OBJECTIVE: Review for Final

•FINISH YOUR STUDY GUIDE!!!!

Final Exam Study Guide

1. How do thunderstorms form?

1. Warm moist air rises forcefully2. Water vapor condenses providing energy for

the storm3. Updrafts and downdrafts maintain storms

energy4. Storm dissipates when it runs out of energy

2. Where do they form?

• Along cold fronts

3. How is lightning created?

• Electrical discharge between two oppositely charged surfaces.

4. Where can lightning travel?

• From one part of the cloud to another part• From one cloud to another cloud• From cloud to ground

5. What is thunder?

• Rapidly expanding and contracting air from the lightning bolt creates sound waves

6. What kinds of clouds produce tornadoes?

• Cumulonimbus clouds

7. What is a supercell?

• Powerful thunderstorm that can produce tornadoes

8. How do tornadoes form?

• Warm and cold air meet and rotates horizontally

• Updrafts push column of air vertical• Rotating air descends it picks up dirt and

debris

9. What is a hurricane? How do they form?

• Massive tropical cyclone that forms over warm waters, with extremely strong winds and rain

• Water vapor evaporating and then condensing within the storm gives it energy

• As clusters of thunderstorms strengthen, they begin to rotate

10. Where do each of these tropical cyclone form?

• Cyclone• Hurricane• Typhoon

• Indian Ocean• Atlantic Ocean• Pacific Ocean

11. What is the rainband of hurricane?

• Region of heavy thunderstorms beyond the eyewall that spiral outward from the center of a hurricane

12. What is the Coriolis Effect?

• Spiraling of winds due to the Earth’s rotation

13. What is the eye of the hurricane? And what is the pressure there (high or low)?

• Circular region located at the center of a hurricane

• Warm air is rising, creating a low pressure zone

• Surrounded by the eyewall which is the most destructive part of a hurricane.

14. What is global warming?

• A gradual increase in average global temperature

• Due to:– Burning of fossil fuels– Extra heat in the atmosphere– Greenhouse Effect trapping more heat than normal

• Normally a natural process, but humans are speeding it up, thus making it worse.

15. What are the two gases that make up most of our atmosphere?

• Nitrogen• Oxygen

16. What is wind?

• Movement of air from high to low pressure

17. What are the three phases of matter? Describe each phase.

• Solid– particles are barely moving– Substances hold their own shape and do not flow

• Liquid– particles are moving slowly– Substances take on the shape of their container and flow

• Gas– Particles are moving quickly– Substance fills the shape of it’s container and flows

18. What is the Fujita Scale?

• Measures the intensity of a tornado• F0 – F5

19. Where is Tornado Alley located?

• American Midwest– Great Plains

20. What can destroy/diminish a hurricane?

• Wind shear• Cold water• Land• Saharan Air Layer

21. What is a front?

• The boundary between air masses

22. Describe the weather at each of these fronts:

• Cold front• Warm front• Stationary front

• Occluded front

• Severe thunderstorms• Drizzly weather• Many cloudy and rainy

days• Cool temp. & a lot of

rain

23. Describe each layer of the atmosphere:

• Troposphere

• Stratosphere • Mesosphere• Thermosphere

• All weather happens here

• Ozone layer• Meteor’s burn up• Hottest but you would

feel cold / satellites fly here

24. Describe each type of air mass:

• Maritime polar• Maritime tropical• Continental polar• Continental tropical

• Moist, cold• Moist, warm• Dry, cold• Dry, warm

25. What is the water cycle? What powers it?

• Continuous movement of water within Earth’s atmosphere, land, and oceans/lakes

• Sun

26. Create a flow map of the water cycle.

Ocean/Lake

Evaporation

Cloud / Condensation

Precipitation

Runoff

Infiltration / Percolation

27. What happens to water content as warm rises? As it cools?

• Warm air rises and becomes cooler, it loses the ability to hold water

• Cool air sinks and becomes warmer, it gains the ability to hold water

28. What is the Greenhouse Effect?

• Greenhouse gases trap heat and keep the Earth warm

29. What causes the seasons?

• Tilt of the Earth’s axis

30. Why type of star is the hottest (blue or red)?

• blue

31. What could happen when a star dies?

• White Dwarf• Supernova• Neutron star• Pulsar• Black hole

32. How are craters formed on the Moon?

• Asteroid/meteoroid impacts

33. List the contributions of each of these astronomers:

• Ptolemy• Copernicus• Tycho Brahe

• Johannes Kepler

• Galileo Galilie• Isaac Newton• Edwin Hubble

• Geocentric universe• Heliocentric universe• Made large, detailed

instruments• Used Brahe’s work to prove

heliocentric universe• Used telescope• Law of gravity• Discovered many other

galaxies / universe bigger than imagined

34. How many stars are in our solar system?

• 1 – OUR SUN!!!

35. What type of star is our Sun?

• Main-sequence Star

36. What are sunspots?

• Cooler, darker areas of the Sun

37. What is astronomy?

• The study of the universe

38. What is the difference between a refracting and reflecting telescope? Which

one is more accurate?• Refracting telescope– Lenses bend light to eyepiece– Negatives:• Cannot make them too big• Do not focus perfectly

• Reflecting telescope – mirrors bounce light to eyepiece– More accurate

39. Describe each part of the electromagnetic spectrum:

• Radio waves• Microwaves• Infrared • Visible light• Ultraviolet light• X-rays

• Gamma rays

• Radios use them• Microwaves use them• Heat energy• Energy we see / colors• Gives you a

suntan/sunburn• High energy that cannot

go through solids• Incredibly high energy

40. List facts for each planet:

• Mercury• Venus• Earth• Mars• Jupiter• Saturn• Uranus

• Neptune

• Smallest planet• Year is longer than a day• Only one with life• Largest volcano• Largest planet• Has visible rings around it• Diamonds possibly in the

core• Sonic speed winds

41. What is a solar eclipse? Lunar eclipse?

• Solar eclipse - When the Moon comes in between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on the Earth

• Lunar eclipse - When the Moon gets covered by the Earth’s shadow