Nofpm / h;n] cNnfx, pgsf kmÞl/Ztf, pgsf lstfa, pgsf /;"nx¿ / cflv/tsf] lbgsf] OGsf/ u¥of] pm kye|i6tfdf w]/} k/ k'Uof] . -;"/x lg;f M !#^_
Ps csf{] 7fFpdf elgPsf] 5 M xfdLn] k|To]s j:t' Pp6f lgwf{l/t ¿kdf ;[li6 u/]sf 5f}+ . -;"/x sd/ M $(_
O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=;F+u kml/Ztf lha|Onn] O{dfg cyf{t cf:yfsf] af/]df k|Zg ubf{ pxfFn] hjfkmdf eGg'ePsf] lyof] M ltdLn] cNnfx, pgsf kml/Ztfx?, pgsf u|Gyx?, pgsf b"tx?, k|nf]s / /fd|f] tyf g/fd|f] efUodfly cf:yf /fv . -xbL; ;+u|x M d'l:nd_
13
cNnfxdfly cf:yf cNnfxsf] cl:tTjdf cf:yf M
cNnfxdfly cf:yf eg]sf] cNnfxsf] cl:tTj 5 egL b[9 ljZjf; ug'{ xf] . cNnfx g} ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf] kfngstf{ x'g\ . pkf;gfsf] c;n xsbf/ klg pgL dfq 5g\ . pgL x/]s lsl;dsf u'0fx?af6 k"0f{ / bf]ifaf6 kljq 5g\ .
cNnfxdfly cf:yfdf /fVbf rf/ j6f s'/fx? x'g' k5{ .
klxnf] M cNnfxsf] cl:tTj ;j{;To xf] . O{zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5 M of] o; sf/0fn] ls cNnfx g} lgtfGt ;To x'g\ / pgnfO{ 5f]8L ltgLx¿n] h'g lrhnfO{ k'sf5{g\ Tof] c;To xf] . /, lgZro g} cNnfx ;jf]{Rr tyf dxfg\ 5g\ . -;"/x xh M^@_
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjdf z+sf ug'{ klg ldYof Pj+ OGsf/ xf] . O{Zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5 M ltgLx¿sf /;"nx¿n] eg]– æs] ltdLx¿nfO{ cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf ;[li6stf{ cNnfxsf] af/]df ;Gb]x 5 < pgL t ltdLx¿nfO{ ltd|f kfkx¿nfO{ Ifdf ug{ / Pp6f lgwf{l/t ;do;Dd cj;/ k|bfg ug{ af]nfpFb}5g\ .Æ -;"/x Oa|fxLd M !)_
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg'{ c+xsf/Lkg, cTofrf/ / s'k|m xf] . O{Zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5 M d";fn] eg]– æltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls oL :ki6 lgzfgLx¿ s]jn cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf /an] -ltd|f]_ rdTsf/sf¿kdf cjt/0f u/]sf 5g\ / d]/f] ljrf/df, x] lkm/cf}g Û ltdL ljgfz ePsf JolQm xf} .Æ -;"/x O;|f M!)@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M lkÞm/cfÞ}gn] eGof]– æ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf /a sf] x'g\ t <Æ d";fn] eg]– æh'g cfsfzx¿, k[YjL / b'a}aLr /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf /a -kfngstf{_ x'g\, olb ltdLx¿ ljZjf; u5f}{ eg] .Æ lkÞm/cÞf}gn] cfˆgf ef/bf/x¿nfO{ eGof]– æs] ltdLx¿ ;'lg/x]sf 5}gf} <Æ d";fn] eg]– æltdLx¿sf kfngstf{ / ltd|f k"j{hx¿sf kfngstf{ ÛÆ lkÞm/cÞf}gn] eGof]– æltdLx¿sf /;"n -Ozb"t_ hf] ltdLx¿tk{m k7fOPsf] 5 Tof] t jf:tjdf pGdfbL /x]5 .Æ d";fn] eg]– æhf] k"j{,
14
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
klZrd / tL b'a}aLr /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhsf dflns x'g\, olb ltdLx¿sf] a'l4 5 eg] .Æ lkÞm/cfÞ}gn] eGof]– æolb ltdLn] dafx]s cGo s;}nfO{ pkf:o agfof} eg] d ltdLnfO{ lgZro g} aGbL agfpg]5' .Æ -;"/x z'c/f @#—@(_
cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ bzf{pg] s]xL k|df0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
cfbdsf] ;Gtfg dfgjsf] hGd g};lu{s :jefjdf x'g' . O{zu|Gy s'/cfgdf elgPsf] 5 M ctM -x] gaL Û_ Psfu| eO{ o; wd{tk{m pGd'v xf]pmÙ To; k|s[ltdfly sfod xf]pm h;df cNnfxn] dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 u/]sf 5g\ . cNnfxn] agfPsf] ;+/rgfdf s'g} k]m/ abn x'g ;Sb}g . of] laNs'n ;Lwf / 7Ls wd{ xf] . t/ clwsf+z dflg;x¿ hfGb}gg\ . -;"/x ?d M #)_
O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;=n] eGg'ePsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf cfˆgf] :jefjdf hGdG5 t/ p;sf] afpn] p;nfO{ ox"bL agfp5 s;}n] p;nfO{ O;fO{ agfp5 eg] s;}n] p;nfO{ cUgLk"hs agfp5 . -xbL; ;+u|x a'vf/L_
Ps csf]{ xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf hf] hGdG5 pm cfˆgf]]] :jefjdf cg';f/ hGdG5 .
Ps csf]{ xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf h;sf] hGd x'G5 pm cfˆgf]] ;d'bfo adf]lhd hGdG5 . oxfF;Dd ls p;n] p;sf] ;d'bfosf] af/]df af]N5 . Ps csf]{ xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M s'g} klg aRrf k|s[ltdf hGdG5 oxfF;Dd ls p;n] To;sf] af/]df af]N5 .
x/]s k|f0fL cfˆgf]] c;nL :jefjdf hLljt /xG5 h;n] cfkm"leq cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . t/ :jefjnfO{ v/fa ug{] s'/fx?n] To;df k|efj kfb{5g\ . O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=n] eGg'ePsf] 5 M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M d}n] d]/f ;Dk"0f{ eSthgx?nfO{ Psfu|xL agfP/ k}bf u/] . t/ z}tfg pgLx?df cfpF5 / pgLx?nfO{ wd{af6 kye|i6 ul/lbG5 . -xbL; ;+u|x d'l:nd_
slxn]sfxL+ :jefjdf z+sf tyf of}g rfxgfsf] kbf{ kb{5 t/ Tof] klg b'v / ;+s6sf] 38Ldf cfˆgf]] c;nL ?kdf b]vf k5{ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
15
clg ha logLx¿ 8'Ëfdf ;jf/ x'G5g\ ta cf:yfnfO{ cNnfxs}nflu ljlzi6 u/L pgnfO{ g} k'sfb{5g\ . ha pgn] ltgLx¿nfO{ arfP/ hdLg;Dd k'¥ofOlbG5g\ ta tTsfn} ltgLx¿ lzs{ ug{ yfN5g\= . -;"/x cGsa't M ^%_
:jefj z+sf tyf of}ghGo s'/faf6 :jR5 tyf kljq x'G5 . o;n] s] s'/f k|i6 kf5{ eg] ;[li6sf] nflu >i6fsf] x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . >i6f lagf ;+of]un] s'g} s'/f pTkGg x'g' c;Dej s'/f xf] . cgl:tTjn] s'g} cl:tTjnfO{ hGd lbg klg ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f s'g} >i6f x'g' h?/L 5 / Tof] >i6f cNnfx xf] .
Ps hgf ;xfaL h'a}/ lag d'tOd O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=sxfF ab/sf] o'4df s}b ul/Psf s}bLx?nfO{ hl/dfgf lt/]/ 5'6fpg egL cfpFbf Tolt a]nf pgL sflkm/ g} lyP . pgn] O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=nfO{ s'/cfgsf] ;"/x t"/ kf7 u/]sf] ;'g] . ha O{zb"tn] Tof] ;"/x kf7 ub{} hfg'eof] / lgDg Znf]sdf k'Ug' eof] M s] To;nfO{ cb[Zo jf:tljstfsf] 1fg 5 ls pm -To;nfO{_ b]Vb}5 . s] To;nfO{ cjut u/fOPsf] 5}g h'g d";fsf] u|Gydf 5 / Oa|fxLdsf] u|Gydf klg h;n] k"0f{¿kdf cfb]zsf] kfngf u/] . -;"/x t"/ M#%—#&_
;xfaLn] eG5g\ M Tof] Znf]s ;'g]/ d]/f] lbn p8\5 ls h:tf] eof] . -xbL; ;+u|x a'vf/L_ pgsf] dgdf O{dfg k|j]z u/]sf] Tof] g} klxnf] 38L lyof] .
Dffgj a'l4n] klg of] s'/f :ki6 ?kdf k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . Ps hgf c1fg sfnsf c/aL k|jrs s}; lag ;fobf Oofbn] eGof] M pF6sf] kfOnfn] pF6 uPsf] s'/f hgfpF5, s'g} s'/fsf] kfOnfx?n] s'g} j:t' lxF8]sf] s'/f atfpF5 . pRr cfsfz tyf ljzfn wtL{n] s] o;sf] >i6f 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 kfb{}g / < cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M xfdL rfF8} g} ltgLx¿nfO{ -hut\sf_ lIflthdf / ltgLx¿ :jo+leq klg cfˆgf lgzfgLx¿ b]vfpg]5f}+ oxfF;Dd ls of] s'Þ/cfg lgtfGt ;To xf] eGg] s'/f ltgLx¿;dIf :ki6 x'g]5 . -;"/x km':;]nt M %#_
o;sf k|df0f :j?k ljleGg s'/fx? 5g\ h:t}M O{Zb"tx?sf] lgzfgLx?, wfld{s JolQm cyjf jnLx?sf] rdTsf/ tyf b'cf ug{]x?sf] b'cfsf] :jLsf/f]lQm cflb . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg pgn] cfˆgf kfngstf{nfO{ k'sf/]– æd bafOPFÙ ctM
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
logLx¿l;t abnf n]pm .Æ clg xfdLn] d';nwf/] jiff{sf]lglDt cfsfzsf åf/
vf]lnlbof}+ /, k[YjLdf d"nx¿ k'm6fof}+ . clg Tof] sfd k'/f ug{ kfgL hDdf eof]
h;sf] km};nf eO;s]sf] lyof] . /, g"xÞnfO{ xfdLn] tVtf tyf sfF6Låf/f lgld{t
-8'Fuf_ df ;jf/ u/fof}+ . h'g -8'Ëf_ xfd|f] cfFvf;fd'Gg] rln/x]sf] lyof] . of] abnf
lyof] To;sf] nflu h;nfO{ OGsf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . -;"/x cn\ sd/ M !)—!$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M clg xfdLn] d";fnfO{ jXo -cfb]z_ u¥of}+–
æcfˆgf] nÝL gbLdf lxsf{pm .Æ clg gbL kmf6\of] / To;sf] k|To]s c+z 7"nf]
kxf8 h:tf] x'g k'Uof] . /, xfdLn] bf];|f] ;d"xnfO{ ToxfF k'¥ofO lbof}+ . clg xfdLn]
d";f / pgL;Fu /x]sf ;a}nfO{ arfof}+ . /, c¿ ;a}nfO{ gbLdf r'n'{Dd 8'afof}+ .
lg:;Gb]x o;df 7"nf] lgzfgL /x]sf] 5 . t/ ltgLx¿dWo] clwsf+z O{dfg Nofpg]
jfnf 5}gg\ . -;"/x z'c/f M^#—^&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M pgL O;/fO{nsf ;Gtfgx¿sf lglDt O{zb"t
x'g]5g\ . -O{zb"t eP/ O;/fO{nsf ;Gtfgx¿sxfF cfPkl5 pgn] eg]_ – æd
ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f kfngstf{sf] tk{maf6 Pp6f rdTsf/ lnP/ cfPsf] 5' . d
ltdLx¿;dIf df6f]af6 r/f h:tf] Pp6f cfs[lt agfP/ To;df k'mSg]5' clg
Tof] cNnfxsf] cf1fn] r/f eOxfNg]5 . /, d cNnfxsf] cf1fn] cGwf Pj+ s'i7
/f]uLx¿nfO{ lg/f]uL t'Nofpg]5'' clg cNnfxs} cg'1fn] d[tx¿nfO{ hLljt kfg{]5' /,
d ltdLx¿nfO{ atfpg]5' h'g ltdLx¿ vfG5f} clg h'g ltdLx¿ cfˆgf 3/x¿df
hf]ufP/ /fV5f} . olb ltdLx¿ cf:yfjfg xf} eg] lgZro g} o;df ltdLx¿sf
lglDt lgzfgL 5 . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M $(_
Tof] pbfx/0f xfd|f O{zb"t df]xDdb ;=sf] nflu klg aofg ul/of] . cg; lag
dflns åf/f j0f{g ul/Psf] 5, pgL eG5g\ M z'qmaf/sf] lbg Ps hgf JolQm dl:hb]
gajLsf] Gofo ug{] 7fpFsf] 9f]sfaf6 k|j]z u¥of] O{zb"t h'dfsf] v'Taf lbO/xg' ePsf]
lyof] . p;n] v8f eP/ O{zb"t;Fu eGof] , x] O{zb"t M hgfj/x? dl//x]sf 5g\,
af6f]3f6f] aGb ePsf 5g\ . cNnfx;Fu jiff{sf] nflu k|fy{gf ul/lbg' . O{zb"tn]
cfˆgf]] b'j} xft p7fP/ b'cf ub{} eGg'eof] M x] cNnfx jiff{ jiff{pm xfdLnfO{ jiff{
b]pm, xfd|f] nflu jiff{ jiff{pm . cg; eG5g\ M cNnfxsf] s;d, cfsfzdf st} klg
17
afbn lyPg, ;'nc kxf8aLr s'g} 3/ klg lyPg . Tolt a]n} kxf8sf] k5fl8af6
afbn cfof] clg rf/}lt/ km}lnP/ / jif{g yfNof] . cg; eG5g\ M cNnfxsf] s;d
To;kl5 xfdLn] Ps xKtf;Dd 3fd klg b]v]gf}+ . bf];|f] z'qmaf/ Ps csf{] JolQm
dl:hbdf To;} 9f]sfaf6 k|j]z u¥of] . O{zb"tn] v'Taf lbO/xg' ePsf] lyof] . p;n]
v8f eP/ eGof] M x] O{zb"t, a9L jiff{sf sf/0f hgfj/ db{} 5g\ . af6fx? klg aGb
5g\ . cNnfx;Fu jiff{ /f]lsgsf] nflu b'cf ul/lbg' . O{zb"tn] b'j} xft p7fP/ b'cf
ug'{eof] M x] cNnfx xfd|f] If]qdf hxfF kfgLsf] cfjZostf 5 ToxfF jiff{ jiff{pm /
xfdLdfly g jiff{pm . x] cNnfx, kxf8 tyf vf]nfgfnf / v]tdf kfgL jiff{pm . Tof]
b'cfkl5 jiff{ /f]lsof] . xfdL dl:hbaf6 aflx/ lg:sbf jiff{ aGb eO;s]sf] lyof]
/ 3fd klg nflu;s]sf] lyof] . -xbL; ;+u|x a'vf/L / d'l:nd_
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M -s] tL ;fe]mbf/x¿ pQd 5g\_ jf pgL -pQd 5g\_
h;n] Jofs'nsf] ;'Gb5g\ ha p;n] pgnfO{ k'sfb{5 < /, h;n] p;sf] ;Í6
lgjf/0f u5{g\ clg h;n] ltdLx¿nfO{ wtL{df pQ/flwsf/L agfpF5g\ < -;f]r_ s]
cNnfxsf;fy sf]xL cGo k"Ho klg 5g\ t < a? ltdLx¿ sd} ljrf/ u5f{} . -;"/x
gdn M ^@_
O{zb"tx?sf] lgzfgL, k|fy{gf ug{]x?sf] k'sf/sf] ;'GjfO, b'lvx?sf] dbt
nufot dx;'; ug{ ;lsg] ljleGg k|df0fx?n] k|fy{gf ;'Gg]jfnf, O{Zb"tnfO{ lgzfgL
k7fpg] jfnf, b'lvsf] dbt ug{]jfnf sf]xL 5 eGg] s'/f k|i6 a'lemG5 . O{Zfu|Gydf
o;sf k|df0fx? .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] ltgLx¿ sÞ'/cfgdfly ;f]rljrf/ ub}{gg\ < olb of]
cNnfxafx]s cGo s;}sf] tk{maf6 cfPsf] eP ltgLx¿n] o;df w]/} lj/f]wfef;x¿
kfpg] lyP . -;"/x lg;f M *@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] dfgjhflt Û ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f
kfngstf{sf] tk{maf6 :ki6 k|df0f cfO;s]sf] 5 / xfdLn] ltdLx¿tkm{ :ki6
k|sfz cjtl/t ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . -;"/x lg;f M !&$_
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] dfgj xf] Û ltdLx¿;dIf ltd|f kfngstf{sf]tk{maf6 pkb]z, Åbodf ePsf /f]usf] pkrf/ / dfGg]x¿sfnflu dfu{bz{g tyf bof cfOk'u]sf] 5 . -;"/x o"g'; M %&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] pgLx¿sf nflu of] kof{Kt 5}g ls xfdLn] ltdLdfly o:tf] u|Gy cjtl/t u/]sf 5f}+ h'g ltgLx¿;dIf k9]/ ;'gfOG5 < lgZro g} To;df cf:yf /fVg]x¿sfnflu bof / pkb]z 5g\ . -;"/x cGsa't M %!_
O{Zu|Gy s'/cfg, ;xL cf:yf, :jR5 lgod, pRr cfr/0fn] oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx? cNnfxaf6 ;+rflnt eO/x]sf] s'/f hgfpFb5 . oL s'/fx? cNnfxsf] l;jfo c? s'g} k|f0fLaf6 ;+rflnt x'g ;Sb}g . To;} sf/0fn] cfbdsf ;Gtfgn] cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg{ ;Sb}gg\ . s]xL gfl:tsx?n] dfq o;nfO{ gsf/]sf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg{] s]xL gfl:ts hdfct lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M
bxl/of M bxl/ofx?n] ;+;f/sf] cl:tTj / of] cljgfzL 5 eGg] s'/f dfGb5g\ . logLx? clxn]sf gfl:ts x'g\ . bxl/ofsf] wf/0ffnfO{ cNnfxn] o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ M /, logLx¿ eG5g\– æhLjg s]jn oxL ;f+;fl/s hLjg xf] hxfF xfdL hLpg] / dg]{ u5f}{+ . /, ;dorqmn] dfq xfdLnfO{ dfb{5 . logLx¿nfO{ o;sf] 1fg 5}g . logLx¿ s]jn c8\sn u5{g\ . -;"/x hfl;of M @$_
pgLx?sf] wf/0ff 5 M ;+;f/ cfkm} rln/x]sf] 5, ;bfaf6 5 / ;bf /xg] 5 . pgLx? eG5g\ M dflg;n] hLjgdf cfˆgf]] k]6 eg{] xf] clg p;nfO{ wtL{n] vfG5 . o;/L xfdL dfgjnfO{ hdfgfn] g} gfz ug{]5 . pgLx?n] k|f0fLnfO{ >i6f ljgfsf] ;[li6 agfP . cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ gsfb{} eg]sf 5g\ M pgLx?nfO{ To; af/] s]xL 1fg 5}g . g t pgLx?;Fu a'l4 5, g t s'g} k|df0f 5, g t s'g} r]tgf 5, g t s'g} :jefj 5 . pgLx?sf] s'/f t s]jn Pp6f e|d Pj+ c;To s'/f xf] .
k|s[ltjfbL M pgLx? eG5g\, ;+;f/ t s]jn k|fs[lts 36gf xf] . cyf{t af]6 la?jf, hgfj/ Pj+ e'uj{ / To;sf ljljw ljz]iftfx?n] el/Psf] :j?k xf] . To;df x'g] xnrn P+j k|lqmof cfkm}df lglxt 5 . s'/cfgdf pgLx?sf] wf/0ffnfO{ v08g ub{} elgPsf] 5 M s] logLx¿sf] ;[li6 ljgf cfwf/ g} ePsf] < jf logLx¿ cfk}+m ;|i6f x'g\ < -;"/x t"/ M#%_
19
k|s[ltdf g} cljisf/ cfwfl/t x'G5 h'g k"0f{tof cr]tg x'G5 . Tof] t alx/f], nf6f] / cGwf] x'G5 . To;df s'g} klg r]tgf x'Fb}g . To; sf/0f To;n] s;/L k|f0fLnfO{ hLljt ug{ ;S5 < s;/L ;'Gg ;S5 , s;/L b]Vg ;S5 < s;/L af]Ng ;S5 < s;/L r]tgzLn aGg ;S5 < s;/L b'v / cfzfsf] cg'e"lt ug{ ;S5 < cr]tg j:t'n] p;nfO{ s]xL lbg ;Sb}g .
K;f]l/cl6sM pgLx? eG5g\, ;+;f/ t s]jn ;+of]uaf6 ag]sf] xf] . cyf{t s0f tyf tTjx? hDdf eP/ ag]sf] xf] . ;+;f/ ;+of]un] hflx/L hLjgdf b]lvPsf] xf] . ljleGg lsl;dsf k|f0fLx? s'g} of]hgf ljgf g} ag]sf x'g\ . o; lsl;dsf] bfjL g} o;sf] wf/0ffnfO{ t'xfg kof{Kt 5 . t;y{ ;[li6sf] oyfy{tf Pj+ o;sf] zfGbf/ Joj:yfkg / lgoldt ?kdf ;+rflnt x'g] s'/f / ;Gt'lnt jfo'n] ;+of]usf] bfjLnfO{ sf6 ub{5 . cNnfxn] o:tf] wf/0ffsf] v08g ub{} eg]sf 5g\ M of] cNnfxsf] ;[li6 xf] h;n] k|To]s lrhnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofPsf 5g\ . -;"/x gdn M**_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf eg]sf 5g\ M cNnfx g} x'g\ h;n] ;[li6u/] ;ftj6f cfsfzx¿ / Tolt g} k[YjL klg . logLx¿aLr cfb]z cjt/0f x'G5g\ tfls ltdLx¿ hfg ls cNnfx x/]s s'/fsf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ cNnfxn] k|To]s lrhnfO{ cfˆgf] 1fgsf] kl/lwdf lnPsf 5g\ . -;"/x tnfs M!@_
sDo'lgi6 M pgLx? sfn{ dfS;sf cg'ofoLx? x'g\ . pgLx? eG5g\ M O{Zj/ 5}g . hLjg Pp6f ef}lts j:t' xf] . pgLx?n] cfˆgf] /fi6«x?nfO{ o:tf] unt wf/0ffsf] cfwf/df ;f]ljot ;+3sf] gfdn] :yflkt u/]sf lyP . t/ 5f]6f] ;dodf g} pgLx?sf] o:tf] wf/0ff unt l;4 eof] / pgLx? ljleGg /fHodf lj3l6t eP .
Oltxf;sf rlr{t JolQmx? M
lkm/cf}g M p;n] O{Zj/sf] g} OGsf/ u/]sf] lyof] . p;sf] wf/0ffnfO{ O+lst ub{} s'/cfgn] eg]sf] 5 M hutsf] s'g} kfngxf/ 5}g . -;"/x z'c/f M@#_
To;kl5 p;n] cfkm"nfO{ g} O{Zj/sf] bfjL u¥of] . To;nfO{ klg s'/cfgn] o;/L aofg u/]sf] 5 M d g} ;j{>]i7 kfngxf/ x'F . -;"/x gflhoft M@$_
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
To;kl5 k"0f{ b[9tfsf ;fy cfkm"nfO{ g} k"Ho 7fGof] . To;sf] klg s'/cfgn]
o;/L lrq/0f u/]sf] 5 M d afx]s ltdLx?sf] sf]xL cGo O{Zj/ 5 eGg] dnfO{
nfUb}g . -;"/x s;; M #*_ lkm/cf}gn] O{zb"t d";fnfO{ klg wDsL lbb} eGof] .
To;sf] lrq0f cNnfxn] o;/L u/]sf 5g\ M dnfO{ afx]s c? s;}nfO{ O{Zj/ dfGof}
eg] d ltdLnfO{ h]n xfN5' . -;"/x z'c/f M@(_
gd?bM pm klg Pshgf rlr{t JolQm lyof] . p;n] cNnfxsf] af/]df
O{zb"t;Fu emu8f u¥of] . cNnfxn] To;sf] lrq0f klg o;/L u/]sf 5g\ M ha
Oa|fxLdn] eg]– æd]/f kfngstf{ tL x'g\ h;n] hLjg tyf d[To' lbG5g\ .Æ ta
p;n] eGof]– æd klg hLjg tyf d[To' lbG5' .Æ Oa|fxLdn] eg]– æcNnfxn]
;"o{nfO{ k"j{af6 pbo u/fpF5g\Ù ltdLn] klZrdaf6 pbo u/fP/ b]vfpm .Æ clg
Tof] sflkmÞ/ cfZro{ rlst eof] . /, cNnfxn] cTofrf/L ;d'bfonfO{ dfu{bz{g
lb+b}gg\ . -;"/x as/fx M@%*_
pgLx? ;a} cfˆgf]] c;n :jefj ljk/Lt uP . cfˆg} :jefjnfO{ OGsf/ u/] .
cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] o; s'ljrf/nfO{ o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ M /, ltgLx¿n] cTofrf/
tyf cxÍf/n] ubf{ tL rdTsf/x¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/] hals ltgLx¿sf cfTdf
ltgLx¿k|lt ljZj:t lyP . ctM x]/, s:tf] eof] ljWj+;sf/Lx¿sf] kl/0ffd . -;"/x
gdn M!$_
pgLx?sf] o; ;+;f/df g t s'g} :yfg /xof] g pgLx? cljgfzL aGg ;s] .
cNnfxsf] ?a"ljotdf cf:yf
?a"ljotdfly cf:yf eg]sf] of] ljZjf; ug'{ ls Ps cNnfx g} k|e" x'g\ pgL
g} >i6f x'g\, dflns klg pgL g} x'g\ / lgb{]zs klg pgL g} x'g\ . /a sf] cy{ g}
;/bf/, dflns, ;+rfns eGg] x'G5 . t;y{ pg}n] k'/f hutsf] ;+rfng ul//x]sf
5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M lkmÞ/cfÞ}gn] ;f]Wof] æx] d";f Û ltdL b'a}sf kfngstf{ sf]
x'g\ < pgn] eg]– æh;n] k|To]s lrhnfO{ To;sf] cfs[lt k|bfg u/] / To;nfO{ dfu{
b]vfP ltgL g} xfd|f kfngstf{ x'g\ . -;"/x tfxf M$(—%)_
21
;[li6 M cNnfx g} ;Dk"0f{ j:t'sf >i6f x'g\ . pgL afx]s x/]s j:t' ;[li6 xf] .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf ;[li6stf{ x'g\ / pgL x/]s j:t'sf
;+/Ifs x'g\ . -;"/x h'd/ M^@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 /, pgn] k|To]s lrh ;[li6 u/] / To;nfO{
/fd|f];Fu lgwf{l/t u/] . -;"/x km'/sfg M@_
s'g} klg ;[li6 ePsf] j:t'nfO{ pgL afx]s c?;Fu hf]l8of] eg] Tof] s]jn
;fk]IfL ;[li6 x'G5 . ;fk]IfL ;[li6 eg]sf] s'g} j:t'sf] u7g ug'{ , hf]8g' ;Dkfbg
ug'{ tyf cg'dfg ug'{ cflb xf] . o;sf] cy{ cgl:tTjaf6 cl:tTjdf Nofpg' eGg]
x'Fb}g .
:jfldTj M cNnfx g} :jfdL x'g\, pgL afx]s ;a} pgsf eQm x'g\ . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M cfsfzx¿ Pj+ k[YjLdf cNnfxs} zf;g /x]sf]5 / cNnfx ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf]
;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M!*(_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M k|fy{gf u/– æx] cNnfx Û /fHosf :jfdL Û ltdL
h;nfO{ rfxG5f} /fHo k|bfg ub{5f} Pjd\ h;af6 rfxG5f} /fHo vf]:b5f} -;"/x
cfn] Od/fg M@^_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M g pgsf] ;Qfdf sf]xL ;fe]mbf/ g} 5 / g
b'a{ntfsf sf/0f pgsf sf]xL ;xof]uL 5 . -;"/x O;|f M!!!_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfx g} ltdLx¿sf kfngstf{ x'g\ / ;fd|fHo
pgs} xf] . /, cNnfx afx]s ltdLx¿n] h;nfO{ k'sf5f}{{ ltgLx¿ Pp6f vh"/sf]
aLpmsf] af]qmf;d]tsf] dflns xf]Ogg\ . -;"/x kmflt/ M!#_
pgL afx]s s;}nfO{ dflns elgof] eg] Tof] s]jn ;fk]IfL x'G5 cyf{t s]xL
;dosf] nflu jf s]xL If0fsf] nflu dfq x'G5 . h:t} cNnfxn] d";f cn}= sf]
gft]bf/dWo]sf] Pp6f df]ldg -cf:yfjfg_ sf] egfOnfO{ pb\3[t ub}{ eg]sf 5g\ M
x] d]/f hfltaGw'x¿ xf] Û cfh ltdLx¿sf] zf;g 5, / kf] ltdLx¿ wtL{df /jfkm
b]vfO/x]sf 5f} . olb xfdLdfly cNnfxsf] oftgf cfof]eg] To;nfO{ kG5fpg
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
xfd|f] dbt s;n] ug]{5 < -;"/x uflkm/ M@( _ k"0f{ :jfdL s]jn Ps cNnfx
5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cGttM wtL{ tyf wtL{af;Lx¿sf pQ/flwsf/L xfdL
g} x'g]5f}+ / ;a} xfdLtk{m g} kmsf{Og]5g\ . -;"/x do{d M $)_
lgb{]zs M cNnfx g} lgb{]zs x"g\ . pgL afx]s ;a} lgb{]zg kfngf ug{]x?
x'g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M elgb]pm ;Dk"0f{ cfb]z cNnfx s} 5 . -;"/x cfn]
Od/fg M!%$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ;'g pg}sf] ;[li6 5 / pg}sf] cfb]z rN5 .
;f/f hutsf kfngxf/ a/stjfnf 5g\ . -;"/x cf/fkm M %$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M dfldnfx?sf] km};nf eO;s]sf] 5 / dfldnfx?
cNnfxtkm{ g} nlug] 5 . -;"/x as/fx M @!)_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLnfO{ o; dfldnfdf s'g} clVtof/ 5}g
.-;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !@*_
pgL dfq lgb{]zs x'g\ . pgL afx]s s;}nfO{ lgb{]zs dflgof] eg] Tof] s]jn
Pp6f ;fk]IfL lgb{]zs x'G5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg, ef/bf/x¿n] lkmÞ/cÞf}gs}
cfb]zsf] kfngf u/] hals lkmÞ/cÞf}gsf] cfb]z ;Totfdf cfwfl/t lyPg . -;"/x
x"b M(&_ Tof] Pp6f ;fk]IfL lgb{]zg dfq xf] p;n] rfx] t nfu' ug{ ;S5 g rfx]
To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ ;S5 .
cNnfxsf] lgb{]zg b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5, Pp6f sf}gL / csf{] z/O{ . sf}gL lgb{]zg
eg]sf] clgjfo{ ?kdf nfu' x'g] lgb{]zg xf] . Tof] cNnfxsf] rfxgf h:tf] xf] . cNnfxn]
df]xDdb ;n= nfO{ cfˆgf] af/]df eGg nufPsf 5g\ M pgsf] cfb]z o:tf] 5, ha
pgn] s'g} s'/f ug{ rfxG5g\ clg eG5g\, xf]pm Tof] eOxfN5 . -;"/x o"g'; M*@_
z/O{ lgb{]zg eg]sf] kl/If0fsf] nflu jf P]lR5s lgb{]zg xf] . Tof] nfu' klg
x'g ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . t/ ;Dk"0f{ lgb{]zg cNnfxsf] rfxgfdf cfwfl/t 5g\ .
23
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ltdLx¿dWo] ;Lwf dfu{df lx+8\g rfxg]x¿sfnflu . ltdLn]
rfx]/ s]xL x'g] 5}g ha;Dd ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf kfngstf{ cNnfxsf] rfxgf gxf];\ .
-;"/x tSjL/ M @*,@(_
?a"ljotdf ;[li6stf{, :jfdL / lgb{]zs h:tf tLg j6f s'/f ;ldlnt 5g\ .
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg', hLljt ug'{ , dfg'{, kfgL jiff{pg', af]6 lj?jf
pdfg'{, xfjf rnfpg', 8'+uf rnfpg', /ftnfO{ lbgdf / lbgnfO{ /ftdf abNg', ue{jtL
agfpg', ue{ :vng agfpg', /f]u lbg' , /f]u lgsf] kfg'{, OHht lbg' / ckdfg ug'{
cflb pg}sf] lgb{]zg af6 x'G5 . cNNffxsf] ?a"ljotdfly o:tf] cf:yf x'g' dfgj
:jefjdf cfwfl/t 5 . dfgj ljj]sn] :jLsfb{5 . a|Dxf08df o;sf] cg'e'lt ug{
;lsG5 . of] s'/f O{zu|Gydf klg pNn]v 5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cfsfz tyf
wtL{sf] ;[li6df, /ft Pj+ lbgsf] Pskl5 csf]{sf] cfjt–hfjtdf, dflg;x¿sfnflu
nfebfos ;fdu|Lx¿ lnP/ ;d'b|df lxF8\g] 8'ª\ufx¿df, cfsfzaf6 cNnfxn]
a;f{Psf kfgLdf h;af6 pgn] d'bf{ e"ldnfO{ hLljt kf5{g\ clg wtL{df w]/}
k|sf/sf hLj–hGt' km}nfpF5g\ tyf xfjfsf] axglqmofdf / cfsfz Pj+ k[YjLaLr
lgoGq0fdf /flvPsf afbndf lgZro g} a'l4dfgx¿sf nflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ .
-;"/x as/fx M!^$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLn] g} /ftnfO{ lbgdf tyf lbgnfO{ /ftdf
k|lji6 ub{5f} . /, ltdL lghL{jxaf6 ;hLj Pj+ ;hLjaf6 lghL{j lgsfNb5f} clg
ltdL h;nfO{ rfxG5f} cgluGtL wg–;DkQL k|bfg ub{5f} . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M@&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfxn] g} cGgsf bfgf tyf vh'/sf] u]8fnfO{
c+s'l/t kf5{g\ . pg}n] lghL{jaf6 ;hLjnfO{ tyf ;hLjaf6 lghL{jnfO{ lgsfN5g\ .
oL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{ cNnfx xF'bf x'Fb} stf axls+b}5f} < pgL laxfgL NofpF5g\ .
pgn] g} /ftnfO{ lj>fdsf] ;do agfP / pgn] g} ;"o{ tyf rGb|dfnfO{ uGtLsf]
dfWod agfP . oL ;a} pg} zlQmzfnL tyf ;j{1n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf ljwLx¿ x'g\ . /,
pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿sf nflu tf/fx¿nfO{ yn tyf hnsf cGwsf/x¿df dfu{
kQf nufpg] ;fwg agfP . /, 1fgLx¿sf nflu xfdLn] lgzfgLx¿af/] k|:6;Fu
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
aofg ul/lbPsf 5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿nfO{ Pp6} Hofgaf6 ;[li6 u/] clg
;a}sfnflu Pp6f a:g] 7fpF / Pp6f ;'lDkg] 7fpF 5 . /, xfdLn] ljj]szLnsf
nflu lgzfgLx¿af/] k|:6;Fu aofg u/]sf 5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] cfsfzaf6 kfgL
a;f{P . To;kl5 xfdLn] To;af6 w]/} lsl;dsf ag:klt pAhfof}+ . clg, xfdLn]
To;af6 xl/of 3fF;kft tyf ?v–lj?jfx¿ pAhfof}+ h;af6 e'mKkfsf e'mKkf
bfgfx¿ k}bf ePÙ To:t} vh'/sf ufefx¿af6 e'ml08Psf e'mKkfsf e'mKkf vh'/ .
clg c+u''/, h}t"g tyf cgf/sf] au}+rf agfof}+ h;sf kmnx¿ s]xL Ps csf{;Fu
ldNbfh'Nbf / s]xL leGg leGg klg 5g\ . ;a}sf kmn x]/ ha tL kmN5g\ / ha tL
(%—((_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M cNnfx tL x'g\ h;n] lagf s'g} :tDe cfsfzx¿nfO{
h:tf] ltdL b]Vb}5f}, dfly p7fP / k]ml/ cfˆgf] /fhl;+xf;gdf la/fhdfg eP . /,
pgn] ;"o{ tyf rGb|dfnfO{ Pp6f lgoldt ;]jfdf v6fP . k|To]s lrh Ps lgwf{l/t
;dosf]nflu sfo{/t 5 . cNnfxn] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgn]
cfotx¿nfO{ :ki6 kf/]]/ atfpg] u5{g\ tfls ltdLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{;Fusf]
e]6df ljZjf; u/ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] wtL{nfO{ lj:t[t kf/] / To;df kxf8 Pj+
gbLx¿ ;[hgf u/] . pg}n] ;a} lsl;dsf kmnsf hf]8f agfP . pgn] g} lbgnfO{
/ftn] 5f]Kb5g\ . lg:;Gb]x lrGtg dgg ug]{x¿sfnflu oL ;a}df lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ .
/, wtL{df Ps csf{l;t ldn]sf ljleGg k|sf/sf e"–efux¿ 5g\Ù c+u'/sf au}+rf,
v]tLafnL / vh'/sf a[Ifx¿ 5g\ h;dWo] s;}sf] Pp6f dfq xf+uf 5 / s;}sf w]/}
xfFufx¿ 5g\ . oL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg kfgLn] l;+rfO ul/G5 t/ xfdL s]xL kmnnfO{ w]/}
:jflbi6 agfOlbG5f}+ / s]xLnfO{ sd :jflbi6 . lg:;Gb]x o;df ljj]sn] sfd lng]
JolQmx¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . -;"/x /cb M@—$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M pgn] g} cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{nfO{ ;Tosf] cfwf/df
;[li6 u/] . pgL logLx¿n] ug{] lzs{eGbf pRr -kljq_ 5g\ . pgn] dfgjnfO{ jLo{åf/f
;[hgf u/] t/ pm v'Nnd v'Nnf emu8fn' aGg k'Uof] . /, hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg pgn] g}
;[li6 u/] h;af6 ltdLx¿ Gofgf] j:q tyf cGo kmfObf p7fpF5f} / tLdWo] s]xLnfO{
25
vfg] klg u5f}{ . /, ltgdf ltdLx¿sf]nflu ;f}Gbo{ /x]sf] 5, ha laxfg To;nfO{ r/fpg n}hfG5f} / ha To;nfO{ ;fFem k/]kl5 lnP/ cfpF5f} . /, ltgLx¿n] ltdLx¿sf ef/L af]s]/ o:tf] :yfgx¿;Dd k'¥ofpF5g\ hxfF;Dd ltdLx¿ sl7g kl/>d lagf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] lyPgf} . lg:;Gb]x ltdLx¿sf kfngstf{ clt :g]xzLn Pj+ k/d bofn' 5g\ . clg, pgn] g} 3f]8f, vRr/ tyf uwfx¿ ;[li6 u/] tfls ltdLx¿ To;df ;jf/L u/ / oL ltd|f] hLjgsf] zf]ef klg ag"g\ . /, cNnfx o:tf j:t'x¿sf] ;[li6 u5{g\ h;af/] ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf g} 5}g . l;wf dfu{ t cNnfx;Fu 5 hals sltko 6]9f dfu{x¿ klg 5g\ / cNnfxn] rfx]sf] eP ltdLx¿ ;a} nfO{ ;Tdfu{ b]vfpg] lyP . pg} x'g\ h;n] ltd|fnflu cfsfzaf6 kfgL a;f{P h'g ltdLx¿ lkpg] u5f}{ / To;n] ubf{ pd|]sf ag:kltx¿df cfˆgf kz'x¿ r/fpF5f} . To;} kfgLåf/f pgn] ltdLx¿sfnflu v]tL, h}t"g, vh"/, c+u"/ / w]/} k|sf/sf kmnx¿ pTkGg u5{g\ . lg:;Gb]x o;df ;f]rljrf/ ug]{ JolQmx¿sfnflu lgzfgL /x]sf] 5 . /, pgn] g} /ft / lbg, ;"o{ / rGb|dfnfO{ ltdLx¿sf] ;]jfdf v6fPsf 5g\ . pgs} cfb]zaf6 tf/fx¿ klg ;]jfdf vl6Psf 5g\ . lg:;Gb]x o;df ljj]slznx¿sf nflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . /, pgn] hdLgdf gfgf yl/sf h] hlt ;[li6 u/]sf5g\, lg:;Gb]x To;df klg lzIff u|x0f ug]{x¿sf nflu 7"nf] lgzfgL 5 . clg, pg}n] ;d'b|nfO{ ltdLx¿sf] cwLgdf u/] tfls ltdLx¿ To;af6 tfhf df;' vfpm / To;af6 uxgf lgsfn h;nfO{ ltdLx¿ nufpg] u5f}{ . /, 8'Ëfx¿nfO{ kfgL lrb}{ To;af6 cl3 a9]sf] ltdL b]V5f} . oL ;a}sf] p2]Zo of] xf] ls ltdLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{sf] cg'u|x vf]hLsf]nflu k|oTg u/ / pgLk|lt s[t1 ag . clg, pgn] k[YjLdf kxf8x¿nfO{ uf8] tfls ltdLx¿;d]t gn8 / gbL tyf dfu{x¿ agfP tfls ltdLx¿ af6f] kfpg ;s . clg, pgn] -dfu{ atfpg]_ c¿ lrGxx¿ /fv] . /, dflg;x¿ tf/fx¿åf/f klg dfu{ kQf nufpg] u5{g\ . clg s] h;n] ;[li6 u5{g\ pgL ;[li6 ug{ g;Sg]h:tf x'g ;S5g\ < s] ltdLx¿ pkb]z u|x0f ub}{gf} <
clg, ltdLx¿n] cNnfxsf j/bfgx¿nfO{ u0fgf ug{ rfx] klg ug{ ;Sb}gf} . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx clt IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x gxn M#—!*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M hf] lkmbf]{ifsf pQ/flwsf/L x'g]5g\ hxfF pgLx¿ ;bf /xg]5g\ . lg:;Gb]x xfdLn] dg'ionfO{ df6f]sf] ;f/ -lgrf]8_ af6 ;[li6 u¥of}+ .
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
k]ml/ To;nfO{ jLo{sf] yf]kf:j¿k Pp6f ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVof}+ . clg jLo{nfO{ l9Ssf] /ut agfof}+ / To; l9Ssf] /utnfO{ df;'sf] 8Nnf] agfof}+ clg df;'sf] 8Nnf] nfO{ x•L agfof}+ . /, xfdLn] To; x•Ldf df;' r9fof}+ . k]ml/ gofF 9fFrfdf dfgjsf] ;[li6 u¥of}+ . ctM a/sto'Qm 5g\ cNnfx hf] ;jf]{Qd ;[li6stf{ x'g\ . To;kl5 ltdLx¿ cjZo dg'{ kg]{5 . k'gM dxfk|nosf] lbg ltdLx¿ p7fOg]5f} . xfdLn] ltdLx¿dfly ;ftj6f cfsfzx¿ ;[hgf u/]sf 5f}+ / xfdL ;[li6af6 cgle1 5}gf}+ . /, cfsfzaf6 xfdLn] 7Ls kl/df0fdf kfgL j;f{of}+ / To;nfO{ wtL{df c8\ofof}+ . /, xfdL To;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ klg ;Ifd 5f}+ . k]ml/ To;af6 xfdLn] vh"/ tyf c+u'/ sf au}+rfx¿ pdf¥of}+ . To;df ltdLx¿sflglDt w]/} :jflbi6 kmn ;[hgf u¥of}+ clg To;}af6 ltdLx¿ vfG5f} . /, t"/] ;}gf -gfds kxf8_ df pd|g] Tof] -h}t'g_ j[IfnfO{ klg -xfdLn] g} pdf¥of}+_ h;n] vfg]x¿sfnflu t]n / t/sf/L lbG5g\ . /, hgfj/x¿df klg ltdLx¿sfnflu 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 . ltgsf k]6df /x]sf kbfy{af6 lkpg] b"w k|bfg u5f}{+ / ltgdf ltdLx¿sfnflu cGo w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . /, ltgLx¿dWo] s]xLnfO{ -ltdL_ vfG5f} klg . /, ltgdfly tyf 8'Fufx¿dfly ;jf/ u/fOG5f} . -;"/x d'd]g"gM!!—@@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g ls cNnfxn] g} afbnnfO{ rnfpF5g\, clg ltgLx¿nfO{ cfk;df hf]8\5g tyf ltgLx¿nfO{ txdfly tx u/L /fV5g\ / To;s} aLraf6 ltdLn] kfgL k/]sf] b]V5f} < /, pgL cfsfzdf /x]sf] -cl;gfsf]_ kxf8af6 cl;gf a;f{pF5g\ . -cNnfxn]_ h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ To;åf/f xflg k'¥ofpF5g\ / h;nfO{ rfxG5g\ arfpF5g\ . To;sf] lah'nLsf] rdsn] b]Vg] zlQm g} n}hfnfh:tf] x'G5 . /ft tyf lbgnfO{ cNnfx g} kl/jt{g ul//xG5g\ . b[li6jfg JolQmx¿sfnflu o;df lgZro g} 7"nf] lzIff /x]sf] 5 . /, x/]s lx+88'n ug]{ k|f0fLnfO{ cNnfxn] kfgLaf6 ;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s'g} cfˆgf] k]6n] l3;|G5g\, s'g} b'O{ v'§fn] lxF8\5g\ / s'g} rflxF rf/ v'§fn] . cNnfx h] rfxG5g\ ToxL ;[li6 u5{g\ . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx k|To]s sfo{sf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x g"/M$#—$%_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] ltdLn] b]v]gf}+ ltd|f kfngstf{n] s;/L 5fofF k}mnfpF5g\ < olb pgn] rfx]sf] eP To; 5fofFnfO{ l:y/ g} /fVg] lyP . k]ml/ xfdLn] ;"o{nfO{ To; 5fofFsf] nflu lgb]{zs agfof}+ . k]ml/ xfdLn] To;
27
5fofFnfO{ lj:tf/} cfk"mlt/ ;d]6\5f}+ . /, pg} x'g\ h;n] ltdLx¿sfnflu /
ftnfO{ kbf{, lgb|fnfO{ lj>fd / lbgnfO{ hfUg] ;do agfP . /, pg} x'g\ h;n]
cfˆgf] s[kf -jiff{_ eGbf cl3 xfjfnfO{ z'e–;'rgf:j¿k k7fpF5g\ . /, xfdL g}
cfsfzaf6 kljq kfgL a;f{pF5f}+ . tfls To;åf/f d[t e"ldnfO{ hLljt kf/f}+ /
xfdLn] ;[li6 u/]sf w]/}h;f] rf}kfof tyf dflg;x¿nfO{ ToxL kfgL lknfpF5f}+ . /,
xfdLn] o;nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] aofg u¥of}+ tfls ltgLx¿n] pkb]z u|x0f u¿g\
t/ clwsf+z dflg;x¿ s[t£gtfdf g} cl8u /x] . olb xfdLn] rfx]sf] eP
k|To]s gu/df Ps hgf ;r]ts k7fpg] lyof}+ . ctM sflkmÞ/x¿sf] s'/f gdfg
/ o; sÞ'/cfgåf/f ltgLx¿lj?4 7"nf] ;+3if{ u/ . /, ltg} x'g\ h;n] b'O{j6f
;d'b|nfO{ ldnfPÙ Pp6f ld7f]–:jflbnf] 5 / csf]{ rflxF g'lgnf] tyf 6/f{] . clg,
pgn] b'j}sf aLrdf Pp6f cb[Zo kbf{ / Pp6f k[ys kfg]{ cj/f]w v8f ul/lbP .
/, pg} x'g\ h;n] kfgLaf6 dflg;nfO{ ;[li6 u/] tyf To; dfgjnfO{ j+zfjnL
Pj+ ;;'/fnL gft]bf/jfnf agfP . /, ltd|f kfngstf{ ;fdYo{jfg 5g\ . -;"/x
km'/sfgM $%–%$_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ctM ;fFem / laxfg cNnfxsf] dlxdfufg
u/ / cfsfzx¿ / wtL{df ;f/f k|z+;f pg}sf] nflu 5 . t];|f] kx/ / h'x/
-ck/fGx_ df klg . pgL d[taf6 hLljtnfO{ lgsfNb5g\ / hLljtaf6 d[tnfO{ .
clg, pgL e"ldnfO{ To;sf] d[To'kZrft\ k'gM hLljt kfb{5g\ . /, o;/L g}
ltdLx¿ klg lgsflng]5f} . /, cNnfxsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] of] klg /x]sf] 5 ls
pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ df6f]af6 ;[li6 u/] clg ltdL dfgj eP/ k}mln+b}5f} . /,
pgsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] of] klg /x]sf] 5 ls pgn] ltdLx¿sfnflu ltdLx¿s}
;xhfltaf6 ltdLx¿sf hf]8L agfP tfls ltdLx¿ ltgLx¿af6 ;Gt'li6 k|fKt
u/ . / ltdLx¿aLr pgn] k|]d tyf bof pTkGg u/] . lg:;Gb]x o;df ;f]rljrf/
ug]{ dflg;x¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . /, cNnfxs} lgzfgLx¿dWo]sf] cfsfzx¿
tyf wtL{sf] ;[li6 xf] / ltdLx¿sf efiffx¿ Pj+ j0f{x¿sf] leGgtf . lgZro g}
o;df 1fgLx¿sfnflu w]/} lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . pgsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] xf] ltdLx¿sf]
/ft / lbgsf] ;'tfO / hLljsf vf]Hg] sfo{ klg . lgZro g} o;df Wofgk"j{s ;'Gg]
x¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ . clg, pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ lah'nL b]vfpF5g\ h;n]
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
eo Pj+ cfzf b'j} pTkGg u5{ / cfsfzaf6 kfgL j;f{pF5g\ clg To;åf/f d"bf{
e"ldnfO{ hLljt kfb{5g\ . lg:;Gb]x o;df a'l4hLljx¿sfnflu lgzfgLx¿ 5g\ .
/, pgsf lgzfgLx¿dWo] cfsfz tyf wtL{ pgs} cfb]zdf sfod /xg' klg xf] .
k]ml/ ha pgn] ltdLx¿nfO{ wtL{af6 lg:sg Pp6f cfjfh lbg]5g\ ta ltdLx¿
cs:dft\ lg:sg]5f} . /, cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{sf ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿ cNnfxs}nflu
x'g\ . /, oL ;a} pgsf cf1fsf/L x'g\ . pg} x'g\ h;n] ;[li6sf] cf/De u5{g\ clg
pg}n] To;sf] k'g/fj[lQ ug]{5g\ . /, of] pgsf]nflu emg\ ;/n 5 . cfsfzx¿
tyf wtL{df pg}sf] u'0f ;jf]{Rr /x]sf] 5 / pgL k|e'TjzfnL Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5g\ .
-;"/x ?dM!&—@&_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M/x\dfg\ -cNnfx_ n], s'Þ/cfgsf] lzIff lbPÙ
dflg;nfO{ ;[li6 u/] . p;nfO{ af]Ng l;sfP . ;"o{ tyf rGb|df Pp6f lgwf{l/t
lx;fan] rln/x]sf 5g\ . /, tf/f tyf ?v b'j} ;Hbfdf 5g\ . /, pg}n] cfsfznfO{
dfly p7fP / t/fh' :yflkt ul/lbP . tfls tf}ndf ltdLx¿ ;Ldf]Nn+3g gu/ . /
Gofosf ;fy 7Ls–7Ls tf}ng] u/ clg tf}ndf sdL gu/ . /, pgn] k|f0fLx¿sfnflu
k[YjL agfP=. h;df x/]s k|sf/sf :jflbnf kmn 5g\Ù vh"/sf ?v 5g\ h;sf kmn
cfj/0fx¿df a]l/Psf 5g\ . e"; o'Qm cGgx¿ / ;'ulGwt k"mn . x] lhGg / dg'ioÛ
ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < dg'ionfO{ pgn]
;'s]sf] / ;8]sf] df6f]af6 ;[li6 u/] / lhGgnfO{ cfuf]sf] Hjfnfaf6 ;[li6 u/] . x]
lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f}<
b'j} k"j{ / b'j} klZrdsf dflns pg} x'g\ . x] lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf
kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < pgn] b'O{j6f ;d'b| aufP h'g
k/:k/ ldN5g\ . tL b'j}aLr Pp6f kvf{n /x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ tL b'O{ Ps cfk;df
k|j]z ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . x] lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g
j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < ltgLx¿ b'j}af6 df]tL tyf d'ufx¿ lg:sg] u5{g\ . x]
lhGg / dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f}< /,
cNnfxs} -lgoGq0fdf_ 5g\ ;d'b|df kxf8e}+m plePsf cUnf hxfhx¿ . x] lhGg
/ dg'io Û ltdL b'j} cfˆgf kfngstf{sf s'g s'g j/bfgnfO{ em"7\nfpF5f} < -;"/x
/xdfg M !—@%_
29
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M s] xfdLn] g} agfPgf}+ wtL{nfO{ la5\of}gf /
kj{tx¿nfO{ -k[YjLsf] nflu_ r's'n < / xfdLn] ltdLx¿nfO{ hf]8f–hf]8f ;[li6
u¥of}+ . /, ltdLx¿sf] lgb|fnfO{ cf/fdbfoL agfof}+ . /, /ftnfO{ xfdLn] kbf{ agfof}+ .
/, lbgnfO{ xfdLn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;do agfof}+ . /, ltdLx¿dfly ;ftj6f ;'b[9Þ
cfsfzx¿ agfof}+ . /, xfdLn] cToGt} Hof]ltd{o / pi0f bLks ;[li6 u¥of}+ . /,
;3g afbnx¿af6 xfdLn] clj/n kfgL j;f{of}+ . tfls pdf/f}+ To;åf/f cGg Pj+
jg:klt==/ ;3g au}+rfx¿ . -;"/x gaf M^—!^_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLx¿nfO{ ;[li6 ug{‘ sl7g 5 ls cfsfznfO{<
cNnfxn] g} To;nfO{ agfP . pgn] To;sf] 5fgfnfO{ dfly p7fP / To;nfO{
;dtn agfP . pg}n] To;sf] /ftnfO{ cGwsf/do agfP / To;sf] lbgnfO{
k|sfZdo agfP . /, To;kl5 wtL{nfO{ cf]5\ofP . pg}n] o;af6 kfgL / afnLgfnL
pdf/] . /, o;dfly kj{tx¿nfO{ :yflkt u/] . ltdL / ltd|f kz'x¿sf] hLljsfsf]
nflu -u/]_ . -;"/x gflhoft M@&—##_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M dflg;n] cfˆgf] vfB kbfy{tk{m x]/f];\ .
lg:;Gb]x xfdLn] g} k|z:t kfgL j;f{of}+ / e"ldnfO{ /fd|/L lr¥of}+ . clg To;df
pAhfof}+ cGg–afnL / c+u'/ Pj+ ;fukft / h}t'g Pj+ vh"/ / 3gf au}+rfx¿ /
@$—#@_
cfbdsf ;f/f ;Gtfgn] cNnfxsf] ?a"ljotnfO{ :jLsf/]sf 5g\ . h:t} cNnfx
g} ;[li6 ug{]jfnf x'g\, cNnfxn] g} :jfdL x'g\ / cNnfx g} ;+rfns x'g\ eGg] s'/f
dfg]sf 5g\ . c/asf jx'b]jjfbLx?n] klg of] s'/f :jLsf/]sf lyP . h:t} pgLx?sf]
:jLsf/f]lQmnfO{ cNnfxn] o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ . eg– æolb ltdLx¿ hfgsf/L
/fV5f} eg], k[YjL tyf To;df /x]sf lrhx¿ s;sf x'g\ <Æ ltgLx¿n] eGg]5g\–
æcNnfxsf .Æ eg– æclg ltdLx¿ pkb]z lsg u|x0f ub}{gf} t <Æ eg– æ;ft
cfsfz tyf dxfg\ l;+xf;gsf :jfdL sf] x'g\ t <Æ t'?Gt} eGg]5g\– æcNnfx ÛÆ
eg– æclg ltdLx¿ lsg 8/fpFb}gf} t <Æ eg– æolb ltdLx¿ hfgsf/L /fV5f}
eg], ;Dk"0f{ lrhx¿sf] clVtof/ s;sf] xftdf 5 / pgL sf] x'g\ h;n] z/0f
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
lbG5g\ t/ pgsf] bfFhf]df s;}n] z/0f lbg ;Sb}g <ÆltgLx¿n] eGg]5g\– æcNnfx
ÛÆ elgb]pm– æk]ml/ ltdLx¿ sxfFaf6 hfb"kLl8t x'G5f} t <Æ-;"/x d'd]g"g M*$—*(_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M /, ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfsfzx¿ tyf k[YjL
s;n] ;[li6 u¥of] eg]/ ;f]Wof} eg] ltgLx¿n] cjZo g} eGg]5g\– ælogLx¿nfO{
k|e'TjzfnL, ;j{1 -cNnfx_ n] ;[li6 u/] . -;"/x h'V?km M(_
cNnfxsf] o; ljz]iftfdf klg ljleGg hdfctx? kye|i6tfsf lzsf/
ag]sf 5g\ .
cUgLk"hsx? M pgLx? eG5g\ M o; ;+;f/sf O{Zj/ b'O6f 5g\ . Pp6f
k|sfzsf] O{Zj/ 5 h;n] /fd|f] s'/f ;[li6 u5{ eg] csf{] cGwsf/sf] O{Zj/ 5 h;n]
g/fd|f] s'/f ;[li6 u5{ . pgLx?n] k|sfznfO{ cGwsf/eGbf /fd|f] dfGb5g\ .
O;fO{ M pgLx?sf] ljrf/df Ps cNnfx tLg tTjn] ag]sf] 5 afa', 5f]/f /
kljq cfTdf . t/ pgLx?n] hutsf tLg j6f kfngstf{ 5g\ egL k|dfl0ft ug{
eg] ;s]sf 5}gg\ / hutsf kfngstf{ Ps cNnfxnfO{ g} dfg]sf 5g\ .
c/asf jx'b]jjfbL M pgLx?n] cfˆgf] d"lt{x?nfO{ gfkmf tyf gf]S;fgsf sf/s
7fGby] ;fy} cfˆgf] efUo tL/sf] dfWodaf6 hfGg] sf]l;; uy{] .
sb/Lof M pgLx?sf] egfO cg';f/ dfgj cfkm}n] sfd ;[hgf ub{5 To;df
cNnfxsf] s'g} OR5f /xFb}g . oL ;a} vfn] kye|i6tfx?sf] k|fs[lts ts{x?af6 sf6
ePsf] 5 . dfgj ljj]s, r]tgf tyf cNnfxsf] sfg'gn] cNnfx cfˆgf]] ;[li6, /fh
/ lgb{]zgdf PSn} 5g\ eGg] s'/f k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxn] g s;}nfO{ k'q agfPsf 5g\ g pgsf;fy
cGo sf]xL k"Ho g} /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ePsf] eP, k|To]s k"Ho cfˆgf] ;[li6nfO{ lnP/
cnlUug] lyP / ltgLx¿ Ps csf{dfly hfOnfUg] lyP . cNnfx tL s'/fx¿af6
kljq 5g\ h'g ltgLx¿ j0f{g ug]{ u5{g\ . -;"/x d'd]g"g M(!_
31
O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] s'/f ;To 5 . t;y{ >i6f klg pm g} x'g' h?/L 5 . p;n] h] rfxG5 Tof] p;n] u5{ . olb p;sf] sf]xL ;fem]bf/ x'GYof] eg] p;n] klg t s]xL ;[li6 uYof{] xf]nf . olb o:t} xf] eg] ToxfF b'O{j6f s'/f x'g' h?/L 5 . O{Zj/ Psafx]s cg]s ePsf] eP lsg t x/]s O{Zj/ cfˆgf] ;[li6nfO{ lnP/ hfGy] jf cfˆgf] zf;gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbGy] . t/ ;+;f/sf] lgodn] oL s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{ . ls pgLx? b'a}aLr k|lt:kwf{ Pj+ d'sfanf rNYof] . pgLx?dWo] Psn] z/L/ nfO{ x/st ug{] cfb]z lbGYof] eg] csf{]n] l:y/ x/g] cfb]z lbGYof] . Pp6fn] s'g} j:t'nfO{ hLjg k|bfg ug{ rfxGYof] eg] csf{]n] d[To' rfxGYof] . o;/L b'a}n] Ps ;fy cfˆgf] rfxgf k'/f ug{] cj:yf /xFb}g / cfˆgf]] p2]Zodf ;kmn x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
cNnfx Psdfq k"Ho 5g\ egL cf:yf /fVg'
k"Ho eg]sf] Tof] x:tL xf] h;sf] k"hf ul/G5 . k"hf k"0f{ cfb/ tyf dfofn] k|]l/t eO{ ul/g' k5{ . o:tf] cfb/ Ps ;To O{Zj/nfO{ afx]s s;}nfO{ lbg' x'Fb}g . o;} ljZjf;sf ;fy z'4 O{dfg k|fKt x'G5 . h;dfly cf:yf /flvPsf] x'G5 p;nfO{ klg dxfg dfGg ;lsG5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M æcNnfxafx]s sf]xL k"Ho 5}gg\Æ eGg] s'/fsf] ;fIfL :jo+ cNnfx, kmÞl/Ztfx¿ Pj+ 1fgLx¿ lbG5g\ . pgL lg;fkm sfodstf{ x'g\ . pgLafx]s sf]xL k"Ho 5}g . pgL k|e'TjzfnL Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5g\ . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltdLx¿sf O{Zj/ Pp6} 5g\ . pgLafx]s sf]xL pkf:o 5}g . pgL cToGt s?0ffdo / k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x as/fx M !^#_
cNnfxn] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL rfx] Tof] dfgj xf];\ jf bfgj cfˆgf]] elQmsf] nflu ;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ . 1ft /xf];\ pgnfO{ s;}sf] pkf;gfsf] cfjZostf kb{}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, d}n] lhGg tyf dfgjnfO{ s]jn cfˆgf] pkf;gfsf]nflu ;[li6 u/]sf] x'F . d ltgLx¿af6 s'g} hLljsf rfxFlbgÙ g of] rfxG5' ls ltgLx¿n] dnfO{ v'jfpmg\ . -;"/x hfl/oft M %^,%&_
cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] ;Dk"0f{ b"tx?nfO{ o;} cf:yf af/] dfgjnfO{ atfpg / dfgjn] cNnfxsf] pkf;gf u?g\ / s;}nfO{ O{Zj/sf] ;fem]bf/ gagfpg\ egL
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
cfxjfg ug{ ;+;f/df k7fP . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M xfdLn] k|To]s ;d'bfodf /;"n
k7fof}+ . s]jn cNnfxsf] pkf;gf u/ / …tfu"ÞtÚ -x/]s lsl;dsf] cj1fsf/L_ b]lv
6f9f /xg] u/ . -;"/x gxn M #^_
tL b"tx?n] dfgj ;d'bfonfO{ h] s'/f eg] cNnfxn] pgLx?sf] egfOnfO{
o;/L lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ M æx] d]/f] ;d'bfo Û cNnfxsf] elQm u/ . pgLafx]s
ltdLx¿sf] cGo sf]xL pkf:o 5}g . -;"/x cf/fkm M %(_
o:tf] b[9 ljZjf;sf] ;f/ s] xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ vfnsf] pkf;gf s]jn cNnfxsf]
nflu dfq x'g' k5{ / s;}nfO{ pgsf] ;fem]bf/ agfpg' x'Fb}g . h;n] ;fem]bf/
agfpF5 pm d'lZ/s tyf sflkm/ x'G5 .
cfWoflTds pkf;gf M dfofF x'g' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, s]xL dflg;x¿ o:tf
5g\ hf] cNnfxsf afx]s c¿nfO{ pgsf] ;dsIfL 7x¥ofpF5g\ / ltgLx¿l;t o;/L
k|]d u5{g\ h;/L cNnfxl;t dfq ug'{ kg]{ xf] hals cf:yfjfgx¿ cNnfxl;tsf]
k|]ddf clt b[9 x'G5g\ . -;"/x as/fx M!^%_
eo x'g' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M Tof] z}tfg xf] h;n] cfˆgf ldqx¿nfO{
t;f{pF5 . ctM olb ltdLx¿ cf:yfjfg xf} eg] ltgLx¿;Fu g8/fpmÙ s]jn d;Fu
8/fpm . -;"/x cfn] Od/fg M !&%_
cfzf ug'{ M cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;Nn= nfO{ eGg' ePsf] 5M elgb]pm– æd
ltdLx¿h:t} Ps dg'io dfq x'F . dtk{m k|sfzgf cfpF5 ls ltdLx¿ ;a}sf k"Ho
Ps dfq 5g\ . ctM hf] sf]xL cfˆgf /al;t e]6sf] cfzf /fVb5 p;n] ;Tsd{ ug'{k5{
/ cfˆgf /asf] pkf;gfdf s;}nfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpg' x'Fb}g . -;"/x sxkm M!!)_
oL tLg j6f s'/fx? cfWoflTds pkf;gfsf] ;f/ xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
ltgLx¿ h;nfO{ k'sf5{g\ pgLx¿ :jo+ cfˆgf kfngstf{sf] lgs6tf k|flKtsfnflu
dfWod vf]Hb}5g\ ls pgLx¿dWo] s;n] clws lgs6tf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . clg,
pgLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{sf] bofsf] cfzfdf /xG5g\ / pgsf] oftgf;Fu 8/fpF5g\ .
-;"/x O;|f M %&_
33
pkf;gfdf pk/f]Qm tLgj6f s'/fdWo] s'g}nfO{ klg 5'6fpg' x'Fb}g . h;n]
s]jn 8/sf sf/0f pkf;gf u¥of] pm 8/kf]s xf] . h;n] s]jn cfzfsf sf/0f
pkf;gf u¥of] pm s]jn cfzfjfbL xf] . h;n] s]jn dfofsf sf/0f pkf;gf
u¥of] pm s]jn Joljrf/L xf] . h;n] pk/f]Qm tLg j6} s'/fsf] cfwf/df pkf;gf
u¥of] Tof] g} jf:tljs P]s]Zj/jfbL xf] .
cfTdfsf] z'4tf g} c;n z'4tf xf] . xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M ;'g, z/L/df Pp6f
df;'sf] 6'qmf 5 . Tof] 7Ls 5 eg] k'/f z/L/ 7Ls /xG5 olb Tof] ljlu|of] eg] k'/f
z/L/ lju|G5 . Tof] xf] x[bo .
df}lvs pkf;gfx? Mb'cf M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M dl:hbx¿ cNnfxsf x'g\ .
ctM cNnfxsf];fy c¿ s;}nfO{ gk'sf/ . -;"/x lhg M!*_
z/0f dfUg' M cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ eGg] cfb]z lbPsf 5g\ M d dfgjsf cNnfxsf]
z/0f lnG5' -;"/x gf; M !_
dbt dfUg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M ha ltdLn] cfˆgf]] kfngstf{;Fu dbt
dfU5f} p;n] ltdLnfO{ dbt ug{] 5 . -;"/x cGkmfn M (_
lhls/ ug'{ M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M x] cf:yfjfg xf] cNnfxnfO{ cToflws ofb
u/ . -;"/x cxhfa M$!_
s'/cfg kf7 ug'{ M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M ltdLlt/ jxL -k|sfzgf_ ul/Psf]
k':tssf] kf7 u/ . -;"/x cGsa't M$%_
/fd|f] s'/f ug'{ M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M kljq zAbx¿ pg}tk{m r9\5g\ -;"/x
kmflt/ M!)_
Zff/Ll/s pkf;gf M o; cGt{ut lgDg pkf;gfx? kb{5g\ .
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
gdfh k9\g' / aln lbg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M elgb]pm , d]/f] gdfh, d]/f]
jlnbfg, d]/f] lhGbuL, d]/f] d[To' ;a} hutsf kfngxf/ cNnfxsf nflu x'g\ . -;"/x
cGcfd M !^@_
csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M cfˆgf]] kfngxf/sf] nflu gdfh k9 /
aln b]pm . -;"/x sf};/ M@_
af6f]af6 s'g} b'vbflo s'/f x6fpg' M xbL;df elgPsf] 5 O{dfg sf] ;a}eGbf
tNnf] bhf{ eg]sf] af6f]sf] sfF8f x6fpg' xf] .
cfly{s pkf;gf M o; cGtu{t hsft, ;bsf , bfg cflb kb{5g\ . cNnfxn]
eg]sf 5g\ M ;b\sÞf -bfgsf]if_ t s]jn bl/b|x¿, cefj u|:tx¿ / ;b\sÞfsf]
Joj:yfkgdf lgo'Qm JolQmx¿sfnflu xf] / tL JolQmx¿sfnflu h;sf Åbox¿nfO{
hf]8\g' clei6 xf];\Ù -;fy} of] bfgsf]if_ bf;x¿sf] d'lQm, C0fLx¿ -sf] C0f e'QmfgL_
sf nflu, cNnfxsf] dfu{ -df vr{ ug{_ df / klysx¿sflglDt xf] . of] cNnfxsf]
tk{maf6 clgjfo{ cfb]z xf] . /, cNnfx ;j{1 Pj+ tTj1 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M^)_
csf{] 7fpFdf cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, s]xL ufpFn]x¿ o:tf klg 5g\ hf]
cNnfx tyf cflvÞ/t -k/nf]s_ dfly cf:yf /fV5g\ / cfˆgf] vr{nfO{ cNnfxsf]
lgs6tf k|flKt tyf /;"nsf] cfzLjf{b k|flKtsf] ;fwg agfpF5g\ . x]/, Tof] lgZro
g} pgLx¿sfnflu lgs6tf k|flKtsf] ;fwg xf] . cNnfxn] pgLx¿nfO{ cjZo g}
cfˆgf] cg'sDkf cGtu{t lng]5g\ . lg:;Gb]x cNnfx clt IfdfzLn tyf k/d
bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M((_
vfgf v'jfpg' M cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, cfk"mn] dg k/fPsf] vfgf cefju|:t,
cgfy / aGbLx¿nfO{ v'jfpF5g\ .
/, -ltgLx¿nfO{ eG5g\_ æxfdL ltdLx¿nfO{ s]jn cNnfxsf]nflu v'jfpFb}5f}+ .
xfdL ltdLx¿af6 g s'g} abnf rfxG5f+} g k|Zf+;f g} . -;"/x OG;fg M*,(_
cNnfx g} k"Ho x'g\ egL cf:yf /fVg'sf ;fy ;fy} cNnfx g} dflns tyf of]
35
hgfsf/ x'g\ egL cf:yf /fVg' klg h?/L 5 . pgnfO{ pkf;gfdf Ps dfGg' h?/L
5 . cNnfxn] s'/cfgdf ax'b]jjfbLx?nfO{ oxL s'/f ;DemfPsf 5g\ .
x] dfgj Û cfˆgf] To; …/aÚ sf] pkf;gf u/ h;n] ltdL / ltdLeGbf cl3sf
dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 u/] cfzf 5 ls ltdLx¿ -g/saf6_ aRg ;Sg]5f} . -pg} x'g\_
h;n] ltd|f]nflu wtL{nfO{ la5\of}gf / cfsfznfO{ 5fgf agfP / cfsfzaf6 kfgL
a;f{P clg To;af6 ltdLx¿sf] e/0f– kf]if0fsf nflu kmnkm"nx¿ pTkGg u/] .
ctM hfgL–hfgL -s;}nfO{_ cNnfxsf] ;dsIfL gagfpm . -;"/x as/fx M@!,@@_
elgb]pm– æltdLx¿nfO{ cfsfz tyf k[YjLaf6 s;n] hLljsf k|bfg u5{ <
sfg tyf cfFvfx¿dfly s;sf] clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 < s;n] lghL{jaf6 ;hLj tyf
;hLjaf6 lghL{jnfO{ ;[hgf u5{ / s;n] ;+;f/sf sfo{x¿ ;~rfng u5{ <Æ
ltgLx¿n] t'¿Gt} eGg]5g\– æcNnfx ÛÆ clg ;f]w– æTo;f] eP ltdLx¿ lsg
8/fpFb}gf} <Æ pg} cNnfx ltdLx¿sf jf:tljs kfngstf{ x'g\ . clg ;Tokl5
kye|i6tfafx]s c¿ s] g} afFsL /xG5 / < clg Û ltdLx¿nfO{ stf nluFb}5 .
-;"/x o"g'; M #!,#@_
-x] ;Gb]i6f Û_ elgb]pm– æ;Dk"0f{ k|z+;fx¿ cNnfxs}nflu x'g\ / pgsf tL
eQmx¿dfly ;nfd tyf zflGt xf];\ h;nfO{ pgn] rog u/]sf 5g\ .Æ -ltgLx¿nfO{
;f]w Û_ s] cNnfx pQd 5g\ jf tL pkf:ox¿ h;nfO{ ltgLx¿ pgsf ;fe]mbf/
agfpF5g\ < -eg t_, cfsfzx¿ / w/tLnfO{ s;n] ;[li6 uof]{ clg s;n] cfsfzaf6
kfgL jiff{of], km]/L To;af6 x/fe/f au}rf ;[li6 uof]{ < au}rfsf oL j[Ifx? pdfg'{
ltd|f] nflu ;Dej lyPg . s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf sf]xL c? k|e' -k"Ho_ 5 < xf]Og a?
ltgLx? g} ;To dfu{af6 6fl9+b}5g\ . s;n] w/tLnfO{ l:y/ u/]/ a:g] 7fpF agfof] /
To;sf] aLrdf gx/x? aufof] clg ltgsf] nflu kxf8x? ;[li6 uof]{ / s;n] b'O{
;d'Gb|x?sf] aLrdf tuf/f] -cj/f]ws_ agfof] < s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL k"Ho
klg 5 < a? ltgLx?dWo] w]/}n] a'em\b}gg\ . s;n] Jofs"nsf] u'xf/ -k'sf/_ ;'Gb5, ha
To;n] p;nfO{ u'xf5{ / Joyf x6fOlbG5 / ltdLnfO{ w/tLdf zf;s agfpF5 < s]
cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL k"HogLo 5 < -xf]Og_ a? ltgLx?n] cToGt} sd lzIff /
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
pkb]z xfl;n u5{g\ . s;n] ltdLnfO{ h+un / ;d'Gb|sf] cFWof/f]df af6f] b]vfpF5 / cfˆgf] s[kf -jiff{_ cjt/0f u/fpg'eGbf klxn] z'e–;"rgf :j?k k7fpF5 < clg s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL k"hgLo klg 5, h;nfO{ logLx?n] ;fem]bf/ agfpF5g\ < cNnfx t cToGt} pRr / dxfg 5g\ . sf] xf] h;n] klxnf] k6s k|f0fLx?nfO{ ;[li6 ub{5, clg p;nfO{ k'gM kmsf{pg] 5 / sf] xf] h;n] ltdLnfO{ cfsfz / w/tLaf6 hLljsf k|bfg ub}{5 < t s] cNnfxsf] ;fydf c? sf]xL klg k"Ho 5 < elgb]pm, olb ltdLx? ;fFrf] 5f} eg] k|df0f k|:t't u/ . -;"/x gdn M %(—^$_
To;}u/L jx'b]jjfbLx?n] cNnfxsf] :jfldTj tyf u'0fdf h'g ;fem]bf/ agfPsf 5g\ To;nfO{ klg cNnfxn] ghfoh eg]sf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M s] ltgLx¿n] o:tfnfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpF5g\ hf] s'g} klg j:t' ;[li6 ub}{gg\ a? ltgLx¿ :jo+ ;[li6 ul/Psf 5g\ < /, g ltgLx¿sf] d2t ug]{ ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ g :jo+nfO{ g} ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . /, olb ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Lwf dfu{tk{m af]nfof} eg] ltgLx¿n] ltd|f] s'/f dfGg] 5}gg\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ -;Tdfu{tk{m_ af]nfpg' jf r'k nfu]/ a:g' -b'j}_ ltd|f]nflu ;dfg 5 . ltdLx¿ cNnfxafx]s h'g lrhx¿nfO{ k'sf5f}{ ltgLx¿ klg ltdLx¿ h:t} bf;x¿ x'g\ . ltdLx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ af]nfpm, olb ltdLx¿ ;Rrf xf} eg] ltgLx¿n] ltdLx¿sf] k'sf/ ;'Gg' k5{ . s] ltgLx¿sf To:tf v'§f 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿ lxF88'n ug{ ;s"g\ jf xftx¿ 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿ ;dfTg ;s"g\ jf cfFvfx¿ 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿ b]Vg ;s"g\ jf sfgx¿ 5g\ h;åf/f ltgLx¿n] ;'Gg ;s"g\ < elgb]pm– -olb 5g\ eg]_ æaf]nfpm cfˆgf ;fe]mbf/x¿nfO{Ù clg d]/f] lj?4 pkfo u/Ù clg dnfO{ clnslt klg cj;/ gb]pm .Æ d]/f ;+/Ifs–ldq t cNnfx x'g\ h;n] u|Gy cjtl/t u/] / pgL g} ;TsdL{x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5g\ . /, cNnfxafx]s h;nfO{ ltdLx¿ af]nfpg] u5f}{ ltgLx¿n] g t ltdLx¿nfO{ dbt ug{ ;Sb5g\ g :jo+nfO{ ;xfotf . /, olb ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Tdfu{tk{m af]nfpF5f} eg] ltgLx¿n] ;'Gg] 5}gg\ . /, ltdLn] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mtk{m x]l//x]sf b]V5f} t/ ltgLx¿sf] b[li6 g} x'Fb}g . -x] d'xÞDdb_ dfkm ug]{ gLlt ckgfpmÙ k'0o sd{ ug]{ cfb]z b]pm / c1fgLx¿l;t gcNem . -;"/x cf/fkm !(!—!(*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M t/, ltgLx¿n] cNnfxafx]s cGo o:tf pkf:ox¿ agfPsf 5g\ hf] s]xL klg ;[li6 ug{ ;Sb}gg\ a? ;[li6 ul/G5g\ /
37
h;n] :jo+s}nflu g 3f6fsf] g nfes} ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ clg h;nfO{ g d[To'sf] g hLjgsf] / g k"gh{Gdsf] ;fdYo{ 5 . -;"/x km'/sfg M#_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M elgb]pm– æcNnfxafx]s ltdLn] 7fg]sf pkf:ox¿nfO{ af]nfpm . pgLx¿ cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{df Pp6f s0f a/fa/sf] lrhdfly klg s'g} clwsf/ /fVb}gg\Ù / g oL b'j}df pgsf] s'g} ;fe]mbf/L /x]sf] 5 / g ltgLx¿dWo] sf]xL cNnfxsf] ;xof]uL g} 5g\ . cNnfxsxfF l;kmfl/z p;}sf] nflu nfebfos x'g]5 h;sf] nflu pgn] cg'dlt lbg]5g\ . oxfF;Dd ls ha ltgLx¿sf Åboaf6 8/ lgsflng]5 ta ltgLx¿n] ;f]Wg]5g\– æltdLx¿sf kfngstf{n] s] eg] <Æ pgLx¿ eGg]5g\– ælgtfGt ;ToÆ . / pgL ;jf]{Rr Pj+ dxfg 5g\ . -;"/x ;af M@@,@#_
cNnfxsf] pkf;gfdf s;}nfO{ zl/s cyf{t ;fem]bf/ agfpg] s'/fn] lgDg s'/fx?nfO{ O+lst ub{5 .
lzs{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cTofrf/ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M lg;Gb]x ;fe]mbf/ 7x/fpg' 7"nf] cTofrf/ xf] .Æ -;"/x n'sdfg M!#_
lzs{ dxfkfk M O{Zb"tn] tLg k6s eGg'eof] M s] d ltdLx?nfO{ ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cleof]usf] af/]df gatfpF < ;fyLx?n] eg], lans'n eGg';\ O{Zb"t . pxfFn] eGg'eof] M ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cleof]u eg]sf] cNnfxsf] ;fem]bf/L agfpg' xf] . -;xL a'vf/L / d'l:nd_ O{Zb"t;Fu ;f]lwof] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kfk s] xf] < pxfFn] hjfkmdf eGg'eof] M s;}nfO{ cNnfxsf] ;fem]bf/ agfpg' hals ltdLnfO{ cNnfxn] ;[li6 u/]sf] x'g\ .
lzs{ k|s[ltsf] lj/f]w tyf kye|i6tfdf lnKt M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M h;n] cNnfxsf] ;fe]mbf/ agfpF5 dfgf}+ pm cfsfzaf6 v:of] . ca p;nfO{ ls t k+IfLn] p7fP/ n}hfg]5 ls t xfjfn] p8fP/ s'g} b'u{d :yfgdf ˆofFlslbg]5 . -;"/x xh M#!_
cNnfxn] lzs{ Pp6f dxf kfk ePsf] sf/0f To;sf] b08sf nflu ;+;fl/s b08 / k/nf]sLo b08sf] lgod klg agfPsf 5g\ .
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
lzs{ cIfDo kfk M cNnfxn] cfk"ml;t s;}nfO{ ;fe]mbf/ agfpg] kfk -lzs{_
nfO{ sbflk Ifdf ug]]{ 5}gg\ t/ o;afx]ssf cGo kfk h;sf] nflu rfxg]5g\ Ifdf
ug{]5g\ . -;"/x lg;f M$*_
lzs{ ;a} k'0osf] gfzs M -x] gaL Û_ ltdLtk{m / ltdLeGbf klxn]sf -gaLx¿_
tk{m oxL jXo ul/Psf] lyof] ls olb ltdLn] ;fe]mbf/ 7x/ u¥of} eg] ltd|f] sd{
v]/ hfg]5 / ltdL cjZo g} 3f6f a]xf]g{]x¿dWo] x'g]5f} . -;"/x h'd/M^%_
lzs{ :ju{ k|j]zdf afws M h;n] s;}nfO{ cNnfxsf] ;fe]mbf/ 7x/fof] p;sf]
nflu cNnfxn] :ju{ lgif]w u/] . p;sf] lgjf; g/s x'g]5 / o:tf cTofrf/Lx¿sf
sf]xL ;xof]uL x'g] 5}gg\ . -;"/x dfobf M&@_
lzs{ hg wgsf] ckx]ngfsf] sf/s M clg k|ltli7t dlxgfx¿ ;dfKt ePkl5
d'lZ/sx¿nfO{ hxfFsxLF kfpF5f} xTof u/Ù lu/ˆtf/ u/Ù 3]/ / x/]s 5fkf dfg]{
7fpFdf ltgLx¿sf] tfsdf a; . t/ olb ltgLx¿n] k|folZrt u5{g\Ù gdfhÞ sfod
u5{g\Ù hÞsft r'Stf u5{g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] af6f] 5f]l8b]pm . lgZro g} cNnfx clt
IfdfzLn Pj+ k/d bofn' 5g\ . -;"/x tf}af M%_
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M dnfO{ x''s'd ePsf] 5 d tL dfG5]x?;Fu nl8/x'F h;n]
Ps cNnfxsf] ujfxL lbb}g . h;n] of] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf5{ p;sf] hg wgsf] /Iff
x'G5 / afsL lx;fa cNnfxsf] xftdf x'g]5 . -a'vf/L / d'l:nd_
o; ljifo af/] w]/} lu/f]xx? kye|i6 ePsf 5g\ .
d"lt{k"hs M pgLx? d"lt{x?sf k"hf/L x'g\ . pgLx?n] dfgj, bfgj, kml/Ztf,
hgfj/, tf/f, ?v nufot ljleGg j:t'x?nfO{ cfˆgf] k"Ho agfPsf 5g\ .
sa/ k"hf/L M pgLx?n] sa/nfO{ k"hf u5{g\, e]l6 r9fpF5g\, sa/df
/x]sfx?;Fu dgsfdgfsf] k'/f ug{] cf:yfsf ;fy k|fy{gf ub{5g\ .
hfb'u/ M pgLx?n] bfgjsf] k"hf ub{5g\ .
39
cNnfxsf] pkf;gfdf lzs{ u/fpg] 7"nf sf/0f / To;af6 aRg] s'/fx? af/]
O{Zb"tn] ;r]t ug'{ePsf] 5 .
c;n JolQmx?sf] cTolws ;Ddfgaf6 ;r]t M OZb"tsf] egfO 5 M cTolws
;Ddfgaf6 xf]lzof/ xf]pm, ltdLx?eGbf klxnfsf dflg;x?nfO{ cTolws ;Ddfg
ug{] k|rngn] gfz u/]sf] lyof] . O;fO{x?n] d/odsf] 5f]/f O;fnfO{ cTolws
dfGotf lbP/ h'g 7fpFdf /fv]sf 5g\ Tof] 7fpFdf dnfO{ g/fv . d cNnfxsf]
pkf;s x'F t;y{ dnfO{ s]jn cNnfxsf] pkf;s tyf pgsf] b"t dfg . -a'vf/L_
c;n JolQmx?sf] cToflws ;Ddfg ug'{df pgLx?nfO{ jl;nf -dfWod_
agfpg' klg xf] . jl;nf w]/} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M
lzsL{ jl;nf M o;n] O:nfdaf6 lgisfl;t ub{5 . h:t} cNnfxafx]s c?;F+u
gfkmf / gf]S;fg af/] k|fy{gf ug'{ .
labctL jl;nf M of] lzs{;Dd t k'Ub}g t/ cNnfxn] o:tf] jl;nf agfpg]
cfb]z lbPsf] 5}g . h:t} c;n JolQmnfO{ jl;nf agfP/ cNnfx;Fu dfUg' .
hfoh jl;nf M hfoh jl;nf eg]sf] cNnfxdfly cf:yf p;sf] cf1fkfngfnfO{
jl;nf agfpg' jf cNnfxsf] gfd lnP/ k|fy{gf ug'{ jf cNnfxsf] u'0ffTds gfdaf6
b'cf ug'{ jf cfk"mn] u/]sf] /fd|f] sfdnfO{ bzf{P/ k|fy{gf ug'{ jf s'g} sfdsf] nflu
s'g} lhpFbf] c;n JolQm;+u b'cf ug{ eGg' cflb xf] .
pd/ /lh=sf] syg 5 M x] cNnfx xfdL xfd|f]] ;+b]i6fnfO{ jl;nf agfpF5fF} xfdLnfO{
kfgL jiff{pm. x] cNnfx xfdL xfd|f ;+b]i6fsf sfsfnfO{ jl;nf agfpF5f}F xfdLnfO{ kfgL
jiff{pm . -a'vf/L_
o;df cAaf; /lh=sf] b'cfnfO{ jl;nf agfOPsf] 5 . Tof] klg O{Zb"tsf] gftf
ePsf]n] :jo+nfO{ xf]Og . d[To' ePsf] s'g} c;n JolQmnfO{ jl;nf agfpg' hfoh
ePsf] eP, pgLx?n] O{Zb"tsf] d[To'kl5 klg pxfFnfO{ jl;nf agfpFy] .
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
sa/af6 x'g] ljsf/af6 ;r]tgf M
sa/nfO{ dl:hb agfpg' M cfOzf /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5, pgL elG5g\M
ha O{Zb"tnfO{ d[To'sf] l38l38f nfUof] jxfFn] cfˆgf]] cg'xf/df k6s k6s n'uf
xfNg' x'GYof] . s]xL cf/fd xF'bf asf{] cg'xf/a6 x6fpg' x'GYof] . o;} 56kl6sf]
cj:yfdf jxfFn] eGg'eof] M ox"bL / O;fO{dfly cNnfxsf] lgGbf xf];\ . lsgeg]
pgLx?n] cfˆgf]] gaLsf] sa/nfO{ dl:hb agfPsf 5g\ . o:tf] sfd gug{ egL
cfˆgf]] ;d'bfonfO{ ;r]t ug'{ x'GYof] . olb o;sf] 8/ gePsf] eP jxFfsf]
sa/nfO{ klg v'Nnf /flvGYof] . dfG5]n] jxfFsf] sa/nfO{ klg dl:hb agfp5g\
ls eGg] 8/ 5 .
ltdLx?nfO{ To;af6 lgif]w ub{5' . -d'l:nd_
sa/df dl:hb agfpg' eg]sf] Tof] 7fpFnfO{ 9f]Ug] 7fpF agfpg' xf] . dl:hb
eg]sf] g} ;Hbf ul/g] 7fpF xf] .
sa/df ejg agfpg' M To;nfO{ 7"nf] agfpg' jf To;nfO{ knf:6/ ug'{ .
xh/t x}ofh c;bL dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 pgL eG5g\ dnfO{ cnL /lh=n] eg],
;'g d ltdLnfO{ Tof] s'/faf6 ;r]t ug{ rfxG5' h'g s'/faf6 O{Zb"tn] dnfO{ ;r]
t ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ltdLn] x/]s d'lt{nfO{ d]6fpm / x/]s sa/nfO{ a/fa/ u/ .
hfla/ /lh=dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] sa/df knf:6/ ug{, To;df
a:g / oxfF ejg agfpg lgif]w ug'{ ePsf] 5 . -d'l:nd_
gLot u/L To;tkm{ ofqf ug'{ M O{Zb"tsf] egfO 5 M tLg j6f dl:hb afx]s
c? s'g} 7fpFdf gLot u/]/ ofqf gu/ . dl:hb] x/d, dl:hb] gajL / dl:hb] cS;f .
-a'vf/L, d'l:nd_
41
ax'b]jjfbL / cxn] lstfa h:tf] gaGg ;r]tgf M o; cGt{ut pgLx?sf] cf:yf, k"hf / pgLx?sf] rf8kj{ cflb s'/fx?df pgLx?n] h:tf] ug'{ x'Fb}g .
O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M ax'b]jjfbLx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M cUgLk"hsx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M ox"bLx?sf] ljk/Lt sfd u/ . -ca"bfpmb_
kmf]6f] lvRg'af6 ;r]tgf M cfO{zf /lh= dfkm{t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 pDd] ;ndfn] O{Zb"t;+u pgn] xAzfdf b]v]sf] slg;fsf] af/]df lhls/ ul/g\ . To;df ag]sf kmf]6f]x?sf] af/]df klg elgg\ . pxfn] eGg'eof] M ltgLx? o:tf] ;d'bfo x'g\ olb pgLx?df s'g} c;n u'?sf] d[To eof] eg] pgLx?n] p;sf] lrxfgdf dl:hb agfpg] u5{g\ clg To;df p;sf] kmf]6f] klg agfpF5g\ . pgLx? cNnfxsf] gh/df clt g/fd|f k|f0fL x'g\ .
lzs{ emNsg] zAbx? gaf]Ng ;r]tgf M h:t} cNnfxafx]s c?sf] sd; vfg' . xbL;df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M h;n] cNnfx afx]s c?sf] s;d vfG5 p;n] s'k|m u¥of] jf lzs{ u¥of] .
cNnfxsf] rfxgfdf c?nfO{ klg ;femL gdfGg ;r]tgf M h:t}– hf] cNnfxn] / tkfOFn] rfxg'eof] eg] eGg' . O{Zb"tn] eGg'ePsf] 5 M s] ltdLx?n] dnfO{ cNnfxsf] a/fa/ 7fg]sf 5f} < ltdLx?n] eg M Ps cNnfxn] h] rfx] . -g];fO{_
xfdLdf of] of] tf/fn] ubf{ jiff{ eof] eg]/ geGg ;r]tgf M xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M h;n] of] of] tf/fn] ubf{ xfdLdf jiff{ eof] eG5 p;n] d]/f] OGsf/ u¥of] / tf/fx?dfly cf:yf /fVof] . o;}df cGo s'/fx?nfO{ klg bfFlhg] 5 .
lzs{;Dd k'¥ofpg] sfd gug{ ;r]tgf M s'g} s'/fdf nfe x'G5 egL xft tyf 3fF6Ldf wfuf nufpg' jf afWg' . o; l;nl;nfdf pd/ lag x';}g dfkm{t Pp6f xbL; j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M O{Zb"tn] Ps hgfnfO{ p;sf] xftdf kx]nf] afnf nufPsf] b]Vg'eof] / jxfFn] eGg'eof] M lwSsf/ 5 ltdLnfO{,
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
of] s] xf]< of] t ?l9jfbLsf s'/fx? xf] . o;nfO{ lgsfn, o;n] ltdLnfO{ z+sf afx]s c? s]xL lbg ;Sb}g . olb dg{ nfUbf ltdLn] of] nufof} eg] o;n] ltdLnfO{ slxNo} nfe ug{ ;Sb}g . -cxdb, OAg] dfhf_
hGq tyf tfljh gnufpg ;r]tgf M xbL; 5, h;n] tfljh nufpF5 cNnfxn] Tof] k'/f ul/lbb}gg\ . -xflsd_
tfljh tyf hGqdGq / df]xgL dGq ug'{ lzs{ xf] M xbL; 5, lg;+b]x hGq dGq tyf tfljh / df]xgL dGq lzs{ xf] . -ca" bfpmb _
lzs{ ul/g] 7fpFdf hgfj/ jw ug'{ M xbL; 5, M Ps hgf n] a'jfgfx eGg] 7fpFdf efsn r9fpFg egL Pp6f pmF6 aln ug{] af/] O{Zb"t;Fu ;f]Wof] . jxfFn] eGg'eof] M s] ToxfF c1fgsfndf d"lt{x? lyP < pgn] eg] lyPgg\, s] ToxfF pgLx?n] s'g} kj{ dgfpFy] < pgLx?n] eg] dgfpy]gg\ . To;f] eP cfˆgf]] gh/ -efsn_ k'/f u/ . -ca" bfpmb_
r/faf6 nlR5g -z'e_ jf cnlR5g -cz'e_ sf] ;+s]t ug'{ M r/faf6 nlR5g / cnlR5gsf] ;+s]t ug'{ lzs{ xf] . -ca" bfpmb, OAg] dfhf_
pk/f]Qm ;Dk"0f{ s'/fsf] ;f/ s] xf] eg] h'g s'/fnfO{ s'g} s'/fsf] sf/s agfOPsf] 5}g To;nfO{ sf/0f agfP/ gfkmf jf gf]S;fgsf] sf/0f 7fGg' jf dfGg' lzs{ xf] .
cNnfxsf] gfd tyf u'0ffTds gfddfly cf:yf
of] ljZjf; ug'{ ls cNnfxsf ;jf]{Qd gfd tyf pRr ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] u|Gydf h;/L cfˆgf]] af/]df hfgsf/L lbPsf 5g\ To;/L g} pgnfO{ dfGg' jf O{Zb"tn] cfˆgf]] pkb]zdf cNnfx af/] h] s'/f eGg'ePsf] 5 To;/L g} cNnfxnfO{ dfGg' kb{5 . ;fy} cNnfxnfO{ s;};Fu gbfFhL jf cNnfxsf] gfd tyf ljz]iftfsf] s'g} s}lkmot gatfO dfGg' kb{5 . cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] af/]df h'g s'/f gsf/]sf 5g\ jf cNnfxsf b"tn] gsfg'{ ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ gsfg'{ . h:t} cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfdf bf]if nufpg' jf k|f0fLx?;F+u bfHg' cflb . cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfdf s'g} x]/km]/ ug'{ klg xF'b}g .
43
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxsf /fd|f gfdx¿ 5g\ / pgnfO{ pgs} gfdaf6 k'sfg]{ u/ clg tL JolQmx¿nfO{ 5f]l8b]pm hf] pgsf gfdx¿k|lt b'i6tf b]vfpF5g\ . ltgLx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf sfo{sf] ;hfo ltgLx¿n] rfF8} g} kfpg]5g\ . -;"/x cf/fkm M !*)_
cNnfxsf] gfd tyf u'0ffTds gfdnfO{ ;flat ug{ dfgj ljj]sn] dfq k'Ub}g . cNnfxn] cfkm"nfO{ h'g ljz]iftfaf6 ljlzi6 u/]sf 5g\ jf OZb"tn] ljlzi6 u/]sf 5g\ Tof] afx]s c? s'/faf6 cNnfxnfO{ ljlzi6 ug'{ hfoh 5}g . s'/cfg / xbL;eGbf cufl8 hfg hfoh 5}g . cNnfx / cNnfxsf /;"nn] h'g ljz]iftf af/] atfPsf 5}gg\ tL s'/fx?af6 df}g a:g' g} j]z 5 . cyf{t To; af/] r'k a:g' kb{5 . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M clg, 1fg gePsf] s'/fsf] kl5 gnfu lsgeg] sfg, cfFvf / Åbol;t ;f]lwg]5 . -;"/x O;|f M #^_
cNnfxsf gfdx? cfˆgf]] zAb tyf cy{df ;'Gb/d Pj+ z'ed 5g\ . cNnfxsf ljz]iftfx? k"0f{ 5g\ . To;df s'g} lsl;dsf] sdL 5}g . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cfsfzx¿ tyf wtL{df pg}sf] u'0f ;jf]{Rr /x]sf] 5 / pgL k|e'TjzfnL Pj+ tTjbzL{ 5g\ . -;"/x ?d M @&_
cNnfxsf gfd tyf ljz]iftfx? ;To x'g\ . To;nfO{ OGsf/ ug'{ jf To;nfO{ s;};F+u bfFHg' jf h'g cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] nflu eg]sf] 5}g To:tf gfdx?n] cNnfxnfO{ k'sfg'{ hfoh 5}g . h:t}M nft, pHhf, dgft cflb .
To;} gfdnfO{ k'sf/]/ b'cf ug'{ kb{5 . b'cf g} pkf;gf xf] . cNnfxsf] u'0ffTds gfd hKg' / To;sf] cy{nfO{ hfGg' plrt x'G5 . tL gfdsf] k|efjaf/] ;f]r ljrf/ ug'{ klg k5{ . tL gfdx?sf] p2]ZonfO{ xfdLn] cfˆgf]] Jojxf/df ptfg'{ klg h?/L x'G5 .
cNnfxsf u'0ffTds gfdsf] lsl;dx? M
cl:tTjnfO{ hgfpFg] ljz]iftf M of] ljz]iftf eg]sf] cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ bzf{pg] ljz]iftf xf] . h:t}M hLjg, sfg, cfFvf, 1fg, zlQm, O/fbf, tTjbzL{tf cflb .
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
sfo{k/s ljz]iftf M oL ljz]iftfx?n] cNnfxsf] rfxgf tyf tTjbzL{tfnfO{
bzf{pF5 . h:t}M cNnfxn] h] rfx], h:tf] rfx] cfˆgf] tTjbzL{tfsf cfwf/df
u5{g\ . h:t}M lj/fhdfg x'g', cjt/0f x'g', bof ug'{, qmf]w x'g', k|;Gg x'g', xfF:g',
cfpg', cflb .
cNnfxsf s]xL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ cl:tTjk/s / sfo{k/s b'j} zfdLn ePsf]
ljz]iftf elgPsf] 5, h:t} s'/f ug'{ .
cNnfxsf] dxfgtfnfO{ bzf{pg] ljz]iftf M o;sf tLg j6f lsl;d 5g\ .
pn'pn\ sb/ M cNnfx tcfnf cfˆgf]] x/]s ljz]iftfdf pRr Pj+ pQd 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfxsf nflu ;jf{]Rr u'0f 5g\ . -;"/x gxn M^)_
pn'pn\ sx/ M cyf{t cNnfx tcfnfsf nflu OHht, zlQm / ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLdf
k|e"TjzfnL h:tf ljz]iftf 5g\ . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M pgL -cNnfx_ cfˆgf
eStx?dfly k|e'TjzfnL 5g\ Pj+ tTjbzL{ / ;j{1fgL 5g\ . -;"/x cGcfd M !*_
pn'pn\ cHhft M cyf{t cNnfx tcfnf :jod\ cfkm} cfsfzdfly lj/fhdfg
5g\ cyjf cz{df lj/fhdfg 5g\ . Toxf cfˆgf] k|f0fLdWo] sf]xL 5}g . g t cfˆgf]]
k|f0fLdf cfˆgf]] s'g} c+z 5 . cNnfx kljq 5 .
To;}u/L xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] Ps hgf dlxnf;Fu ;f]Wg'eof]
cNnfx sxf 5 < pgn] hjfkmdf elgg\ cfsfzdf, km]l/ O{Zb"tn] ;f]Wg'eof], d
sf] xF' < pgn] elgg\, cNnfxsf] b"t . To;kl5 O{zb"tn] eGg'eof], dnfO{ ljZjf;
eof] ltdL df]ldg dlxnf xf} . s'/cfg, ;'Ggt tyf dfgj ljj]s / k|s[ltn] klg
oL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ . o;sf ts{x? t cuGo 5g\ .
lj/fhdfg x'g' M cNnfxsf] egfO M clg cfˆgf] l;+xf;gdf lj/fhdfg eP
-;"/x cf/fkm M %$_ s'/cfgdf oxL s'/f & 7fpFdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
45
cNnfx wtL{ / cfsfz ;[li6 u/]kl5 cfˆgf]] zfg tyf dfg dof{bf /
:jfledfgsf ;fy cz{df lj/fhdfg eP . lj/fhdfg x'g'sf] xfnt k|f0fLsf] h:tf]
5}g . lj/fhdfg x'g' Jojxfl/s ljz]iftf xf] .
s'/f ug'{ M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M x] ;Gb]i6f Û elgb]pm– æolb d]/f /asf
jf0fLx¿ n]Vg ;d'b| g} d;L ag] klg d]/f /asf jf0fLx¿ ;lsg'eGbf cl3 g} Tof]
;dfKt x'g]5 . oBlk xfdL To;sf] ;xof]usfnflu c¿ ;d'b| lsg gNofpF . -;"/x
sxkm M !)(_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M d";f;Fu cNnfxn] :ki6¿kdf s'/f u/]sf lyP .
-;"/x lg;f M !^$_
clg, ha d";f xfd|f] lglZrt ;dodf pkl:yt eP / pgsf kfngstf{n]
pgL;Fu s'/fsfgL u/] -;"/x cf/fkm M!$#_ .
cNnfxn] s'/f ;'lgg] u/L x/km tyf :j/sf ;fy s'/f u5{g\ t/ Tof] s'/f
k|f0fLx?sf] h:tf] xF'b}g . pgn] ha rfxG5g\ ta s'/f u5{g\ h] rfxG5g\ Tof] s'/f
u5{g\ ,h:tf] rfxG5g\ To:t} s'/f u5{g\ .
cNnfxsf oL ;Dk"0f{ ljz]iftfx? ;To x'g\ egL dfGg' h?/L x'G5 . To;df x]/km]/
gu/L jf s;};F+u gbfFlh tL ljz]iftfx?nfO{ dfGg' kb{5 . h;n] oL ljz]iftfx?df km/s
dt /fV5 pm cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf af/] kye|i6 ePsf] dflgg] 5 .
cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf af/] kye|i6 ePsf ;d"xx? o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
cxn' td\l;n M Tof] ;d"x xf] h;n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftf ;flat ug{ ;LdfeGbf
cufl8 a9]/ cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ dfgj;F+u hf]8] . pgLx?n] of] t O{Zu|Gyaf6
k|dfl0ft 5 egL ts{ klg u/]sf 5g\ . lsgeg] cNnfxn] dfgj;F+u afrf lng]
a]nfdf dfgj;F+u s'/f u/]sf] lyof] . To;sf] hjfkm o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M klxnf]
s'/f t cNnfxnfO{ s;};F+u bfHg' jf c? h:tf] 5 egL dfGg' lgif]w ul/OPsf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M cNnfx h:tf] s'g] j:t' 5}g . -;"/x z'/f M!!_
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M . ctM hfgL–hfgL -s;}nfO{_ cNnfxsf]
;dsIfL gagfpm . -;"/x as/fxM@@_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M clg, sf]xL pgsf] ;dsIf klg 5}g . -;"/x
OVnf; M$_
bf];|f] s'/f M ;f/w/0f lbdfun] klg cNnfx tcfnf sdhf]/ dfgj h:tf] x'g
;Sb}g eGg] s'/f :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . pgsf] c:tLTjnfO{ dfgjsf] c:tLTj h:tf]
dfGg' / pgsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ dfgjsf] h:tf] dfGg' xF'b}g .
cxn'n\ tftLn M logLx?n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ g} OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
pgLx?n] eg]sf 5g\, olb cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] Tof] dfgj;F+u bfFh]
;/x x'G5 . pgLx?n] cNnfxnfO{ ljgf ljz]iftf cNnfxsf] cl:tTjnfO{ dfq dfg]sf
5g\ . To;}u/L hxdLx?n] klg cNnfxsf] gfd / ljz]iftfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
d'cth]nfn] cNnfxsf] gfdnfO{ dfg]sf] 5 t/ ljz]iftfnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
cxn' tfljn M pgLx?n] eg]sf 5g\ s]xL ljz]iftfx? h:t} sfo{k/s ljz]iftf
jf ;"rgfk/s ljz]iftfn] cNnfxsf] jf:tljs ljz]iftnfO{ hgfpFb}g . pgLx?n]
To;sf] cGo cy{ nufpg] u5{g\ . o; af/] pgLx?;F+u s'g} 7f]; k|df0f klg 5}g .
pgLx?sf] hjfkm o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M cNnfx cfˆgf]] af/]df ;j{1ftf 5g\ .
O{zb"t cfˆgf]] kfngstf{ af/] dfgjdf ;a}eGbf 1ftf x'g'x'G5 . t;y{ s'g} klg
JolQmn] cNnfx / cNnfxsf] /;"neGbf a9L s;/L hfGg ;S5 < t;y{ pgLx?sf]
s'/f s]jn kye|i6tfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
cNnfxn] s'/f u5{ eGg] s'/f ;To xf] . t;y{ To;sf] cGo cy{ nufpg' ljgf
k|df0f ;xL xf]Og . jf:tljs cy{nfO{ cGo cy{ nufpg ;xL xf]Og .
cNnfxsf] /;"nn] ToxL s'/f ;d'bfonfO{ atfpg' eof] h'g pxfFdfly cjt/0f
ePsf] lyof] . cNnfxsf b"tn] o; dxTjk"0f{ ljifodf cyf{t s'g} s'/fsf] jf:tljs
47
cy{ nufpg] jf cjf:tljs cy{ nufpg] af/] nfk/jfxL t kSs} klg ug'{ ePg h'g d'2f cjf:tljs cy{ nufpg]x?n] p7fPsf 5g\ .
cxn] thxLn M pgLx?sf] ljZjf; cg';f/ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] af/]df h'g s'/f atfPsf 5g\ jf O{Zb"tn] cNnfxsf] af/]df h'g s'/f atfpg' ePsf] 5 To;sf] jf:tljs cy{ hfGg ;lsb}g . To;sf] cy{ cNnfxn] afx]s s;}n] hfGg ;Sb}g . ToxfF;Dd k'Ug] s;};F+u s'g} dfWod klg 5}g .
pgLx?sf] hjfkm o;/L lbOPsf] 5 M pgLx?n] cNnfxnfO{ ;j{1ftf g} dfg]gg\ . g t cfˆgf]] ljj]sn] To;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s] g 1fgsf] cfwf/df g} .
cNnfxn] s'/cfg c/aL efiffdf cjt/0f u/] . clg cfˆgf] pkf;snfO{ s'/cfg k9\g To;sf] cy{ a'em\g cfb]z lbP . o;n] cNnfxsf] cfb]z tyf cNnfxn] lbPsf] 1fgnfO{ cy{sf ;fy a'emg' k5{ eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ub{5 . t/ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] af/]df atfPsf] s'/fx?sf] cj:yf, ;TotYo af/] cNnfxnfO{ dfq 1fg 5 .
pgLx?sf] s'/fn] klxnfsf pndfx? c1fgL lyP eGg] s'/f emNsfpF5 . pgLx?sf] egfO cg';f/ klxnfsf pndfx? cgk9 lyP / pgLx?n] s'/cfgnfO{ cfˆgf] rfxgf cg';f/ a'e\mby] . hals of] s'/f unt xf] .
cNnfxdfly cf:yf
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
of] b[9 ljZjf; ug'{ ls cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] elQmsf] nflu o:tf] k|f0fL ;[li6 u/]sf
5g\ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] cfˆgf]] pkf;gfsf] nflu ljlzi6 u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx?sf] jf;
cfsfzdf 5 ;fy} pgLx?df cNnfxsf] cfb]znfO{ dfGg] / nfu' ug{] k"0f{ Ifdtf klg 5 .
kml/Ztfx? af/] lgDg s'/fx? gdfgL kml/Ztfdfly O{dfg k"0f{ dflgb}g .
kml/Ztfx? clt a'h|'u, cNnfxsf] lgs6 / cNnfx ;dIf
em's]sf 5g\M kml/Ztfx? clt a'h|'u 5g\, pgLx? cNnfxlgs6 5g\, cfˆgf]
kfngstf{ ;dIf em's]sf x'G5g\ M
pgLx?df cNnfxsf] s'g} ljz]iftf xF'b}g . ox"bL / O;fO{x?sf] egfOnfO{
pb3[t ub}{ cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g\ M /, ltgLx¿ eG5g\– æs?0ffdo -cNnfx_ n] k'q
u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ .Æ -xf]Og_ pgL kljq 5g\ . kml/Ztfx¿ t cNnfxsf k|ltli7t
eQm x'g\ . ltgLx¿ s'/fdf pgLeGbf cufl8 hfFb}gg\ / pgLx¿ pgs} cfb]zsf]
kfngf u5{g\ . cNnfx ltgLx¿sf cl3 tyf kl5sf ;Dk"0f{ dfldnfsf] 1fg /
fVb5g\ / tL kml/Ztfx¿ s;}sf] l;kmfl/z ug]{ 5}gg\ tL JolQmx¿afx]s h;af6
@^—@*_
Ps csf{] 7fpFdf elgPsf] 5 M ltgLx¿ cfk"mdfly /x]sf /al;t 8/fpF5g\ /
ltgLx¿nfO{ h] cfb]z lbOG5 ToxL sfd ug]{u5{g\ . -;"/x gxn M%)_
x] cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û arfpm :jo+nfO{ / cfˆgf kl/jf/nfO{ g/ssf] cfuf]af6
h;sf] O{Gwg dfgj Pj+ 9'Ëf x'g]5g\ h;dfly s7f]/, k|an kÞml/Ztfx¿ lgo'Qm 5g\Ù
hf] slxNo} cNnfxsf] cfb]zsf] cjx]ngf ub}{gg\ / h] cfb]z pgLx¿nfO{ lbOG5
To;sf] kfngf u5{g\ . -;"/x txl/d M ^_
hf] cfb/0fLo tyf st{Jolgi7 /x]sf] 5 . -;"/x ca; M !^_
50
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
:d/0f u/ To; -dxfk|nosf]_ lbgnfO{ ha sflkÞm/x¿nfO{ Pslqt u/]/ cNnfxn]
kÞml/Ztfx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg]5g\– æs] logLx¿n] ltdLx¿sf] elQm ug]{ uy] <Æ kÞml/Ztfx¿n]
eGg]5g\– æltdL kljq 5f} Û xfd|f] ;+/Ifs–ldq s]jn ltdL xf} g ls logLx¿Ù a?
logLx¿n] lhGgsf] elQm ug]{ uy]{ / logLx¿dWo] clwsf+z pgLx¿dfly g} cf:yf
/fVby] . -;"/x ;af M$)—$!_
pgLx?n] eg] ltdL kljq 5f} . xfdL;Fu ltdLn] lbPsf] 1fg afx]s s'g} 1fg
5}g . lg;Gb]x ltdL ;j{1 tyf tTjbzL{ 5f} . -;"/x as/fx M#@_
kml/:tfx?nfO{ pTs[i6 gfd lbOPsf] 5M xfdLnfO{ pgLx?dWo] h;sf]
gfd atfOPsf] 5 To;nfO{ xfdLn] dfGg' k5{ h;sf] gfd atfOPsf] 5}g pgLx?dfly
klg cf:yf /fVg' k5{ . h;sf] gfd atfOPsf] 5 pgLx?dWo] s]xL lgDg 5g\M
lha|On, ldsfOn, O;|fkmLn, dns'n df}t, dflns, l/hjfg, d'lGs/ gsL/ .
pk/f]Qm kml/Ztfx?sf] gfd s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf pNn]v 5 .
kml/Ztfx?sf] ;[li6 k|sfzaf6 ePsf] xf]M kml/Ztfx?nfO{ k|sfzaf6
;[li6 ul/Psf] xf] . pgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s agfj6df kv]6f klg 5g\ / pgLx/sf]
agfj6 7"nf] 5 . pgLx? ljleGg lsl;dsf 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M ;Dk"0f{ k|z+;f cfsfzx¿ tyf k[YjLsf ;[li6stf{ /
b'O{–b'O{, tLg–tLg Pj+ rf/–rf/ kv]6f ePsf kÞml/Ztfx¿nfO{ ;Gb]zjfxs agfpg]
cNnfxsf nflu x'g\ . cNnfx cfˆgf] ;[li6df h] rfxG5g\ j[l4 u5{g\ . lg:;Gb]x
cNnfx x/]s sfo{sf] ;fdYo{ /fVb5g\ . -;"/x kmflt/ M !_
xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M kml/Ztfx? k|sfzaf6 ;[li6 ul/Psf x'g\ . -d'l:nd_ Ps
csf{] xbL;df elgPsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] kml/Ztf lha|OnnfO{ b]Vg'eof] pgsf] ^ ;o
kv]6fx? lyP . x/]s kv]6fn] lIfltIfnfO{ 9fs]sf] lyof] .
xbL;df j0f{g ePsf] 5 M O{Zb"tn] eGg'eof] M dnfO{ cz{nfO{ p7fPsf
kml/Ztfx?dWo] Pp6f kml/Ztfsf] af/]df s]xL eGg cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 .
pgsf] sfg b]lv sfw;Ddsf] b'/L ;ft ;o jif{ hlt 5 . -ca"bfpb _
51
pgLx? k|ToIf k|f0fLx? x'g\, ck|ToIf zlQm xf]Ogg\ . pgLx?sf] ;+Vof cTolws
5 . pgLx?nfO{ cNnfxn] afx]s s;}n] u0fgf ug{ ;Sb}g . Ps csf{] xbL;df 5 M
O{Zb"t df]xDdb ;= nfO{ ;ftf+} cfsfzdf /x]sf] a}t'n dfd'/df nluof] . pxfFn] ToxfF
x/]s lbg ;Q/ xhf/ kml/Ztfx?n] gdfh k9]sf] b]Vg'eof] . Ps rf]6L ToxfF uPsf
kml/Ztfx?sf] bf];|f] k6s kfn} cfpb}g lyof] . -a'vf/L_
kml/:tfx? cNnfxsf] k|z+;f u5{g\ M cNnfxn] pgLx?df cfˆgf]] u'gufg
ufpg], cfˆgf]] cfb]z dfGg] / cfˆgf]] cfb]z nfu' ug{] zlQm lbPsf 5g\ .
cNnfxsf] egfO M /, -kÞml/Ztfx¿ eG5g\_– xfdLdWo] k|To]ssf]lglDt lgwf{l/t
:yfg /x]sf] 5 . /, xfdL kªlQma4 plePsf 5f}+ . /, -cNnfxsf]_ dlxdfufg
ul//xG5f}+ . -;"/x ;fˆkmft M !^$,!^^_
k]ml/ klg logLx¿ 3d08 u5{g\ eg] hfg'g\ ls hf] ltd|f kfngstf{sxfF 5g\
ltgLx¿ /ft lbg pgsf] dlxdf ufg ul//x]sf 5g\ / slxNo} ylst x'Fb}gg\ . -;"/x
km':;]nt M #*_
kml/:tfx? k/f]Ifsf k|f0fL x'g\ M pgLx?nfO{ o; ;+;f/df dfgjn] vf]Hg
jf e]6\g ;Sb}gg\ t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] Tof] zlQm k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ p;n] ;S5
. h:t} O{Zb"tx?n] hLa|OnnfO{ pgsf] c;nL ?kdf b]Vg'eof] . kml/Ztfx? cfl/
vtdf eg] k|ToIf b]lvg] 5g\ . . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M h'g lbg ltgLx¿n] kmÞl/
Ztfx¿nfO{ b]Vg]5g\ Tof] lbg ck/fwLx¿sf nflu z'e;"rgfsf] lbg x'g] 5}g /
eGg]5g\– æ-:ju{af6_ jl~rt eof}+ .Æ -;"/x km'/sfg M @@_
-cyf{t\_ ;w}+ /xg] o:tf au}+rfx¿ h;df pgLx¿ :jo+ k|j]z ug]{5g\ /
ltgsf k"j{h, kTgL / ;Gtfgx¿dWo] ;TsdL{x¿ klg k|j]z ug]{5g\ . /, kÞml/Ztfx¿
k|To]s 9f]sfaf6 ltgLx¿;dIf cfpg]5g\ . -;"/x /cbM @#_
cNnfxn] pgLx?nfO{ dfgj ?k wf/0f ug{] zlQm klg lbPsf 5g\ . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M clg pgn] pgL lt/ af6 kbf{ ul/ xflng\ -To; a]nf_ xfdLn] pgL
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
-d/od_ lt/ cfˆgf] kml/:tf k7fof}F, clg pm pgL ;dIf 7Ls dlg; alg xfNof]
-;"/x do{d M !&_
To;t} csf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M Oa|fxLdsxfF xfd|f kmÞl/Ztfx¿
z'e;"rgf lnP/ cfP . pgLx¿n] ;nfd eg] . Oa|fxLdn] klg ;nfd eg] /
s]xL If0fd} e'6]sf] afR5f] k]z u/] . k/Gt' ha pgn] pgLx¿sf xft To;tk{m
a9]sf] b]v]gg\, pgLx¿nfO{ ckl/lrt 7fgL pgn] dgdf 8/ dx;"; u/] .
pgLx¿n] eg]– æg8/fpm, xfdLx¿ n"tsf ;d'bfotk{m k7fOPsf 5f}+ .Æ -;"/x
x"b M^(,&)_
To;t} csf]{ 7fpFdf 5 M clg, ha xfd|f kmÞl/Ztfx¿ n"tsxfF k'u] ta pgL clt
lrlGtt eP / ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGwdf cfk"mnfO{ c;dy{ kfP . /, eg]– æcfhsf] lbg
clt sl7g /x]sf] 5 .Æ /, pgsf ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ xtf/ ub}{ pgLtk{m cfP .
pgLx¿ klxn]b]lv g} cZnLn sfo{df lnKt lyP . n"tn] eg]– æx] d]/f hfltaGw'x¿
xf] Û oL x'g\ d]/f -;d'bfosf_ 5f]/Lx¿ hf] ltdLx¿sf nflu a9L kljq 5g\ . /,
cNnfxl;t 8/fpm . clg d]/f kfx'gfsf] ;DaGwdf dnfO{ ckdflgt gu/ . s]
ltdLx¿dWo] sf]xL ;Hhg 5}g < -;"/x x'b M &&,&*_
pgLx? dfgj ?kdf cjt/0f ePsf lyP . h:t} hLa|On Ps ;]tf] sk8f
nufP/ sfnf] skfnsf ;fy dfG5] h:tf] eP/ cfPsf lyP . pgL slxn] blxof
sNaL eGg] Ps hgf ;xfaLsf] ?kdf cfpFy] .
kml/:tfx?nfO{ ljleGg sfdsf] jlsn agfOPsf] 5M pgLx?
cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 sfddf vl6Psf 5g\ . pgxLx?dWo] sf]xL cNnfxsf] u'0fufg
ufpg dfq vl6Psf 5g\ . pgLx?dWo] s]xLsf] sfd o; k|sf/ 5 M
O{Zjf0fL cjt/0f ug{] sfd M of] sfd kml/ztf hLa|Onsf] xf] . cNnfxsf]
egfO 5 M elgb]pm– æTo;nfO{ t kljqfTdf -lha|O{n_ n] 7Ls d]/f /asf] tkm{af6
qmdzM cjt/0f u/]sf 5g\ tfls df]ldgx¿nfO{ ;'b[9tf k|bfg u¿g\ . /, of]
d'l:ndx¿sf nflu dfu{bz{g Pj+ z'e–;"rgf xf] .Æ -;"/x gxn M !)@_
53
!(@—!($_
kfgL jiff{pg] sfd M of] sfd ldsfOnsf] xf] . h:t} xbL;df j0f{g ePsf] 5M ox'bLx?n] O{Zb"t;F+u eg]sf lyP, olb tkfOFn] kml/Ztf ldsfOnnfO{ kfgL jiff{pg eGg' ePsf] eP x'GYof] .
;"/ km'Sg] sfd M of] sfd kml/Ztf O;|fkmLnsf] xf] . cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M
clg, ;"/ k'mlsg]5 ta cfsfzx¿ tyf k[YjLsf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ d/]/ 9Ng]5g\ tL afx]s h;nfO{ cNnfx rfxG5g\ . k]ml/ csf]{ ;"/ k'mlsg]5 clg ;a} :j:km"t{ ¿kdf x]b{} v8f x'g]5g\ . -;"/x h'd/ M ^*_
pk/f]Qm tLg hgf kml/Ztf hLa|On, ldsfOn / O;|fkmLn cGo kml/Ztfx?sf] ;/bf/ x'g\ . lsgeg] eg] pgLx?sf] lhDd]jf/L hLjg;F+u ;DalGwt 5 . lha|Onsf] lhDd]jf/L dfgj cfTdf;+Fu 5, ldsfOnsf] lhDd]jf/L af]6 lj?jfsf] hLjg;F+u ;DalGwt 5 / O;|flkmnsf] lhDd]jf/L ;bf hLjg;F+u ;DalGw 5 . pgLx?dWo] hLa|On pRr sf]6Ldf 5g\ .
dfgjsf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfd M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M k|To]s JolQmsf] cufl8 / k5fl8 pgn] lgo'Qm u/]sf lg/LIfsx¿ v6fOPsf 5g\ hf] cNnfxsf] cfb]zn] p;sf] /]vb]v u5{g\ /, cNnfxn] s'g} ;d'bfosf] cj:yf ta;Dd kl/jt{g ub}{gg\ ha;Dd p;n] :jo+ cfˆgf Jojxf/nfO{ abNb}g . clg, cNnfxn] s'g} ;d'bfodfly s'g} k|sf]k Nofpg] lg0f{o ubf{ To;nfO{ s;}n] 6fg{ ;Sb}g / g To; ;d'bfosf nflu cNnfxsf] bfFhf]df s'g} ;xof]uL x'g]5 . -;"/x /cb M !!_
dfgj sd{sf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfd M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, ofb /fv b'O{hgf n]vgbf; To;sf bfofF / afofF a;L x/]s s'/f n]lv/x]sf 5g\ . -dflg;n]_ d'vaf6 s'g} zAb lgsfNg klg kfPsf x'Fb}g t/ To;glhs Pp6f lg/LIfs t}gft x'G5 . -;"/x sfkm M!&,!*_
kml/Ztfdfly cf:yf
s'/cfg / ;'Ggtdf cfwfl/t ;/n cf:yf
df]ldgx?nfO{ dbt / pgLx?nfO{ O{dfgdf /fVg] sfd M cNnfxsf] egfO 5 M /, :d/0f u/ ha ltd|f kfngstf{n] kÞml/Ztfx¿nfO{ ;ª\s]t ub}{ lyP– æd ltdLx¿sf] ;fydf 5' / df]ldgx¿nfO{ b[9tf k|bfg u/ . d clxn] sflkmÞ/x¿sf Åbodf wfs Pj+ qf; pTkGg ug]{5' clg ltgLx¿sf] xTof u/ / ltgLx¿sf hf]gL{x¿df k|xf/ u/ .Æ -;"/x cGkmfn !@_
elgb]pm– æltdLx¿dfly lgo'Qm ul/Psf] d[To'sf] kml/Ztf -b"t_ n] g} ltdLx¿sf] k|f0f lnG5 clg ltdLx¿ cfˆgf kfngstf{tk{m kms{fOg]5f} . -;"/x ;hbf M !!_
clg ha ltdLx¿dWo] s;}sf] d[To' cfOk'U5 ta xfdLn] k7fPsf -kmÞl/Ztf_ n] p;sf] cfTdfnfO{ sAhf u5{g\ . /, pgLx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{df s'g} l9nf;':tL ub}{gg\ . -;"/x cGcfd M^!_
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