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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
Learning by observing others
Modeling
• The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
The Nature of Observational Learning:
Albert Bandura’s Experiments
Module 16: Observational Learning
Albert Bandura (1925- )• Canadian-American psychologist who is a
major figure in the study of observational learning and several other important topics.
• Studies the consequences a model has on subjects
• Bobo Doll experiments
• The importance of
“Sockeroo!”
Bobo Doll Experiments
• Children watched an adult model show aggressive behavior toward a bobo doll
• Three experimental conditions:
– The model was praised.
– The model was punished.
– The model received no consequences for the aggressive behavior.
Bobo Doll Experiments
Bobo Doll Experiments
Self Efficacy
Bandura believed that a person’s belief in his/her ability influences whether or not they can perform a certain behavior.
Self-efficacy can also influence your goals, actions and successes (or failures) in life.
If your self-efficacy is too low- you won’t challenge yourself
If your self-efficacy is too high you won’t achieve your goal
Vicarious Learning
• Learning by seeing the consequences of another person’s behavior.
Modeling Requirements
• Bandura suggests four requirements for effective modeling to occur:
– Attention
– Retention
– Ability to reproduce the behavior
– Motivation
The Nature of Observational Learning:
Mirror Neurons
Module 16: Observational Learning
Mirror Neurons• Brain cells located in the front of the brain that
activate when a person performs certain actions or when the person observes another do so.
• The nerve cells activate when the person does a specific behavior and when they observe someone doing the same behavior.
Observational Learning in Everyday LifeAggression?
Module 16: Observational Learning
There is a difference…..
What is aggression?Behavior with intent
to harmCan be physical or
psychological
What is Violence?Aggression
intended to cause extreme injury
Relational Aggression= behavior intended to damage another person’s
relationships
Evidence of gender differences by age 4-5
Teacher ratings
12% boys= physical
3% girls=physical
0% boys=relational
26% girls= relational
Many Theories of aggression
Much research…
General Aggression Model
This broad theory says that aggression is a result of a chain of psychological processes, including: situational events, aggressive thoughts and feelings and interpretation of the situation.
Must interpret the situation as one in which aggression is fitting behavior.
Must interpret setting as a threat and arousal as anger.
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Highest degree of aggression occurs when solvable problem but presence of insults
Revised theory•Frustration is sometimes caused by aggression and aggression sometimes causes frustration
Aggression on the playground..
• First 6 months of age= anger
• Ages 1-2= direct physical aggression
• School age= physical aggression changes to verbal aggression- physical still exists
• Children who are aggressive tend to be social rejected
• Some children see aggression as appropriate
• Some aggressive children are not rejected
APA Commission on Violence and Youth
• Higher levels of violence on TV are associated with increased acceptance of aggressive attitudes and behavior
• Children’s exposure to TV violence has harmful, lifelong consequences
APA Commission on Violence and Youth
• Portrayals of women as victims and minorities as aggressive lead more violence
• Viewing TV programming and commercials affects our concept of reality.