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Objectives
Explain the differences between mental health and mental illness and list some effects of mental illness on physical health.
Name the major mental illnesses and their characteristic symptoms.
List the key structures of the brain and describe the role of neurons in communication within the brain.
Chapter 4 Objectives
Describe the treatment options available for those with psychological problems.
Name the option you will consider if you have a mental health problem, and describe the reasons for your choice.
Discuss some of the factors that may lead to suicide, as well as strategies for prevention.
Are Men’s and Women’s Brains Different?
Men• Have bigger brains.• Have eyes which are more
sensitive to bright light.• Retain ability to see well at
long distances longer in life.• Loses brain tissue more
rapidly than women.
Women• Use more neurons.• Hears a broader range of
sounds.• Hearing remains sharper,
longer.• Responds more intensely to
emotions.
The Bottom LineNeither gender’s brain is “better”.
The Mentally Well
Individual
Fig. 4-3, p. 84
Establishes and maintains close relationships
Carries out responsibilities
Perceives reality as it is
Feels a sense of fulfillment in daily living
Accepts own limitations and possibilities
Values himself/herself
Pursues work that suits talents and training
What is a Mental Disorder?
A behavioral or
psychological syndrome
associated with distress
or disability with a
significantly increased
risk of suffering death,
pain, disability, or loss
of freedom.
Gender and Depression
• Depression is twice as common in females versus males, but male depression is an “under” disease• “underdiscussed”, “underrecognized”,
“underdiagnosed”, and “undertreated”.
Factors Contributing to DepressionGenes, brain chemistry, sex hormones,
childhood abuse, chronic stress, divorce, job loss, or career setbacks.
Major DepressionCharacteristic Symptoms
• Feeling depressed• Loss of interest• Eating more or less• Having trouble
sleeping• Feeling slowed down• Lack of energy• Feeling helpless• Difficulty
concentrating
• Difficulty thinking clearly
• Persistent thoughts of death
• Withdrawal from others
• Headaches, digestive problems, aches and pains
Depressive DisordersTreatments
PsychotherapyCognitive-behavior therapy
Interpersonal therapy
MedicationsAntidepressants
Exercise
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Bipolar DisorderManic Depression
Characteristics• Mood swings that take
individuals from manic states of feeling euphoric and energetic to depressive states of utter despair.
• Involves mood swings, changes in thinking, changes in behavior, and changes in physical condition.
Treatment• Mood-stabilizing
medications• Psychotherapy
Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Panic Attacks and Panic Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Anxiety DisordersPhobias
DefinitionAn anxiety disorder maskedby an inordinate fear of an
object, a class of objects,or a situation, resulting in
extreme avoidancebehaviors.
Common PhobiasInvolve animals (dogs, snakes,
insects, and mice); sight of blood; claustrophobia,
acrophobia; and agoraphobia.
TreatmentBehavior therapy
including systematic
desensitization.
Anxiety DisordersPanic Attacks and Panic Disorder
Panic Attack
A short episode characterized by physical
sensations of lightheadedness,
dizziness, hyperventilation, and
numbness of extremities, accompanied by an inexplicable terror,
usually of a physical disaster such as death.
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which the apprehension or
experience of recurring panic attacks is so intense that normal
functioning is impaired.
Anxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Definition
An anxiety disorder
characterized as chronic
distress.
Common Symptoms
Faster heart rate, sweating,
increased blood pressure,
muscle aches, intestinal
pains, irritability, sleep
problems, and difficulty
concentrating.
Treatment• Psychotherapy.• Behavioral therapy.• Antianxiety drugs.
Anxiety DisordersObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
DefinitionAn anxiety disorder
characterized by
obsessions and/or
compulsions that impair
one’s ability to function and
form relationships.
ObsessionA recurring idea, thought or
image.
CompulsionRepetitive behavior performed
according to certain rules or in a stereotyped fashion
TreatmentCognitive therapy
Behavioral therapyMedications
Attention DisordersAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
DefinitionA spectrum of difficulties in
controlling motion and sustaining attention,
including hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility.
Potential ComplicationsAcademic difficulties, poor
concentration, difficulty making decisions,
relationship difficulties, sleep problems, increased risk of
depression, anxiety disorders and substance abuse.
Treatments• Medications
• Stimulants:• Ritalin
• Nonstimulants:• Strattera
• Psychotherapy
Schizophrenia
SymptomsHallucinations; delusions; inability to think in a logical manner;
talking in rambling or incoherent ways; making odd or purposeless movements; mimicking gesture or words; showing few, if any, emotions; lacking will or motivation; and functioning
at a much lower level.
CausesFailure in brain development early in life and genetics.
Not due to upbringing, social conditions, or traumatic experience.
TreatmentAntipsychotic medications
What Leads to Suicide?
Mental Disorders
Antidepressant Medications
Substance Abuse
Hopelessness
Family History
Physical Illness
Brain Chemistry
Access to Guns
Life Crises
Suicide Prevention
• Encourage your friend to talk.
• Don’t offer trite reassurances.
• Suggest solutions or alternatives to problems.
• Don’t be afraid to ask whether your friend has considered suicide.
• Don’t think that people who talk about killing themselves never carry out their threat.
Types of Therapists
Psychiatrists Licensed medical doctor with additional training n psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and treatment of mental disorders.
Types of Therapists
Psychologists Mental health-care professionals who have completed doctoral or graduate programs in psychology and are trained in a variety of psychotherapeutic techniques, but who are not medically trained and so not prescribe medications.
Types of Therapists
Certified Social Workers
A person who has completed a two-year graduate program in counseling people with mental problems.
Types of Therapists
Psychiatric Nurses
A nurse with special training and experience in mental health care.
Types of Therapists
Marriage and Family Therapists
A psychiatrist, psychologist, or social worker who specializes in marriage and family counseling.
Types of Therapy
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
Psychiatric Drugs
Alternative Mind-Mood Products
Surviving and Thriving
• Accept yourself.• Respect yourself.• Trust yourself.• Love yourself.• Stretch yourself.• Look at challenges as
opportunities for personal growth.
• Think not only where but also who you want to be a decade from now.