WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT

AND ERGONOMIC

a) Today, ergonomics is also known as human factors (Bridger, 1995, Cooper and Kleiner, 2001, Wynn, 2003) become important issues in the world in the field of employment. Ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace environment to fit the user. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability b) The term human factors began to be used in the United States and ergonomic terms commonly used in Europe, Asia, Africa, and almost all over the world. c) Thus, in this study the researchers chose to use the term ergonomics because it much more universal. Although the two terms are different in terms of pronunciation, but in practice it is synonymous (Sanders and McCormick, 1987). In addition, another term which is synonymous with the commonly used include ergonomic and human-machine systems (man-machine system), human systems interface (human-system interface), and human factors engineering (human factors engineering) (MacLeod, 1995). d) The term ergonomics comes from the Greek language when Murrell that combines two Greek words ergon meaning work and nomos meaning rule in 1949 which means that the rules work (Edholm and Murrell, 1974; Pulat, 1985; Sluchak, 1992). e) Ergonomics first introduced in the pamphlet on the 1,857 years of a scientist named Jastrzebowski Poland (Bridger, 2003).f) Chapanis (1 985) defines ergonomics as a scientific study that includes the use of information on behavior,and limits of human ability and other features to design systems, machines, tools, tasks, work environment and room to be productive, comfortable, safe and effective for use humans.

HISTORY OF ERGONOMIC

1) To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of work performed, including comfortable to use, reduce

errors and increase productivity. 2) For the meeting as part of the human desire to improve safety, reduce fatigue and stress, improve comfort, job satisfaction and quality of life.3) To the made to the worker-job interface. The four basic methods of change implementation, or work modification, used to improve or modify the workplace are:

a) Change the work process.b) Change the work environment.c) Change the work management.d) Change the tools.

TWO OBJECTIVE OF ERGONOMICS

(a) Maintain good posture while working. Sitting up leaning on the back of your seat (backrest). Make sure your knees or lower level on the sliding of your hips and your feet supported.

(b) Make sure your elbows in open angle (100 ° to 110 °) with your wrists in a straight line.

SITTING WORK POSITION

(a) Adjust the seat height. Feet should be at rest on the floor. If you need to use ‘footrest’. The knee should be in a position or a slightly lower level on the sliding of the hip.

(b) Check the length of the seat (seat pan) Make sure there is as wide as 2-3 inches of space between the back of your legs and seat. If the seat is too short, it will

hit the bottom of the thighs and cause discomfort.

(c) Make sure the seat pan and backrest is in the right corner.

i) Do not rush when lifting an item.

Consider first the movement of steps needed.

ii) Stand with your feet a little farther away to get a comfortable position

STANDING WORK POSITION

iii. • Bend bothknee, left shoulder andback in positioncomfortable

• Make sure both shouldersare consistent withhip

• Hold the itemwith a strong and

cohesive• If you need to change

position of the current article

lifting to do withcareful

iv) Raise the head, lifting items slowly and carefully, do not pulled

v) Road to the stable, remain part of the weight close to your body

vi) Put the items at lift

WORKING POSITIONThese four reference postures are examples of body posture changes that all provide neutral positioning for the body.

PRACTICE THE PROPER AND SAFE METHODS OF ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE INCLUDING

Upright Sitting Standing

Upright sitting posture. The user’s torso and neck are approximately vertical and in-line, the thighs are approximately horizontal, and the lower legs are vertical.

Figure 1. Upright sitting posture

The user's torso and neck are approximately vertical and in-line, the thighs are approximately horizontal, and the lower legs are vertical

Standing posture. The user's legs, torso, neck, and head are approximately in-line and vertical. The user may also elevate one foot on a rest while in this posture.

Figure 3. Standing posture

The user's legs, torso, neck, and head are approximately in-line and vertical

Workstation

Head height -Allow adequate space for the tallest possible worker. -Position displays at or below eye level because people naturally look slightly downward. Shoulder height -Control panels should be placed between shoulder and waist height. -Avoid placing above shoulder height objects or controls that are used often. Arm reach -Place items within the shortest arm reach to avoid over-stretching while reaching up or outward. -Position items needed for work so that the tallest worker does not need to bend while reaching down. -Keep frequently used materials and tools close to and in front of the body.

WORKING DESIGN

Elbow height -Adjust work surface height so that it is at or below elbow height for most job tasks. Hand height -Make sure that items that have to be lifted are kept between hand and shoulder height. Leg length -Adjust chair height according to leg length and the height of the work surface. -Allow space so that legs can be outstretched, with enough space for long legs. -Provide an adjustable footrest so that legs are not dangling and to help the worker change body position. Body size -Allow enough space at the workstation for the largest worker.

Two examples of good workstations

- If this position is taken on a plinth, the feet should lie just beyond the edge, with the dorsum touching the plinth. The knees should be together, and the position of the body otherwise the same as in the preceding position.

-If the position is taken on the floor, the ankle joints should preferably be plantar flexed, but may be dorsal flexed.

-The working muscles are chiefly the same as in standing fundamental position, but the muscles of the knee joint, especially Quadriceps Femoris, must take rather a greater share in balancing the body.

STANDING BENCH

1. Gives more support than the preceding position because: -(a) The base is larger(b) The centre of gravity is nearer the base;(c) The unsteadiness caused by the gliding of the joints becomes less, since the joints of the foot are excluded.

2. The pelvis is fixed, because the origin and insertion of Rectus Femoris are further apart, so that the muscle is more on the stretch.

On this account this position is used, or some position derived from it, as starting position in many trunk exercises, in order to give the working muscles a firm origin, e.g., Knee-stride-standing alternate Trunk-rotation.

EFFECTS AND USES

1) Avoid reaching distant objects. Put the mouse and keyboard in a position nearby.

2) Place the document to be typed in the document holder between the monitor and keyboard

3) Use good typing technique. Up your hands on the keyboard and keep your wrists in a straight position while typing.

COMPUTER ARRANGEMENT

4) If you use 'wristrest', use it for support while you are resting and not when typing. Gently press the key.

Do not hold your mouse with your fingers or let the strength beyond the mouse button. Avoid moving the mouse using your thumb or wrist. Move the mouse movements from the elbow or shoulder.

5) Keep your wrists in a straight position when using the mouse.

…..If YOU think Safety and Health are Expensive…

Try ACCIDENT !!!!

THAT’S ALL..

PREPARED BY :-

GROUP : DKA 1A

NUR’IZZATI BINTI ABDUL RAZAKNORAINONIRASKIAH BINTI MOHD

RADZINUR HAZIRA BINTI NORIZAN

NUR IYLIA BINTI RAZALISITI NURUL HAFIQAH BINTI