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ICT for policy innovation:
empowering the policy production
process process Sylvie Occelli
IRES - Istituto di Ricerche Economico Sociali del Piemonte, Via Nizza 18, 10125 Turin, Italy.
INPUT Conference –Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning Cagliari, May 10-12
Premises
�ICT have supported the creation of a radically different policy background, also
popularized as the e-government and e-governance transformation
�the impact of ICT applications in policy practices however has been limited
� main reason of failure: e-government programs have been defined narrowly
as a technology to enhance the efficiency of transactions; they have given scanty
attention at their potential in facilitating the linkages between the various
government departments and institutions F
(scanty attention at the deeper transformations occurring in both market and
�But people and their empowered capabilities enabled by ICT networks are
a main vehicle for innovation. These processes cannot be overlooked in today
policy practices and provide and provide unprecedented stimuli for change
(scanty attention at the deeper transformations occurring in both market and
the state)
Contents
� innovation in the public sector: an oxymoron ? ….but we can do it
�A claim: ICT are a main vehicle through which innovation can establish
itself in the public sector
� innovation in the public sector: an oxymoron ? ….but we can do it
�a regional case of (potential) innovation: the Piedmont Road Safety
Monitoring Centre
�concluding remarks
Current attempts:
� identification of measurement
An unaddressed topic!�Extent of mandate changes�Weakness of the ecological force of competition�The pursue of max of public value, which makes it difficult to measure sector
Innovation in the public sector: why not !!!
Transformational
Transforming the whole
relationship between the � identification of measurementindices (both the components andthe stages of development ofinnovation)
�development of a systemicapproach: incorporating the societalconcerns of transformativeinnovation, OASIS (2011)
Transformational
governmentrelationship between the
public sector and their users
a) a managed process of
ICT enabled change
Requirements
b) needs of
citizens and
businesses
are at the
heart of the
process c) impacts are
achieved on the
efficiency and
effectiveness of
government R2) restructuring the public labour to take
advantage of new efficiencies
R1) managing the downstream benefits
after the completion of an ICT project
� getting hold of the processes by whichvariety changes can take place
�variety changes: in the constitutive
components of both services and their
delivery alternatives.
innovation would ensue from an increased
variety in the delivered services, because of
the inclusion of different and more pro-
active types of actors as well as from a wider
set of ICT- enabled service functionalities
Innovation in the public sector: makes it happen by leveraging its design
and realization
variety changes can take place
creation of public value, not only from thesupply of certain services or cost reductionsbut also from the quality of their interactionwith citizens
ICT are crucial enablers:
a) they empower the observation lens of thedifferent actors involved
b) they make it possible to create (improve)the socio technical systems, through whichprocesses can be implemented.
set of ICT- enabled service functionalities
many formulations, sharing 2 facts:
�the interaction of social and technicalnetworks creates the conditions for successful(or unsuccessful) system organizationalperformance
�addressing each network alone (socio ortechnical) tends to amplify those networkeffects that are detrimental to the system
Technical system
Human system
Socio Technical System
Socio Technical System (STS): an old concept for new kind of systems 1)
�STS is a comprehensive entity encompassing human and
Technical system
Human system
Socio Technical System
�STS is a comprehensive entity encompassing human and
technological elements, communicating and interacting
(sometimes in a non-linear ways) by means of manifold
social and technical networks. (Identification of the
components)
�although no supremacy is alleged by one type of network
in shaping the resulting socio-technical system, each one
plays a role (Identification of the forms of interaction) they
must close the gap between social needs and technical
performance, between what communities want and what
the technology does (identification of the patterns)
Socio Technical System: an old concept for new kind of systems 2
STS as Human Complex Adaptive System
S
B) Networks and
applications
C) Affordances: ICT
adoptions and usages
D) Systemic learning
Constsructs of an
inforrmation wired
environment
C) ICT/web applications and functionality/range of usages
B) Uptake of Internet and BB
among households, firms and
D) new forms of service delivery in the activity systems (schools,
health, transport, PA, etc.)
STS
LA
H
RA
Selection of
measurement /
policy indicators
level of
decision
making
level of system
description
Organizing
principles
A) Broadband
and ICT
applications
A) BB spatial coverage, wired
and wireless services
govermental bodies
H
LA making
level of
organization
H
Perspectives (types of level) Main issues involved
A) level of description (description by
strata)
selection of strata depends on the observer (i.e.
strategic, tactical, operational)
B)level of decision-making (description by
layers)identification of the functional hierarchy entailed in a
choice process (search, selection/adaptation, evaluation)
C) level of organization (description by
echelons)
definition of the structure of an organization
(elementary units and their arrangements)
. ICT diffusion in Piedmont: providing ground for a region wide STS
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2006-2011 profile
Households with broadband connections
25,4 37,2 45,5 57,8 67,1
Firms with broadband connections
80,1 85,4 90,1 85,4 84,3
Internet users 42,7 46,7 53,7 50,9 64,6
Individuals interacting with LAs
26,7 27,0 36,7 32,6 50,8
Firms with a website 80,5 81,6 88,4 85,7 86
�A broadband policy program (Wi-Pie)
�A regional system in transition!!
Firms with a website 80,5 81,6 88,4 85,7 86
Firms interacting with LAs 66,8 59,9 56,5 64,4 71,5
LAs with a standard URL0
0 59 64,4 75,7 87,2
LA websites with at least 1 online service (level >=1)
0 32,6 72 62,1 80,2 88
LA websites with at least 1 online service (level >=3)
0 0 9,5 17,6 6,1 7,5
2. ICT diffusion in Piedmont: providing ground for a region wide STS 1.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Broadband coverage for
all (2013)
Broadband coverage
>10Mbps
50% of citizens buying
online
20% of citizens buying
online cross-boarder
33% of SMEs bying
online
33% of SMEs selling
online
75% Internet regular
user
60% internet use by
disadvantaged people
85% internet use
50% of citizens using e-
government
25% of citizens using e-
government and
returning forms
Digital Agenda target indicators (2010) Regular Internet users (2010)
Piedmont Italy
Europe 27 Target DA
ALESSANDRIA
ASTI
BIELLA
CUNEO
NOVARA
TORINO
VCO
VERCELLI
PIEMONTE
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Diffusione
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
z
i
o
n
e
2009
ALESSANDRIAASTI
BIELLA
CUNEO
NOVARA
TORINO
VCO
VERCELLI
PIEMONTE
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Diffusione
A
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
z
i
o
n
e
2010
ICT diffusion in the regionalsub-areas, 2009-2010
2. ICT diffusion in Piedmont: providing ground for a region wide STS 2.
Important or primary action domains in service
improvements for small and large municipalities in
Piedmont, 2011
Important or primary action domains in
service improvements for small and large
municipalities in Piedmont, 2011
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
users' need
quality of service
promo ng service
func onality
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
administra ve
simplifica on
online access
interoperability
among
governments
employees'
competences
norms
PROMOTION
0%
less than 5000
inhabitants
more than 5000
inhabitants
Piedmont
more than 5000 inhabitants less than 5000 inhabitants Piedmont
81.062.0
59.052.0
55.0
81.0
70.0
62.0
73.062.0
64.0
62.070.0
62.0
75.068.0
65.0
59.073.0
75.0
81.0
78.0
52.062.0
68.0
81.0
73.0
55.064.0
65.0
78.073.0
NEEDS
QoS
PROMOTION
NORMS_POP
SIMPLIFICATION_POP
ACCESS_POPEMPLOYEE_POP
LA_INTEROPERABILITY_POP
3. an example of a STS for road safety 1)
Death for 100 thousand vehicles Accidents/km on regional roads
design and implementation of the STS: 1)
The development of the STS for road safety monitoring builds upon a conceptual
framework which posits that an information wired environment results from the
deployment of an innovation kernel (i.e. a systemic entity made up of ICTs,
information and functionalities), operated upon by agents with reflexive and
reflective capabilities
Four constructs are used setting up the STS: Broadband access, ICT users, ICT
application, and systemic learning
Regional Monitoring
Center (RMC)
Province Monitoring
Centers
Municipalities
(local polices)
Carabinieri Traffic Police
Police data
General
Public
Governmental
bodies
National Bureau
of Statistics
based at the regional level
based at the national level
Regional
Consortium of
Information
Systems
(CSI-Piemonte)
Web data
entry (TWIST)
Regional
Data-
Wharehouse
SOCIAL NETWORKTECHNOLOGICAL
NETWORK
RMC
web-portal
Making STS into action: adopting a developmental path capable of enrolling both
stakeholders and technology
b) ICT users
c) ICT systems
d) systemic
learning
education and dissemination among the
agents involved in data gathering
improving the usability requirements
of the software
understanding road safety phenomena and
enabling the monitoring road safety policy
actions
improving a shared understanding
among the road safety stakeholders
it entails to cope with the
degree of wickedness
encountered in the road
safety problems: An
improved mutual
understanding among the
various stakeholders and a
more appreciative regional
context are needed
a)broadband
accessalerting about poor access in sub-regional
areas
supporting a shared commitment by the road
safety stakeholders
it implies to deal with the complexity of the STS
social network and with its capability to effectively
address road safety issues. Creating the conditions
for the agents to commit themselves to a common
goal directed endeavor
The STS has become fully operational in
January 2009 Currently, about 2200
users (more than 600 police
departments) have subscribed to TWIST.
Concluding remarks: we can build innovation !
STS and namely the co-evolutive coupling between ICT and social networks and the resulting
knowledge flows yielded from it, are a main (although not unique) vehicle for innovative
changes in the public sector.
Open issues:
�the extent to which a STS can provide an
environment (a platform) where policy actions
can be designed on a shared basis,
experimented and progressively refined as the
Piedmont case study shows that:
�awareness about the opportunities
likely to be associated with a region
wide STS is increasing.
�for these opportunities to generate
innovative transformations in serviceexperimented and progressively refined as the
(social) system learn to build itself;
�the kind of structure a STS, as a Human
Complex Adaptive system, should exhibit in
order to maintain its openness and flexibility
while guaranteeing robustness for the
development of a certain policy.
innovative transformations in service
delivery and policy activities, the whole
socio-informational linkages
underpinning government
organizations should change.
�ICT usage should extend from
disseminating information to
establishing relationships between
outside and inside government