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NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Combining Dynamic Assessment Combining Dynamic Assessment with Traditional Monitoring with Traditional Monitoring
Approaches to Improve Approaches to Improve Understanding of Understanding of
NPS Pollution ImpactsNPS Pollution Impacts
Combining Dynamic Assessment Combining Dynamic Assessment with Traditional Monitoring with Traditional Monitoring
Approaches to Improve Approaches to Improve Understanding of Understanding of
NPS Pollution ImpactsNPS Pollution Impacts
William T. StringfellowWilliam T. StringfellowSharon E. BorglinSharon E. Borglin
Gary M. LittonGary M. LittonJeremy S. HanlonJeremy S. HanlonMark S. BrunellMark S. Brunell
University of the PacificUniversity of the PacificEnvironmental Engineering Research Environmental Engineering Research
ProgramProgramStockton, CA Stockton, CA
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline
San Joaquin RiverSan Joaquin River GeographyGeography
Dissolved oxygen impairmentDissolved oxygen impairment
Scientific Objectives for Scientific Objectives for DO TMDL ProjectDO TMDL Project
Combining Monitoring & ScienceCombining Monitoring & Science
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
San Joaquin River San Joaquin River San Joaquin River San Joaquin River
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Highly Highly Engineered Engineered EcosystemEcosystem
Highly Highly Engineered Engineered EcosystemEcosystem
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Courtesy of Jones & Stokes
Ecosystem ImpairmentEcosystem ImpairmentEcosystem ImpairmentEcosystem Impairment
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0R i v e r M i l e
0
1 0 0
2 0 0
3 0 0
4 0 0
Ch
loro
ph
yll-
a (
kg
/da
y)
Monitoring Identifies Monitoring Identifies ProblemsProblems
Monitoring Identifies Monitoring Identifies ProblemsProblems
Algal load contributes Algal load contributes to DO impairmentto DO impairment
Low DO barrier to fish Low DO barrier to fish migrationmigration
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Research Objectives – DO Research Objectives – DO ProjectProject
Research Objectives – DO Research Objectives – DO ProjectProject
Understand algal growth processes Understand algal growth processes in the San Joaquin River (SJR) in the San Joaquin River (SJR)
Conduct mass balance on algae and Conduct mass balance on algae and nutrients in the SJRnutrients in the SJR
Understand how NPS discharges Understand how NPS discharges influence algal growthinfluence algal growth
Develop scientifically based Develop scientifically based management strategies (best management strategies (best management practices)management practices)
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Unlimited HypothesisUnlimited HypothesisUnlimited HypothesisUnlimited HypothesisAlgae growth Algae growth
is essentially is essentially unlimitedunlimited Nutrients are Nutrients are
too high to too high to controlcontrol
Algae grow at Algae grow at constant rate constant rate down riverdown river
Control algal Control algal inoculuminoculum
0 20 40 60 80Retention Time (hours)
0
40
80
120
160
Ch
loro
ph
yll
a (
g/L
)
90 %
90 %
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Limited HypothesisLimited HypothesisLimited HypothesisLimited HypothesisAlgae growth is Algae growth is
limited limited Algae reach a Algae reach a
maximum maximum carrying carrying capacity capacity
Reducing Reducing inoculum inoculum ineffective, ineffective, algae grow back algae grow back in riverin river
Control limiting Control limiting factor factor (nutrients) (nutrients)
0 20 40 60 80Retention Tim e (hours)
0
40
80
120
160
Ch
loro
ph
yll a
(g
/L)
90 %
5 %
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Research ApproachResearch ApproachResearch ApproachResearch Approach
Traditional monitoringTraditional monitoring Intensive approachIntensive approach
Directed scientific studiesDirected scientific studies Sub-watershed studiesSub-watershed studies
Lagrangian studies (unit flow tracking)Lagrangian studies (unit flow tracking)
Stable isotopes for source identificationStable isotopes for source identification
ModelingModeling Close link to monitoring & studiesClose link to monitoring & studies
Algal growth & water quality modelAlgal growth & water quality model
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Measurements - Grab Measurements - Grab Sample Sample
Measurements - Grab Measurements - Grab Sample Sample
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll BODBOD1010
CBODCBOD NBODNBOD TOC/DOCTOC/DOC Ammonia nitrogenAmmonia nitrogen Nitrate nitrogenNitrate nitrogen Total nitrogenTotal nitrogen o-Phosphateo-Phosphate Total phosphateTotal phosphate Total ironTotal iron
Total suspended solidsTotal suspended solids Volatile suspended solidsVolatile suspended solids AlkalinityAlkalinity pHpH Turbidity (NTU)Turbidity (NTU) Incident lightIncident light Dissolved oxygenDissolved oxygen Specific conductivitySpecific conductivity TemperatureTemperature Algae cell countsAlgae cell counts Stable isotopesStable isotopes LipidsLipids
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Monitoring Identifies Areas for Monitoring Identifies Areas for InvestigationInvestigation
Monitoring Identifies Areas for Monitoring Identifies Areas for InvestigationInvestigation
6 0 8 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 4 0R i v e r m i l e
- 1 0
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
Ch
loro
ph
yll-
a lo
ad
(k
g/d
ay)
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Algae Growth in Sub-Algae Growth in Sub-Watershed Watershed
Algae Growth in Sub-Algae Growth in Sub-Watershed Watershed
0 20 40 60 80Retention Tim e (hours)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Ch
loro
ph
yll-
a (
g/L
)
N o = 7.62K = 157.7ro = 0.119n = 21 r2 = 0.946
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Correlation Between Correlation Between VariablesVariables
Correlation Between Correlation Between VariablesVariables
0 10 20 30Distance (mile)
0
40
80
120
160
200
To
tal s
us
pe
nd
ed
so
lids
(m
g/L
)
0 .00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
So
lub
le o
-ph
os
ph
ate
(m
g/L
)TSSo-Phosphate
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Mechanistic Model Mechanistic Model Mechanistic Model Mechanistic Model
0 20 40 60 80 100R etention tim e (hours )
40
80
120
160
200
Chl
oro
phy
ll a
(g/
L)
J u lian D ay 195D ataM odel
))((12
12 ttgeXX
max)()( LfTf
max)()( gZfTfg
smKM
MMf
)(
spKP
PPf
)(
scKC
CCf
)(
snKN
NNf
)(
szKX
XZf
1
1)(
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Sub-Watershed Study Sub-Watershed Study ResultsResults
Sub-Watershed Study Sub-Watershed Study ResultsResults
Nutrients and grazing are most Nutrients and grazing are most important non-seasonal factorsimportant non-seasonal factors Carbonate can be limiting Carbonate can be limiting
Nitrogen not limitingNitrogen not limiting
Suspended minerals are a source of Suspended minerals are a source of limiting nutrients for algal, independent limiting nutrients for algal, independent of phosphatesof phosphates
Results suggest removal of sediments Results suggest removal of sediments would limit suspended algae growthwould limit suspended algae growth
Management based on unlimited model Management based on unlimited model not recommendednot recommended
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Apply Lessons to Ecosystem Apply Lessons to Ecosystem Level StudiesLevel Studies
Apply Lessons to Ecosystem Apply Lessons to Ecosystem Level StudiesLevel Studies
New emphasis on zooplankton grazing New emphasis on zooplankton grazing impactsimpacts Lipid signature and traditional (microscopic) Lipid signature and traditional (microscopic)
methodsmethods
Improved measurement of inorganic Improved measurement of inorganic carboncarbon Stable isotope analysis and increased samplingStable isotope analysis and increased sampling
Incorporation of pilot model parameters Incorporation of pilot model parameters into larger river water quality modelinto larger river water quality model Mineral solids and inorganic carbonMineral solids and inorganic carbon
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006
Summary & ConclusionsSummary & ConclusionsSummary & ConclusionsSummary & Conclusions
Monitoring data identified problem Monitoring data identified problem areasareas Provided little useful information for Provided little useful information for
institution of improvements institution of improvements
Scientific studies & modeling identifies Scientific studies & modeling identifies cause & effectcause & effect
Results from studies & modeling used Results from studies & modeling used to improve monitoringto improve monitoring Additional measurementsAdditional measurements
NWQMC NWQMC San Jose, CASan Jose, CAMay 8, 2006May 8, 2006