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Values
Basic convictions that a specific
mode of conduct or end-state ofexistence is personally or sociallypreferable to an opposite or
end-state of existence.
Value System
A hierarchy based on a ranking ofan individuals values in terms oftheir intensity.
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Provide understanding of the
attitudes, motivation, and behaviors ofindividuals and cultures.
Influence our erce tion of the world
around us.
Represent interpretations of right
and wrong. Imply that some behaviors or
outcomes are preferred over others.
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Terminal Values
Desirable end-states ofexistence; the goals that aperson would like to achievedurin his or her lifetime.
2005 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 34
Instrumental Values
Preferable modes of behavioror means of achieving onesterminal values.
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Ethical Values andEthical Values andBehaviors of LeadersBehaviors of Leaders
Ethical Climate inEthical Climate in
the Organizationthe Organization
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Power Distance
The extent to which a society accepts that power ininstitutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
Low power distance: Eg. In cultures with low power
distance like Austria, Australia, Denmark and NewZealand people expect and accept power
relations that are more consultative or democratic.People relate to one another more as equals
regardless of formal positions. Subordinates aremore comfortable with and demand the right to
contribute to and critique the decisions of those inpower.
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High Power distance: Eg. In cultures with high powerdistance like Malaysia, the less powerful acceptpower relations that are autocratic or paternalistic.
Subordinates acknowledge the power of othersbased on their formal, hierarchical positions. Thus, Lowvs. High Power Distance does not measure or attemptto measure a culture's objective, "real" power
distribution, but rather the way people perceivepower differences.
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Collectivism
A tight social framework in
which people expectothers in groups of whichthey are a part to look
Individualism
The degree to which
people prefer to act asindividuals rather than amember of groups.
them. Eg. Religious group
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Masculanity
Eg. Achievement
The extent to which societalvalues are characterized byassertiveness, materialism andcompe on.
Feminity
Eg. Nurturing
The extent to which societalvalues emphasize relationshipsand concern for others.
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Low Uncertainty Avoidance Vs High UncertaintyAvoidance
The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertainand ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
E . HUA - In cultures with hi h uncertaint avoidance
people prefer explicit rules (e.g. about religion andfood) and formally structured activities, and employees
tend to remain longer with their present employer
Eg. LUA - In cultures with low uncertainty avoidance,people prefer implicit or flexible rules or guidelines andinformal activities. Employees tend to change
employers more frequently.
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Long-term Orientation
A national culture attributethat emphasizes the future,thrift, and persistence.
Short-term Orientation
A national culture attribute that
emphasizes the past andpresent, respect for tradition,and fulfilling social obligations.
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AttitudesEvaluativestatements or
Cognitive componentThe opinion or belief segmentof an attitude.
judgmentsconcerningobjects,people, or
events.
Affective ComponentThe emotional or feeling segmentof an attitude.
Behavioral ComponentAn intention to behave in a certainway toward someone or something.
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Attitudes are judgments. They develop on the ABC
model (Affect, Behavior, and Cognition). The
affective response is an emotional response that
ex resses an individual's de ree of reference for an
entity. The behavioral intention is a verbalindication or typical behavioral tendency of an
individual. The cognitive response is a cognitive
evaluation of the entity that constitutes anindividual's beliefs about the object. Most attitudes
are the result of either direct experience or
observational learning from the environment
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Job Involvement
Job Satisfaction
A collection of positive and/or negative feelings that
an individual holds toward his or her job.
Identifying with the job, actively participating in it,and considering performance important to self-worth.
Organizational Commitment
Identifying with a particular organization and itsgoals, and wishing to maintain membership in theorganization.
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