Observatorio Cultural Chile (No. 10)

7/30/2019 Observatorio Cultural Chile (No. 10)

1/22

Fetizvihemvc fe E|vufbc|/ \ellbm fe Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio- Kuobc :49:/ Qiotizi|c/ L`boe-

CJ\EZQIVCZBCLUOVUZIO

M94 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Izve tjoblc em oi lbufif; h| ioo fe um czmihemvc tzcjoehvblc/ Fimbeo Cti{c C-Oi tzlvbli efbvczbio iovezmivbqi; zeqb|bm fe oi jizzi fe ezzihbemvi|/ Azimlb|li Gizli J-Oi luovuzi temlctcobvimi/Efuizfc Heb||mez G-


2/22

ZEQB\VI CJ\EZQIVCZBC LUOVUZIO

EfbvczLzb|vjio Jbiml`b Geb||e

Lchbv efbvczbio

Loiufbi Gu{hm Hivvc|/ \bhm Tiochbmc| Himfbcoi/Hivi| [uzbvi Tziv/ Oczemi Jezzc| Huc{/ Kc|eabmi Lczzei

Veooe{ r Oczevc Lb|vezmi| Miv`c

Lcczfbmifczi gemezioLoiufbi Gu{hm Hivvc|

Ge|vbm fe lcmvembfc|Oczemi Jezzc| Huc{/ Kc|eabmi Lczzei Veooe{

Fbigzihilbm r Fb|ecIzileoob \iobmi|

JE\VBIZBC/ E|vufbc fe Fb|ec

\utezqb|bm Fb|ecBgmilbc Tcjoeve

Lczzellbm fe vepvc|Nizoi Kcaz

V!B Tzcae||bcmio|

\utezqb|bm lczzellbm fe vepvc|Ouli| Oelizc| Lioijilezc

+++FETIZVIHEMVC FE E\VUFBC\Keae feo Fetizvihemvc

Hivi| [uzbvi Tziv

Lcczfbmifcz \ellbm fe Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio\bhm Tiochbmc| Himfbcoi

Lcmvilvccj|ezqivczbcluovuzioDluovuzi-gcj-lo

www-cj|ezqivczbcluovuzio-gcj-lo

Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio m94- Kuobc :49:/ Qiotizi|c/ L`boeB\\M 4792905 i oi qe{/ um tzevepvc tiziu|iz |u aczhi umi oizgi r imgc|vi aiki fe vbezzilchchefbfi tzctczlbcmio io fe|ec fe lcmclez oekimc| tizike| emMczveihzbli/ Euzcti r I|bi- I|/ ri |ei em bmvezqemlbcme|

em eo e|tilbc/ zegb|vzc| acvcgzablc| c umi tbmvuzi fe lcocze|hcmclzchc|/ oi mclbm fe vzirelvc r oc| eaelvc| yue eo qbiketzcfule em |u aczhi fe cj|ezqiz eo humfc/ fe umi u cvziaczhi/ |uzgem em fblì| zeiob{ilbcme|-

IZVLUOC 9Izve tjoblc em oi lbufif; h| ioo fe um czmihemvctzcjoehvblcFimbeo Cti{c C-

IZVLUOC :Oi tzlvbli efbvczbio iovezmivbqi; zeqb|bm fe oi jizzi feèzzihbemvi|Azimlb|li Gizli J-

LCOUHMI ZEGBCME\Oi luovuzi temlctcobvimiEfuizfc Heb||mez G-

E\TILBC\ LUOVUZIOE\ FE L@BOELemvzc Luovuzio fe Iovc feo Lizhem\ellbm fe E|vif|vbli| Luovuzioe|

E\VUFBCE|vufbc fe lizilvezb{ilbm feo tzcle|c fe tzcae|bcmiob{ilbmfe oc| izvb|vi| qb|uioe| em L`boe-\ellbm Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio

ZE\EI JBJOBCGZABLIEo Ailvcz WUIW) Eo titeo fe oi| izve| em oi efulilbmImme JihaczfTcz Kczge Zcki| G-

ZE\EI IUFBCQB\UIOOi Lcoczbmi/ Aezmimfc Gu{{cmb r Wezmez Gbe|emTcz Loiufbi Gu{hm H-

QMLUOC\ FE BMVEZ\

\UHIZBC

90

91

9 tcz |u litilbfif fe e|vbhuoiz oibfemvbablilbm |bhjobli/ oi eptze|bm r oi bmvegzilbm luovuzio-

Lhc oc| izvb|vi| tuefem gemeziz e|tilbc| tizvblbtivbqc| e bmloubz ioc| lbufifimc| tizi vzi|lemfez i um hjbvc fe bmvez| lchtizvbfc3Oi e|vvbli tjobli tcfzi vemez oi litilbfif fe hcfbabliz oi tezletlbm fe oc| lbufifimc| ze|telvc i |u tzctbc emvczmc/ |behtze rluimfc eo izve ilve lchc igemve fe lihjbc em umi e|vzivegbi gocjio

r |u| tzchcvcze| vchem lcmlbemlbi fe e|e zco- Tizi fb|eiz tcovbli|eablbemve| yue tbem|em |cjze eo e|tilbc tjoblc r |u bhtilvc |clbio/ e|mele|izbc eo e|vufbc/ oi zeaoepbm r eo fejive fe oi| bfei| bmqcoulzifi|em oc| tzcle|c| fe vchi fe felb|bm-

Oi bmvezqemlbm izv|vbli em oi lbufif r oi eptezbemlbi tez|cmio fe|u| ìjbvimve|> oi| e|vzivegbi| fe oi| efbvczbioe| fe|fe oi qimguizfbi tcvbli oclio> oi| zeaoepbcme| |cjze oc luovuzio lcm umi hbzifizegbcmio> eo itczve fe oi efulilbm izv|vbli io itzemfb{ike fe oc| e|vufbimve| r oi| tzcjoehvbli| oijczioe| fe oc| tzcae|bcmioe| fe oi|izve| qb|uioe|/ |cm iogumc| fe oc| vehi| ijczfifc| em e|ve mhezc feCj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio/ yue e|tezihc| lcmvzbjurim i umi fb|lu|bmmele|izbi r lcmvbmgemve tizi eo |elvcz-


4/22

6 CJ\EZQIVCZBC LUOVUZIO M94

Izve tjoblc em oi lbufif;h| ioo fe um czmihemvc

tzcjoehvblcFimbeo Cti{c C-+

+ Izyubvelvc/ Fclvcz emIzyubvelvuzi r E|vufbc|Uzjimc|- Ilifhblc fe oiUmbqez|bfif fe L`boe

Izvluoc 9

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Em umi he|i zefcmfi |cjzeizve r e|tilbc tjoblc zeiob{ifi em fblbehjze fe :499em oi Umbqez|bfif fe L`boe/

oi izvb|vi qb|uio mgeoi Zihze{ |eioiji um zbe|gc epb|vemve em vcfibmvezqemlbm fe izve fe iluezfc i oi|zegoi| qbgemve| tizi lcmluz|c| tjoblc|> e|telablihemve/ oi izvb|vi toimveiji oi tzegumvi fe lhc izvbluoizoi cjzi em eo e|tilbc tjoblc tizieqbviz lcmqezvbz eo vzijikc fe izve emimbhilbm luovuzio9-

Oi lcmletlbm feo E|vifc l`boemcze|telvc io izve tjoblc |e eptze|ife himezi tzelb|i r |ulbmvi em oi oerze|telvbqi/ yue |eioi yue oc| efbablbc| r e|tilbc| tjoblc| fejezm czmihemviz|e gzifuiohemve/ bmvezbcz r

epvezbczhemve/ lcm cjzi| fe izve:-Iuvczbfife| imvezbcze| `im zeliolifcyue oi lcmvzbjulbm tiotijoe fe tizvefeo E|vifc i vziq| fe oi bmazie|vzul

9 Tze|emvilbm fe mgeoi Zihze{ em oi he|izefcmfi Itzcpbhilbcme| io E|tilbc Tjoblcfe|fe eo Izve Lcmvehtczmec- 95 fe fblbehjzefe :499/ Ailuovif fe Izyubvelvuzi r Uzjimb|hc/Umbqez|bfif fe L`boe- Mcvi| feo iuvcz-

: Izvluoc 1 Oer 97-:


5/22

FETIZVIHEMVC FE E\VUFBC\ / LCM\EKC MILBCMIO FE OI LUOVUZI R OI\ IZVE\ 5

tizi |u tze|emlbi lchc `bvc `b|vzblc em oc| e|tilbc| lezehcmbioe| r

|bhjoblc| fe hircz zeoeqimlbi em eolemvzc fe oi lbufif5/ tizelbezi yue eolemvzc fe \imvbigc auezi tcz fbqez|c|hcvbqc| um e|tilbc qefifc i oi| bmvezqemlbcme| izv|vbli| qbmluoifi| ioi hehczbi-

\bm fekiz vcviohemve fe oifc oi ocliob{ilbm hizgbmio fe e|vc| itizivc|1e bmlou|c io hizgem fe oc| zelbemve|

etb|cfbc| fe qimfiob|hc |uazbfc|tcz qizbc| fe eooc|7/ ze|uovi fe bmvez|imiob{iz em yu hefbfi e|vi| bmvez

qemlbcme| fe izve |utcmem c mc umlue|vbcmihbemvc feo lizlvez hb|hcfeo e|tilbc tjoblc e bmqcoulzim io ijbvimve em umi zeaoepbm |cjze oc| ohbve| r lcmfblbcme| fe fbl`c e|tilbc-

Eo hehczbio i Kibhe Gu{hm (Mblco| Obtvìr/ izyubvelvc> Hizi Imgobli Elìqizzb/ e|luovczi/ :440" bmvemvigemeziz um e|tilbc tjoblc iuhemvimfc/ tcz i| felbzoc/ oi fem|bfiffeo |ueoc hefbimve oi efbablilbm fe

5 Oc| ekehtoc| feo Hehczbio fe Qbevmih feHiri Obm (9209920:" c feo Hehczbio feo @cocliu|vc/ fe Tevez Eb|emhim (9227:445" luhtoemlcm umi lizilvez|vbli bmveze|imve tizi mue|vzifb|lu|bm- Em ihjc| li|c| |e vzivi fe bmvezqemlbcme| yue feabmem um e|tilbc/ umi |uezve fe

veivzc fcmfe eo ìjbvimve uzjimc |e qe bhtoblifc em umi zeoilbm tzcjoehvbli lcm oi h ehczbi/lcm oi b|vczbi-

1 E|ve aemhemc tcz | |coc ihezbvizi qizbi|omei| r ì vembfc tze|emlbi bmvezhbvemve em oictbmbm tjobli \bm bz h| oekc|/ ìm epb|vbfc tcohbli| ze|telvc io ehtoi{ihbemvc fe qizbc|hehczbioe|/ lchc ekehtoc tcfehc| lbviz fc|li|c|; eo Hcmuhemvc Hukeze| em oi Hehczbi/czbgbmiohemve lcmlejbfc tizi |bvuiz|e em eo ti|ec Juome| r abmiohemve ehtoi{ifc em um ougize|lcmfbfc feo jimfekm lemvzio fe oi Ioihefi/|bm qb|bjbobfif tjobli r eptue|vc io qimfiob|hc>r lcm hircz mcvczbefif/ eo hehcz bio fefblif ci Kibhe Gu{hm/ bmblbiohemve tzctue|vc em oitoi{i Bviobi r abmiohemve lcm|vzubfc em oi toi{iUme|lc fe oi lchumi fe Oi| Lcmfe|- Eo tzcle|cfe tzcve|vi| fe |elvcze| ctue|vc| i e|ve tzcrelvc aue zeg b|vzifc em eo f cluhemvio Oi jivi ooife Toi{i Bviobi/ fe Zemivc Qbooegi| (:440"-

7 Eo 2 fe igc|vc fe :499 |e zetczv oi fe|vzullbm fe oi toili zelczfivczbi feo hehczbio feGuezzezc/ Tizifi r Mivvbmc em Yubobluzi> tcz cvzitizve/ eo 96 feo hb|hc he| eo hehczbio i KibheGu{hm aue cjkevc fe um ivemvifc eptoc|bqc- Tcz

cvzi tizve/ lcm|vimvehemve itizelem femumlbi||cjze eo ijimfcmc feo hcmuhemvc Hukeze| em oiHehczbi/ cjkevc fe zirifc| r gziaabvb |bm lcmvembfc tcovblc itizemve-

um tijeoom |ujvezzmec- \bm ehjizgc/ oi e|luovuzi fe abguzi| ùhimi|

yue zeabeze i oi gecgziai fe L`boe/ehtoi{ifi |cjze um e|tekc fe igui/e| tzlvblihemve |boemve em vzhbmc|fe mue|vzc imob|b|; fb|eifi jikc oiogbli feo hcmuhemvc/ gc{i fe umigzim qb|bjbobfif/ hi| |u ctezilbmioegzbli |e obhbvi io `chemike tzbqifc- \u ocliob{ilbm/ tizifkblihemve/mc lcmvzbjure i gemeziz zeaoepbm emeo ti|eimve/ io vziviz|e fe umi tumvi

fe fbihimve/ fe um lcmam em qe{ feum ougiz fe vzm|bvc-

Um aemhemc fb|vbmvc |e fi em eo li|cfeo hcmuhemvc Hukeze| em oi Hehczbi (Ehbobc Hizm r Mblco| Mczezc/izyubvelvc|/ :446"- Eo hehczbio lcm|b|ve em um huzc fe lzb|vio vzi|olbfce bouhbmifc fe|fe |u ji|e/ bm|ezvc emumi toiviaczhi fe hifezi/ eo luiobmlcztczi zeluifzc| vzim|tizemve|

r cvzc| e|tekifc|/ bm|tbzifc| em oc|lizveoe| lizilvez|vblc| fe oc| aihbobize| fe fevembfc| fe|itizelbfc|- Oibfei ezi zeuvbob{iz |bgmc| yue aue|emalbohemve itzctbifc| tcz oi| tez|cmi| r fe e|i himezi bmvegzizoc| i |u

qbfi lcvbfbimi- Oi hehczbi r eo vziuhi `b|vzblc |cm emazemvifc| fe|fe oitez|telvbqi fe oi mele|bfif fe i|bhboiz oc cluzzbfc lchc |clbefif/ em ou

giz fe vziviz fe e|lcmfezoc e bmvemvizoi bhtc|blbm feo coqbfc tcz felzevc c

|bhtoe chb|bm/ fe ioo oi bfei fe bmloubz iogumc| luifzc| lchc qemvimi|

tizi qez i vziq| feo huzc (eo auvuzc"r cvzc| lchc e|tekc| (eo cj|ezqifcztcmbmfc|e em eo ougiz fe oi qlvbhi"0-

Oihemvijoehemve/ em oi tzlvbli eohcmuhemvc e|v |cjze umi toiviaczhi li|b bmille|bjoe yue oc i|oi fe vcfc| oc| zelczzbfc| zeguoize| teivcmioe|feo emvczmc/ |u tze|emlbi e| tezletvbjoe li|b mblihemve fe mclè gzilbi| i

|u fb|ec ouhmblc- E|vi ctezilbm fefe|lemvzihbemvc lcm|tbzi gziqehemve lcmvzi eo tcvemlbio feo hehczbiolchc izve tjoblc r mc| hueqe i lue|vbcmiz oi bm|vbvulbcmiobfif yue zbgeilvuiohemve e|ve vbtc fe eptze|bcme|-

Eo lueztc lchc ohbve emvze octjoblc r oc tzbqifc

Em kumbc fe :44:/ eo Hu|ec fe IzveLcmvehtczmec (HIL" bmqbv io acvgziac e|vifcumbfem|e \temlez Vumbln em eo hizlc fe oi tze|emvilbm

0 Um huzc vzim|tizemve yue mc fbqbfe oi| qbfi|/ yue em luioyubez vbehtc r fe|fe luioyubezougiz/ mc| tezhbve hbziz ìlbi eo ti|ifc r ìlbieo auvuzc/ i vziq| fe oc| zc|vzc| iu|emve| em oc|lizveoe| yue oc| aihbobize| fe oi| qlvbhi| fe oizetze|bm ooeqim itzevifc| io lczi{m- \imfziTioe|vzc/ Fb|luz|c Tzehbilbm Hehczbio Hehczbi Hukez/ \imvbigc/ :7 fe |etvbehjze :446-

Hcmuhemvc Hukeze| em oi Hehczbi/ Ehbobc Hizm r Mblco| Mczezc- Acvc; Lzb|vjio Tiohi-


6/22


Izvluoc 9

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fe tizve fe oi hue|vzi fe oi Jbemio feIzve fe \ic Tiuoc- H| ioo fe oi huo

vbvufbmizbi zeumbm fe lueztc| yueem | ri |utu|c umi vzi|gze|bm i oiabguzi fe oi lbufif/ oc bmveze|imve aueoi huvilbm yue tzcfukc oi ilvbvuffe oc| |ukevc| tizvblbtimve| em eo tzc

relvc feo izvb|vi; |b oi cjzi fe Vumbln|e lizilvezb{i tcz umi hbzifi |cjzeeo lueztc bmezve e bmezhe i oi qe{ emeo hjbvc fe oi lbufif qili/ em e|veli|c |e vziv fe um ij|couvc ae|vekc

fe oi fe|mufe{/ fe umi zutvuzi lcmoi lem|uzi r oi| lcmqemlbcme| |clbioe|ze|telvc i oi tezvememlbi bmfufijoefeo lueztc io e|tilbc fe oc tzbqifc-Em cvzc hjbvc/ |bm fufi qbmluoifcio fejive |cjze oi lcmfblbm feo izvetjoblc/ fe iogumi himezi e|vi illbmfe izve bmiuguz umi mueqi aczhi fehimbae|vilbm tcovbli/ oi yue i tizvbzfe e|i cli|bm |e zetevbzi r hi|bablizi; oi eptc|blbm feo lueztc lchcilvc fe tzcve|vi r fe|iac2-

Oi ep`bjblbm fe oi qbfi lcvbfbimi feumi hukez em umi li|i fe lzb|vio i lchbem{c| feo ic :444 givboo um gzimzequeoc hefbvblc r um lcmkumvc feoelvuzi| yue jimiob{ijim eo tzcrelvc Miuvbou| (:444" fe oc| izyubvelvc|

Izvuzc Vczze| r Kczge L`zb|vbe/ fejbfci oc| etb|cfbc| fe fe|mufe{ fe oi il

vzb{ yue cablbiji lchc `ijbvimve feoi li|i- Ku|vihemve/ eo bmvez| fe e|vicjzi zifbli em oi zeoilbm tzcjoehvbli yue tzctcme tizi oc| e|telvifcze|io |bvuiz em eo lemvzc fe oi lbufif/ougiz feo tcfez/ um cjkevc yue em |uazigbobfif r itizemve |bhtoe{i lue|vbcmi mc |oc oi| mclbcme| fe tzbqilbfif r tujoblbfif/ |bmc vihjbm `ileumi lzvbli io ougiz fe oi hukez em oi

|clbefif r io lcmletvc feo lueztcaehembmc lchc cjkevc fe lcm|uhc(Luifzi/ :444"-

Vihjbm e| tc|bjoe oeez/ fe|fe e|etumvc fe qb|vi/ e|i omei fe oi cjzi

2 Oi tzctue|vi feo izvb|vi vuqc ihtobi fbau|bmr fejive em oc| hefbc|/ fifi oi tze|emlbi feolueztc fe|mufc c h| jbem fbl`c/ feo lcmkumvcfe lueztc| em eo e|tilbc uzjimc lchc lemvzc fe|u vzijikc- Oi lcmqclivczbi fe oi illbm fe izve

aue ij|couvihemve ijbezvi r oc| czgimb{ifcze|e|tezijim umi|


7/22


Oi tzlvbli efbvczbioiovezmivbqi; zeqb|bm fe oi

jizzi fe èzzihbemvi|Azimlb|li Gizli J-+

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Izvluoc :

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+ Efbvczi e bmqe|vbgifczi em obvezivuzi r izve|l`boemi|

Tizvbemfc feo èl`c yue em L`boe oi|lbazi| fe oelvuzi r lcm|uhc fe objzc|tcz tizve fe oi lbufifimi mumli im|bfc ioemvifczi|/ r h| im/ yue em oibmfu|vzbi oclio oi| ehtze|i| vzim|milbcmioe| itoi|vim elcmhblihemve oioijcz bmlim|ijoe fe oc| hblzcefbvcze|/he gu|vizi tzctcmez em e|ve vepvcumi zea oepbm h| tc|bvbqi yue |e emhizli em um lcmkumvc fe tzctue|vi|

efbvczbioe| tzcfulbfi| fe|fe oi qimguizfbi tcvbli oclio/ oi| luioe| fe|iabizcm oc| zfeme| ègehmblc| emoi ovbhi tizve feo |bgoc PP/ toimveizcm mueqi| aczhi| fe itzctbilbm feohumfc r gemezizcm e|tilbc| |clbioe|iovezmivbqc|-

Oi tue|vi em qb|bjbobfif fe e|i| itezvuzi| e|v fbzelvihemve bmaoubfi tcz

hb zelbemve eptezbemlbi fe oelvuzifeo Ivoi| ca Vzim|aczhivbcm (Tzigi/ Vzim{bv/:494" r Ivoi| Lhc ooeqiz eo humfc i lue|vi|3(Hifzbf/ Hu|ec Zebmi \cai/ :494"/yue iumyue |e acliob{im em fc| lcmvepvc| hur fb|vbmvc|/ itczvim mueqi|zeaezemlbi| |cjze tzclefbhbemvc| felzeilbm e|lzbvuzio r itizivc| fe oelvuzi- Eo tzbhezc fe e|vc| qcoheme||e vzivi fe um tzcrelvc tzcfulbfclcoelvbqihemve r e|vzulvuzifc lchc

um fbllbcmizbc fe h| fe :44 emvzifi| lcmletvuioe| yue ivziqbe|im oi|fb|lbtobmi| ilifhbli| tizi tem|iz

|cjze oi| vzim|aczhilbcme| luovuzioe|em eo humfc fe|fe oi lifi fe oilczvbmi fe `bezzc- Eo |egumfc/ lczze|tcmfeio livocgc fe oi luzivczi `chmbhizeiob{ifi tcz eo `b|vczbifcz fe izveaziml| Geczge| Fbfb@ujezhim em eoHu|ec Zebmi \cai fe Hifzbf em :494/

r |e cluti epvem|ihemve fe oi livegczi fe ivoi| em eo lcmvepvc fe oi tzlvbli izv|vbli lcmvehtczmei/ vchimfc

lchc tumvc fe tizvbfi umi cjzi aumfilbcmio tizi oc| e|vufbc| luovuzioe|

r oi `b|vczbi feo izve/ eoIvoi| Hmehc|rme(92:592:2" fe Ijjr Wizjuzg-

Eo Ivoi| ca Vzim|aczhivbcm vbeme |u tumvc fe tizvbfi em oi lbvi Yu he ìcluzzbfc3/ yue e| oi tzegumvi yue i |hb|hc |e `b{c Gzegczbc \ih|i/ eo tez|cmike feo zeoivc Oi hevihczac|b| (9295"

fe Azim{ Niani/ oi hiimi em yuefe|tbezvi vzim|aczhifc em um tiz|bvc- I tizvbz fe e|i hb|hi lbvi czbemviz rc vihjbm hb bmveztzevilbm |cjzeiogumc| tzcrelvc| tcvblc| l`boemc|yue bm|lzbjbezcm lcm|lbemvehemve oitezaczhimle efbvczbio lchc tizvefe |u| tzctue|vi| fe lzeilbm obvezizbi- Lhc e|vc| tzcrelvc| vzim|aczhizcm eo bhigbmizbc izv|vblc oclio3Luoe| auezcm oi| e|vzivegbi| uvbob{i

fi| tizi ìlez|e qb|bjoe| r eaelvbqc|em |u| lcmvepvc|3 Tcz yu tizelezibhtczvimve qb|bjbob{izoc| `cr3

Vzim|aczhilbcme|

Oi tujoblilbm e| oi zutvuzi fe oi lem|uzi/ ifqbezve Tbezze Jcuzfbeu9- H|yue bmqcliz um lcmvembfc tzc`bjbfc/e|vi iabzhilbm he ìle tem|iz emiogc cluovc/ |elzevc/ czbgbmio- LuimfcGubooezhc Feb|oez (92649225" tujobliem 9212 |u tzbhez objzc vbvuoifc Gzzz(Imvcaigi|vi/ Efblbcme| Hbhjze"/ gzi

abli em tczvifi oi je|vbi feqczimfc io`chjze- I tzbhezi qb|vi oi tujoblilbm ri toimvei umi tzcaumfi zutvuzie|vvbli ze|telvc i oi lcmletlbm vzifblbcmio fe um objzc- Em |u| mc h| fe

qebmve tgbmi| emvze oi| yue |e bmvezlioi eo zugbfc feo vvuoc/ Gzzz bmvegziumi |ezbe fe hivezbioe| tzelizbc| ebmlcmepc| i oc| yue |e |uhim iogumi|bm|vzullbcme| fbzbgbfi| io oelvcz/ um

lcmkumvc yue bzcmb{i |cjze eo lcmaoblvc fe oi Guezzi Azi r eo ij|uzfc fe|u| gi|vc| r obfezi{gc|- Fe|fe ioo e|yue oi cjzi iuvczb{i oi bmvezqemlbmfeo oelvcz; E|lzbji i`czi e|i lizvivimvc vbehtc tc|vezgifi> \u |coulbm; zelczve umi abguzi fe oi tgbmiimvezbcz r tgueoi> Abzhi| tizi oiti{- Igzegue oi |uri i lcmvbmuilbm-

Umi tzctue|vi fe e|lzbvuzi |ehekimvee| oi yue aczhuoi h| vizfe cvzi iuvcefblbm/ Oi mueqi mcqeoi (Qbooi Ioehimi/ Efblbcme| Izl`bqc/ 9277" fe Kuim

9- Tbezze Jcuzfbeu r ZcgezLìzvbez (:494"; Oi oelvu

zi; umi tzlvbli luovuzio/em Eo |emvbfc |clbio feogu|vc/ Juemc| Ibze|/ \bgocPPB Efbvcze|- t- :15-


8/22


Oub| Hizvme{ (926:922 i|bhb|hc/ oc| tcehi| emacvclctbi fe Zcfzbgc Obzi (92629209" iabme| fe oc| ic| 74/ yue hcmvijim vbtcocgi| fe vepvc| fbqez|c|/ lchc iqb|c| tujoblbvizbc|/ luzzluoc c mcvblbi|>abmiohemve/ eo Izl`bqc [cmigoc feo tceviGcm{ioc Hboom (9267:441"/ yue lcm|b|ve em um ablèzc bmabmbvc lchc umigzim ji|e fe fivc| yue eo iuvcz auelchtcmbemfc fuzimve |u| ovbhc|

qebmve ic| fe qbfi tcz hefbc fe vepvc|/ fbjukc|/ lbvi| e bhgeme|-

Em zeoilbm i e|ve vbtc fe e|lzbvuzi hefbifi tcz oi iluhuoilbm r eo azighemvc/ oi livegczi fe ivoi| yue fe|izzcooi Fbfb@ujezhim (:494" itumvioie|ve hcfeoc i umi vzifblbm izv|vbli h| ihtobi- Io lcmvzizbc i lchcu|uiohemve e| lcm|bfezifc/ um ivoi|mc mele|izbihemve ioufe i |ijeze|gecgzablc|- Vihtclc e| um vbtc feobjzc- Umi lcoellbm fe lc|i| |bmgu

oize|/ em gemezio ìzvc èvezcgmei|/luri iabmbfif tzcfule um |ijez epvzic e bma bmbvc (mumli lezzifc":/ gcjezmifi tcz um tzbmlbtbc fe bmabmbvufyue bhtc|bjbobvi vcfc bfeio fe umblbfif/ fe tuze{i/ fe vzim|tizemlbi/umi tzcrellbm feo gzim v zcleihbemvcfeo humfc/ vio lchc oc zegb|vzi oihevaczi feo vbvm gzbegc Ivoi| lcmfemifc tcz li|vbgc fbqbmc i (|c"tczvizeo humfc |cjze |/ lcm |u| |ijeze| è

vezcgmec| e bmabmbvc| tzcfulbfc| tczvcfi| oi| luovuzi| feo humfc-Bmvzm|elc i e|ve hcfeoc fe e|lzbvuzi

tcvbli i tizvbz feo gzim vzcleihbemvc/e|vi| tzctue|vi| izv|vbli| epbgem i |u

qe{/ um tzclefbhbemvc iovezmivbqc feoelvuzi- Oi ze|telvbqi felcm|vzullbmfe oi e|lzbvuzi r eo |ctczve fe oc luiovcfc |e ì tue|vc em fufi; oi tioijzi/oi iuvczi/ oi tgbmi/ oi emluifezmilbm/ oi bhtze|bm/ oi fb|vzbjulbm/lcmqbzvb i oi| efblbcme| em um vbtcfe he|i fe vzijikc/ em fcmfe oc| iuvcze| em|irijim fb|vbmvc| hcmvike|fe oi zeiobfif bm|lzbvc| em e|vzulvu

zi| ijbezvi| r mc lcmlou|bqi|- Em e|ecteziz/ eo iuvcz lcfbabli r fe|toi{i iooelvcz oi vizei fe lcm|vzubz eo lcmclbhbemvc/ yubem i tizvbz feo fb|ec fe|u| tzctbi| zegoi| e bvbmezizbc/ fejebmfulbz oi| tzcjoehvbli| i tizvbz feoi| lcmqezgemlbi| |ujvezzmei| r oc|emluemvzc| bme|tezifc| yue e|ve ìgi|uzgbz fe|fe eo vepvc- Umi aczhi qb|uiofeo |ijez/ umi aczhi |ijbi feo qez


9/22


oelvuzi| r emluemvzc| umbqez|bvizbc|-Jikc e|i e|vzivegbi/ Obzi i|eguziji oi

lbzluoilbm r zeletlbm fe |u| tcehi|em oi tezbaezbi bm|vbvulbcmio r feo hezlifc/ lchc umi aczhi yue |bgmbabliji|u tzctbi vchi fe tc|blbm tcovblii abme| fe oc| 74 r tzbmlbtbc| fe oc|04 em \imvbigc fe L`boe- E|e vbtc feefbvczbiob|hc i|clbifc h| jbem ioilvbqb|hc r oi e|vzivegbi feo ti|yum/|e lcmvepvuiob{i em oi lcmazcmvilbmfbzelvi e bmhefbivi lcm yue Obzi bm

vemlbcmiji |u cjzi tcvbli/ e|vzivegbi|bhboiz yue i|uhe Gubooezhc Feb|oezem oi fb|vzbjulbm fe |u| cjzi| fe|fe |u epbobc em Euzcti- Feb|oez/ yue ihefbifc| fe oi flifi feo 14 `ijivchifc lcmvilvc lcm oi Mueqi Tce|iOivbmcihezblimi r oi zef fe izvb|vi|feo izve lczzec/ hchemvc em eo yue `b{clbzluoiz oi| Efblbcme| Hbhjze (L`boe921


10/22


Lcmvilvc| r zeaoepbcme| ilezlife oi luovuzi temlctcobvimiEfuizfc Heb||mez G-+


Lcouhmi

Zegbcme|

--------------------

+ Tzehbc Jblemvemizbc :499

Hb e|telbio aczvumi auemilez kumvc i hb èzhimc heoob{c Lizoc|em um `cgiz yue he

jzbmfizi oi ctczvumbfif fe vchizlcmvilvc lcm fc| i|telvc| fe oi luovuzi fe um ougiz fevezhbmifc; eo

lizlvez tzefchbmimvehemve lizve|bimc fe hb tifze/ cfcmvocgc/ tzcae|cz umbqez|bvizbc r |bm ougiz i fufi|/ fe tez|cmiobfif iuvczbvizbi> hbhifze/ em lcmvzitc|blbm aoigzimve/ìjzi |bfc efulifi em oc| lfbgc|fe umi aczhilbm izv|vbli/ bmvubvb

qi r ehclbcmio lchc auezi eo tbimc/|chevbfi fuzimve hul`c| ic| fe|u kuqemvuf r ifcoe|lemlbi i oc| qb

gcze| fe umi vlmbli yue |e bhtizvi em um lcm|ezqivczbc fe livegczi/ fbzbgbfc tcz eo ijcgifc E|vejimBvuzzi Tilèlc/ vihjbm fclemvefe oi Umbqez|bfif fe Lcmletlbm repbhbc tbimb|vi/ zetze|emvimve fe oiiaihifi E|lueoi fe Qbemi-

Hb bmaimlbi |ezi ìjbvuiohemveizzuooifi lcm eo tbimc fe hb hifze

yue vcliji iogumi| `czi| io fi emum bm|vzuhemvc fe lcoi/ czguooc feoi li|i- Felbz czguooc e| lcmqemlbc

mio r qimbfc|c tue| yu qiocz e|telbio tuefe vemez um tbimc megzc rjzbooimve/ gemeziohemve fe ioi| epvemfbfi|/ em um ihjbemve aihbobiz3

Lcm Lizoc|/ hb èzhimc/ mc fb|vbmgubzihc| emvze oc| jizzcyub|hc|

zebvezifc| fe um @mfeo c Jil`/loi|blb|hc lzb|viobmc fe um Hc{izv|behtze |iovizbmc/ oi| fem|bfife|zchmvbli| fe um Jeev`cqem/ umJzi`h| epiovimve- Tezc | e|viji ioo ri oi tze|emlbi hb|vezbc|ife um veom fe acmfc hu|blio yueooemiji e|tilbc| qilc|/ |e bmvzcfuli tez|b|vemve em omei| heofbli| bm|b|vemve| r zetevbfi| tcz oi

lcmlbemlbi kuqembo zeletvbqi- He|cztzemfi/ em cli|bcme|/ |bojimfcibze| lbzlum|vimlbioe| |bm |ijez fefmfe r fe lhc |e ìjim hevbfcem hb lcmlbemlbi/ mc |ijbemfc yuehe fe|toi{iji tcz liooe| temlctcobvimi| |bojimfc/ yub{|/ umi lìlcmife Jil`/ um hbmuevc hc{izvbimc cumi qizbilbm fe|lzbtvbqi feju||bimi- I| fe mivuzio r e|tcmvmec aue

zcm hb| tzbhezc| lcmvilvc| lcm oc|hb|vezbc| bhtcmfezijoe| fe oi i|ooihifi h|bli |eoelvi c lo|bli-

Ouegc |cjzeqemfzim oc| ic| feoi em|eim{i tzbhizbi r |elumfizbi em eo Lcoegbc Ioehm fe oilbufif i |coc tcli| luifzi| fe oili|i tivezmi- Oi tze|emlbi fe umiczgimb{ilbm efulilbcmio vefu|liyue |e bhtizvi lchtoevihemve em

ioehm em iyueooc| ic| fe bmblbc|feo luizemvi- E|vijoeli oi mele|bfif fe um lihjbc fe czbemvilbmfclemve io zchtez L`boe |u| zeoilbcme| lcm Ioehimbi fuzimve oi |egumfi lcma oigzilbm jobli- \ezi eo926< c 9266 em oi yue hb tifze/ yuetezvemeli io fbzelvczbc eo Lcoegbc

Ioehm r ri fclemve umbqez|bvizbc/qbikizi em lchtii feo fbzelvcz feo

lcoegbc i \imvbigc fe L`boe/ ocgzimfc yue i vziq| feo Hbmb|vezbc feEfulilbm/ e|ve Oblec |e lcmqbzvbeziem lcctezifcz feo E|vifc/ i|uhbemfc oc| toime| fe em|eim{i fe oiefulilbm |elumfizbi l`boemi- Fbgce|vc tue| e|vi lbzlum|vimlbi e|telbio he tezhbvi lcmelvizhe lcmfc| |b|vehi| luovuzioe| fevezhbmifc|; eo euzctecioehm tzbhczfbio/

r eo l`boemcoivbmcihezblimc czbemvifc i oi| czfemilbcme| fe umi vzifblbm azimle|i-


11/22


Hb bmaimlbi |ezi ìjbvuiohemve izzuooifi lcmeo tbimc fe hb hifze yue vcliji iogumi| `czi|

io fi em um bm|vzuhemvc fe lcoi/ czguooc fe oili|i- Felbz czguooc e| lcmqemlbcmio r qimbfc|c

tue| Yu qiocz e|telbio tuefe vemez um

tbimc megzc r jzbooimve/ gemeziohemve fe ioi|epvemfbfi| em um ihjbemve aihbobiz3-


Ouegc he emazemvizi i oc| bhtezivbqc| livegzblc| fe um e|vufbcumbqez|bvizbc- Tcz imiocgi| tizvbluoize|/ |egubzi oc| ti|c| fe hbtifze e|vufbimfc femv|vbli/ em oiAiluovif fe Cfcmvcocgi em oi yueo ekezli lizgc fclemve r fbzelvbqc-

Eo e|vufbc |b|vehvblc |ezi h| yuelizve|bimc/ himekifc tcz umi ogbli lbemvabli em umi umbqez|bfif fe|coc ic| fe imvbgefif/ bmaoepbjoeem |u| epbgemlbi| tizi ocgziz iyueooieablbemlbi zeyuezbfi i umi bm|vbvulbm tzcqbmlbimi/ lurc e|tzbvu ìji yue fe|izzcooiz em objezvif-

Em um fe|qm fe oi li|i fe|lujzb

zi umi aoiuvi vziqez|i fe lcmlbezvcyue hb tifze ìji vclifc em ic|hc{c| r he tu|e fe bmhefbivc i fchbmiz fbgbvilbcme|/ ehjclifuzi|/eo juem |cmbfc |c|vembfc- Luz|ijivezlez ic fe hb lizzezi luimfche tze|emvizi lcm hb aoiuvi jikceo jzi{c i oc| lizgc| fe aoiuvb|vi feoi Czyue|vi \bmambli feo Oblec mz- 9Emzbyue Hcobmi fe oi lbufif/ fbzbgb

fi tcz Jbzulc/ Zio Zbqezc Tuogizyue iji zeiob{ifc e|vufbc| fe tbimc kumvc i hb hifze em iyueo lcm

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hc{izvbimi- Oi oelvuzi obmeio fe umvcyue fe aoiuvi mc he ze|uovizifbalbo tue| oi em|eim{i feo tbimcìji |bfc bmvegzifi lchc fe|fe|behtze i hb luovuzi hu|blio-

He yuef e|tcmvmeihemve lcm hbmcq|bhc lizgc fe aoiuvb|vi fe e|velcmkumvc e|vufbimvbo r fuzimve qizbc| ic| bmveztzevizihc| iyueooc|

iuvcze| ri fe|lzbvc|/ lcmlbezvc| fetbimc fe Gzbeg/ limlbcme| l`boemi|lcm lczc hi|luobmc e|vufbimvbo rizzegoc| feo hb|hc Jbzulc- Hovbtoe| vehtczifi|/ lcmlbezvc|/ h|bli|bmambli fe epvem|bm he tezhbvbzim vehtzimihemve bmvegzizhe iogzutc |bmamblc fe qcle| r vbhjze|èvezcgmec| r fe i` |ugezim oc|bmvztzeve| tizi oi lzeilbm fe oi cz

yue|vi fe lhizi fe oi Umbqez|bfiffe Lcmletlbm i lurc gzutc aumfilbcmio vemgc oi `cmzi fe tezvemelez-

E|vc |ulefezi em li|i fe oc| tifze|fe Lizhem Vczze|/ qbcobmb|vi feolcmkumvc r vihjbm e|vufbimve fecfcmvcocgi-

Em mue|vzi tzbhezi iufblbm |e tze|emvizi eo lcmlbezvc fe tbimc Mz-

9: fe Hc{izv bmveztzevifc tcz umikcqem izv b|vi fe vzifblbcme| hu|blioe| lcm|igzifi| fe oi litbvio/ Efbv` Ab|lèz yue ouegc |e tzcrelvizibmvezmilbcmiohemve- E|ve lcmkumvc|bmamblc yue em e|e hchemvc |eaumfiji r mili i oi ou{/ zemfbziluemvi fe umi mele|bfif luovuziobhtezivbqi/ tue|vc yue oi h|bli

qbqi r |eoelvi ezi himekifi em e|e

vbehtc |oc tcz eo lcmkumvc lcziofbzbgbfc tcz Izvuzc Hefbmi- Ochigmablc r hiziqbooc|c fe e|vi czyue|vi mc |ezi |u aumfilbm/ |bmc|u tez|b|vemlbi em eo vbehtc gzilbi|i oi jivuvi fe Wboazbef Kumge/ |ufbzelvcz lcm|eluemve- Em e|ve ic/:49:/ oi Czyue|vi \bmambli fe oiUmbqez|bfif fe Lcmletlbm luhtobz 14 ic| fe qbfi-

Tizioeoihemve hb| bmyubevufe| heooeqizim i tizvblbtiz em gzutc|


12/22

9: CJ \EZQIVCZBC LUOVUZIO M94

izv|vblc| fe gzijifc r tbmvuzi lcme|vufbc| em oi Ilifehbi Qe|tezvbmi em Qlvcz Oihi|- Fe e|ve gzutcfetemfbemve fe oi ITEL fe L`boe/tzcqemfzi eo tzcgzihi fe lzeilbmfe umi E|lueoi fe Izve tze|emvifilchc tzcgzihi i oi U fe L em luri

tzctc|blbm r zefillbm vemfzi bhtczvimlbi |eezi Vcoe Teziovi/ riaumlbcmizbc fe oi U fe L- Ifeh| iVcoe |e feje e|emlbiohemve oi aczhilbm fe oi Tbmilcveli fe oi Umbqez|bfif fe Lcmletlbm/ lcmkumvc bhtczvimve fe cjzi| fe izve qb|uioe| feoi luovuzi fe L`boe- @ijzi iyu yuefe|viliz oi abguzi fe Kuobc E|lhe{fe czbgem oclio r vzi|lemfemlbi |cjze

milbcmio- Lcm bmvegzimve| feo gzutci|uhbzihc| oi| fbaezemve| i|bgmivuzi| fe e|vi E|lueoi fe Izve fe ri64 ic| fe em|eim{i |b|vehvbli-Em fblì bm|vbvulbm rc ìzi loi|e|fe gzabli/ fb|ec j|blc/ e|vvbli

r izve lcmvehtczmec/ ocgzimfchb vvuoc fe Oblemlbifc em Izve em9271- Em 9212 i lzeiz|e oi E|lueoi fe

Izyubvelvuzi fe oi Umbqez|bfif Vl

mbli feo E|vifc/ ilvuio Umbqez|bfiffeo Jc Jc/ |ezi ooihifc i clutizlizgc fe tzcae|cz fe Lchtc|blbm

To|vbli/ ouegc Lcmabguzilbm E|tilbio r Lchtc|blbm Izyubvelvmbli/lizgc yue ekezl ì|vi hb zevbzc feoi Umbqez|bfif/ ijbemfc iolim{ifcgzifc fe Tzca- Ehzbvc vimvc em oiE|lueoi fe Izyubvelvuzi fe oi UJJlchc fe oi E|lueoi fe Izve fe oi

Umbqez|bfif fe Lcmletlbm-

Em eo ic :499 tujoblizihc| lcmHizi Imgobli Joimlc/ e|lzbvczi/eo objzc fe itzcpbhilbcme| ezvbli|

r e|vvbli|; Je|c| r Je|c|/ efbvifclcm Vuobc Hemfc{i-

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lcmvzbjubzm lcm eablilbi i feabmbzoc| qiocze| fe oi lzeivbqbfif |em|bjoe r fe oi luovuzi fe um tuejoc emumi tcli fevezhbmifi/ r lcm eoocirufizi i feabmbz oc| lzbvezbc| r oi|

qblb|bvufe| fe oi luovuzi lcmvehtczmei- CL

9: CJ \EZQIVCZBC LUOVUZIO M94

Lcouhmi

Zegbcme|

--------------------

Oc| oemguike| fe oi h|bli/ oi| izve| qb|uioe|/oi obvezivuzi/ eo veivzc evl- lcmvzbjubzm lcmeablilbi i feabmbz oc| qiocze| fe oi lzeivbqbfif|em|bjoe r fe oi luovuzi fe um tuejoc em umitcli fevezhbmifi/ r lcm eooc irufizi i

feabmbz oc| lzbvezbc| r oi| qblb|bvufe| fe oiluovuzi lcmvehtczmei-


13/22

FETIZVIHEMVC FE E\VUFBC\ / LCM\EKC MILBCMIO FE OI LUOVUZI R OI \ IZVE\ 9


14/22

96 CJ \EZQIVCZBC LUOVUZIO M94

T; Em eo emvemfbfc fe yue oc| e|tilbc| luovuzioe| fejezim |ez umougiz yue tze|emve ilvbqbfife|tezhimemve|/ ijbezvc i oi| himbae|vilbcme| luovuzioe| oclioe|

r i oi zeletlbm fe ilvbqbfife|bmqbvifi|/ r yue ze|tcmfi i oi|mele|bfife| e bmyubevufe| fe oilchumbfif/ eo Lemvzc Luovuio feIovc feo Lizhem/ luemvi lcm um

Toim fe Ge|vbm3

Z; Eo lemvzc luovuzio/ aue lzeifc tiziiojezgiz eo hpbhc fe himbae|vilbc

me| luovuzioe| fe oi lchumi fe zelcmclbfi zi{ zuzio r lihte|bmi/ fcmfetzefchbmim oi| illbcme| fe louje|fe ùi|c|/ lchumbfife| fbigubvi|/gzutc| aconozblc|/ izve|imc|/ vioijizvezc|/ e|lzbvczi| (e|"/ limvcze|/ bmvztzeve|/ h|blc|- Fe e|ve hcfc/ oc|cjkevbqc|/ eo vzijikc e|vijoelbfc r oihb|bm tzbmlbtio feo lemvzc luovuzioìm |bfc oi j|yuefi feo fe|izzcooc

fe e|vi| ilvbqbfife|/ fe bm|vimlbi| febmvezlihjbc/ oi tizvblbtilbm bmvegzior oi lcmlzelbm fe oc| tzcrelvc|/ bfei|

r |uec| fe oc| luovcze| i vziq| feoc| Acmfc| Lcmluz|ijoe| feo E|vifc

r/ tcz emfe/ feo humblbtbc oclio- Eolioemfizbc imuio fe ilvbqbfife| yue|e fim em eo lemvzc vbeme yue qez lcmlifi umi fe oi| leoejzilbcme| tzctbi|feo emvczmc c vezzbvczbc/ r fe iyueooi|himbae|vilbcme| c leoejzilbcme| feolioemfizbc luovuzio l`boemc (Fi feo

Izve|imc/ feo Aconocze/ fe oi Fim{i/emvze cvzi|"-

Tizi ekeluviz eo toim fe ge|vbm luovuzio/ oc| zeluz|c| tzcqbemem fe oi|izli| humblbtioe| em um 65%- Cvzcitczve |bgmbablivbqc |e hivezbiob{i i

vziq| fe acmfc| lcmluz|ijoe|/ feo Gcjbezmc Zegbcmio r feo Gcjbezmc Lemvzio/ lcm|vbvuremfc um 64%> eo 95%ze|vimve lczze|tcmfe i itczve| fe tzb

qifc|- Oi| ilvbqbfife| r eqemvc| yue|e fe|izzcooim em eo Lemvzc Luovuziofe Iovc feo Lizhem/ |cm lchtoevihemve gzivubvi|-

Oc| cjkevbqc| fe oi toimbablilbm r

ge|vbm luovuzio feo lemvzc/ e|vmczbemvifc| i zeqbviob{iz r tcmez emqiocz i oi| lchumbfife| bmfgemi|

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T; Yu hcvbq oi ìjbobvilbm feum lemvzc luovuzio em |u lchumi3

Z; Oi qb|bm fe oi \zi- Ioliofe|i e|vuqc lemvzifi em oi aiovi yue epb|vi emoi lchumi fe um e|tilbc a|blc ivzilvbqc/ aumlbcmio/ hovbtoe r yue iz

yubvelvmblihemve clutizi eo lemvzcmeuzogblc fe oi lijelezi lchumio/he{loimfc aczhi|/ fb|ec|/ e|vzulvuzi r eoehemvc| yue mc fb|vcz|bcmizimoi zi{ feo tuejoc r |u| iozefefcze|-

Oc| izvb|vi| fe oi lchumi mc lcmvijim lcm um e|tilbc e|telbiohemveilcmfblbcmifc tizi |u| ilvbqbfife|izv|vbli| r luovuzioe| lchc eo gzu

tc aconozblc Iovi Lczfbooezi/ Zemilez/ Aoczelez/ \iochm r |u izti/ Oc|@ui|lciovbmc|/ tcz mchjziz iogumc|-

Ujblilbm Lemvzc Luovuzio fe Iovc feo Lizhem

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LIOOE em qbzvuf fe eooc/oi \ellbm Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio feoFetizvihemvc fe E|vufbc| em lcoijczilbm lcm eo zei fe Izve| Qb|uioe|feo Lcm|ekc Milbcmio fe oi Luovuzi roi| Izve| fe|izzcooizcm fuzimve eo ic:499 eo E|vufbc fe Lizilvezb{ilbm feo Tzcle|cfe Tzcae|bcmiob{ilbm fe oc| Izvb|vi| Qb|uioe| emL`boe/ eo yue lcm|vbvure um bhtczvimveitczve io eptcmez um timczihi lchtoekc |cjze fbl`c tzcle|c/ bmfigimfc

em fbhem|bcme| vioe| lchc eo vbtc feaczhilbm tzcae|bcmio/ oi bm|ezlbm emeo hezlifc/ oi zeoilbm yue e|vijoelem

lcm bm|vimlbi| hefbifczi|/ oc| lbzlubvc| izv|vblc|/ oi |bvuilbm fe touzbehtoec r oi| tc|bjbobfife| fe bmvezmilbcmiob{ilbm fe |u lzeilbm/ emvze cvzi|-

Ifeh|/ emvzegi zelchemfilbcme| fejuemi| tzlvbli| tizi tzchcqez oitzcae|bcmiob{ilbm feo lihtc fe oi|izve| qb|uioe| em L`boe/ i tizvbz fe

fbqez|i| eptezbemlbi| bmvezmilbcmioe||u|letvbjoe| fe |ez ifitvifi| io lcmvepvc milbcmio-

Oc| ze|uovifc| feo e|vufbc emvzegimumi lizilvezb{ilbm gemezio fe oc| izvb|vi| qb|uioe| em oc yue ze|telvi i |utzcae|bcmiob{ilbm- Iogumc| fivc| febmvez| eqbfemlbim yue eo 50% fe oc|tizvblbtimve| vbeme um vvuoc obgifc ioi| Izve| Qb|uioe| r um 17/5% vzijikitcz luemvi tzctbi c bmfetemfbemve-\e cj|ezqi/ fe iluezfc lcm oc| imvelefemve| ri epb|vemve| em vczmc iolihtc fe oi| izve| qb|uioe|/ yue eotouzbehtoec e| um hefbc lzulbio fe bmgze|c/ hc|vzimfc umi èvezcgemebfifem oc| vbtc| fe vzijikc; ifhbmb|vzivbqc|/ qemfefcze|/ giz{cme|/ ilvcze|/vzifulvcze|/ zetizvbfcze|/ huejob|vi|/tzcae|cze| fe bfbchi|/ lcm|vzulvcze|-

Bhtczvimve e| fe|viliz yue eo 14% mc|e emluemvzi i|clbifc i |b|vehi| fetzeqb|bm r |iouf/ oc yue emvzegi um

bhtczvimve imvelefemve io hchemvcfe lizilvezb{iz oi tzelizb{ilbm fe oc|vzijikifcze| feo |elvcz-

Oi bmqe|vbgilbm fevelv vze| vemfemlbi| i tizvbz fe oi| yue |e feabmbezcmvze| vbtc| gemzblc| fe izvb|vi| qb|uioe|lcm lizilvez|vbli| fb|vbmvi| em vczmc

io tzcle|c fe tzcae|bcmiob{ilbm; oc|izvb|vi|lzeifcze|/ fefblifc| i oi lcmletlbm r zeiob{ilbm fe cjzi|> oc| izvb|vi|hefbifcze|/ yubeme| tze|emvim fefblilbm i cvzi| ilvbqbfife| zeoilbcmifi|lcm oi tzlvbli izv|vbli> r abmiohemve oc| lzeifcze|hefbifcze|/ izvb|vi| yueekezlem e|vi| fc| ilvbqbfife| tizioeoihemve- E| mele|izbc lchtzemfez yuefblì livegczb{ilbm lczze|tcmfe iumi |b|vehivb{ilbm yue emvzegi tezaboe| gemezioe|/ tcz oc yue lifi izvb|vi emtizvbluoiz tuefe fe|izzcooiz|e i vziq|feo bmvezlihjbc r he{loi fe tezaboe| ioc oizgc fe |u vzirelvczbi- Mc cj|vimveoi tzeliulbm/ e|vi| livegczi| lcm|vbvurem umi èzzihbemvi fe gzim qiocz/tue| fim luemvi fe oi èvezcgemebfiffeo lihtc r |u lchtoekbfif em vzhbmc| fe fe|izzcooc tzcae|bcmio-

Umi lcmlou|bm zeoeqimve em zeoilbmi oc imvezbcz |e cjvbeme io lcm|viviz/tcz ekehtoc/ yue oc| lzeifcze|hefbifcze|

Oi| tzcjoehvbli| oijczioe| fe oi lzeilbm qb|uio em eo lihtc luovuzio l`boemc;

E|vufbc fe lizilvezb{ilbm feotzcle|c fe tzcae|bcmiob{ilbm feoc| izvb|vi| qb|uioe| em L`boe

\ellbm Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio/ Fetizvihemvc fe E|vu fbc|

E|vufbc

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9- Imvelefemve| epvzifc|fe oc| e|vufbc| zeiob{ifc|tcz eo LMLI; Oc| vzijikifcze| feo |elvcz luovuzioem L`boe- E|vufbc fe lizilvezb{ilbm (:446" r eoBmaczhe fe fbigm|vblcIzve| Qb|uioe| (:440"-


17/22


hue|vzim |ez eo gzutc yue hekcz |etzcae|bcmiob{i> hbemvzi| oc| izvb|vi|lczze|tcmfbemve| io tezabo lzeifcze|/hirczbvizbihemve mc ocgzim jeli| mbACMFIZV/ tezc eptcmem r qemfem> roc| hefbifcze| vbemem umi iovi tizvblbtilbm em eptc|blbcme| r cjvemlbmfe tzehbc|/ tezc mc mele|izbihemve

ocgzim qemfez> oc| lzeifcze|hefbifcze|qemfem/ eptcmem/ zelbjem tzehbc| rjeli|- Tcz eooc/ e|vc| ovbhc|/ tezlbjem um hircz bmgze|c oyubfc hem|uiotzchefbc azemve i oi| cvzi| livegczi|(oc| lzeifcze| cjvbemem &:


18/22


Em um lcmvepvc fcmfe ze|uovi fbalbo ìlez iabzhilbcme| ze|telvc feo bhtilvc fe oc| tzcgzihi| lcm lcmvembfc izv|vblc em oi efulilbm rem eo luio ìjbvuiohemve |e epbgem ze|uovifc|

fe vbtc luimvbvivbqc/ litile| fe tzcjiz eo iqimle c zevzcle|c feo itzemfb{ike fe oc| e|vufbimve| luimfc ìmeptezbhemvifc e|ve vbtc fe aczhilbm/ Imme Jihaczftzctcme um lihbmc yue emzbyuele oi fb|lu|bm/ vzi|lem

fbemfc oi hefblbm luimvbvivbqi feo bhtilvc fe oc| tzcgzihi| izv|vblc| em oi efulilbm/ i tizvbz fe um imob|b|lchtoekc fe oc| eoehemvc| yue oc eptoblim-

Lcm umi lcjezvuzi abmio fe


19/22

FETIZVIHEMVC FE E\VUFBC\ / LCM\EKC MILBCMIO FE OI LUOVUZI R OI \ IZVE\ 92

Oi liobfif vihjbm |e zeoilbcmi lcm oi ctczvumbfif yuevbemem oc| mbc|#i| fe hc|vziz |u| vzijikc| r tze|emvizoc| tjoblihemve> r lcm oi lchjbmilbm fe aczhilbm fefbaezemve| fb|lbtobmi| izv|vbli| (efulilbm em oi| izve|" rfe emacyue| tefiggblc| izv|vblc| r lzeivbqc| (efulilbmi vziq| fe oi| izve|/ fe cvzc| eoehemvc| luzzbluoize|"- I|bhb|hc/ e|vc| tzcgzihi| |e lizilvezb{im tczyue oc| mbc|/mbi| r kqeme| luemvim lcm um e|tilbc tizi oi zeaoepbm

lzvbli/ oi ze|coulbm fe tzcjoehi| r oi tc|bjbobfif fe ifhbmb|vziz zbe|gc|-

Oc| tzcgzihi| lcm lcmvembfc izv|vblc fe liobfif vihjbm |ezm iyueooc| yue emaivblem oi lcoijczilbm/ |bemfc bmlou|bqc| tcz tzbmlbtbc r e|vimfc czbemvifc| ìlbivcfc| oc| mbc|#i| r oc| kqeme|/ r mc |oc fbzbgbfc| iiyueooc| yue tze|emvem vioemvc| eptolbvc|- I |u qe{/ e|vc| tzcgzihi| lcmvizm lcm e|vzivegbi| feviooifi| tizioi eqiouilbm feo itzemfb{ike r cazelezm aczhilbm lcmvbmui tizi tzcae|cze|/ izvb|vi| r lchumbfif oclio/ tze|emvimfc e|vzulvuzi| e|lcoize| aoepbjoe| r ohbve| tezheijoe| emvze oc| e|vijoelbhbemvc| efulilbcmioe| r |ulcmvepvc-

Em luimvc i umi qioczilbm ihtobifi feo itczve fe oc|tzcgzihi| izv|vblc| i oi efulilbm/ eo e|vufbc |eioiyue e|vc| tzctblbim um hekcz itzemfb{ike tizi umi ioaijevb{ilbm qb|uio/ iufbvbqi r nbm|bli/ iaelvimfc tc|bvbqihemve eo tzcgze|c feo fchbmbc obmg|vblc r e|vbhuoimfc oi| ijbobfife| tizi oi ifyub|blbm fe bfbchi|/

hekczimfc i |u qe{ oi liobfif fe oi ioaijevb{ilbm r tze|vimfc itcrc em eo itzemfb{ike hivehvblc-

Abmiohemve/ oc| bhtczvimve| iqimle| tze|emvifc| tcze|vi tujoblilbm em oi vizei fe ijczfiz eo bhtilvc fe oi|izve| em oi efulilbm/ |e |uhim i fbqez|i| bmblbivbqi|ooeqifi| i lijc em oi hb|hi omei em mue|vzc ti|- Fee|ve hcfc/ em eo lcmvepvc fe L`boe r |u zeiobfif/ eo fe|iac e| lchtizvbfc r |e lcm|bfezi e|vi oelvuzi lchc umbmblbc bm|tbzifcz r e|loizelefcz tizi emvziz em eo imo b|b|fe oi| hovbtoe| tc|bjbobfife| yue cazele eo izve lchc

èzzihbemvi tizi oi efulilbm- CL

ZEAEZEMLBI

Jihaczf/ I- (:442"- Eo ailvcz Wuiw) Eo titeo fe oi| Izve|em oi efulilbm- Um e|vufbc bmvezmilbcmio |cjze eo bhtilvc fe oi| Izve| em oi efulilbm- Clviefzc- Jizleocmi-

(" \cm hulì| oi| eqbfemlbi| yue tzuejimeo bhtilvc tc|bvbqc/ luiobvivbqc r luimvbvivbqc/

fe tzcgzihi| izv|vblc| fe liobfifbhtoehemvifc| em oi efulilbm aczhio/ em

ougize| r luovuzi| hur fb|vbmvi| tzcqembemve|

fe vcfc eo humfc-

Ze|ei iufbcqb|uio----

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20/22

Oi LcoczbmiFbzbgbfi tcz Aezmimfc Gu{{cmb r Wezmez Gbe|emL`boe/ 11 hbmuvc|/ E|tico/ :447-

Tcz Loiufbi Gu{hm H-

Fuzimve oizgc| ic| e|vuqe lcmfemifc i ifcziz i umi hukez fe|tzelbijoe\ilzbablizhe tcz eooi/ |uazbz ùhbooilbcme| r juzoi| |bm luemvcVzijikiz fi r mclè tizi iobhemvizoi r qe|vbzoi (---"oizgc| ic| qbq tzb|bcmezc feo emlimvc fe e|i hukez-Oi Qjczi/ Mblimcz Tizzi

Luimfc eo fbzelvcz Aezmimfc Gu{{cmb oer Oi Qjczi fe Mblimcz Tizzi/ tem| yue oiazili|ifi zeoilbm yue zeoiviji em |u tcehi ezi tizve feo bhigbmizbc feo imvbtcevi-Fe|tu|/ io zeti|iz Fim{i fe oi Zeiobfif fe Ioekimfzc Kcfczcw|nr |e tezliv yue oihu|i bm|tbzifczi mc |oc epb|vi/ |bmc yue |e vziviji fe umi tcevb|i zejeofe r umi feoi| h| zelcmclbfi| fe |u vbehtc; \veooi Fi{ Qizm/ oi Lcoczbmi- E|e ìooi{gc hcvbqoi zeiob{ilbm fe e|ve fcluhemvio-

Em |u bmqe|vbgilbm Gu{{cmb lcmabzh oi hbvcocgi em vczmc i \veooi- Umi kcqem guiti/fe teoc zckc zifbimve/ yue luimfc emvziji io Jc|lc eo jiz |imvuizbc fe oi obvezivuzil`boemi fe oi gemezilbm fe tcevi| feo 54 mc ti|iji bmifqezvbfi- Ezi umi tcevi imvb|b|vhbli/ umi izvb|vi fe qimguizfbi/ oi tzbhezi tumn l`boemi yue emocyuelb i Tizzi/Kcfczcw|nr r hul`c| cvzc|- Oi hb|hi yue fe um lezvezc gcote oe zchtb oi himfjuoii Oiacuzlife r |e vivu umi lioiqezi em tilvc lcm Emzbyue Ob`m/ lchc |hjcoc fezetufbc i Gcm{ioe{ Qbfeoi-

Eo fcluhemvio zelcm|vzure oi qbfi fe \veooi Fi{ r |u tizvblbtilbm em vczmc i umi feoi| gemezilbcme| h| tzcoabli| fe oi obvezivuzi l`boemi- Oi Lcoczbmi/ lcm|vzubfi i vziq| feo zeoivc fe oi tzctbi \veooi Fi{ r eo fe fe|vilifc| e|lzbvcze|/ ihbgc| r aihbobize|/zevzivi i umi fe oi| izvb|vi| h| bmaouremve fe oi| oevzi| oclioe| r cjkevc fe e|vufbc feoi tce|i feo |bgoc PP-

Gu{{cmb r Gbe||em vuqbezcm eo ilbezvc fe ze|liviz oi cjzi fe \veooi r abohizoi em |u ovbhc ic fe qbfi/ tue| huzb em toemc zcfike feo fcluhemvio/ lcmqbzv bemfc e|ve vzijikcem um `chemike t|vuhc- Lchc um tcehi yue mumli |e vezhbmi-

+Oi| teoluoi| cmobme zelchemfifi| tcz Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio e|vm iockifi| em |bvbc| yue ze|tevimoc| fezel`c| fe iuvcz-

:4

== Qez r fe|lizgiz teoluoi

Qmluoc| fe bmvez| ----

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21/22

HIAB; Hiti aohblc fe um ti|`vvt;##www-hiab-vq

Toiviaczhi wej fe ep`bjblbm fe tbe{i| iufbcqb|uioe| yue zegb|vzim fb|vbmvc| azighemvc| fe oi zeiobfif milbcmio lcm umi hbzifi fe iuvcz |cjze oc| vehi| lcmvbmgemve|- Oi|cjzi| |cm zeiob{ifi| em eplou|bqc tizi HIAB tcz lbmei|vi| l`boemc|/ lcm|igzifc| rehezgemve|- Lcm um aczhivc |bhtoe fe fc| hbmuvc| fe fuzilbm/ um toimc abkc r |cmbfc obhtbc feo zegb|vzc/ oi| cjzi| tze|emvim fe|fe `b|vczbi| em gzimfe| eqemvc| tjoblc|ì|vi em oc| e|tilbc| h| mvbhc|-

Lbmtivi`vvt;##www-lbmetivi-lch

Tizi oc| ihimve| feo lbme e|vi toiviaczhi wej e| um epleoemve |bvbc tizi qez teoluoi| emomei lcm oblemlbi lzeivbqe lchhcm- Lbmtivi e| um |bvbc yue i vziq| fe oi| velmcocgi|epb|vemve| tc|bjbobvi oi tujoblilbm ztbfi/ ihbgijoe r lcm|vimve fe cjzi| lchc oizgchevzike|/ lczvc| r qbfeclobt| hirczbvizbihemve lzeifc| tcz zeiob{ifcze| milbcmioe|-

Lcoellbm Lb|mezc|`vvt;##www-lcoellbcmlb|mezc|-czg

Oi lcoellbm Tivzblbi Tèot| fe Lb|mezc| e| umi fe oi| tzbmlbtioe| bmblbivbqi| luovuzioe|r efulivbqi| fe oi Aumfilbm Lb|mezc| yue vzijiki tizi tzchcqez umi hircz itzelbilbm fe oi qizbefif feo izve fe Oivbmcihzbli r achemviz oi efulilbm izv|vbli r oiaczhilbm fe tzcae|bcmioe| em oi zegbm- Em |u |bvbc wej |e tuefe emlcmvziz bmaczhilbm |cjze eo itcrc yue zeiob{im i oc| izvb|vi| lchc tzcgzihi| fe ze|bfemlbi|/ jeli|/ifeh| fe tujoblilbcme| r eptc|blbcme|-

Gccgoe Izv Tzckelvwww-gccgoeizvtzckelv-lch

E|vi bmveze|imve èzzihbemvi fe Gccgoe tezhbve emlcmvziz cjzi| fe izve loi|bablifi|tcz tezcfc/ izvb|vi| r e|vboc- Vbeme ille|c i


22/22

Fetizvihemvc fe E|vufbc|\ellbm fe Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio

Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzioigzifele i vcfc|

yubeme| lcoijczizcm r tizvblbtizcm em oieoijczilbm fe e|ve mhezc- Em tizvbluoiz/ ioizvb|vi Lizoc| Miqizzeve r i oi B- Humblbtiobfif

fe Iovc feo Lizhem- I oc| hbehjzc| feoLcm|ekc fe oi Luovuzi Imi Hizi Lezfir \`eboi Iziri tcz oi |eoellbm fe oi|

bmazie|vzulvuzi| luovuzioe| zegbcmioe|/ r iEoblbi @ezzezi/ Bgmilbc Tcjoeve/ Ouli| Oelizc|/

Gubooezhc Megzm/ Lihboi \imvi Hizi/Pbhemi Te{ci/ Aoczemlbi Ocewemv`io/ KczgeZcki|/ Ioekimfzc Mcgu r Aezmimfi Lizzi|lc

tcz |u lcmvimve lcmvzbjulbm-

LHC LBVIZ CJ\EZQIVCZBC LUOVUZIO3

Cj|ezqivczbc Luovuzio em omeiX- Qiotizi|c(Q"; Lcm|ekc Milbcmio fe oi Luovuzi r oi| Izve|/

Fetizvihemvc fe E|vufbc|/ :49: igzegiziyu; he| r ic fe lbviX- Hem|uio-

Fb|tcmbjoe em Bmvezmev;`vvt;##www-cj|ezqivczbcluovuzio-gcj-lo#cj|ezqivczbcluovuzio#- B\\M 4792905

Date post:	04-Apr-2018
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Observatorio Cultural Chile (No. 10)

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