OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

By,Student nurse bhushan r. joshi

(4th year basic bsc nursing)College of nursing, mumbai-08

OBJECTIVES• Why we ask occupation while taking nursing history ?• “Prevention is better than cure”.• Occupational health is directly proportional to the

development of country

Defining occupational health

• OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SHOULD AIM AT THE PROMOTION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE HIGHEST DEGREE OF PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL WELL BEING OF WORKERS IN ALL OCCUPATIONS.

• Prevention among those who have depart from health due to working conditions

• Protection of those who have risk to health in their working conditions

Global Burden of Occupational Injury and Disease/Year

Injuries Diseases Total

Fatal 100,000 700,000 800,000

Non-Fatal 99,000,000 10,300,000 109,300,000

100,000,000 11,000,000 111,000,000

*From Leigh, et al., Epidemiology 10(5):626-31, September 2011

Estimated Annual Incidence of Occupational Injury & Disease Worldwide, (WHO)

# New Cases/year

Injuries 100,688,000

Diseases

Pesticide poisoning 109,000

Other poisoning 122,000

Cancer 191,000

Mental disorders 318,000

Pneumoconioses 453,000

Noise-induced hearing loss 1,628,000

Skin disorders 1,895,000

Chronic respiratory disease 2,631,000

Musculoskeletal disorders 3,337,000

Health of the workers

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OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

1 •Man and physical, chemical and biological agents

2 •Man and machine

3 •Man and man

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OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

Physical hazards

Chemical hazards

Biological hazards

Mechanical hazards

Psychological hazards

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OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

DISEASE DUE TO PHYSICAL AGENT

• Heat: heat hyperpyrexia, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat cramps, burns and local effects such as prickly heat.

• Cold: trench foot, frost bite, chilblains.

• Light: occupational cataract, miner’s nystagmus.

• Pressure: caisson disease, air embolism, blast(explosion)

• Noise: occupational deafness

• Radiation: cancer, luekaemia, aplastic anaemia, pancytopenia.

• Mechanical factors: injuries, accidents.

• Electricity: burns.

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1. Gases:CO2, CO, HCN, CS2, NH3, N2, H2S, HCL, SO2

2. Dusts (pneumoconiosis)

Inorganic dust: coal dust: antracosis silica: silicosis asbestos: asbestosis, cancer lung iron: siderosis

Organic(vegetable dust): cane fiber: bagassosis cotton dust:byssinosis tobacco: tobacossis hay or grain dust: farmers’ lung

DISEASE DUE TO CHEMICAL AGENT

3. Metals and their compounds: lead ,mercury, cadmium, manganese, beryllium,

arsenic,chromium, etc.

4. Chemicals: acid, alkalies, pesticides

5. Solvents: carbon bisulphide, benzene, trichloroethylene, chloroform, etc.

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DISEASE DUE TO BIOLOGICAL AGENT

Brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, tetanus, actinomycosis, hydatidosis, psittacosis, encephalities, fungal infection.

OCCUPATIONAL CANCER• Cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder

OCCUPATIONAL DERMATOSIS• Dermatitis, eczema

DISEASE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIGIN• Industrial neurosis, hypertension,

peptic ulcer.

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PNEUMOCONIOSIS

• Dust within the range of 0.5 to 3 micron is a health hazard producing, after a variables period of exposure, a lung disease known as pneumoconiosis,

• which may gradually cripple a man by reducing his working capacity due to lung fibrosis and other complication.

Hazardous effects of dust on lungs depend upon a number of factors such as:

Chemical composition

Fineness

Concentration of dust in air

Period of exposure

Health status of the person exposed

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• Silicosis• Anthracosis• Byssinosis• Bagassosis• Asbestosis• Farmers lungs

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LEAD POISONING

• Lead is a toxic metal for human body.• It is used widely in industry.• Non occupational sources• Mode of absorption• Body stores• Distribution in the body• Clinical picture

Preventive measures

• Substitution of lead with less toxic materials.• Isolation of all processes which gives rise to

lead dust and fumes.• Local exhaust ventilation• Personal protection, personal hygiene and

good house keeping.• Periodic examination of workers and health

education• Medical management- saline stomach wash

if ingested.

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OCCUPATIONAL CANCER

• Skin cancer:(75% of total) gas workers, oil refiners, tar distillers, oven workers, road workers,etc.

• Lung cancer: gas industry, nickle and chromium work, mining of radio active substance, asbestos industry

• Bladder cancer: dye stuff, dyeing industries, rubber, gas and electrical cable industry.

• Leukemia: benzol, roengent rays and radioactive substance.

Control of industrial cancer

1. Elimination or control of carcinogens2. Medical examinations3. Inspections of factories4. Notifications5. Licensing of establishment 6. Personal hygiene measures7. Education of workers and management8. research

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OCCUPATIONAL DERMATITIS

1. Physical: heat , cold, moisture, friction, x-ray and other rays.

2. Chemical : acid, alkalies, dyes, solvents, grease, tar, pitch, chlorinated phenols.

3. Biological: virus, bacteria, fungi and other parasites.

4. Plant products: leaves, vegetables, fruits, flowers, vegetable dust.

Prevention of occupational dermatitis• Its largely preventable if proper control measures are

adopted1. Pre-selection pre medical exam suspected and with known predisposition should

kept away2. Protection : clothes, gloves, boots, aprons, etc.3. Personal hygiene4. periodic inspection: medical check ups for early

detection and treatment

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RADIATION HAZARDS various sources effects of radiation

Preventive measures• Shielding of workers• Monitoring the employees• Protective clothing• Adequate ventilation• Replacement and periodic examination• Avoidance of pregnant women to work

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HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Environmental sanitation problems• Communicable disease• Food sanitation• Mental health• Accidents and social problems• Morbidity and mortality

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MEASURES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION OF WORKERS

• Nutrition• Communicable disease control• Environmental sanitation• Mental health• Measures for women and children• Health education• Family planning

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PREVENTION OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE

MEDICAL MEASURES

Pre-placement examinationPeriodical examinationMedical and health care servicesNotificationSupervision of working environmentMaintenance and analysis of recordsHealth education and counseling

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ENGINEERING MEASURES

Design of buildingGood housekeepingGeneral ventilationMechanizationSubstitutionDust-enclosure and isolationLocal exhaust ventilationProtection deviceEnvironmental monitoringStatistical monitoring and research

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LEGISLATION

The Factory Act-1948

The Employees state insurance act-1948