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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 60/486
!"!#$%&'(!)(*%($+',+-*%.!)($)%/!.!$&(%*0(()%*)'($")0%"+#$"%1+'2!'3%!*%+-'%4456%'!)(%2#..%&+$)#$-(%)+%"+%3+2$7
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 61/486
8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 62/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 63/486
!"#$%&#'(#)&&)"*+,+"-#./-0#-0+#1)2+--+3/44+5#.+6&+#7$3+&+8#9$&#:;;<#$9#$%$=-=#%>#-$#)#7+&-)/"#),$%"-?#@$%#7)"#=++#0+&+#-0)-#.+6&+#+A>+7-/"*#-0)-#-$#7$3+&#)44#B%-#C:;;#,/44/$"#$9#$%&#+A>+"8/-%&+#/"#-0)-#>4)2#./-0#CDDE#,/44/$"#.+#)&+#*$/"*#-$#=>+"8#$"#)#"+-#B)=/=#/"#F;;GH#CEDE#,/44/$"#)=#7%&&+"-42#+=-/,)-+8#./-0#-0+#/"9$&,)-/$"#-0)-#.)=#>%-#$%-#-$#2$%?
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 64/486
!"#$%&'()%&*(+%,$-%#"'-%(&%'-"#-$('.%/-,,-.%(0,%,(%)$",%)-%!(#,1%(0*%(,$-*%#(0*!-#%(&%!"#$1%"/.%,$-/%(0*%0#-#%(&%!"#$2
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 65/486
!"#$%&'(")*%+#,'-#.)/$'-+%$#')/'&0%-1'2&3-'-0)4%/5'6)7'-)8#')*'&0#'%-'239#':+"#:$6'&:+;#$':<)7&1'=5:%/>'+)&-')*'*"##'.:-0'*+)4>'&0#'4%++%/5/#--':/$'&0#'$#$%.:&%)/'&)'8:;#'
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 66/486
!"#$!%&"%'(#)%&*+",!*%&*#'-%.*#'%#'%/,'&%'"01%&*#$!'%&*2&%314+1%255%61+7%820#5#2+%3#&*9%2$:%!1&%+#!*&%&"%3*2&%&*1%$1;&%'5#:1%#'%&25(#$!%2<",&-
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 67/486
!"#$%&"'()%*+%,+)%!,(+-)./".-0%!"#)%,.%*-1#%2))+%!,+&).-)3%-,%"%!,''".%"+3%-$)%!,''".%')&)'#%".)%"//.,4*5"-)'0%6789:%20%6;8
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 68/486
!"#$%#$&'()*+!'*!",-'!"#$&.'!"(!'/($'(00,/!'#!'($1'2,34,'."*2$'5*+'.*6,'*0'!"*.,'!"#$&.'*$'!"#.'.7#1,8
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 69/486
!"#$%&#'(#%)*+%,%-*..#-+/*$%*0%,11#+1%,-2*11%34.,"*5,%,$6%/$+*%7#1+%!#8,19%,..%1:;;*2+/$)%*:2%62/../$)%*;#2,+/*$<
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 70/486
!"#$%&#%'#()*#+,-(!.+&.+%/0.*(1!234(56(7889(:;$0*#$$(<&=%/#(!%>>(?@/.A#+(BCD(7889(7E68(&F()G
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 71/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 72/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 73/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 74/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 75/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 76/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 77/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 78/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 79/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 80/486
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 81/486
!"#$%&'(")*%+#,'-#.)/$'-+%$#')/'&0%-1'2&3-'-0)4%/5'6)7'-)8#')*'&0#'%-'239#':+"#:$6'&:+;#$':<)7&1'=5:%/>'+)&-')*'*"##'.:-0'*+)4>'&0#'4%++%/5/#--':/$'&0#'$#$%.:&%)/'&)'8:;#'
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 82/486
!"#$!%&"%'(#)%&*+",!*%&*#'-%.*#'%#'%/,'&%'"01%&*#$!'%&*2&%314+1%255%61+7%820#5#2+%3#&*9%2$:%!1&%+#!*&%&"%3*2&%&*1%$1;&%'5#:1%#'%&25(#$!%2<",&-
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 83/486
!"#$%&"'()%*+%,+)%!,(+-)./".-0%!"#)%,.%*-1#%2))+%!,+&).-)3%-,%"%!,''".%"+3%-$)%!,''".%')&)'#%".)%"//.,4*5"-)'0%6789:%20%6;8
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 84/486
!"#$%#$&'()*+!'*!",-'!"#$&.'!"(!'/($'(00,/!'#!'($1'2,34,'."*2$'5*+'.*6,'*0'!"*.,'!"#$&.'*$'!"#.'.7#1,8
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 85/486
!"#$%&#'(#%)*+%,%-*..#-+/*$%*0%,11#+1%,-2*11%34.,"*5,%,$6%/$+*%7#1+%!#8,19%,..%1:;;*2+/$)%*:2%62/../$)%*;#2,+/*$<
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8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 86/486
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B = 1.1
EUR = 7.5 Bcf
82% 45% 30% 22% 18% 15%
80% of EUR produced in
10 years
13% 11% 10% 9%Annual
Decline
D?&(%@2+EFG- &-(/>+(&A)(,4&)B$%.&)H@%)E&00-)4%@A$B&A)(,4/B+00,)@')+)68I98J B2@F&
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Steve Drake .Marsh Operating Company .
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Ft Worth / Dallas
TraverseCity
Detroit
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15% are less than
50 MCF/D for themax month.
11% are greater
than 200 MCF/D
for the max monthMedian: 97 mcf/d
Average: 121 mcf/d
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Peak Average IP
= 150 MCF/D
Current Average IP
= 60 MCF/D
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Devon buys Mitchell Energy
Barnett Shale Boom Begins
Four run ups in price.
One of the four lasted for 6 years.
Barnett becomes
commercial
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casing head
legacy
BCF/Day
0.0 indicates sales less than 100 MMCF/day
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Ft Worth / Dallas
HoustonSan Antonio
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Largest Barnett Shale Well:
12.98 MMCF / DayMax Month (30 day average)
Currently non-commercial
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Average: 2.030 mmcf 20% are less than
1 MMCF/D for the
first month. 20% are greater than 3 MMCF/D
for the first monthMedian: 1.900 mmcf
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IP(30 day average rate): 2200 MCF/Dayst
nd
rd
th
th
EUR = Estimated Ultimate Recovery
* Will change with changes in gas price
G a s P r o d u c t i o n
( M C F / m o n t h
EUR: 2.1 BCF red
2.4 BCF black
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10
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local deduct
lifetime
lifetime
10.74% X 75% of revenue
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Ft Worth / Dallas
Houston
Shreveport
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20% are less than
1 MMCF/D for the
first month.25% are greater
than 10 MMCF/D
for the first month
Median: 6.500 mmcf/d
Average: 7.159 mmcf/d
Louisiana 421 wells
LA average: 9.1 mmcf/dLA median: 8.6 mmcf/d
Texas 205 wells
TX average: 3.0 mmcf/d
TX median: 1.7 mmcf/d
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IP (30 day average rate): 7175 MCF/Day
EUR: 4.6 BCF red
5.4 BCF black
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IP (30 day average rate): 9600 MCF/Day
EUR: 4.75 BCF red
6.00 BCF black
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th
10
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Ft Worth / Dallas
St Louis
Little Rock
Tulsa
Memphis
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27% are less than
1 MMCF/D for the
first month.
15% are greater
than 3 MMCF/D
for the first month
Median: 1.670 mmcf/d
Average: 1.796 mmcf/d
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IP (30 day average rate): 2195 MCF/Day
EUR: 2.1 BCF red
2.5 BCF black
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10
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Ft Worth / Dallas
OK City
Little Rock
Tulsa
Amarillo
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© 2010 DrillingInfo, Inc.
High graded
Counties
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33% are less than
500 MCF/D for the
first month.15% are greater
than 3 MMCF/D
for the first month
Median All: 1.021 mmcf/d
Average Horizontal: 2.175 mmcf/d
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IP (30 day average rate): 2617 MCF/Day
EUR: 3.5 BCF red
4.2 BCF black
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10
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Ft Worth / Dallas
Pittsburgh
Scranton
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BCF million
IP = Max Month (30 day average MCF/D)
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IP (30 day average rate): 5500 MCF/Day
EUR: 3.8 BCF red
4.5 BCF black
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Coal
Wind
Nuclear
Clean Coal
Wind Energy was more economic
than natural gas for 6 months
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(mcf)
Well
Count
Average
Well
Volume
(mcf)
Average
Daily
(mmcf/d)
CABOT OIL & GAS CORP 19,018,873 30 633,962 4.86
CHESAPEAKE APPALACHIA LLC 33,658,547 49 686,909 4.44
SENECA RESOURCES CORP 4,138,117 7 591,160 4.29
EQT PRODUCTION LLC 7,619,052 14 544,218 3.76
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96
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M ' N
TALISMAN ENERGY USA INC 29,421,842 64 459,716 3.54
CHIEF OIL & GAS LLC 4,764,731 17 280,278 3.17
EAST RESOURCES INC 8,937,625 23 388,592 2.91
ANADARKO E&P CO LP 1,455,673 5 291,135 2.79
ULTRA RESOURCES INC 1,649,418 8 206,177 2.16
ENERGY CORP OF AMER 3,204,207 8 400,526 2.16
XTO ENERGY INC 861,797 5 172,359 2.08
CNX GAS CO LLC 6,697,014 19 352,474 2.03
RANGE RESOURCES APPALACHIA LLC 29,499,227 96 307,284 1.90
REX ENERGY OPERATING CORPORATION 1,307,387 9 145,265 1.73
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WILLIAMS PRODUCTION APPALACHIA LLC 1,732,326 7 247,475 1.71
EOG RESOURCES INC 2,447,752 13 188,289 1.32
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Three MonthsEnded
Six MonthsEnded
Twelve MonthsEnded
une ,2010
une ,2010
une ,2011
Net income....................................................... $ 37,017 $ 71,931 $ 203,900
Adjust for: Interest expense ............................................. 526 1,137 3,800De reciation and amorti ation e ense 23 442 45 392 92 500
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De reciation and amortization ex ense......... 23 442 45 392 92 500(Gain) Loss on sale of assets ......................... (37) (67)
Adjusted EBITDA ............................................ $ 60,948 $ 118,393 $ 300,200
Cash provided by operating activities .......... $ 79,084 $ 197,409
Adjust for:Changes in assets and liabilities .................... (18,688) (80,195)Maintenance capital expenditures .................. (17,500) (35,000)Other non-cash items ..................................... 26 42
Distributable cash flow................................... 42,922 82,256
Adjust for:Implied minimum volume commitment ........... 14,219 31,395
Adjusted distributable cash flow .................. $ 57,141 $ 113,651
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CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Chesapeake Energy Corp.'s operations are focused on discovering and developing unconventional naturalgas and oil fields onshore in the U.S. Chesapeake owns leading positions in the Barnett, Fayetteville,Haynesville, Marcellus and Bossier natural gas shale plays and in the Eagle Ford, Granite Wash and variousother unconventional oil plays, largely in the Anadarko, Permian and Powder River Basins. The companyhas also vertically integrated its operations and owns substantial midstream, compression, drilling andoilfield service assets.
Analyst's NotesAnalysis by Philip H. Weiss, CFA, CPA, March 11, 2011
ARGUS RATING: HOLD
• CHK: Reiterating HOLD; transformation -- real or temporary
• CHK ended 2010 with proved reserves of 17.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent (tcfe). Itsreserve replacement ratio was approximately 100% and only 53% of reserves were proved
Argus Recommendations
Twelve Month Rating SELL HOLD BUY
Five Year Rating SELL HOLD BUY
Sector RatingUnderWeight
MarketWeight
OverWeight
Argus assigns a 12-month BUY, HOLD, or SELL rating to eachstock under coverage.
• BUY-rated stocks are expected to outperform the market (thebenchmark S&P 500 Index) on a risk-adjusted basis over thenext year.
• HOLD-rated stocks are expected to perform in line with thek t
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reserve replacement ratio was approximately 100% and only 53% of reserves were proveddeveloped, down from 58% in 2009 and 67% in 2008
• We are raising our 2011 EPS forecast to $2.80 from $2.60 and introducing a 2012 estimate of $3.00.
Our forecast is that daily production will average 3.1 bcfe/d in 2011, down from 3.2 bcfe/d previouslyand slightly above the midpoint of management's guidance.
• Chesapeake reported 4Q10 operating earnings available to common shareholders of $0.64 per share(excluding a gain associated with the sale of fixed assets, unrealized mark-to-market losses and animpairment charge), compared to $0.64 in 3Q10 and $0.77 in 4Q09.
• On February 21, CHK announced the sale of its 487,000 net acres of Fayetteville Shale leasehold toBHP Billiton for $4.75 billion in cash before certain deductions and standard closing adjustments.
INVESTMENT THESIS
We are reiterating our HOLD rating on Chesapeake Energy Corp. (NYSE: CHK). It is
possible that Chesapeake is in the midst of a transformation taking it from a poor capitalallocator to a strong one. Owning shares in companies as they make this transition can bequite lucrative. However, we are not sold that the effort will last, as previous attempts todo so have fallen short. Additionally, we remain concerned, in particular, aboutmanagement's short-term focus and the company's aggressive accounting policies.
We have long maintained that CHK has one of the industry's best collections of naturalgas assets. Despite this belief, our enthusiasm for the shares is limited due to concernsabout management's profligate spending, its correspondingly weak balance sheet, and itstendency to use financial engineering, such as long-dated hedges and volumetricproduction payments to accelerate the timing of cash receipts While we recognize that
market.
• SELL-rated stocks are expected to underperform the marketon a risk-adjusted basis.
The distribution of ratings across Argus' entire company
universe is: 51% Buy, 45% Hold, 4% Sell.
Key StatisticsKey Statistics pricing data reflects previous trading day's closingprice. Other applicable data are trailing 12-months unlessotherwise specified
Market OverviewPrice $33.56
Target Price --
52 Week Price Range $19.62 to $35.95
Shares Outstanding 657.63 MillionDividend $0.30
Sector OverviewSector Energy
Sector Rating OVER WEIGHT
Total % of S&P 500 Market Cap. 12.00%
Financial StrengthFinancial Strength Rating LOW
Debt/Capital Ratio 45.3%
Return on Equity 15 0%
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
techniques CHK has used.Perhaps most important, however, was our concern about
earnings quality. Our review of the footnotes to CHK's financialstatements over the last several years raised several red flags, andwe remain concerned about these issues.
At the same time, despite our earnings quality concerns (and ourbelief that the company's accounting policies and heavy use of off-balance-sheet leverage add unnecessary complexity andobfuscate true financial performance), we believe thatmanagement's announcements over the past two months representpositive steps in addressing the operational issues we have raised.In fact, some recent actions appear to be a direct response to theseconcerns As such we believe that it makes sense to give
have a multitude of drilling opportunities, it also takes time andresources to exploit opportunities. Cash paid today by a highlyleveraged company is more costly than cash paid today by one thathas a stronger financial position and a lower cost of capital. Weview the recent agreement to sell CHK's Fayetteville acreage as apositive step that starts to address these concerns.
CHK has by far the weakest balance sheet of any energycompany in our coverage group, which increases risk, particularlyif the economic recovery falters. More importantly, we believe thatCHK's accounting is less than transparent, as the companyregularly enters into joint ventures and engages in off-balance-sheetfinancing, including sale-leaseback transactions and volumetricproduction payments (VPPs) to generate cash without increasing
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concerns. As such, we believe that it makes sense to givemanagement another chance, and to see if it can ultimately deliveron its promises. We have heard promises in the past of plans toreduce debt, decelerate drilling activity, slow spending, and ceaseissuing new equity, only to see management reverse course and takeactions that contradict its stated plans.
We have also expressed concerns in the past about thecompany's tendency to change its focus more frequently than othercompanies in our coverage group, as well as our desire to seemanagement rein in its seemingly insatiable desire for assets. Webelieve it would be better for the company to simply manage itscurrent asset base and slow down growth activity, especially whilenatural gas prices are relatively low.
While it sounds impressive to hold large acreage positions and
production payments (VPPs) to generate cash without increasingbalance-sheet debt. We also are concerned about the company'sgrowing use of long-dated futures contracts. While managementredeemed some of its long-term notes last year in an effort to cleanup the balance sheet, the notes have generally been replaced withpreferred stock.
In our view, preferred stock is akin to debt, so we view themove as more of a recapitalization than as an effort to improve thecompany's financial strength. On a gross basis, including preferredstock, at December 31, 2010, CHK's debt was at its highest levelsince at least December 31, 2000, which is the furthest date forwhich we maintain data. Simultaneously, management has beentrumpeting its efforts to reduce debt. We disagree withmanagement's position. We do recognize, however, that this figure
Growth & Valuation AnalysisGROWTH ANALYSIS
($ in Millions, except per share data) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Revenue 4,665 7,326 7,800 11,629 7,702
COGS 1,675 2,079 2,703 1,316 1,165
Gross Profit 2,990 5,247 5,097 10,313 6,537
SG&A 64 139 243 3,882 2,665
R&D — — — — —
Financial & Risk Analysis
FINANCIAL STRENGTH 2007 2008 2009
Cash ($ in Millions) 1 1,749 307
Working Capital ($ in Millions) -1,365 671 -242
Current Ratio 0.51 1.19 0.91
LT Debt/Equity Ratio (%) 98.0 79.8 112.0
Total Debt/Equity Ratio (%) 98 0 79 8 112 0
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
should, hopefully, move lower once the Fayetteville sale proceedsare received.
Chesapeake also uses the full-cost accounting method, whichmakes it difficult to compare its metrics with peers. In addition, ithas used long-dated call options on oil, natural gas liquids andnatural gas in order to generate greater premiums for its near-termhedges. In short, while the company maintains that it has ampleliquidity, its actions suggest that it needs more cash than itsoperations generate. In our view, management's boasts about thecompany's low finding costs are also somewhat superficial, as itsaccounting methodology allows it to reduce the size of its full-costpool by offsetting gains from prior transactions and applying'drilling carries ' thereby lowering unit finding and development
preferred dividends were $0.70 per share exceeding the Streetconsensus of $0.63 and our $0.68 estimate, primarily due tobetter-than-anticipated price realizations, higher-than-expectedproduction, and lower-than-forecast unit depreciation, depletionand amortization (DD&A) costs. Unit DD&A costs were $1.38 permcfe compared to our estimate of $1.43, down from $1.39 in4Q09 and up from the $1.36 in the prior quarter. Productionexpenses were $0.91, ahead of our $0.90 forecast and up from$0.83 in 3Q10 and $0.86 in 4Q09. Revenues (excluding unrealizedbut including realized mark-to-market gains) were $2.0 billion,down 23% sequentially and 11% year-over-year. Production in4Q10 averaged 2.92 billion cubic feet equivalent per day (bcfe/d),down 4% sequentially but up 12% year-over-year Roughly 88%
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drilling carries, thereby lowering unit finding and developmentcosts and depreciation, depletion and amortization rates. We didnote some comments on CHK's 4Q10 conference call in whichmanagement acknowledge this fact with relation to the announcedsale of its Fayetteville assets.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Chesapeake reported 4Q10 operating earnings available tocommon shareholders of $0.64 per share (excluding a gainassociated with the sale of fixed assets, unrealized mark-to-marketlosses and an impairment charge), compared to $0.64 in 3Q10 and$0.77 in 4Q09. It should be noted that unlike the Street consensusour figure includes preferred stock dividends as such amounts arenot available to common stockholders. Results excluding the
down 4% sequentially but up 12% year over year. Roughly 88%of production was in the form of natural gas, compared to 90% in3Q10 and 93% in 4Q09. Year-over-year growth in natural gasliquids and oil volumes was 103%, versus a 5% gain in natural gasvolumes.
For 2010, CHK delivered operating income per share availableto common stockholders of $2.79, a 9% increase. Productionaveraged 2.84 bcfe/d, up from 2.48 bcfe/d in 2009. Natural gasaccounted for 89% of total volumes versus 92% in 2009. 2010represented the 21st consecutive year of sequential productiongrowth.
CHK ended 2010 with proved reserves of 17.1 trillion cubic feetof natural gas equivalent (tcfe). Its reserve replacement ratio wasapproximately 100% and only 53% of reserves were proved
Peer & Industry AnalysisThe graphics in this section are designed toallow investors to compare CHK versus itsindustry peers, the broader sector, and themarket as a whole, as defined by the ArgusUniverse of Coverage.
• The scatterplot shows how CHK stacks upversus its peers on two keycharacteristics: long-term growth andvalue In general companies in the lower
Growth
30
APC APC APC APC APC
P/E
CHK vs.Market
CHK vs.Sector
More Value More Growth
Price/Sales
CHK
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
developed, down from 58% in 2009 and 67% in 2008 (it shouldbe noted that due to SEC changes to reserve reporting, thepercentage of proved undeveloped reserves has increased industrywide). However, relative to our peer group, CHK's percentage of proved developed reserves is relatively low. Finding anddevelopment costs (F&D) on an all-in basis were $1.57 per mcfe,$1.76 and $2.20 over the last one-, three- and five years,respectively. Organic F&D averaged $1.06, $1.37 and $1.61 permcfe over the respective periods. The cost of acquired reservesdrove overall costs higher as the majority of the acreage CHKtypically purchases is undeveloped and reserves have not yet beenbooked. That said, reserve additions averaged $31.28 in 2010,sharply ahead of the three- and five-year averages of $16.32 and
CHK's business model.We admit that CHK's hedging program has generated
significant realized gains; it also increases the price certainty on therevenue side. Our concern is over its increasing use of long-datedcall options (for this purpose, we are specifically referring to hedgesthat go beyond the next fiscal year - as of 1Q11, this would be for2013 and later). We once heard a well-known energy analyst saythat the only price he knew oil would not be over the next year waswhatever he said it would be. We agree and think this applies tonatural gas as well. While all analysts strive to provide reasonableprice outlooks, there are many factors beyond fundamentals thatcan impact prices and make actual results much different thanforecasts. In our opinion, CHK's short-term needs for cash are so
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sharply ahead of the three and five year averages of $16.32 and$8.77, respectively. As highlighted in previous notes, CHK wasparticularly aggressive in acquiring acreage in 2010, as it spent inexcess of $5 billion.
On February 21, CHK announced the sale of its 487,000 netacres of Fayetteville Shale leasehold to BHP Billiton for $4.75billion in cash before certain deductions and standard closingadjustments. The transaction includes existing net production of 415 mcfe/d and midstream assets with approximately 475 miles of pipeline. We estimate proved reserves were roughly 2.5 tcfe. Thetransaction is expected to close in 1H11. The sales price equates to$11.45 per flowing mcfe and $2.21 per mcfe of proved reserves.The sales price was at the high end of our estimate range and on aproved reserve basis it was roughly in line with what Exxon paid
recently when it acquired acreage in the play from PetrohawkEnergy. As part of the deal, CHK also agreed to provide essentialservices for up to one year for BHP's Fayetteville properties for anagreed-upon fee. Upon closing CHK intends to retire $2-$3 billionof its senior notes and to reduce borrowings under its revolvingcredit line; however, the latter figure could increase again in thefuture, depending on working capital needs. See our note of February 9 for further discussion on this transaction.
EARNINGS & GROWTH ANALYSIS
forecasts. In our opinion, CHK s short term needs for cash are someaningful that it needs to use financial engineering to acceleratecash receipts in order to finance its activity. This includesvolumetric production payments (it is essentially paid for futureproduction upfront), long-dated call options, sale-leasebacktransactions and joint venture activities (which also cause it to losepartial control of some of its most attractive assets). In conjunctionwith writing this report, we reviewed CHK's use of long-datedfutures for natural gas, oil and natural gas liquids since it firststarted this practice in 4Q07. What we found was that on arelatively consistent basis over this period, the amount of futurevolumes that have been hedged keeps increasing. Perhaps moreimportantly, the size of the related losses keeps growing as well. Asof December 31, 2010, the fair value of its long-dated hedges was
negative $1.6 billion. It has call options on oil in the mid-$80srange from 2013 and beyond - we note that as late as 1Q09 thecall options on oil had a $185 strike price. We believe the value of CHK's long-term hedges is either going to continue to decline overtime, or alternatively, the positions will be liquidated at a loss.
As of its 2010 10-K, CHK had written long-dated call optionson 2014-2020 natural gas volumes at a weighted-average price of $7.07 per mcf, down from 3Q10's $7.49. It entered into contractscovering more than 230,000 bcf in the fourth quarter. It had alsowritten calls for crude oil from 2014-2017 at a weighted-average
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
company's relatively weak balance sheet, we think there is at least areasonable argument for CHK to enlist the help of others. We alsorecall, however, prior conversations with a rig provider whochooses not to do business with CHK because it is always lookingto undercut market rates in terms of dayrates and when it does dobusiness it takes a long time to pay. In short, our view aboutCHK's vertical integration is somewhat akin to our opinion aboutit having an interest in so many different plays. We think it wouldbe better to limit the scope. We also think it is hard to provide thehighest caliber services across so many business lines.Management's approach reminds us of the title of a book directedtoward getting children to realize they can't have everything theywant called But I Wannntt It! We think it would be better if
aggressive than may be warranted by current prices, we think thatcompanies would be better served by scaling back activity whenprices are lower. The potential benefits of such actions would betwofold: (1) they would result in lower supply; and (2) they wouldlikely increase free cash flow. Through the first half of the year,CHK's capital expenditures, including acquisitions and proceedsfrom asset sales, exceeded operating cash flow by about $1.1billion. In fact, the company has not been free cash flow-positive inany year reflected in our model, which goes back to 2001.
We would prefer to see more emphasis on free cash flowgeneration and less on production growth. This issue is not solelyChesapeake's. It seems to be endemic to the industry; it is alsohelped by the willingness of banks and investors to provide these
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want called But I Wannntt It! We think it would be better if management would show greater discipline and reduce its appetite.
What we're also uncertain about is whether investors reallyunderstand what they're getting when they buy shares of CHK.
Historically, CHK has been perceived as a near pure play onnatural gas production. We don't think that's the case any longer.First, there's the operational shift to more liquids production.However, CHK has also ramped up hedging activity. While thehedges are supported by production, the level and type of hedgingactivity is well above that of any company in CHK's peer group.Moreover, the company has a history of aggressively acquiringacreage and then forming joint ventures for its larger holdings tooffset acquisition costs. Again, while we are not against the idea of companies making money and generating cash flow, we question
whether investors are fully aware of the impact on CHK's business.Another item we noticed in reviewing CHK's 4Q10 results is thatits Marketing operations generated $50 million more of pre-taxincome than its E&P operations did. In short, we no longer viewCHK as the best 'pure play' on natural gas. Its business model haschanged. We can make the argument that it's not just anindependent E&P company either. Instead, it now seems to be acombination of an E&P company and a financial entity. Perhapseven a hedge fund of a sort. At the same time, we remain concernedabout the company's earnings quality.
helped by the willingness of banks and investors to provide thesecompanies with the liquidity they need to continue drilling evenwhen the cash flow they generate does not support the activitylevel. Independent E&P companies, in particular, often act as if the
most important characteristic they can exhibit is productiongrowth. Often, share prices do react positively to news aboutincreased volumes, at least in the short term. However, taking avalue-based approach, we believe that generating consistentpositive free cash flow is the key driver of long-term results. Wealso think investors would realize the greatest long-term rewards if companies took this view. In fact, looking at share priceperformance over the last few years, we find that those companiesin our coverage universe that generate the best cash flow alsoexhibit the best long-term stock performance.
FINANCIAL STRENGTH & DIVIDEND
Our financial strength rating for Chesapeake is Low, the bottomof our five-point scale. CHK's total debt/capital ratio was 58% atthe end of 4Q10, up from 53% at 2009's end and easily the highestamong its peers in our coverage universe. Unlike most otheranalysts on the Street, when determining Chesapeake's total debt,we include its obligations under capital leases and the excess of itsdefined benefit pension obligations over the fair value of theunderlying assets. While the operating leases are not on the balanceh k h d l d h
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
liability management program, which includes extending thematurity profile of its outstanding indebtedness while also retiringapproximately $2.0 to $3.0 billion of its shorter-dated senior notesas part of its 25/25 Plan - 25% debt reduction and 25%production growth over 2011 and 2012.
Our concerns about CHK's weak financial position remainhigh; we believe that many of its financing practices support ourview. As discussed above, we think that CHK uses long-dated stockoptions primarily because it needs to accelerate the receipt of cash.Current spot prices for natural gas are not high enough to supportspending, so the company uses long-dated options to generate morenear-term cash. Similarly, the VPPs are used to generate cashproceeds today for production that will not be supplied for several
company's accounting appear to be shared, as one firm that ratescompanies on accounting and governance, Audit Integrity, givesCHK an 'Aggressive' rating.
CHK has currently budgeted drilling and completion capitalexpenditures, net of drilling and completion carries, of $5.0 - $5.4billion in 2011 and $5.4 - $5.8 billion in 2012. Managementanticipates funding all or substantially these amounts using cashflow from operations in 2011 and 2012. Based on our model, wethink this is possible. Management also plans to fund leaseholdacquisition capital expenditures, together with other capitalexpenditure requirements, with a combination of revolving bankcredit facility borrowings and proceeds from asset monetizations.As of December 31, 2010, CHK had made commitments to acquire
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p y p ppyears (five to 15 years, depending on the VPP). Other tools are the
JV structures CHK forms once it accumulates sufficiently largepositions in high-demand resource plays.
Our financial strength rating of Low also reflects our concernsabout the company's earnings quality. We have noted several 10-Kfootnote changes over the past six years, including the threediscussed in great detail in our October 15 note that could beconstrued as attempts to make the company's reported incomeappear better than it would have been absent such changes. Inaddition, we would greatly prefer to see the company use thesuccessful-efforts rather than the full-cost accounting method.Under successful efforts, companies report gains and losses on assetsales on their income statement. They also record exploration
expense. Instead, CHK's gains from its asset sales are netted againstits full-cost pool. Based on the JVs it has entered to date, CHK willultimately realize $16.5 billion in total proceeds from assetmonetizations - including drilling carries and dispositions. Thisfigure should exceed $21 billion once the Fayetteville asset salediscussed above closes. Most analysts exclude gains or losses onasset sales from operating earnings. Under CHK's accountingmethod, such gains are credits to the full-cost pool that reducefuture unit costs. Management often makes reference to thecompany's low finding costs and DD&A rates; however, these have
, , qadditional proved and unproved properties in various transactionsduring the next twelve months for approximately $350 million.Chesapeake reassesses its budget on a monthly basis, so guidance
can change at any time.The company does not have any long-term debt due before
2013, and it is not currently in danger of failing to meet its debtcovenants. At December 31, the company had $102 million of cashon hand and $15.6 billion of net long-term debt, up from $12.5billion at the end of 4Q09. It also had about $3.7 billion of additional borrowing capacity under its revolving bank creditfacilities as of December 31.
CHK pays a quarterly dividend of $0.075 per share, or $0.30annually, for a yield of about 1.4%. Due to the company's
aggressive spending pattern in 2010 as well as plans to reduce debt,we do not anticipate dividend increases in 2011 or 2012.
MANAGEMENT & RISKS
Aubrey McClendon has served as the company's chairman andCEO since 1989 and is one of its cofounders. His five-yearemployment agreement requires him to hold shares with aninvestment value equal to 500% of the total of his annual salaryand cash bonuses. This percentage was reduced to 200% in 2009but reverted to 500% in 2010. Mr. McClendon also is part of a
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CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
generate greater premiums for its near-term hedges. In short, whilethe company maintains that it has ample liquidity, its actionssuggest that it needs more cash than its operations generate. In ourview, management's boasts about the company's low finding costsare also somewhat superficial, as its accounting methodologyallows it to reduce the size of its full-cost pool by offsetting gainsfrom prior transactions and applying 'drilling carries,' therebylowering unit finding and development costs and depreciation,depletion and amortization rates.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On January 6, CHK issued its preliminary 2010 operationalresults and outlined its new 2011-2012 strategic and financial plan,(th 25/25 Pl ) d hi h it i t d t d l t d bt b
boe. In September 2010, CHK acquired about 24,166 acres inGoshen County Wyoming, which is located in the northern part of the DJJ Basin and is prospective for the Niobrara Shale fromSamson Oil & Gas Ltd. The purchase price equated to about$3,275 per acre. It received even more from CNOOC - roughly$4,750 per acre, or closer to $4,000 if the amount received in theform of drilling carries is discounted at about 10%. CHK currentlyhas five rigs drilling in the play. It intends to increase this total to10 by the end of 2011 and to 20 by the end of 2012.
Chesapeake also increased its hedging position. As of January 6,it had hedged 96% of expected 2011 natural gas production at anaverage price of $5.84 per mcf. It had also hedged roughly 17% of anticipated 2012 volumes at $6.19 per mcf, including
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(the 25/25 Plan) under which it intends to reduce long-term debt by25% over the next two years while slowing its two-year productiongrowth rate to 25% from its previously announced target of
30%-40%. CHK's 4Q10 production averaged about 2.9 billioncubic feet of natural gas equivalent (bcfe/d), a 4% sequentialdecrease but an 11% year-over-year improvement. It should benoted that at the end of 3Q10, CHK sold future productionthrough a volumetric production payment covering a portion of itsBarnett Shale assets, including approximately 350 mmcfe/d of production in 4Q10. Excluding this sale, production would haveincreased 7% sequentially and 25% year-over-year. We willprovide additional details related to 4Q10 activity as well asreserve activity in a future note, as the company has disclosed only
limited data ahead of its 4Q10 earnings report on February 23.Chesapeake's has dubbed its updated strategic and financialplan as 'the 25/25 Plan.' The plan does not include any change inthe company's decision to transition its production mix to higherlevels of liquids. However, it does focus on lowering long-term debtby 25% over the next two years through a substantial reduction inleasehold spending (it spent approximately $5 billion in 2010) andthrough various asset monetizations, which will reduce CHK'splanned two-year production growth rate to 25% from apreviously targeted 30%-40%. Perhaps more importantly, the
d d f d k
p p , gapproximately 29% of expected 1H12 volumes at $6.19. Based onthe prices received, we believe the company once again usedlong-dated call options to enhance the price of its near-term hedges.
We have discussed our dislike for this particular strategy manytimes in the past. In short, while we tend to think future prices willbe higher than those today, there are too many variables that cancause a bad result in the future. If CHK was less leveraged, itwould have less need to use this technique.
On February 8, CHK announced plans to sell its FayettevilleShale assets as well as its investments in Frac Tech Holdings, LLCand Chaparral Energy, Inc. If the sales are completed, managementanticipates that the combined pretax proceeds could exceed $5billion. Chesapeake currently owns approximately 487,000 net
acres in the Fayetteville leasehold (up from 440,000 at November3). It has a joint venture in the play with BP. BP is aware of CHK'sintentions and does have a right of first refusal in the event theacreage is put on the market. Given BP's current predispositiontowards asset sales, we think it is more likely to be a seller than abuyer.
The most recent transaction we are aware of in the Fayettevillewas a sale of 157,000 net acres from Petrohawk Energy toExxonMobil for $575 million. Current net production associatedwith that acreage is roughly 415 mmcf/d. Using the $5,870 per
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
overall production profile.Management intends to use the net proceeds from these sales as
well as the Niobrara JV mentioned above to retire approximately$2-$3 billion of its shorter-dated senior notes and to reduceborrowing under its revolving bank credit line. CHK has $500million of long-term debt due in 2013. Its revolver matures inDecember 2015. Based on our discussions with management, weexpect CHK will also use a portion of the proceeds to build out itsown fracturing services business, as it looks to vertically integratethose operations. This is a course it has also taken with its drillingoperations; many of the rigs in its fleet used to belong to CHK untilthey were made part of a sale-leaseback in another effort to fundoperations using off-balance-sheet financing.
management's guidance. The biggest change to the company'sproduction profile is its effort to make its production moreliquids-rich; liquids production is expected to increase from 49mboe/d currently to 200 mboe/d by 2015. Management plans toaccelerate drilling of liquids-rich plays until the end of 2012, whenthe company's drilling capital expenditures are to be balancedapproximately 50/50 between natural gas and liquids.
In the past, CHK has benefited meaningfully from a hedgingprogram that has become more aggressive with the passage of time.In fact, in a partial review of CHK's 10-K footnotes in each of thelast six years, we noted a change in language. Through 2007, thefootnote on hedging activities said, 'From time to time, Chesapeakeuses commodity price and financial risk management instruments
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On February 8, Chesapeake announced the pricing of a publicoffering of $1.0 billion principal of 10-year senior notes due 2021.The notes carry an interest rate of 6.125%. The proceeds are
currently expected to repay debt outstanding under its revolvingcredit facility, which it anticipates using from time to time to meetcapex needs and for general corporate purposes.
Assuming the Fayetteville sale is completed, we also expect thatCHK will have to monetize a portion of its hedges, as weunderstand it cannot be more than 100% hedged - based on thelast publicly available date, it is currently 96% hedged for 2011.
In general, it should not be surprising that we think the movesthe company is making are the right ones, as they address a numberof the concerns we have expressed in the past. However, we still
think there could be value in slowing growth below the currenttarget of 25% for the next two years.
We believe that many E&Ps have made growth for growth'ssake a part of their business model. We would rather see slowergrowth that delivers better cash flow on a per unit and overallbasis. Such growth would likely result in better returns on capitaland assets, and increased profitability and cash flow. Managementhas been operating under a different business model than the onewe favor for some time. The signs it has shown so far indicate itsapproach could be changing. However, we have heard plans
to mitigate our exposure to price fluctuations in oil and natural gasand interest rates.' The words 'from time to time' were deletedbeginning in 2008. We understand that the hedging activity has
boosted realizations.What we're less sure about is whether investors really
understand what they're getting when they buy shares of CHK.Historically, CHK has been perceived as a near pure play onnatural gas production. We don't think that's the case any longer.First, there's the operational shift to more liquids production. If that were the only change, we would hardly bat an eye. However,CHK has also ramped up hedging activity. While the hedges aresupported by production, the level and type of hedging activity iswell above that of any company in CHK's peer group. Moreover,
as discussed above, the company is aggressively acquiring acreageand then forming joint ventures for its larger holdings to offsetacquisition costs. Again, while we are not against the idea of companies making money and generating cash flow, we questionwhether investors are fully aware of the impact on CHK's business.In short, we no longer view CHK as the best 'pure play' on naturalgas. Its business model has changed. We can make the argumentthat it's not just an independent E&P company either. Instead, itnow seems to be a combination of an E&P company and afinancial entity. Perhaps even a hedge fund of a sort. At the same
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
believe one can reliably forecast how high (or low) commodityprices (and the related service costs) may be over the next three toten years.
In our view, the biggest advantage to hedges is that they providesome certainty in an uncertain world. However, we think that viewonly prevails in a relatively short time frame. We believe thatCHK's option activity provides further support for our view that itneeds more cash to support its activity than its operations cangenerate, despite management's contention that the company hasample liquidity.
Chesapeake's future growth prospects are largely driven by itspositions in unconventional natural gas shale and liquids plays-Haynesville, Marcellus, Barnett, Bossier, Granite Wash, Eagle
into account when determining its total debt/capital ratio, thoughwe believe that these transactions are akin to off-balance-sheetdebt. In essence, VPPs are somewhat similar to loans. The onlydifference is that repayment is in the form of future natural gasvolumes rather than cash. S&P rates Chesapeake's long-term debtas BB. Based on recent management comments, we believe therating agencies share our view of the VPPs. Management disagrees,as it views the VPPs as asset sales. Alternatively, we think the VPPshave some similarities to operating leases, which we also believerepresent off-balance-sheet debt. The intent of the company's latestfinancial plan is to have its debt upgraded to investment-gradestatus. One of management's primary means of achieving this goalappears to be redeeming senior notes and replacing them with
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Ford, Anadarko Basin, Permian Basin and Rocky Mountains. As of November 3, it disclosed holdings of 5.9 million net acres inunconventional fields (up from 5.2 million at June 30). Its total
risked, unbooked resource base is 102.1 tcfe, up from 95.2 tcfepreviously. While it is shifting more activity to more lucrativeliquids plays, we continue to believe that the company is spendingtoo aggressively in the current environment. While we understandthat in some cases, such as when leases include held-by-production(HBP) provisions, drilling must be more aggressive than may bewarranted by current prices, we think that companies would bebetter served by scaling back activity when prices are lower. Thepotential benefits of such actions would be twofold: (1) they wouldresult in lower supply; and (2) they would likely increase free cash
flow. Through the first half of the year, CHK's capitalexpenditures, including acquisitions and proceeds from asset sales,exceeded operating cash flow by about $1.1 billion. In fact, thecompany has not been free cash flow-positive in any year reflectedin our model, which goes back to 2001.
We would prefer to see more emphasis on free cash flowgeneration and less on production growth. This issue is not solelyChesapeake's. It seems to be endemic to the industry; it is alsohelped by the willingness of banks and investors to provide thesecompanies with the liquidity they need to continue drilling even
convertible preferred debt. Given that the dividends on thepreferred are cumulative, we classify them as debt and view thetransactions as akin to a recapitalization.
Our concerns about CHK's weak financial position remainhigh; we believe that many of its financing practices support ourview. As discussed above, we think that CHK uses long-dated stockoptions primarily because it needs to accelerate the receipt of cash.Current spot prices for natural gas are not high enough to supportspending, so the company uses long-dated options to generate morenear-term cash. Similarly, the VPPs are used to generate cashproceeds today for production that will not be supplied for severalyears (five to 15 years, depending on the VPP). Other tools are the
JV structures CHK forms once it accumulates sufficiently large
positions in high-demand resource plays.Our financial strength rating of Low also reflects our concerns
about the company's earnings quality. We have noted several 10-Kfootnote changes over the past six years, including the threediscussed in our October 15 note that could be construed asattempts to make the company's reported income appear betterthan it would have been absent such changes. In addition, wewould greatly prefer to see the company use the successful-effortsrather than the full-cost accounting method. Under successfulefforts, companies report gains and losses on asset sales on their
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
instruments as well as its profligate spending and desire to take abig stake in every significant resource play make it much moredifficult for investors to understand. The related uncertainty alsohas a negative impact on perceived value. Our concerns about thecompany's accounting appear to be shared, as one firm that ratescompanies on accounting and governance, Audit Integrity, givesCHK an 'Aggressive' rating.
Counting leasehold acquisition costs and net of joint venturedrilling carries and asset sales, we estimate that CHK's capex willbe about $5.0 billion in 2010, down from roughly $6.0 billion in2009. Chesapeake reassesses its budget on a monthly basis, soguidance can change at any time. Relative to last year, a good partof the decrease is related to the drilling carries CHK will earn on
more favorable pricing than are currently available. Should suchprices fail to materialize, CHK's capital spending could be limited.
INDUSTRY
Oil industry fundamentals are supportive of increased spendingon oil-related projects, particularly exploration-related
expenditures. The current outlook for oil prices and demandgrowth are supportive of additional investment, particularly inexploration. These factors should benefit oilfield services businessin 2011. According to a Barclay's industry study on producercapital spending plans, capex budgets industry-wide should beabout 11% higher in 2011, providing opportunity for serviceprovider growth. Crude oil prices were $91.38 at the end of 2010 -their highest year end level since 2007 Many are expecting prices
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the properties it has joint-ventured as well as anticipated proceedsfrom future joint ventures.
The company does not have any long-term debt due before
2013, and it is not currently in danger of failing to meet its debtcovenants. At September 30, the company had $609 million of cashon hand and $13.9 billion of net long-term debt, up from $12.5billion at the end of 4Q09. It also had about $1.3 billion and $50million of additional borrowing capacity under its Corporate andMidstream revolving bank credit facilities, respectively.
CHK pays a quarterly dividend of $0.075 per share, or $0.30annually, for a yield of about 1.4%. Due to the company'saggressive spending pattern this year, we no longer anticipatedividend increases in 2010 or 2011.
MANAGEMENT & RISKS
Aubrey McClendon has served as the company's chairman andCEO since 1989 and is one of its cofounders. His five-yearemployment agreement requires him to hold shares with aninvestment value equal to 500% of the total of his annual salaryand cash bonuses. This percentage was reduced to 200% in 2009but reverted to 500% in 2010. Mr. McClendon also is part of awell participation plan, which we think is inappropriate for acompany of CHK's size and not in the best interests of h h ld
their highest year-end level since 2007. Many are expecting pricesto surpass $100 in 2011. While we think a triple-digit handle ismore likely than we did in December, we do not believe that such a
price level will be sustainable. Market fundamentals, includinginventory levels and excess supply, argue that current prices are toohigh. The U.S. Energy Information Administration's latest forecastsuggests that global oil demand will increase 1.7% in 2011 to arecord 87.8 million barrels. On the other hand, output is expectedto move only 0.9% higher. As we entered the year, the Streetconsensus was that 2011 crude prices would average $87 comparedto slightly below $80 in 2010 - our forecast is for an average priceof $89. With oil prices solidly above $70 per barrel, producerconfidence has grown and capital spending is forecast to rise by
more than 10% this year. This increased confidence in prices beinghigh enough to support activity should benefit service providers.On the other hand, the 2011 outlook for natural gas prices is
much cloudier. Natural gas in storage ended 2010 solidly above thefive-year average and only slightly below 2009's record levels.Prices remain depressed - they are currently in the $4.50 per mcf range - and it seems unlikely they will move markedly higher in2011 - our forecast is for an average price of $4.60. While we havea positive long-term view of natural gas due to its cleaner carbonprofile and apparent abundance, we think prices are unlikely to
h $ l l l b h h l
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
In our view, the natural gas industry currently faces a supplyglut that is unlikely to dissipate in the near term. We thinklegislation increasing the amount of natural gas used in powergeneration or subsidizing greater transportation fuel use is neededin order to meaningfully increase demand. As a result, we expect adecline in natural gas drilling toward the middle of 2011; however,based on our conversations with others in the industry and giventhe continued wide disparity between oil and natural gas prices onan energy-equivalent basis, we think a good portion of those rigscurrently drilling for natural gas will switch from gas to liquids. In2010, an increasing number of companies reallocated capital from'dry gas' and conventional natural gas plays to 'wetter/more oily'and unconventional plays. We expect these trends to continue, if
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not grow, which should benefit oilfield services providers. Ourview is driven by our understanding that many of the technologiesthat are currently being applied to unconventional wells may
ultimately be applied to both unconventional wells with higherliquid content as well as to older vertical wells.
Our biggest concern about rising oil prices is their potentialeconomic impact. Oil's primary use is as a transportation fuel.Currently, there are relatively few cheap options that can reduce oiluse in this regard. A meaningful portion of oil production is alsoinelastic. As a result, higher oil prices can be akin to a 'tax' onconsumers. Many attribute at least a portion of the blame for therecent recession to higher oil prices. We harbor some concerns of arepeat should oil prices rise too far too fast. On the production
front, we are less optimistic about a significant resumption indrilling activity in the Gulf of Mexico's deepwaters than we werewhen the moratorium was lifted. There have been no newdeepwater permits for new exploration issued to date, and fearsthat there won't be any for much of 2011 are growing.
VALUATION
CHK shares are trading near the top of their 52-week range of $19.62-$32.17; the all-time high reached in 2008 was $74.00. Therecent high was reached on February 7 as the shares responded
l l h d
METHODOLOGY & DISCLAIMERS
NYSE: CHK
About Argus
Argus Research, founded by Economist Harold Dorsey in 1934,has built a top-down, fundamental system that is used by Argusanalysts. This six-point system includes Industry Analysis, GrowthAnalysis, Financial Strength Analysis, Management Assessment,Risk Analysis and Valuation Analysis.
Utilizing forecasts from Argus’ Economist, the Industry Analysisidentifies industries expected to perform well over the nextone-to-two years.
The Growth Analysis generates proprietary estimates forcompanies under coverage.
In the Financial Strength Analysis, analysts study ratios tounderstand profitability liquidity and capital structure
And finally, Argus’ Valuation Analysis model integrates ahistorical ratio matrix, discounted cash flow modeling, and peercomparison.
THE ARGUS RESEARCH RATING SYSTEM
Argus uses three ratings for stocks: BUY, HOLD, and SELL.Stocks are rated relative to a benchmark, the S&P 500.
• A BUY-rated stock is expected to outperform the S&P 500 ona risk-adjusted basis over a 12-month period. To make thisdetermination, Argus Analysts set target prices, use beta as themeasure of risk, and compare expected risk-adjusted stockreturns to the S&P 500 forecasts set by the Argus MarketStrategist
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understand profitability, liquidity and capital structure.
During the Management Assessment, analysts meet with andfamiliarize themselves with the processes of corporate management
teams.
Quantitative trends and qualitative threats are assessed underthe Risk Analysis.
Strategist.
• A HOLD-rated stock is expected to perform in line with theS&P 500.
• A SELL-rated stock is expected to underperform the S&P 500.
Argus Research Disclaimer
Argus Research is an independent investment research provider and is not a member of the FINRA or the SIPC. Argus Research is not a registered broker dealer and does not have
investment banking operations. The Argus trademark, service mark and logo are the intellectual property of Argus Group Inc. The information contained in this research report is
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CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Chesapeake Energy Corp.'s operations are focused on discovering and developing unconventional naturalgas and oil fields onshore in the U.S. Chesapeake owns leading positions in the Barnett, Fayetteville,Haynesville, Marcellus and Bossier natural gas shale plays and in the Eagle Ford, Granite Wash and variousother unconventional oil plays, largely in the Anadarko, Permian and Powder River Basins. The companyhas also vertically integrated its operations and owns substantial midstream, compression, drilling andoilfield service assets.
Analyst's NotesAnalysis by Philip H. Weiss, CFA, CPA, November 30, 2010
ARGUS RATING: SELL
• CHK: Downgrade to SELL on spending/earnings quality issues
• Although we believe Chesapeake has one of the industry's best collections of natural gas assets, weare lowering our rating from HOLD to SELL due to our continuing concerns about the company's
Argus Recommendations
Twelve Month Rating SELL HOLD BUY
Five Year Rating SELL HOLD BUY
Sector RatingUnder
Weight
Market
Weight
Over
Weight
Argus assigns a 12-month BUY, HOLD, or SELL rating to eachstock under coverage.
• BUY-rated stocks are expected to outperform the market (thebenchmark S&P 500 Index) on a risk-adjusted basis over thenext year.
• HOLD-rated stocks are expected to perform in line with themarket.
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profligate spending and its impact on the balance sheet, as well as our worries about its earningsquality.
• Chesapeake, which once claimed the land grab was over, spent $3.7 billion acquiring natural gas andoil proved and unproved properties through the year's first nine months. It has agreed to spend inexcess of $1 billion more on acreage subsequent to June 30.
• We are also lowering our long-term rating from BUY to HOLD.
• We are lowering our 2010 EPS forecast to $2.78 from $2.95 and our 2011 estimate to $2.55 from$2.75. These decreases are largely associated with downward revisions to our near-term commodityprice forecast, partially mitigated by increases to our production outlook.
INVESTMENT THESIS
Although we believe that HOLD-rated Chesapeake Energy Corp. (NYSE: CHK) has
one of the industry's best collections of natural gas assets, we are lowering our rating fromHOLD to SELL due to our continuing concerns about the company's profligate spendingand its impact on the balance sheet, as well as our worries about its earnings quality. Wemight think differently if we saw signs that spending would slow and that managementwas truly interested in deleveraging the balance sheet. However, spending continuesunabated; we are lowering our rating. We are also lowering our long-term rating fromBUY to HOLD.
Our pessimistic near-term view also reflects our growing concerns about CHK'searnings quality (based on a review of financial statement footnotes over a period of time)and its frequent use of complex financial products as well as our desire to see management
• SELL-rated stocks are expected to underperform the marketon a risk-adjusted basis.
The distribution of ratings across Argus' entire company
universe is: 53% Buy, 42% Hold, 6% Sell.
Key StatisticsKey Statistics pricing data reflects previous trading day's closingprice. Other applicable data are trailing 12-months unlessotherwise specified
Market OverviewPrice $22.05
Target Price --
52 Week Price Range $19.62 to $29.22
Shares Outstanding 653.92 MillionDividend $0.30
Sector OverviewSector Energy
Sector Rating MARKET WEIGHT
Total % of S&P 500 Market Cap. 11.00%
Financial StrengthFinancial Strength Rating LOW
Debt/Capital Ratio 49.9%
Return on Equity 15 5%
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
policies and heavy use of off-balance-sheet leverage addunnecessary complexity and obscure true financial performance.
In addition, we have concerns about the company's tendency tochange its focus more frequently than other companies in ourcoverage group. We would also like to see management rein in itsseemingly insatiable desire for assets. We believe it would be betterfor the company to simply manage its current asset base and slowdown growth activity, especially while natural gas prices arerelatively low. While it sounds impressive to hold large acreagepositions and have a multitude of drilling opportunities, it alsotakes time and resources to exploit opportunities. Cash paid todayby a highly leveraged company is more costly than cash paid todayby one that has a stronger financial position and lower cost of
it l
financial strength. On a gross basis, including preferred stock, atSeptember 30, 2010, CHK's debt was at its highest level sinceSeptember 30, 2008. Simultaneously, management has beentrumpeting its efforts to reduce debt. We disagree withmanagement's position.
Chesapeake also uses the full-cost accounting method, whichmakes it difficult to compare its metrics with peers. In addition, ithas used long-dated call options on oil and natural gas in order togenerate greater premiums for its near-term hedges. In short, whilethe company maintains that it has ample liquidity, its actionssuggest that it needs more cash than its operations generate. In ourview, management's boasts about the company's low finding costsare also somewhat superficial, as its accounting methodologyll it t d th i f it f ll t l b ff tti i
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capital.CHK has by far the weakest balance sheet of any energy
company in our coverage group, which increases risk, particularly
if the economic recovery falters. More importantly, we believe thatCHK's accounting is less than transparent, as the companyregularly enters into joint ventures that engage in off-balance-sheetfinancing, including sale-leaseback transactions and volumetricproduction payments (VPPs) to generate cash without increasingbalance-sheet debt. While management has recently redeemed someof its long-term notes in an effort to clean up its balance sheet, thenotes have largely been replaced with preferred stock. In our view,preferred stock is akin to debt, so we view the move as more of arecapitalization than as an effort to improve the company's
allows it to reduce the size of its full-cost pool by offsetting gainsfrom prior transactions and applying 'drilling carries,' therebylowering unit finding and development costs and depreciation,
depletion and amortization rates.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Chesapeake reported 3Q10 operating earnings available tocommon shareholders of $0.70 per share (excluding a gainassociated with certain equity investments, unrealizedmark-to-market losses, impairment charges and a charge related tothe redemption of certain of the company's senior notes), comparedto $0.75 in 2Q10 and $0.70 in 3Q09. Results exceeded the Streetconsensus of $0.64 and our $0.61 estimate, primarily due to
Growth & Valuation AnalysisGROWTH ANALYSIS
($ in Millions, except per share data) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Revenue 4,665 7,326 7,800 11,629 7,702
COGS 1,675 2,079 2,703 1,316 1,165
Gross Profit 2,990 5,247 5,097 10,313 6,537
SG&A 64 139 243 3,882 2,665
R&D — — — — —
Financial & Risk Analysis
FINANCIAL STRENGTH 2007 2008 2009
Cash ($ in Millions) 1 1,749 307
Working Capital ($ in Millions) -1,365 671 -242
Current Ratio 0.51 1.19 0.91
LT Debt/Equity Ratio (%) 98.0 79.8 112.0
Total Debt/Equity Ratio (%) 98 0 79 8 112 0
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
better-than-anticipated price realizations, higher-than-expectedproduction, and lower-than-forecast unit production anddepreciation, depletion and amortization (DD&A) costs. Revenues(excluding unrealized but including realized mark-to-market gains)were $2.5 billion, up 5% sequentially and 21% year-over-year.Production in 3Q10 averaged 3.04 billion cubic feet equivalent perday (bcfe/d), up 9% sequentially and 23% year-over-year. Slightlymore than 90% of production was in the form of natural gas, upalmost 1% sequentially but down about 2% year-over-year.Year-over-year growth in natural gas liquids and oil volumes was50%, versus a 20% gain in natural gas volumes.
In 3Q10, CHK's average net production from its MarcellusShale acreage was 171 mmcfe/d, up about 41% sequentially and214% I O t b it d 185 f /d t
billion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent (bcfe). These figures arebased on trailing 12-month average prices of $4.41 per mcf fornatural gas and $77.33 for crude.
Chesapeake, which once claimed the land grab was over, spent$3.7 billion acquiring natural gas and oil proved and unprovedproperties through the year's first nine months. It has agreed tospend in excess of $1 billion more on acreage subsequent to June30. In conjunction with its 3Q10 earnings release, CHK alsoannounced plans to pay approximately $850 million for 500,000net acres of Appalachian Basin leasehold and option rights. Of thisacreage, roughly 25% will be immediately marked for resale afterclosing; the remainder of the assets will be combined with existingCHK leasehold in a play in which it expects to execute a newi d t j i t t i 1H11 O N b 29 CHK l
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214% year-over-year. In October, it averaged 185 mmcfe/d netfrom the play and now has 27 operated rigs. In the HaynesvilleShale, CHK's 3Q10 average daily net production was 742
mmcfe/d, up 34% from 2Q10 and 185% from 3Q09. In October,production averaged about 785 mmcfe/d net from the play, wherethe company is currently operating 34 rigs. During 3Q10, CHK'sdaily net production from the Barnett Shale fell roughly 7%year-over-year but increased 7% sequentially to 566 mmcfe/d. Inthe Fayetteville Shale, CHK's 3Q10 production averaged 392mmcfe/d, up 7% sequentially and 56% year-over-year. In October,volumes averaged 410 mmcfe/d. CHK is currently drilling itsFayetteville acreage with eight operated rigs.
In 3Q10, CHK's net proved reserves grew by 4.5% to 16.2
industry joint venture in 1H11. On November 29, CHK alsoagreed to spend another $200 million to purchase 23,180 acres of net oil and natural gas leasehold in the McMullen County area of
the Eagle Ford Shale from Antares Energy Limited. Interestingly,on the same day Marathon Oil announced plans to acquire EagleFord acreage in nearby Wilson and Atascosa counties for asignificantly lower price. We also learned during CHK's 3Q10conference call that management 'finally' acquired a relativelysmall acreage position in the Williston Basin - around 100,000acres. CHK's CEO, Aubrey McClendon has mentioned on severaloccasions that the Williston Basin was the one in the U.S. thatCHK had regrettably missed. While it is unlikely to increase itsposition to a large enough size to make it a JV, we are somewhat
Peer & Industry AnalysisThe graphics in this section are designed toallow investors to compare CHK versus itsindustry peers, the broader sector, and themarket as a whole, as defined by the ArgusUniverse of Coverage.
• The scatterplot shows how CHK stacks upversus its peers on two keycharacteristics: long-term growth andvalue In general companies in the lower
Growth
30
40
APC APC APC APC APC
P/E
CHK vs.Market
CHK vs.Sector
More Value More Growth
Price/Sales
CHK
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
relieved to hear that CHK has no longer missed out on this prolificunconventional oil play. On a more serious note, we would preferto see CHK hold a less diversified acreage position. We do notthink it needs to have a stake in all the major plays. We wouldprefer greater focus, and a smaller amount of capital tied up inpositions that won't be exploited for a considerable period. As withequity investing, we believe more focused portfolios shouldoutperform those that are too diversified. Plus, having an interest inso many plays requires greater spending and can take more of management's time.
In general, management's typical plan is to sell off minoritypositions in some of its new oil plays to recover much, if not all, of its initial leasehold investment. As with other recent deals, weanticipate that CHK will receive only a portion of the total
We are lowering our 2010 EPS forecast to $2.78 from $2.95and our 2011 estimate to $2.55 from $2.75. The decreases arelargely associated with downward revisions to our near-termcommodity price forecast, partially mitigated by increases to ourproduction outlook. Unless we have another cold winter, theamount of gas in storage should remain high. We also do not see anear-term slowdown in drilling activity. Our forecast that dailyproduction will average 2.8 bcfe/d in 2010, with an increase to 3.3bcfe/d in 2011, is unchanged. In its latest guidance, managementprojected that production would grow another 18% in 2012(versus 12% previously). While CHK is focusing a little less on its'Big 6' shale plays, its efforts to grow liquids volumes should morethan offset any shortfall. Our estimates are largely in line with themidpoint of management's guidance The biggest change to the
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anticipate that CHK will receive only a portion of the totalconsideration in the form of upfront cash payments. The balancewill be received in the form of drilling carries over time - the
drilling carries, which reduce CHK's capex burden, are alsobeneficial from a tax perspective. The desire to acquire additionalacreage is part of management's desire to increase the importanceof liquids in the company's overall production profile. Currently,management is pursuing a joint venture for its Niobrara acreage,which it hopes to announce early next year. Another JV for anunnamed play is in the plans for later next year.
While we have been impressed with CHK's ability to find JVpartners, our level of concern about this strategy is increasing. Webelieve most, if not all, of the major parties interested in such deals
have already made them. While repeat customers are not out of thequestion, we think the available pool of participants is dwindling.Fortunately, for CHK, it has been able to find partners willing topay relatively high prices for access to acreage (and knowledge thathopefully can be applied to other plays outside the U.S.). For manynational oil companies, capital costs are viewed differently thanthey are in the U.S. CHK has benefited from this trend. In addition,CHK cedes a certain amount of operational control by having a JVpartner. Such JV activity can also keep activity levels somewhatartificially high, as they result in higher levels of capital being
midpoint of management s guidance. The biggest change to thecompany's production profile is its effort to make its productionmore liquids-rich; liquids production is expected to increase from
49 mboe/d currently to 200 mboe/d by 2015. Management plans toaccelerate drilling of liquids-rich plays until the end of 2012, whenthe company's drilling capital expenditures are to be balancedapproximately 50/50 between natural gas and liquids.
At the October 13 analyst meeting, management expressed thedimmest view of the natural gas market that we've ever heard fromCHK. Mr. McClendon said that it would be 'very hard to makemoney in natural gas' over the next few years. We agree, as we areincreasingly concerned that natural gas supply in North Americawill continue to outpace demand. We think it is possible that U.S.
natural gas prices could remain in the $3-$5 range for aconsiderable period - based on information presented at the analystmeeting, the Marcellus is the only play in CHK's natural gas shaleportfolio that provides at least a 10% return on a PV10 basis atevery price within that range. In our view, the industry currentlyfaces a supply glut that is unlikely to dissipate in the near tomedium term. We think legislation increasing the amount of natural gas used in power generation or subsidizing greatertransportation fuel use is needed in order to meaningfully increasedemand. Many companies have been drilling at relatively high
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
uses commodity price and financial risk management instrumentsto mitigate our exposure to price fluctuations in oil and natural gasand interest rates.' The words 'from time to time' were deletedbeginning in 2008. We understand that the hedging activity hasboosted realizations.
What we're less sure about is whether investors reallyunderstand what they're getting when they buy shares of CHK.Historically, CHK has typically been perceived as a near pure playon natural gas production. We don't think that's the case anylonger. First, there's the operational shift to more liquidsproduction. If that were the only change, we would hardly bat aneye. However, CHK has also ramped up hedging activity. While thehedges are supported by production, the level and type of hedgingactivity is well above that of any company in CHK's peer group
In our view, the biggest advantage to hedges is that they providesome certainty in an uncertain world. However, we think that viewonly prevails in a relatively short time frame. We believe thatCHK's option activity provides further support for our view that itneeds more cash to support its activity than its operations cangenerate, despite management's contention that the company hasample liquidity.
Chesapeake's future growth prospects are largely driven by itspositions in unconventional natural gas shale and liquids plays-Haynesville, Marcellus, Barnett, Fayetteville, Bossier, GraniteWash, Eagle Ford, Anadarko Basin, Permian Basin and RockyMountains. As of October 13, it disclosed holdings of 5.6 millionnet acres in unconventional fields (up from 5.2 million at June 30).Its total risked unbooked resource base is 99 3 tcfe up from 95 2
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activity is well above that of any company in CHK s peer group.Moreover, as discussed above, the company is aggressivelyacquiring acreage and then forming joint ventures for its larger
holdings to offset acquisition costs. Again, while we are not againstthe idea of companies making money and generating cash flow, wequestion whether investors are fully aware of the impact on CHK'sbusiness. In short, we no longer view CHK as the best 'pure play'on natural gas. Its business model has changed. We can make theargument that it's not just an independent E&P company either.Instead, it now seems to be a combination of an E&P company anda financial entity. Perhaps even a hedge fund of a sort. At the sametime, our concerns about earnings quality have increased.
As discussed in more detail in our note of October 15, we
recently spent time reviewing footnotes from CHK's 10-Ks over thepast six years. We noted several items that raise concerns,including: (1) a shift to longer depreciable lives; (2) a change in thetreatment of income associated with certain aspects of someproperty sales; and (3) a possible change in the treatment of cashflows from derivative instruments.
As stated in prior notes, we also have concerns about theinclusion in CHK's hedging policy of long-dated call options on oiland natural gas to generate greater premiums for its near-termhedges and selling oil price volatility to enhance gas prices. CHK's
Its total risked, unbooked resource base is 99.3 tcfe, up from 95.2tcfe previously. While it is shifting more activity to more lucrativeliquids plays, we continue to believe that the company is spending
too aggressively in the current environment. While we understandthat in some cases, such as when leases include held-by-production(HBP) provisions, drilling must be more aggressive than may bewarranted by current prices, we think that companies would bebetter served by scaling back activity when prices are lower. Thepotential benefits of such actions would be twofold: (1) they wouldresult in lower supply; and (2) they would likely increase free cashflow. Through the first half of the year, CHK's capitalexpenditures, including acquisitions and proceeds from asset sales,exceeded operating cash flow by about $1.1 billion. In fact, the
company has not been free cash flow-positive in any year reflectedin our model, which goes back to 2001. We would prefer to seemore emphasis on free cash flow generation and less on productiongrowth. This issue is not solely Chesapeake's. It seems to beendemic to the industry; it is also helped by the willingness of banks and investors to provide these companies with the liquiditythey need to continue drilling even when the cash flow it generatesdoes not support the activity level. Independent E&P companies, inparticular, often act as if the most important characteristic they canexhibit is production growth. Often, share prices do react positively
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
volumes rather than cash. S&P rates Chesapeake's long-term debtas BB. Based on recent management comments, we believe therating agencies share our view of the VPPs. Management disagrees,as it views the VPPs as asset sales. Alternatively, we think the VPPshave some similarities to operating leases, which we also believerepresent off balance sheet debt. The intent of the company's latest
financial plan is to have its debt upgraded to investment-gradestatus. One of management's primary means of achieving this goalappears to be a focus on redeeming senior notes and replacing themwith convertible preferred debt. Given that the dividends on thepreferred are cumulative, we classify them as debt and view thetransactions as more akin to a recapitalization.
Our concerns about CHK's weak financial position remainhigh; we believe that many of its financing practices support our
company's accounting appear to be shared, as one firm that ratescompanies on accounting and governance, Audit Integrity, givesCHK an 'Aggressive' rating.
Counting leasehold acquisition costs and net of joint venturedrilling carries and asset sales, we estimate that CHK's capex willbe about $5.0 billion in 2010, down from roughly $6.0 billion in
2009. Chesapeake reassesses its budget on a monthly basis, soguidance can change at any time. Relative to last year, a good partof the decrease is related to the drilling carries CHK will earn onthe properties it has joint-ventured as well as anticipated proceedsfrom future joint ventures.
The company does not have any long-term debt due before2013, and it is not currently in danger of failing to meet its debtcovenants At September 30 the company had $609 million of cash
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high; we believe that many of its financing practices support ourview. As discussed above, we think that CHK uses long-dated stockoptions primarily because it needs to accelerate the receipt of cash.
Current spot prices for natural gas are not high enough to supportspending, so the company uses long-dated options to generate morenear-term cash. Similarly, the VPPs are used to generate cashproceeds today for production that will not be supplied for severalyears (five to 15 years, depending on the VPP). Other tools are the
JV structures CHK forms once it accumulates sufficiently largepositions in high-demand resource plays.
Our financial strength rating of Low also reflects our concernsabout the company's earnings quality. We have noted several 10-Kfootnote changes over the past six years, including the three
discussed in our October 15 note that could be construed asattempts to make the company's reported income appear betterthan it would have been absent such changes. In addition, wewould greatly prefer to see the company use the successful-effortsrather than the full-cost accounting method. Under successfulefforts, companies report gains and losses on asset sales on theirincome statement. They also record exploration expense. Instead,CHK's gains from its asset sales are netted against its full-cost pool.Based on the JVs it has entered to date, CHK will ultimately realize$12.8 billion in total proceeds - including drilling carries. Most
covenants. At September 30, the company had $609 million of cashon hand and $13.9 billion of net long-term debt, up from $12.5billion at the end of 4Q09. It also had about $1.3 billion and $50
million of additional borrowing capacity under its Corporate andMidstream revolving bank credit facilities, respectively.
CHK pays a quarterly dividend of $0.075 per share, or $0.30annually, for a yield of about 1.4%. Due to the company'saggressive spending pattern this year, we no longer anticipatedividend increases in 2010 or 2011.
MANAGEMENT & RISKS
Aubrey McClendon has served as the company's chairman andCEO since 1989 and is one of its cofounders. His five-yearemployment agreement requires him to hold shares with aninvestment value equal to 500% of the total of his annual salaryand cash bonuses. This percentage was reduced to 200% in 2009but reverted to 500% in 2010. Mr. McClendon also is part of awell participation plan, which we think is inappropriate for acompany of CHK's size and not in the best interests of shareholders.
As discussed in the Financial Strength section above, we areconcerned that the company's true financial position is at leastpartly obfuscated by its accounting methods and financial
l d b h
CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORP
NYSE: CHK
Analyst's Notes...Continued
cyclical stocks such as CHK is when they are trading at the top of their valuation ranges, as higher ratios often foreshadow strongerresults ahead. Given our concerns, we do not see such positiveoutcomes in CHK's near-term future.
On November 29, SELL-rated CHK closed at $22.05, up $0.06.
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METHODOLOGY & DISCLAIMERS
NYSE: CHK
About Argus
Argus Research, founded by Economist Harold Dorsey in 1934,has built a top-down, fundamental system that is used by Argusanalysts. This six-point system includes Industry Analysis, GrowthAnalysis, Financial Strength Analysis, Management Assessment,Risk Analysis and Valuation Analysis.
Utilizing forecasts from Argus’ Economist, the Industry Analysisidentifies industries expected to perform well over the nextone-to-two years.
The Growth Analysis generates proprietary estimates forcompanies under coverage.
In the Financial Strength Analysis, analysts study ratios tounderstand profitability, liquidity and capital structure.
And finally, Argus’ Valuation Analysis model integrates ahistorical ratio matrix, discounted cash flow modeling, and peercomparison.
THE ARGUS RESEARCH RATING SYSTEM
Argus uses three ratings for stocks: BUY, HOLD, and SELL.Stocks are rated relative to a benchmark, the S&P 500.
• A BUY-rated stock is expected to outperform the S&P 500 ona risk-adjusted basis over a 12-month period. To make thisdetermination, Argus Analysts set target prices, use beta as themeasure of risk, and compare expected risk-adjusted stockreturns to the S&P 500 forecasts set by the Argus MarketStrategist.
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p y, q y p
During the Management Assessment, analysts meet with andfamiliarize themselves with the processes of corporate management
teams.
Quantitative trends and qualitative threats are assessed underthe Risk Analysis.
g
• A HOLD-rated stock is expected to perform in line with theS&P 500.
• A SELL-rated stock is expected to underperform the S&P 500.
Argus Research Disclaimer
Argus Research is an independent investment research provider and is not a member of the FINRA or the SIPC. Argus Research is not a registered broker dealer and does not have
investment banking operations. The Argus trademark, service mark and logo are the intellectual property of Argus Group Inc. The information contained in this research report is
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April 15, 2011 ! Issue 29 By: Bill Powerswww.powersenergyinvestor.com
The Fayetteville Shale Peaks
While no one can ever be sure a petroleum from Southwestern Energy in 2002 while drilling
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W e o o e c eve be su e pe o eu
producing area has reached its peak production
until months or even years after the peak hasoccurred, there is strong evidence that the
Fayetteville shale play has reached peak
production. Based on information made available
by the play’s leader, Model Portfolio member
Southwestern Energy, and the Arkansas Oil and
Gas Commission, it appears that the meteoric
production growth from America’s third largest
shale play is a thing of the past. More
importantly, since the Fayetteville shale of central
Arkansas was one of the only areas with
production growth last year, its peaking will
undoubtedly result in a tightening of the North
A i t l k t D t th
o Sou wes e e gy 00 w e d g
in a sandstone formation that was unexpectedly
productive. This discovery became known to thecompany as the “Weddington Incongruity” and is
marked on the map below. The technical staff at
SWN eventually determined much of the excess
gas production from the sandstone reservoir had
migrated up from the Fayetteville shale directly
below. Given the many geological similarities
between the Barnett shale of the Ft. Worth Basin
and the Fayetteville, SWN snapped up 343,000 net
acres for $11 million in 2003. The below graphic
clearly displays the position of both the Barnett
and Fayetteville shales along the Ouachita Thrust
belt:
Though the Fayetteville has been producing for
over six years, there are still a couple of important
misconceptions about the play. As I discussed in
past issues, possibly the biggest misconception
about shale plays is that all of the acres in a play
will be productive. Most energy observersunderestimate importance of a trap system needed
to create the required pressure and geological
setting for shale gas production. For example, the
Ouachita Thrust belt, which is part of a complex
geological trap in Fort Worth, runs between the
While production from the Fayetteville exists
outside of the core area, wells on average become
less and less productive the further they are drilled
outside of the core area.
Another significant misconception surrounding theFayetteville is the size of the expected ultimate
recovery (EUR) per well. On its Q2 2011
earnings conference call, Chesapeake Energy’s
(NYSE:CHK) CEO Aubrey McClendon
announced that it had moved up its EUR per
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g g p W ,
cities of Fort Worth and Dallas. Though the
Barnett shale lies directly underneath both cities,Fort Worth has a trap system and substantial
production from the Barnett, while Dallas has
none. A similar situation exists in the Fayetteville
shale. The Fayetteville shale exists throughout a
large swath of land in the northern half of
Arkansas but only a relatively small percentage of
the land is productive. With 3,110 wells drilled in
the play to date, a distinct core area has developed
in the play in northern Conway and southern Van
Buren Counties (Source: Arkansas Oil and Gas
Commission). A secondary core area has
developed in White County. Below is a graphical
d i ti f th d illi t d t i th F tt ill
p U p
Fayetteville well from 2.4 billion cubic feet (bcf)
to 2.6 bcf. (Chesapeake is in the process of sellingits Fayetteville assets to BHP Billiton for $4.5
billion.) To put into perspective how ridiculous
CHK’s claim of 2.6 bcf is, consider the following:
Of the company’s 742 operated wells completed in
the Fayetteville shale over the past five years, only
66 (9 percent) have produced more than 1 bcf and
none have produced more than 1.7 bcf. CHK’s
average Fayetteville well has produced only 541
million cubic feet (mmcf). On its Q4 2010
earnings conference call, Southwestern Energy
upped its EUR for its proven undeveloped drilling
locations from 2.2 bcf per well at the end of 2009
t 2 4 b f ll t th d f 2010 Th thi d
• Only 11 wells of the 3,110 wells drilled into
the Fayetteville since 2005 have produced
more than 2 bcf. In other words, slightly
more than a third of one percent of all wells
to date have produced more than 2 bcf.
• 79 wells (2.5 percent) have produced more
than 1.5 bcf
• 1,552 wells (49.9 percent) have produced less
than 500 mmcf of gas.
of the most important natural gas fields in the
country.
So what is this table telling us about EURs in the
Fayetteville shale? First, based on the above
information, there is little doubt that CHK andSWN have grossly overstated their EUR per well.
For example, the 594 wells drilled between 2005
and 2007 are unlikely to ever produce much more
than 1 bcf each. While I do not have access to the
actual decline curves for these wells there is no
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g
Since completion technology has changed since
2005, when the start of large-scale development of
the Fayetteville began, I believe it would be quite
helpful to review the performance of the
Fayetteville wells by year of first production:
Year of 1st
Production Number of
Wells*Cumulative
Average
Production per
Well
2005 48 150 mmcf
2006 115 591 mmcf
actual decline curves for these wells, there is no
doubt that Fayetteville operators are using
unrealistic decline curves that include transient
flow (the gush of gas occurring immediately after
a well is put on production which should not be
included in proper analysis) and b-factors that are
unrealistically high. For more information on b-
factor please see Issue 20 which was published on
December 1, 2010.
To further distort projected EURs, operators in the
Fayetteville are using unrealistic terminal decline
curves that extend the life of wells out past 50
years. Based on data that is now coming out of
the Barnett, there is simply no evidence to support
presentation on the company’s website, SWN
increased the average Fayetteville lateral from
3,301 feet in Q1 2008 to 3,874 feet in Q1 2009
(17% increase) and to 4,348 feet in Q1 2010 (32%
increase over Q1 2008). Such a large increase in
average lateral well length will certainly increaserecoveries in the early years but may not lead
increased ultimate recoveries since longer laterals
have greater potential to die early deaths due to
water incursion. While it is still too early to draw
many conclusions about EURs for 2008 and 2009
Johnson
Franklin
Pope
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y
wells, a reasonable case can be made for EURs of
1.3 bcf for these wells, but more data will beneeded.
In addition to lower EURs per well than what is
currently estimated by participants in the play, the
EUR for the entire Fayetteville shale play is likely
far smaller than is widely believed. Looking back
at a presentation that was given by SWN in
November 2008, we are provided with another
example of the shrinkage of a shale play down into
relatively small core area. As you can see from
the adjacent graphic, in the fall of 2008, SWN was
conducting three pilot programs in Franklin
produced only 235 mmcf. Given the weak results
from these three counties so far, there is a strong
likelihood that the majority of these three counties
are not prospective for production from the
Fayetteville shale. Therefore, excluding Franklin,
Johnson and Pope counties from future
development, the total number of acres that are
Fayetteville, America’s third
largest shale play, is only 10
tcf, an enormous field by
nearly every metric, it would
be extremely difficult to see
how we have a 100 year supply of natural gas or
approximately 2,500 tcf of
recoverable gas.]
I expect 2010 to be the year
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Source: Southwestern Energy
I expect 2010 to be the year
of peak production in the
Fayetteville for two very
simple reasons. First,
substantially fewer wells are
likely to be drilled in 2011
than in any of the three
previous years and the play’s
high well decline rates will
result in a fall off in 2011
production. The management
team of play leader SWN has
repeatedly stated it will drill approximately 100
few wells in 2011 than it did in 2010. Prior to the
Petrohawk’s sale of its Fayetteville assets, the
strong indication that production in the
Fayetteville has reached a peak.
Th h F ill ll i lik l
approximately 150,000 net acres in the
Fayetteville and is likely to have spent well over
$1 billion on acreage alone. To build HK’s
gathering system in the Fayetteville and drill its
operated wells, the company invested an estimated
$500 million. All told, Petrohawk easily spent$1.5 billion to acquire and develop its Fayetteville
acreage. HK is likely to have received between
$100 and $200 million in cash flow from its
Fayetteville properties and exited the play with a
sale to ExxonMobil for $650 million. In less than
prices will skyrocket. All the pieces are in place
for substantially higher natural gas prices,
however Mr. Market will recognize the incredibly
strong fundamentals of the natural gas market only
when he is ready and not a second earlier.
Model Portfolio
Despite crude prices briefly reaching $110 per
barrel in recent weeks and continued turmoil in the
iddl i h b h l f k
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five years, HK destroyed approximately $700
million of shareholder capital in the Fayetteville.[It should be noted that HK was an early mover
into the Haynesville and was able to establish a
substantial beachhead in the play, which has
allowed HK to drill many of the best wells in the
Haynesville.] On the other hand, it appears that
Southwestern’s low-cost early entry into the
Fayetteville, which allowed them to tie-up the bestacreage and control a huge portion of the gathering
system, has created substantial shareholder value.
When gas prices rise to respectable levels (to at
least the low double-digits), which they will likely
do later this year, SWN will have a dominate
iti i hi hl fit bl l I th
Middle East, it has been a rough couple of weeks
for the Model Portfolio. It seems as though theenergy sector trades more in line with consumer
confidence than on fundamentals. With the
Thompson Reuters/University of Michigan
consumer sentiment index dropping from a
reading of 77.5 in February to 66.5 in March (14%
drop) in only four weeks, it has become
increasingly evident that investors have becomeless comfortable with their consumption patterns
and energy investments. Abandoning energy
investments, or investments in any hard asset, in
today’s era of rampant dollar depreciation is an
unwise choice. One cannot hide in bonds with
today’s inflation rate well over the coupon rate of
double its existing reserve base through the
development of its project inventory in the next
five years. However the market place either does
not believe that the company will be able execute
on its inventory of CO2 floods despite DNR’s
growing tertiary production at 33% compoundedannually over the last 11 years or the market does
not believe oil prices can stay at current levels. I
am strongly of the opinion that DNR will be able
to execute on its strategy and that oil prices are
headed higher. With unrest in several of the
pumping (injecting sand and water into a
fracture system), natural gas would have to rise
to more than $15 per mcf to get operators to
switch from oil directed drilling to natural gas
directed drilling. Even at $15 per mcf, natural
gas only generates the same amount of revenue ona BTU basis as $90 oil. However, since natural
gas wells are cheaper to operate than oil wells, $15
per mcf may be enough to get operators to start
drilling gas wells. As I discussed in my February
1, 2011 article entitle “Natural Gas vs. Oil vs.
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world’s biggest oil exporters showing no sign of
diminishing and the US dollar depreciating by theday, oil prices are likely to continue to head higher
irrespective of the accelerating economic
slowdown in the West.
While I am bullish on the price of oil, I remain
wildly bullish on the price of natural gas. The
brutal 3-year bear market is nearly over. After thismorning’s (4/14) inventory injection of only 28
bcf versus expectations of a 34 bcf injection, the
market is likely to soon realize the unsustainability
of natural gas prices in the single digits. Gas
storage is now even with the five year average and
7 9% b l l t ’ l l M i t tl
Coal”, there is substantial historical evidence that
today’s natural gas to oil relationship of nearly26:1 is unsustainable. Federal Reserve Bank of
Dallas researchers Stephen Brown and Mine Yucel
wrote an outstanding paper published in 2007
entitled “What Drives Natural Gas Prices” which
provides further proof that if oil and natural gas
prices disconnect on a BTU-parity basis, operators
will eventually substantially reduce drilling for thelower priced commodity. With natural gas also
below the coal floor, the price at which utilities
will switch from coal to natural gas, expect to see
demand for natural gas continue to rise as supplies
fall.
$6.00 per share and issuance of a $143 million
convertible note with a 3.75% coupon. With
approximately $450 million in cash in the bank
and a market leading position in the fast growing
lithium-ion battery business for grid management
and hybrid-electric vehicles, I think the market hasover-reacted to the company’s growing pains.
After yesterday’s (4/13) 7 million barrel drop in
U.S. gasoline inventories, which is certain to push
prices close to $5 per gallon by summer, the
market for electric vehicles is quickly gaining
With millions of highly prospective acres in
Columbia and Peru, high net oil production, the
potential to earn more than $3.00 per share in
2011 if oil prices remain over $100 per barrel and
a very reasonable value, I consider PMG an
excellent investment candidate.
Spartan Exploration (TSX:SPE): On April 1st
the company announced that has agreed to be
acquired by a senior publicly traded company but
did not name the entity. Shareholder will receive
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momentum. I am also very bullish on A123’s
prospects for its grid management business andconsider the company and excellent investment
candidate.
Advantage Oil and Gas (TSX:AAV): The
company recently announced that it has created a
62% owned publicly traded subsidiary into which
it has place its oil producing assets. The name of the new company is Longview Oil Corporation
and it will begin life with approximately 6,220
barrels of oil production per day. AAV
management has entered into a technical services
arrangement with Longview. I continue to be very
i d ith t t d th
for $4.00 in cash and one share of a new company
(Explorco) that will be spun off to existingshareholders containing approximately 850 bopd
of Cardium oil production. It appears that the
Explorco will be mostly staffed by members of
Spartan’s management team. While SPE has been
a big winner for the Model Portfolio since its
inclusion in November 2010, I will need more
information to determine if the Explorco is willremain in the Model Portfolio.
Bill Powers
Editor, Powers Energy Investor
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Commonly Used Abbreviations
bbl Barrel bbl/d Barrels per day
boe Barrels of oil equivalent
SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Online Access: $299Includes: Single user online access for 12 months
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Wealth Management Research 17 March 2011
• The recent price strength in US natural gas could quickly runout of steam.
• Inventory overhang of drilled but uncompleted wells remainselevated, providing near-term upside to supply.
Giovanni Staunovo, strategist, UBS AG
Dominic Schnider, analyst, UBS AG
Market data and forecasts (USD/mmbtu)Active futures 4.00
3M futures 4.13
Volatility 38%
3M forecast Sideways 3.60-5.0012M forecast Bullish 4.80
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, p g p pp y
• Due to the regional character of natural gas markets, US nat-
ural gas prices should largely be unaffected by political andsocial unrest in North Africa and the Middle East as well asthe consequences of the earthquake in Japan.
Changing patterns in gas-drilling activity not yet a threatOver the past 3 months the US gas market has seen a slight declinein gas rigs, but the more important trend is the migration from driergas plays. Gas directed rig counts have fallen to 899 rigs in February2011 from the peak of 992 in August 2010 as reported by Baker
Hughes. Drilling activity in liquid-rich plays has gained more impor-tance in recent months. Higher oil prices are one reason. These sup-ported the shift towards more oil drilling activities, thereby pullingrigs meant for dry gas production. In our view, this trend will reducenet gas supply additions, but should not be significant in the nearterm. We continue to believe that the market is still digesting ex-cessive supply.
Gradual price rise only in late 2011With ample gas supply over the coming quarters and the inability of
Source: Bloomberg, UBS WMR; Exchange: NYMEX
US natural gas priceValues in USD/mmbtu
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Mar-04 Mar-05 Mar-06 Mar-07 Mar-08 Mar-09 Mar-10 Mar-11Natural Gas: Active futures contract 55-Day Moving Avg.
200-Day Moving Avg.
Source: Bloomberg, UBS WMR
Active oil and gas rig count in the USNumber of rigs, weekly figures
1'200
1'400
Terms and Abbreviations
Term / Abbreviation Description / Definition Term / Abbreviation Description / DefinitionBackwardation A situation when spot prices are above future
pricesCBOT Chicago Board of Trade
CFTC Commodity Futures Trading Commission COMEX Commodities Exchange (New York)
Contango A situation when spot prices are below future
prices
CRB Index Commodities Research Bureau Index
DJ AIG Index Dow Jones AIG Commodity Index D.O.E Department of Energy
E.I.A Energy information Administration Excess Return The most common type of return on the
commodity indices which is defined as: Excess
return = spot return + return on rolling the
futures
GSCI Goldman Sachs Commodity Index I.E.A International Energy Agency
LME London Metal Exchange MGMI Index Metallgesellschaft Metals Index
Natural gas
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LME London Metal Exchange MGMI Index Metallgesellschaft Metals Index
Natural Gas HB Natural Gas Henry Hub NYBOT New York Board of Trade
NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange OPEC Organization Petroleum Exporting CountriesRICI Rogers International Commodity Index U.S.D.A United States Department of Agriculture
USc/lb USc per Pound USD/BBL USD per Barrel
USD/GL USD per Gallon USD/MMBtu USD per 1 million British Thermal Unit
USD/MT USD per Metric Ton USD/oz USD per oz, (1 oz = 31.10 grams)
WTI Crude Oil West Texas International Crude Oil
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The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Economics Panel
Early Reserve Estimates
f U S U ti l Pl
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Economics PanelThe Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Economics Panel
Early Reserve EstimatesEarly Reserve Estimates
f U S U ti l Plf U S U ti l Pl
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for U.S. Unconventional Playsfor U.S. Unconventional Playsfor U.S. Unconventional Plays
Scott Rees
Developing Unconventional Gas (The Original)
Hart Energy Publishing
Fort Worth
April 19, 2011
Developing Unconventional Gas (The Original)Developing Unconventional Gas (The Original)
Hart Energy PublishingHart Energy Publishing
Fort WorthFort Worth
April 19, 2011April 19, 2011
Barnett Shale
Historical Gas Production
Barnett Shale
Historical Gas Production
Gas
Production
Ri
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
a
s P r o d u c t i o n
( B C F D )
150
200
250
300
R i g
C o u n t
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Rig
Count
0.0
1.0
2.0
Jan 00 Jan 01 Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Jan 05 Jan 06 Jan 07 Jan 08 Jan 09 Jan 10 Jan 11
D a i l y G a
0
50
100
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• How much oil and/or gas are wells going tomake, and
• Can we make $ drilling wells?
• How much oil and/or gas are wells going tomake, and
• Can we make $ drilling wells?
Shale Plays
Factors Influencing Well Recovery and Economics
Shale Plays
Factors Influencing Well Recovery and Economics
OOIP
OOIP
OGIP
OGIP
TOC
TOC
Free Gas vs.Adsorbed Gas
Free Gas vs.Adsorbed Gas
Natural
F t
Natural
F t
Hydraulic
F t
Hydraulic
F tR
R
Vertical vs. Lateral
Vertical vs. LateralRecovery per Incr.Lateral Foot
Recovery per Incr.Lateral Foot
Prices
Prices
Costs
Costs
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Time
R a t e
1 Bcf
3 Bcf
2 Bcf TemperatureTemperature
Porosity vs. TOCPorosity vs. TOC
PorosityPorosity
PressurePressure
Fluid AnalysisFluid Analysis
FractureFracture FractureFractureRoRo
Permeability -Natural
Permeability -Natural
Permeability -
Induced
Permeability -
Induced
Well SpacingWell SpacingRecovery
Factor
RecoveryFactor
Year P25 Mean P50 P75 Avg. Lateral Length (Feet)
2002 and Earlier 1,814 1,533 1,363 743 1,297
2003 2,729 1,999 1,553 847 1,414
2004 2,775 2,172 1,812 1,005 1,885
2005 3,074 2,238 1,853 1,054 2,3912006 3,011 2,217 1,968 1,004 2,921
2007 3,591 2,704 2,452 1,462 2,930
Gas EUR (MMCF)
Barnett Shale
Variation in Well Performance
Barnett Shale
Variation in Well Performance
Yearly Gas Ultimate Distribution
Barnett Shale Tier 1 Area
6 000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
U
l t i m a t e R e c o v e r y ( M M C F )
`
Completion Improvements
Lateral Length
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0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Greater Than (Percent)
G a s E s t i m a t e d U
2002 and Earlier 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
No. of Fracs
Type of Proppant
Barnett Shale
Variation in Well Performance
Barnett Shale
Variation in Well Performance
8
10
12
14
16
18
d U l t i m a t e R e c o v e r y ( B C F )
Year % in Core
2007 67
2008 80
2009 86
2010 88
Across Barnett
Core & Non-core
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0
2
4
6
8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Greater Than (Percent)
G a s E s t i m a t e d
Pre 2007 2007 2008 2009 2010
10,000
100,000
G
a s ( M C F / M o n t h )
60
80
100
120
W el l C o u
n t
Barnett Shale
Variation in Well Performance
Barnett Shale
Variation in Well Performance
• Wide range of performance trends for
wells in close proximity
• EURs range from 0.3 Bcf to 3.6 Bcf
– Average EUR is 1.5 Bcf
• There may not be a 'typical' well
Barnett Shale
Northeast Wise County
A f 107 ll
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100
1,000
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
Time (Months)
G r o s s G
0
20
40
nAverage of 107 wells
Projection of Average Production
Well Count
2.0
3.0
as
P r o d u c t i o n ( B C F D )
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
W e l l C o u n t
Fayetteville Shale
Historical Gas Production
Fayetteville Shale
Historical Gas Production
Gas
Production
W ll
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0.0
1.0
Jul 03 Jun 04 Jun 05 Jun 06 Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 09 J un 10
D a i l y G a s
0
50 0
1,000
1,500
Well
Count
Fayetteville Shale
Variation in Well Performance
Fayetteville Shale
Variation in Well Performance
6
8
10
12
ed
U l t i m a t e R e c o v e r y ( B C F )
8464,3291.12.72.94.82010
8343,9380.92.42.64.52009
6823,2180.62.12.24.02008
4112,4220.41.41.52.82007
1102,0740.41.11.22.32006
596060.00.10.20.6Pre 2006
Count(Feet)P90P50MeanP10Year
Average Lateral
LengthGas EUR (BCF)
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0
2
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Greater Than (Percent)
G a s E s t i m a t e d
Pre 2 006 2 006 2 007 20 08 20 09 20 10
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6
8
10
12
14
Es
t i m a t e d U l t i m a t e R e c o v e r y ( B C F E )
2920.42.32.75.72010
940.11.41.83.62009
640.00.10.41.0Pre 2009
CountP90P50MeanP10Year
Gas Equivalent EUR (BCFE)
Eagle Ford Shale
Variation in Well Performance
Eagle Ford Shale
Variation in Well Performance
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0
2
4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Greater Than (Percent)
G a s E q u i v a l e n t
Pre 2009 2009 2010
Bakken Shale
Historical Oil Production
Bakken Shale
Historical Oil Production
Total Oil
Production
150
200
250
300
350
Oil P r o d u c t i o n ( M B O P D )
2 000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
W
e l l C o u n t
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Well Count
North Dakota
Oil Production
0
50
100
Jan 02 Jan 03 Jan 04 Jan 05 Jan 06 Jan 07 Jan 08 Jan 09 Jan 10 Jan 11
D a i l y O i l
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000 W
Shale Gas
Evaluation Considerations
Shale Gas
Evaluation Considerations• Shale plays may require considerable initial capital expenditures to
allow commercial access and determine economic feasibility.
• Geoscience costs tend to be very large early in shale plays:
Seismic in areas without recent petroleum exploration activity Coring and laboratory analysis
• Learning curve – earliest wells in new play may deliver poor results asdrilling and completion technology is perfected.
General shale play economics improve over time due to:
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• General shale play economics improve over time due to: More effective drilling and completion techniques
Better understanding of reservoir and identification of "sweet spots"
• Long-term investment
Shale gas plays have very large in-place volumes and very large drillinglocation inventories that may take decades to realize.
Profound WisdomProfound Wisdom
Whether applied to war or to unconventional gas …
As we know, there are the KNOWN KNOWNS; there are things we
know we know.
We also know there are the KNOWN UNKNOWNS; that is to say,
we know there are some things we do not know.
But there are also UNKNOWN UNKNOWNS; the ones we don’t
know we don’t know
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know we don t know.
Donald Rumsfeld
Winner of Gobbledygook Award
by Plain English Institute
Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc.Netherland, Sewell & Associates, Inc.
Because there is a difference.Because there is a difference.
DallasThanksgiving Tower
1601 Elm Street
Suite 4500
Dallas, Texas 75201
214-969-5401
DallasThanksgiving Tower
1601 Elm Street
Suite 4500
Dallas, Texas 75201
214-969-5401
H tHouston
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www.netherlandsewell.com
Houston4 Houston Center
1221 Lamar
Suite 1200
Houston, Texas 77010
713-654-4950
Houston4 Houston Center
1221 Lamar
Suite 1200
Houston, Texas 77010
713-654-4950
8/6/2019 NYT Shale Gas Bubble Emails v2
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nyt-shale-gas-bubble-emails-v2 486/486
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