Sponsored by
AAGLAdvancing Minimally Invasive Gynecology Worldwide
Obesity in Females: Why Is It Rising, What Are the Consequences to Female Healthcare,
and Are There Solutions?
PRESENTER
Mitchell S. Roslin, MD, FACS, FASMBS
Professional Education Information Target Audience This educational activity is developed to meet the needs of residents, fellows and new minimally invasive specialists in the field of gynecology. Accreditation AAGL is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians. The AAGL designates this live activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. DISCLOSURE OF RELEVANT FINANCIAL RELATIONSHIPS As a provider accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education, AAGL must ensure balance, independence, and objectivity in all CME activities to promote improvements in health care and not proprietary interests of a commercial interest. The provider controls all decisions related to identification of CME needs, determination of educational objectives, selection and presentation of content, selection of all persons and organizations that will be in a position to control the content, selection of educational methods, and evaluation of the activity. Course chairs, planning committee members, presenters, authors, moderators, panel members, and others in a position to control the content of this activity are required to disclose relevant financial relationships with commercial interests related to the subject matter of this educational activity. Learners are able to assess the potential for commercial bias in information when complete disclosure, resolution of conflicts of interest, and acknowledgment of commercial support are provided prior to the activity. Informed learners are the final safeguards in assuring that a CME activity is independent from commercial support. We believe this mechanism contributes to the transparency and accountability of CME.
Table of Contents
Course Description ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Disclosure ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Obesity In Females: Why is it rising, what are the consequences to female healthcare, and are there solutions? M.S. Roslin ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Cultural and Linguistics Competency ......................................................................................................... 12
Lunchtime Symposium:
Obesity in Females: Why Is It Rising, What Are the Consequences to
Female Healthcare, and Are There Solutions?
Sponsored by Medtronic
Mitchell S. Roslin, Chair
Obesity continues to rise at alarming rights. While there has been some stabilization in males, recent studies have shown that 40% of adult females are obese, and a rising number are considered to have morbid obesity. Excess fat has profound implications for overall health. Reproductive function and outcomes are changed. PCOS is rising and rates of infertility higher in obese females. Obesity is surpassing cigarette smoking as the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths. Sleep apnea is diagnosed less frequently in females and can lead to disturbances in concentration and attention. Increased girth reduces the ability to be active and exercise on a regular basis. Joint disease and arthritis are common consequences of obesity. It is unclear why female rates are rising at a more rapid pace than men. Insight and action are required for all involved in women’s healthcare. Despite the widespread impact and metabolic consequences, effective treatments have remained elusive. New pharmaceuticals have been introduced, but their long term efficacy and side effect profile are unknown. The role of new devices and endoscopic procedures is unclear. Bariatric surgical procedures have the best long term outcomes and increasingly are becoming the recommended approach for diabetic patients with type 2 diabetes. However, these procedures are invasive, and in all probability, underutilized. The complexity of weight management and why logical approaches often fail will be discussed. Future
directions and their impact on female health will be discussed.
Learning Objectives: At the conclusion of this course, the clinician will be able to: 1) Discuss the complexity of obesity management and why behavioral approaches have not been very effective; 2) Explain the effect of obesity on women’s health and what options exist for improvement; 3) formulate a way to approach and encourage obese patients to incorporate weight reduction into their overall healthcare plan; and 4) explain how obesity impacts and alters women’s health related to gynecology.
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PLANNER DISCLOSURE The following members of AAGL have been involved in the educational planning of this workshop (listed in alphabetical order by last name). Art Arellano, Professional Education Manager, AAGL* R. Edward Betcher* Amber Bradshaw Speakers Bureau: Myriad Genetics Lab Other: Proctor: Intuitive Surgical Sarah L. Cohen Consultant: Olympus Erica Dun* Joseph (Jay) L. Hudgens Contracted Research: Gynesonics Frank D. Loffer, Medical Director, AAGL* Suketu Mansuria Speakers Bureau: Covidien Linda Michels, Executive Director, AAGL* Mitchell S. Roslin Consultant: Covidien, Ethicon Endo-Surgery Contracted Research: Cardiodx, Medtronic Karen C. Wang* Johnny Yi* SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM COMMITTEE Sawsan As-Sanie Consultant: Myriad Genetics Lab Jubilee Brown* Aarathi Cholkeri-Singh Consultant: Smith & Nephew Endoscopy Speakers Bureau: Bayer Healthcare Corp., DySIS Medical, Hologic Other: Advisory Board: Bayer Healthcare Corp., Hologic Jon I. Einarsson* Suketu Mansuria Speakers Bureau: Covidien Andrew I. Sokol* Kevin J.E. Stepp Consultant: CONMED Corporation, Teleflex Stock Ownership: Titan Medical Karen C. Wang* FACULTY DISCLOSURE The following have agreed to provide verbal disclosure of their relationships prior to their presentations. They have also agreed to support their presentations and clinical recommendations with the “best available evidence” from medical literature (in alphabetical order by last name). Mitchell S. Roslin Consultant: Covidien, Ethicon Endo-Surgery Contracted Research: Cardiodx, Medtronic Content Reviewer has no relationships. Asterisk (*) denotes no financial relationships to disclose.
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The Rising Rate of Female Obesity and
Its Impact
Mitchell Roslin MD FACS, FASMBSChief of Bariatric and Metabolic SurgeryLenox Hill HospitalNorthern Westchester Hospital CenterProfessor of SurgeryHofstra Northwell School of Medicine
Disclosures
Consultant: Medtronic, Ethicon Endo-Surgery
Contracted Research: Cardiodx, Medtronic
Objective
Discuss the rising rate of female obesity and its impact.
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Ethnic Disparity
Doc. No. 3592 Rev. 2
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1998
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1990, 1998, 2006
(*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person)
20061990
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
ToxicEnvironoment 1967Priceofcornfixed 1982sevencountries
study“FatisBad”Carbohydratesarefine
Doescigarettecessationplayarole?
Issugartoxic? RobertLustig MD
“FructoseisEthanolwithouttheBuzz!”
Absenceoffiberindiet
Map of Diabetes
Doc. No. 3592 Rev. 2
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Epigenics
Childrenofobesemothersatgreaterriskofearlyheartdeath
asadults
BMJ August 2013
BMI>30 1950 = 28500 woman and 37709 offspring
6551 deaths
35% greater overall mortality
29% greater chance of hospital admission for heart disease
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Metabolic Syndrome
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EnergyRegulation
• Afferentpathway:ghrelin,PYY,insulin,leptin
• Hypothalamus• Efferentpathway:sympatheticvsparasympathetic
• Obesity=anybreakdowninnegativefeedbacksystemforenergybalance
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Hormonal Changes
Leptin
Insulin
Estrogen and androgens
Growth Hormone
Cortisol
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Does Obesity cause Diabetes?
Most diabetics are obese
Most obese people are not diabetic
Prevalence of diabetes increases with BMI to certain point
Largest Patients are not diabetic
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PCOS
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Surgery for Diabetes May Be Better Than Standard Treatment
By DENISE GRADYPublished: NY Times March 26, 2012
Change in Diet
Weight Loss
IncretinEffect
Change inPeripheral Insulin Resistance
Resolution Rates
DS + +++ ++ ++ 95%
GastricBypass
+ ++ ++ + 75%
Sleeve Gastrectomy
+ ++ ++ + 70%
Lap-Band + + - - 40%
Obesity and Sexual Function
Leads to early puberty in females, delayed in males
Waist size varies inversely with testosterone
Decrease FSH,SHBG, inhibin B
Each 3 pt rise in BMI reduces couples fertility by 10%
Infertility
Anovulation secondary to insulin resistance
BMI>30 170% increase in anovulation
PCOS and increased androgens, inverted LH and FSH
If infertile, treatments far less successful
Doc. No. 3592 Rev. 2
Risks of Pregnancy
Gestational Diabetes
Hypertension
Preeclampsia
Risk of deficiencies of fe, B12, folate, vit D and Ca
Increasing risk of C section 50% for BMI>40
Anaestheticcomplications
Birth risks
Trouble breast feeding
Childhood obesity
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Obesity and Miscarriage
Poor
quality
eggs
Defective
implantation
secondary
to
insulin
re
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Obesity and Cancer
Elevates hormones such as estrogen increasing chance of breast, endometrial prostate cancer
Patients with cancer who are obese do worse secondary to growth effects of insulin and other hormones
13% of malingnancies
Breast Cancer
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Endometrial Cancer
60% of cases avoided by keeping normal weight and exercise50000 cases annually in USWt loss and loss of body fat seems to be key aspect of treatment
Sleep Apnea
Undiagnosed in morbid obesity
Causes poor sleep, snoring, poor concentration
Bariatric surgery can resolve symptoms, frequently getting people off machines to assist sleep
Obesity and Heart Disease
Bariatric Surgery improves Hypertension
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Diabetes
Weight loss surgery significantly lowers risk of heart disease based on Framingham scare
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Rising Obesity=Rising Arthritis
Obesity increases the risk of knee replacement by 10 fold Obesity increases the risk of hip replacement by 4 fold
Jassira before and after her duodenal switc
Weight loss surgery allows woman to fulfill her dream of being a momBy Loren Grush Published May 13, 2012
Jassira before and after her duodenal switch.Have converted over 50 bands to switch with results similar to primary.
TRANSPYLORIC SHUTTLE
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ENDOSPHERE SPEEDBUMPS
valenTx
ValenTx By-pass Sleeve
Weight Loss First in Man
Adjustable Gastric Banding Gastric Bypass (RYGBP)Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
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Pyloric PreservationSleeve Gastrectomy and
Duodenal Switch
The Pylorus is the body’s natural flow valve
Keeping the pylorus prevents dumping
May also prevent some nutritional abnormalities
May lead to better long term weight control
Sleeve Gastrectomy
Simplified Duodenal Switch
What is Next?
Cannot do procedures for all
Many things have created an obesogenicenvironment
Our food is our fuel, and can be a constant inflammatory focus
The solutions are not easy or popular and will require infringing on personal choice
What is role of government in chronic disease?
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CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC COMPETENCY Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law AB 1195 (eff. 7/1/06) requiring local CME providers, such as
the AAGL, to assist in enhancing the cultural and linguistic competency of California’s physicians
(researchers and doctors without patient contact are exempt). This mandate follows the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, Executive Order 13166 (2000) and the Dymally-Alatorre Bilingual Services Act (1973), all of which
recognize, as confirmed by the US Census Bureau, that substantial numbers of patients possess limited English proficiency (LEP).
California Business & Professions Code §2190.1(c)(3) requires a review and explanation of the laws
identified above so as to fulfill AAGL’s obligations pursuant to California law. Additional guidance is provided by the Institute for Medical Quality at http://www.imq.org
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits recipients of federal financial assistance from
discriminating against or otherwise excluding individuals on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any of their activities. In 1974, the US Supreme Court recognized LEP individuals as potential victims of national
origin discrimination. In all situations, federal agencies are required to assess the number or proportion of LEP individuals in the eligible service population, the frequency with which they come into contact with the
program, the importance of the services, and the resources available to the recipient, including the mix of oral
and written language services. Additional details may be found in the Department of Justice Policy Guidance Document: Enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/pubs.htm.
Executive Order 13166,”Improving Access to Services for Persons with Limited English
Proficiency”, signed by the President on August 11, 2000 http://www.usdoj.gov/crt/cor/13166.htm was the genesis of the Guidance Document mentioned above. The Executive Order requires all federal agencies,
including those which provide federal financial assistance, to examine the services they provide, identify any
need for services to LEP individuals, and develop and implement a system to provide those services so LEP persons can have meaningful access.
Dymally-Alatorre Bilingual Services Act (California Government Code §7290 et seq.) requires every
California state agency which either provides information to, or has contact with, the public to provide bilingual
interpreters as well as translated materials explaining those services whenever the local agency serves LEP members of a group whose numbers exceed 5% of the general population.
~
If you add staff to assist with LEP patients, confirm their translation skills, not just their language skills.
A 2007 Northern California study from Sutter Health confirmed that being bilingual does not guarantee competence as a medical interpreter. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2078538.
US Population
Language Spoken at Home
English
Spanish
AsianOther
Indo-Euro
California
Language Spoken at Home
Spanish
English
OtherAsian
Indo-Euro
19.7% of the US Population speaks a language other than English at home In California, this number is 42.5%
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