OBJECTIVE #1

• Students will analyze or explain how diverse cultures and time periods are reflected in music.

Africa Europe USA

OBJECTIVE #2

• Students will compare or explain how music fulfills a variety of purposes.

Purpose = for fun

Purpose = for ceremonies

Purpose = for art sake

OBJECTIVE #3

• Students will identify or compare various styles of music

• Religious meaning

• Mixture of European and African Roots

• Purpose: Ceremonial

• Possible Instruments: Voices, Piano, Organ, etc.

• Song Example: Amazing Grace

What setting would gospel music be played?

Where have you heard gospel music?

-The beginning of gospel music can be traced to African-American churches in the early 1800’s.

Notable Performers:Mahilia Jackson

The Golden Gate Quartet

Sub-genres:

Urban Contemporary (Black Gospel)

Christian Gospel

Southern Gospel

• SAD meaning

• African American Creation

• Purpose: Recreational

• Possible Instruments: Voice, Piano, Harmonica, Guitar, etc.

Blues…

• Famous Blues Musicians:• Ray Charles, Muddy Waters, B.

B. King

-Sub-genres: Chicago Blues

Memphis Blues

Country Blues

Rock Blues

I I or IV I I7

IV IV I I7

V V or IV I I or V

-Improvisation is important!

• Happy meaning• Syncopated Rhythms (off beats)• Improvisation (make up of the top of your head)• African American Creation• Purpose: Recreation• Instruments: Voice, Trumpet, Saxophone, Piano,

Drum Set, Bass, etc. • Started near New Orleans• Example of Famous Jazz Musician: • Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis

Jazz…• Originated and gained

popularity in the late 1800’s.

Sub-genres:

Acid jazz

Swing

Big Band

Funk

Jazz and Blues are very similar music styles, but remember blues is a little more sad and laid-back, jazz has a more happy, upbeat feel.

• May be Happy or Sad

• Purpose: Artistic Expression

• Example: Phantom of the Opera,

The Sound of Music, Hairspray

-Roots: purely American style (European roots)

-First musical performance was “The Black Crook” in 1866.-Also known as

“musical theater”.

“Broadway” refers to the Theater District in Manhattan, New York City,

where there are almost 40 theater houses within several blocks.

-Broadway shows sold about $938,000,000 last year.

• Musical Theater is a mixture of classical plays and opera. – Plays: all spoken dialogue– Opera: all singing + some dancing– MUSICALS: singing + dancing + speaking

Notable people: Leonard Bernstein (W.S.S.)

Rogers & Hammerstein (T.S.O.M)

Lots of meanings: happy, sad, mad, ect.

Modern / Pop

• Use of electronic instruments

• Mixture of European & African roots

• Example of musicians:

• Purpose: Recreational, Artistic Expression

Popular music today includes rock, hip-hop, country, rap, metal, and other current styles of the times.

-Popular musicians often perform large concerts and music is easily accessible online, on TV, on the radio, ect.

Defining Popular Sub-genres1) CountryRoots: evolved in the 1920’s from

traditional folk music, gospel, and oldies.

Usually associated with the South and Appalachia.

-Country music has produced two of the top-selling artists of all time; Elvis Presley & Garth Brooks.

-Sub-genres in country music: honky-tonk (Hank Williams), rockabilly (Johnny Cash), country pop (Keith Urban, Shania Twain), ect.

Country continued…• Typically, traditional country

music has an instrumentation of guitar, bass, drums, vocals, and a steel guitar or dobro.

• Steel guitar refers to a way of playing with the guitar held horizontally and using a steel slide on the frets instead of your fingers.

• A dobro is a resonator guitar made especially for steel playing.

Rock Music• Roots: 1940’s- blues, folk, country,

jazz

• The widespread popularity of rock music has influenced our culture through language, fashion, and lifestyle.

• Typical instrumentation: Two guitars (one lead, one rhythm), bass guitar, drum set, and vocals.

• Sub-genres of Rock: Punk, Metal, Emo, Indie, Classic Rock, ect.

Hip Hop• Generally consists of rhythmic

rap vocals accompanied by backing beats.

• Roots: New York City, 1970’s in the African American community. Evolved from funk, soul, and jazz.

• Improvisation is important to vocals. Backbeats are often sampled from portions of other songs by a DJ.

• Sub-genres of hip hop: East Coast rap & West Coast rap, turntables, pop hop, ect.

• Patriotic Meaning, popularized by circus bands.

• Played by Army Bands, Marching Bands and Concert Bands (Brass + Woodwind + Percussion – NO: String Instruments)

• Popular during Civil War and at Political Functions. ROOTS: European

• Purpose: Usually Ceremonial• Song Example: Hail To The Chief

Marches are often at a brisk-walk tempo (allegro), about 120 bpm.

March Form• John Phillip Sousa was the “Father of

American Marches” and set a new standard for march forms in the US.

• 1) Short Introduction (or Fanfare)• 2) First Strain (repeated, often with

added parts)• 3) Second Strain (played quietly first

time, loudly as repeated)• 4) Trio (change in key, often legato,

more woodwinds than brass)• 5) Breakup Strain (or Dogfight) loud,

intense, marcato• 6) Trio Reprise (or Grandioso)• Form: I-AA-BB-C-D-C-D-C

• Song that tells a story

• May be Happy or Sad

• Purpose: Recreational

• Song Example: Yankee DoodleStory Song

Typically slower and music is more simple in nature.

Verse 1• Yankee Doodle went to town

A-riding on a ponyStuck a feather in his hatAnd called it macaroni.

CHORUS• Yankee Doodle, keep it up

Yankee Doodle dandyMind the music and the stepAnd with the girls be handy.

Verse 2• Father and I went down to camp

Along with Captain Gooding

And there we saw the men and boysAs thick as hasty pudding.

Repeat Chorus

Verse 3• There was Captain

WashingtonUpon a slapping stallionA-giving orders to his menI guess there was a million.

Repeat Chorus

-Ballads can be performed in any style of music.

-Usually organized in Verse/Chorus/Verse2/Chorus/ ect.

• Also means Traditional music• There are many styles of folk music, all of which

can be classified into various traditions, generally based around some combination of ethnic, racial, religious, tribal, political or geographic boundaries.

• In the United States, it refers to popular, grassroots, and bluegrass music.

• Folk songs commonly tell stories about ways of life.

1) Bluegrass music is recreational.

2) It originated in the south-eastern United States, in the region known as Appalachia in the 1940’s.

3) It has roots in European (Irish) music along with jazz and blues.

4) Instruments are primarily acoustic string instruments, usually without percussion accompaniment.

5) Vocals are often harmonized.

Bluegrass

• The name “bluegrass” music comes from an original band called “The Blue Grass Boys” from Kentucky that made this style popular.

• “Jam” bands like the Grateful Dead and the Allman Brothers introduced bluegrass to more progressive, rock audiences.

• Sub-genres: Traditional Bluegrass, Progressive Bluegrass (more electronic instruments or winds), Bluegrass Gospel

Banjo

• Developed by enslaved Africans in

the United States, adapted from

several African instruments.

Banjo…-Typically has 5 strings

-Played with fingerpicks

-Has a metal resonator

Mandolin-The Mandolin is like an oval-shaped, small guitar developed from Swedish immigrants in Appalachia.

- It has 4 pairs of strings, for a total of 8 strings.

Mandolin• Has a hollow wooden body.

• Plucked or struck with a pick.

• Electric versions are available because the acoustic mandolin doesn’t produce a great volume of sound.

• The timbre is different, however.

Fiddle

• The same instrument as the violin, only played in a different style.

• Main voice in a bluegrass band.

• 4 Strings

• Developed in Europe.

Fiddle vs. Violin• Although they are the same

instrument, one difference usually apparent between the two different playing styles is the strings.

• Fiddles: Steel strings (produce more sound)

• Violins: gut, or synthetic gut strings

Acoustic Guitar1)Six strings

2)Important rhythmic part of a bluegrass band.

Harmonica

• Woodwind instrument, can blow in and pull out.

• Austrian origin.

• Abraham Lincoln, Wyatt Earp, and Billy the Kid made it part of the American music landscape.

Harmonica…• The harmonica is most important

to folk and blues music, but has also been used in popular settings.

• Popular harmonica players: Stevie Wonder, John Lennon, Robert Plant, Stephen Tyler, and Mick Jagger.

• Also known as the “harp” when playing in blues style.

Dulcimer1) Played on your lap

2) 3 or 4 Strings

3) Also called Appalachian dulcimer, an American instrument

Dulcimer• Played by plucking strings with

one hand, and fretting with the other.

• First invented in the early 1800’s, but became popular with the emergence of bluegrass music in the 1940’s and 1950’s.