Objectives

• Feedback on Friedlander?

• Finish Tech Comm. Discussion

• Prepare for reviews (Assigned April 14th, Due April 24th, returned April 25th)• Provide electronic version of paper, hard copy of

references (you will get references back)

• General discussion of energy efficiency in buildings

Grammar and Style

• Common grammatical and stylistic errors• Colloquial• Articles and prepositions• Overuse of parentheses• Unclear subjects• Long sentences• Not defining terms• Avoid possessive (i.e. Alvarez’s work showed

that…)

Grammar and Style

• Pet Peeves• Not following consistent citation/reference format• Incorrect citation of information from references• Ignoring this lecture

Strategies for Avoiding Grammatical Errors

• Peer review/edit before submission

• Read paper out loud• Even better (more embarrassing) with an audience

• Read each sentence, starting from end of paper

• Look at previous versions to try and catch recurring errors

What to do if your report isn’t finished?

• You can still report your introduction, literature review, methodology, preliminary results, preliminary conclusions, references

• Paper should read as if it was complete• Don’t fake data, but treat your preliminary data as if it

is the final data.

• This is not a draft in one sense:• Should be polished stylistically and grammatically

What is purpose of review?

• Improve quality of work

• Provide constructive criticism

• Study other topic than your own

• Read more papers

A good review

• Is never derogatory or harsh• I will take off significant points for this

• Highlights strengths and presents major weaknesses

• Suggests how to improve paper

• Includes basis for criticism

• “I respectfully disagree with author that…”

Example Phrases

• “I understand what the author is trying to do with this paragraph, but the idea that absolute humidity is conserved needs to be emphasized more.”

• “I could not follow the calculations to get the vapor pressure. The author neglected to include the influence of temperature. This affects the calculations significantly and may impact the conclusions as well.”

• “I respectfully disagree with the logic that the author presents in the introduction. If moisture problems can lead to mold, it does not logically follow that mold leads to moisture problems.”

• “Seuss (1971) does not suggest that the Lorax is an evil figure, but rather that they are misguided. The author should consider looking at Lucas (1977) for a better portrayal of an evil figure.”

• “The proposed header design for the window would complicate the application of flashing. If the frame could be made slightly thinner, flashing could be more easily applied (see attached figure). The energy consequences of this change (or a related change) need to be investigated.”

• “Further description of the turbulence model parameters is necessary to fully evaluate this work.”

Our Review Form

• Available on class website

• Fairly general

• Most important part is numbered list

• Example of a recent review is on the class website

Additional Review Process

• You will need to submit all cited references (hard copy) and they will be checked for

• Accuracy of citation

• Primary reference

• Quality of source (i.e. peer review, archival)

• Comprehensive literature search

• Grammar and spelling will be explicitly evaluated during the review process

Additional Review Responsibilities

• Evaluate grammar and spelling and make specific suggestions

• Examine references for accuracy and completeness

• Note, you can use track changes, but make sure that you know how to obscure your identity. Check on a computer before sending.

Evaluation of Reviews

• Technical Design Review I (content) & II (details) Now combined – You will review the work of one other group (a blind review) and provide a written response to them about their project. You will be responsible for providing a written response to reviews of your project.

• Technical Design Review I 7/100• Constructive criticism 30%• Depth of review 50%• Quality of writing 20%

• Technical Design Review II 8/100• Thoroughness 100%

Evaluation of Draft

• This should be a complete draft in every sense, except that it should be double spaced for ease of reading and have line numbers for ease of review. Same criteria as final report.

• 25% of grade will come from peer reviews.• In addition the draft, you should hand in hard copies

of all papers that you cite (for review II) and any appendices that will help the reviewer.

• 10/100 for project• Evaluation: Same criteria as final report

Objectives

• Examine energy efficiency methods• Improving efficiency (technology)• Reducing use (behavior)• What of these factors is more important?

• CAVEAT• We are discussing technology, not behavior• Behavior is very important (we will discuss it)

Achieving efficiency

• Beyond the scope of this class• Source efficiency (combustion mostly)• Transmission and distribution efficiency

• Building efficiency• Where does it make the most sense to think about

efficiency?• What climates?

• What end uses?

Primary energy consumption: Primary energy consumption is the amount of site consumption, plus losses that occur in the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy.

Residential End Uses 1997

ftp://ftp.eia.doe.gov/pub/consumption/residential/ce_tables/enduse_consump.pdf

space heating

space cooling

water heating

refrigeration

other appliancesand lighting

Source: DOE

Questions

• Is it better to make the heating system more efficient or the building use less energy?

• What are limits to either approach?

• What are disadvantages?• Does outdoor air quality improve?• Does indoor air quality improve?• How much does cost increase?• Is safety compromised?

Heating system efficiency

• Electric resistance (100%) – 42 million including heat pumps

• Natural gas (60%-90+%) – 54.5 million

• Oil (~80%) – 9.8 million

• Wood (20-~90%)

• Solar (1-5%)

• Heat pump (100 – 300%)

Make the building more efficient

• What affects building efficiency?• Walls• Windows/glazing• Ceiling/Roof• Infiltration/ventilation• Slab/foundation• Thermal mass• Non space-heating energy use

Walls

• What are typical insulation levels?

• What is possible?

• What are disadvantages?

• ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals

Windows/glazing

• Major components• Glass• Frame• Coatings• Gas fill

• What are ranges?

• http://www.nfrc.org/nfrcpd.html

Low- coatings

Ceiling/Roof

• Combination of air sealing and insulation thickness

• Huge range in conventional buildings

Infiltration/Ventilation

• Build tight, ventilate right

• Buildings have ~ factor of 10 variation in their air exchange rates• Reduce ventilation to what is needed for occupants• Use HRV or economizer

• Do energy efficient fans reduce ventilation load?

Implicit space heating

• Internal gains

• More lighting means less heating• But what about cooling?

What about cooling?

• Can we heat efficiently without compromising cooling?

• Overhangs• Spectral selective glazings• Dehumidification• Radiant barriers

• Issue is peak, not absolute amount of cooling

Water heating

• Central problem is first cost• Natural gas water heater (~$500)• Electric water heater (~$100)

• Gas is faster and cheaper• Safety issues?

• Does insulating the tank make a difference?

LightingType Efficacy

(lumens/W)CRI Lifetime

(1000 hours)

Incandescent 8 - 24 100 0.75 - 2

Fluorescent 60-100 55-90 10-20

Mercury 20-60 15-50 24

HPS 140 22-70 16-40

SOX 180 ~0 10-20

Metal Halide ~100 <70 10-20

Other technologies

• Daylighting

• LEDs/OLEDs

• Microwave lights

• Challenge is balancing maintenance, safety comfort, capital cost, first cost, efficiency

Misc. = 87 TWh in 1995 (residential)

http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/ACEEE-ResMisc.PDF

Do appliances consume energy when they are off?

• Which appliances?

• How much?

Conclusions

• Energy efficiency in buildings needs to address• Efficiency of equipment• Efficiency of building (envelope)

• But behavior plays a large role• Take back effect• Energy conservation or load shifting?• Worker productivity/health costs dwarf savings by

technology improvements