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Objectives• 1. Describe the primary function of blood• 2. Describe the characteristics of blood
plasma• 3. Identify the formed elements of blood
and identify the most important function of each
• 4. Discuss anemia in terms of red blood cell numbers and hemoglobin content
• 5. List the steps in blood clotting
Blood
• Function- transportation; carries nutrients and oxygen to all body cells, then eliminates carbon dioxide and other wastes
• Alkaline – pH 7.35-7.45• Acidosis – alkalinity of blood decreases
toward neutral; very sick• Note: Blood almost never becomes the
least bit acidic
Blood Formation
• Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) forms all blood cells EXCEPT some lymphocytes and monocytes, which are formed by lymph tissue in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
Blood plasma
• Blood minus its cells• Water containing dissolved
substances (foods, salts, hormones, small amount of oxygen) Note: Most oxygen is carried by RBCs as oxyhemoglobin
• Most abundant type of solute- plasma proteins
Plasma proteins
• Albumins – help thicken blood, IV administration in cases of hemorrhage, severe burns, or kidney disease can be life-saving
• Globulins – antibodies that help protect us from infection
• Fibrinogen – necessary for blood clotting • Prothrombin – necessary for blood
clotting
Blood serum
• Plasma minus its blood clotting factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin)
• Obtained from whole blood by allowing blood to clot in the bottom of a tube and then pouring off the liquid serum
• Serum contains antibodies so it can be used to treat patients who have a need for a specific antibody
Approximate Normal Counts
• RBCs – 5 million per mm3
• Anemia – deficiency in number or function of RBCs and the hemoglobin (iron containing protein in RBC)
• Total WBC – 4,500 to 11,000/mm3
• Platelets – 150,000 to 400,000/mm3
Questions
• If you had a red blood cell count of 3 million what does that mean in comparison with what is considered a normal range?
• With this information, your physician concludes that you are anemic. How did the doctor arrive at this conclusion?
Question
• Because of a fractured left femur sustained while playing football, an acute infection developed. The doctor ordered a lab test to check your WBC count. Would you expect the WBC count to be 3000, 5000, or 15,000?
• Explain your answer.
Blood Clotting• 1. Release of clotting factors from both
injured tissue cells and sticky platelets at the injury site (platelet plug)
• Clotting factors:• prothrombin (a protein in normal
blood)• prothrombin activator (formed when
clotting factors in damaged cells react with plasma)
• normal amount of blood calcium
• 2. Formation of thrombin• If normal amount of blood
calcium is present, prothrombin activator converts prothrombin ( a protein in normal blood) to thrombin ( a protein used for blood clotting)
• 3. Formation of fibrin and trapping of RBCs to form a clot
• Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (a normal plasma protein) to change it to a fibrous gel called fibrin