Occupational Safety and Health Management in Construction Industry

Oleh: Engr. Norrazman Zaiha bin Zainol Email: [email protected]

OSH514 : SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

OSH514 OSH514 OSH514 OSH514 ::::SAFETY MANAGAMENT IN SAFETY MANAGAMENT IN SAFETY MANAGAMENT IN SAFETY MANAGAMENT IN

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYCONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

1



Lesson Plan

Introduction

Module 1: Occ. Safety and Health management and the law

Module 2: Preparing for work

Module 3: Setting up the site

Module 4: Construction-phase safety and health

2



INTRODUCTION

3



Management of OSH at site

Overview of OSH Management System

MS 1722

Policy

Organizing

Planning and Implementation

Evaluation

Action for improvement

4



OSH MS

Make compulsory as stated in Section 15, general

duties of employers to ensure so far as is

practicable the plant and system of works are

maintain safely and without risks to the employees,

other people (not its immediate workers) &

surrounding.

5



OSH MS 1722:2011

6



OSH MS 1722: Policy

The policy should be:-

a) specific to the organisation and appropriate to its size and the nature of its activities;

b) concise, clearly written, dated and made effective by

the signature or endorsement of the employer or the most senior accountable person in the organisation;

c) communicated and readily accessible to all persons at their workplace;

d) reviewed for continuing suitability; and

e) employee participation

7



OSH MS 1722: Policy

Should have the following key principles:-a) protecting the safety and health of all members of the

organisation and others who may be affected by the work

carried out;b) preventing work-related fatalities, disabilities, injuries, ill health,

diseases, property and environmental damage and near misses;

c) complying with relevant OSH national laws and regulations,

and other requirements to which the organisation subscribes;d) ensuring that employees and their representatives are

consulted and encouraged to participate actively in all elements of the OSHMS; and

e) continually improving the performance of the OSHMS.

8



OSH MS1722: Organising

In organising stages:-• Assign responsibility, accountability and

authority;

• Ensure competence, training and

awareness are fulfilled;

• Establish OSHMS documentation• Proper communication to the stakeholder

9



OSH MS1722: Planning & Implementation

In these stages:• Initial review to know the gap

• Set the OSH objectives

• Include OSH element in procurement &

contracting

• Do the HIRARC• Emergency prevention, preparedness

and response

• Management of change

10



OSH MS1722: Evaluation

The company should evaluate the implementation OSH thru;

• Performance monitoring and measurement

• Incident investigation

• Audit• Management review

11



OSH MS1722: Action for Improvement

Once evaluated and required improvement;

• Recommend and perform preventive and

corrective actions

• Findings shall be addressed

• Continual improvement

12



HIRARC

13



Contents

Objectives

Accidents

Basic of accident prevention method

14



Objectives

At the end, participants would know:

Terminologies related to hazards, risks and accidents.

Exposure to accidents and its causes and consequences

happens in construction site, and

Understood and be able to elaborate the basic method of

accidents prevention

15



Definition of Hazard, Risk and

Danger

16



Defined as source or condition which has

potential to cause injury and/or ill health to

humans, damage to property or damage to

workplace or environment or combination of any

of the above.

Hazard may cause harm if not in control

(uncontrolled hazards)

Note: Source OHSAS 18000 & MS1722:2003

Hazard

Hazard source

Attack of the tiger

– hazard due to potential

impact may cause harms17



Tripping

Fallen from height

Example of Hazard

18



Definition of OHSAS 18002 – Combination of

likelihood or probability AND consequences/

effect for a particular hazard to happen.

Definition of MS1722 – A combination of the

likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or

exposure with specified period or in specified

circumstances and the severity of injury or damage

to the health of people, property, environment or any

combination of these caused by the event or

exposure.

Risks

High risk

Low risk19



Definition of OHSAS 18002 – Combination of

likelihood or probability AND consequences/

effect for a particular hazard to happen.

Definition of MS1722 – A combination of the

likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or

exposure with specified period or in specified

circumstances and the severity of injury or damage

to the health of people, property, environment or any

combination of these caused by the event or

exposure.

Risks

High risk

Low risk20



Scope of work Hazard Risk

Grinding Eyes hit by flying

debris

Eye injury or blind

Welding Radiation from

the welding arc

Eye inflammation/

kataraks/blind

Working at height Fall from height Injury/Death

Example of Risks

21



Danger explains relative exposure to the hazard. It shows the tendency of a

hazard hit / struck an employee in a risky situation.

Examples:

Employees who regularly handle chemicals will be more vulnerable to

the dangers of the chemicals than other employees who rarely do.

More concentrated sulfuric acid is more dangerous than the sulfuric acid

was diluted, so the risk is higher for workers handling the concentrated

acid compared to workers who handle dilute acids.

Danger

22



DANGER

HIGH RISK SITUATION

Sumber: Panduan ISO/IEC 51:1990 (E)

WARNING

MEDIUM RISK SITUATION

CAUTION

LOW RISK SITUATION

Do you know?

SIGNAGE MEANING THAT -

23



What is ACCIDENT?

24



Events or conditions that are not planned or expected

Unfortunate Events as a result of negligence or ignorance

Events occurring unintentional

Events that occur due to reasons unknown

An accident is an unexpected sequence of events and unplanned

occurs through a logical sequence and by a combination of several

historical reasons cause harm either an injury or illness to people,

damage to property or the environment, accidents, near misses,

loss, or a combination of the above effects

Definition of accident

25



HUMAN

MACHINERY/

EQUIPMENT

METHOD/

PROCEDURE

MATERIALS

MEDIA

Source of accident

26



Injuries

Disability

Loss (monetary)

Reputation

Disablement

Death

Damage

Phobia/Fear

Effect of accident

27



Direct

(magnitud 1)

Indirect

(magnitud 8-36)

Medical

Loss of income

Damage of property

Supervisory time

Affect the performance

Reputation

New workers

Video

Cost of accident

28



Safety issues

Falls

Mobile plant

Falling materials and collapses

Electrical accident

Trips

Health issues

Asbestos

Manual handling

Noise and vibration

Chemical

Most frequent cases

29



YearNo of reported

accidents

No of workplace

accident

No of accident

to/fro workplace

No of death

accident

2001 84,333 67,163 17,170 958

2002 81,810 63,423 18,387 858

2003 73,858 56,249 17,609 822

2004 69,132 50,803 18,329 846

2005 61,182 43,885 17,297 773

2006 58,321 40,617 17,704 733

2007 56,339 38,657 17,682 755

2008 54,133 35,092 19,041 981

2009 55,186 34,376 20,810 663

2010 57,656 34,911 22,745 409

Source: PERKESO & JKKP (as cited by Sayani Saidon in her research on HSE in JBPM)

Statistic

30



Graph: No of accident vs Years

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

No of reported accidents No of workplace accident No of accident to/fro workplace No of death accident 31



Safety and health at work is the responsibility of every employer and

employee.

Cooperation between employers and employees is very important to

avoid any incident that threatens the safety and health at work

This image cannot currently be displayed.

What is your roles?

32



Fundamental of Accident

Prevention

33



Accidents Prevention Method

Method

C = H = Hazard identification

A = Analyse the risks

T = Take action

34



CAMKAN HAZARD (HAZARD IDENTIFICATION)

Identify and record where each hazard or potential hazard exists arising from

any type of work

Include all types of hazards i.e. physical, biological, chemical, psychosocial

For example: -

Employees who work at height might slips and fall down.

Employees who install electrical wiring, when contact to exposed cable will get

electrocuted.

Hazard Identification

35



Methods of identifying hazards

Observations & reference,

Documentation i.e. complaints, reports, proposals, records of accidents,

sick leave records, information from internet etc.

Systematic method i.e. HAZAN (Hazard Analysis)

Occupation health and safety audit

Hazard Identification

36



ANALISA RISIKO (RISK ANALYSIS)

Simple analysis method - qualitative analysis involves a two-dimensional risk

matrix or 3-dimensional like JSA, HAZOP

Generic analysis method - based on the risk of others having the same system

Complex analysis method - for the quantitative analysis of complex systems

through certain method such as Principal Failure Analysis (Fault Tree Analysis)

Hybrid method - combining semi-quantitative as qualitative and quantitative

analysis Failure Mode & Impressions (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)

Analyse the Risk

37



TINDAKAN (ACTION)

Right action, practical and appropriate for controlling risks arising from

hazards

Involve risk control hierarchy that consists of 2 main options:

Eliminate the risk, or

Accept hazard but reduces the level of risk

Take action

38



First control method

Control the source of the hazard by ELIMINATION- Remove the hazard from the workplace - Do not perform unsafe act or dangerous practices - Eliminate harmful equipment, processes, machinery, equipment or hazardous materials

39



Second control method

Control the source of the hazard by SUBSTITUTION- Substitute materials, equipment, machines with less dangerous and safer items- Do the same job with safer procedure/method

40



Third control method

Hazard control by ISOLATION- Hazard isolated, contained or kept away from workers - Hazard kept away through engineering controls such as the installation of a dividing wall, barrier or security fence

- Lock off / interlocking system

41



Fourth control method

Hazard control by ENGINEERING CONTROL- Modification & Redesign

- The work, machinery or processes can be redesigned

to make them safer.

42




Hazard control by ENGINEERING CONTROL- Automation

- Dangerous process can be automated or mechanized.

For example, computer-controlled robots can handle spot

welding operations in car assembly plants. Precautions

should be taken to protect workers from the hazards of

robotics.

43




Hazard control by ENGINEERING CONTROL- Barriers

- Hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers.

For example, guard/barriers protect workers from contact

with moving parts.

44




Hazard control by ENGINEERING CONTROL- Absorption

- Baffles can block or absorb noise.

Typically, the most effective baffles is the one that keep the

most distance between the hazard and human

45




Hazard control by ENGINEERING CONTROL- Dilution

- Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated.

For example, the ventilation system can dilute the toxic gas

before it reaches the operator.

Add water

46



Fifth control method

Hazard control by ADMINISTRATION CONTROL

- Signboard - Signboard warning or prohibition of a hazard - Signboard rules or safe work

- OSH promotion

- OSH promotion by conducting awareness programs such as OSH, OSH day celebrations, etc.

47



Fifth control method

Hazard control by ADMINISTRATION CONTROL

- Safe work procedures - Employees are required to use safe work procedures when

executing the works.- Employers are expected to ensure that employees comply

with safe work procedures. Safe work procedures should be

periodically reviewed and constantly updated.

- Supervision and training - Initial training on safe work procedures and refresher

training should be provided. Appropriate regulation to help

workers identify hazards and assess the possible procedures.

48



Fifth control methodHazard control by ADMINISTRATION CONTROL

Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time workers are exposed

to hazards. For example, employees working in a given period is limited to work

involving ergonomic problems to prevent cumulative trauma injuries. Noise

process can be scheduled when no one is at work.

Housekeeping program and hygiene (cleanliness) in the workplace, repairs

and maintenance

Housekeeping at work including cleaning, waste disposal and clean-up after the

completion of a job. spill.

Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic substances absorbed by workers

or taken home to their families. Street clothing should be stored in separate

lockers to avoid being contaminated by work clothing.

49



Last control method

PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

50



Job Safety Analysis

- Systematically proactive measures to prevent accidents by identify hazards for each step / activity assignments

- Use principles SREDIM (select, record, examine, Develop, install & maintain)

- A basis for the formulation of safety policy, safe systems of work or safe work procedures that can be used in the field of training (ie courses or OJT)

- Important factors to consider when forming JSA is- Accident frequency and severity level - New or rarely performed work.

51



Job Safety Analysis

Select the work\process

Break into small significant

activities

Observe and analyze in detail

potential hazard in each activities

Develop control measures as per

hierarchy

Establish safe systems of work and

safe working instruction

Review the continually

Normally, 10 steps is okay

Hazard category

52



Job Safety Analysis

AKTIVITI HAZARD KAWALAN

1. Periksa suis lampu dalam

keadaan OFF

1.1 kejutan elektrik 1.1.1 Matikan suis utama DB dan guna pen ujian untuk

memastikan bekalan benar-benar putus

2. Tanggalkan bulb dengan

menekan sedikit bulb lampu

kedalam soketnya

2.1 kejutan elektrik

2.2 bulb meletup

2.3.kaca tajam

2.1.1 Pastikan suis dimatikan

2.2.1 Pakai cermin mata keselamatan

2.3.1 Pakai saring tangan keselamatan

3 Tukar bulb lampu baru 3.1 kejutan elektrik

3.2 bulb meletup

3.3.kaca tajam

3.1.1 Pastikan susi dimatikan


3.3.1 Pakai sarung tangan keselamatan

4. Nyalakan lampu (ON suis) 4.1 kejutan elektrik

4.2 bulb meletup

4.1.1 Pastikan suis ditebatkan dengan sempurna


5. Discaj bulb lampu rosak ke

dalam bekas khas

5.1 bulb meletup

5.2.kaca tajam

5.1.1 Pastikan bulb dibuang kedalam bekas khas yang tak

mudah koyak dan di”seal”

5.1.1. Pakai cermin mata keselamatan

5.2.1 Pakai sarung tangan keselamatan

TUGASAN: Menukar bulb lampu incandescent (mentol) jenis pin

53



MODULE 1Laws & regulations

54



Contents

Legislative requirement

OSHA

FMA

UBBL

CIDB

Others

55



FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT &

REGULATIONS

56



FMA 1967Provision for control of OSH and welfare related issues in

the factory but focus on workers

Registration and inspection of machinery and all related

equipment. Covering most premises which operations

involving engineering and machinery operations EXCEPT:

Storing locomotives / vehicles where only cleaning activities,

cleaning and repairs.

Areas where only five or fewer employees whose work does not

involve the use of machinery57



FMA 1967

Generally, the act:

Contains 11 regulations on OSH & 4 supported regulations

(administration, penalty & certification)

Registration of competent personnel,

Provision of maintenance and inspection & T&C of machinery and

installation

Endorsement for hazardous machinery

Certification for machinery installation

58



FMA 1967

Regulations relating to construction:

Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Safety

(BOWECS) 1986

Safety, Health and Welfare Regulations 1970

Notification, Certificate Of Fitness & Inspection Regulations 1970

Fencing Of Machinery And Safety Regulations 1970

59



FMA 1967

Others are:

Steam Boiler And Unfired Pressure Vessel Regulations 1970

Electric Passenger And Goods Lift Regulations 1970

Persons-In-Charge Regulations 1970

Administration Regulations 1970

Certificates Of Competency – Examinations Regulations 1970

Compoundable Offences Regulations 1978

Lead Regulations 1984

Asbestos Process Regulations 1986 60



Notification, Certificate of Fitness and Inspection 1970

Provision for

Pursuant to Section 35 (1) required registration of BOWEC within seven

days from date of commencement, the regulation specify the forms that

must be used to notify the DOSH officer of a new occupancy of a

factory, the start of building work, the installation of certain machinery

and the notification of accidents and diseases

Describes the certificate of fitness that must be held for steam boilers,

unfired pressure vessel and hoisting machines

61



BOWECS 1986

Provision for

Safety of the construction which explains on the hazard and risk

emerge from construction and control measures

Detailing on concrete and structural work

Provision for construction’s structures likes catch platform, chutes,

safety belts, ladders and scaffolds

Safety in construction’s works likes demolition, excavation, manual

handling, piling, blasting and explosion

Safety of hand and power tools62




Provision for

Safe means of access and safe place of employment, provision of edge

protection on floor openings and stairs (Regulation 7, 8)

All stairways and floors must be of good construction and properly

maintained; ladders must be of adequate construction and maintained

in a sound condition (Regulations 9 to 11)

Persons must be protected from falls of more than 10 feet by the use of

safety belts or ropes (Regulation 12)

63




Provision for

Adequate protection are necessary before working inside a confined space

(Regulation 13)

Flammable and dangerous liquids must be securely stored and precautions

taken against fire and explosion (Regulations 14 to 17, 21, 22)

Materials and finished goods must be securely stacked and stored

(Regulations 19, 20)

Specifications are laid down for cleaning of surfaces inside factory

(Regulation 23)64




Provision for

Lighting, ventilation and climate requirements are all detailed (Regulations

24-29)

Working clothes and protective equipment (Regulation 32)

Welfare facilities such as toilets, drinking water, washing facilities and first

aid (Regulation 33 to 38)

65



OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND

HEALTH ACT 1994 & REGULATIONS

66



INTRODUCTION

FMA 1967 is too prescriptive which overtime become

irrelevant and just covering mostly on workers involving

in manufacturing, mining & construction

OSHA 1994 more holistic with systematic and simpler

method to control the hazard and risk

67



OSHA 1994

Contains 67 section, 7 regulations & 2 orders

One stop center – main act for OSH related issues

Duty of Care

So far as is practicable

Self-regulation

Welfare of the workers

Participation of all level68



The purpose of the Act:

• To ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work

against safety risks arising from work activities

• Protecting other people and surrounding against health and safety

risks arising from the activities of persons at work.

• Promote a safe work environment for people at work that are

tailored to their physiological and psychological needs.

OSHA 1994

69



Main provision:-

Section 15 – Responsibility of employer

Ensure the safety and health of the workers are maintained

Ensure the working environment free from hazard or risk

Section 16 – OSH polisy

Prepared, communicate and maintain the OSH policy according to act

Section 17 – Responsibility of employers to the public or people other than

his employee

OSHA 1994

70



Main provision:-

Section 24 - Responsibility of Employee

To ensure the safety and health of yourself and others

Cooperation with employers for compliance with the Act

Section 29 - Appointment of OSH Officer

OSH officer appointed by resolution of OSH regulations

Section 30 - Establishment of Safety Committee

Establish and permit the Safety Committee to perform their roles effectively

Section 32 - NADOOPOD

A report on the accident and dangerous occurrence, occupational poisoning / disease

to the authorities

OSHA 1994

71



OTHER RELATED ACTS

72



FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988

The provisions necessary for the Fire and Rescue Department

to function effectively and efficiently, to protect people and

property from the risk of fire and for purposes connected

therewith.

Contains 63 sections and 4 rules

Key provisions: -

Elimination of fire hazard

Requirements of fire fighting equipment

Certificate Requirements (Fire Certificate) - needs to CFO

73



UBBL 1984

Enforced by local government for each state

Details specifications for premises such as lighting, ventilation,

fire protection systems etc.

Issuance of certificate of fitness for occupation (CFO) when

provisioning requirements are met

74



ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974

The provisions necessary to prevent, eliminate, control hazards

and risks that threaten the quality of the environment.

Intended to advise the Director-General to carry out his duties

with respect to the environment.

Contains 51 provisions and regulations 30 which includes

pollution, waste management, emissions banned substances etc.

75



ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ACT 1990

Provisions for the electrical installations and electrical equipment to

ensure the safety of the installation / equipment and also the people

involved.

Details for safety factors involving electrical works, and also

competent person who is authorized to perform electrical engineering

work

Electricity Regulations 1994 require the installation must be tested

and approved before use and should be maintained by a competent

person 76



CIDB 1994

Promotions and boost quality in the construction industry

Promote the use of standards and the development of

construction techniques and building materials

Accreditation of skilled workforce and site supervisor

Accredit and register the construction contractors as well as

suspend, terminate and re-registration the blacklisted company

77



MODULE 2Preparing for Works

78



Contents

Introduction

Planning the work

Organizing the work

Notifying the site to HSE

79



Objective

To expose to the participant on the

preparation required before stating the

construction works

80



To ensure that health and safety issues are planned, organized,

controlled, monitored and reviewed.

Everyone controlling site work has health and safety

responsibilities.

Ensuring that the proposed work is not going to put others at risk

requires planning and organization.

Planning for the entire duration of the project

Introduction

81



Gathering as much health and safety information about the

project and the proposed site before work begins is important.

Sources of information include:

the client, the design team & contract documents;

contractors and consultants;

equipment and material suppliers; and

HSE guidance and standards.

Planning the work

82



Investigate the history of the site and its surroundings.

Inspect the site for any unusual features which might affect the work, or

how the work will affect others. Pay particular attention to:

asbestos or other contaminants;

overhead power lines and underground services;

unusual ground conditions;

public rights of way across the site;

nearby schools, footpaths, roads or railways; and

other activities going on at the site.

Pre-inspection

83



When estimating costs and preparing the programme, consider any

particular health and safety hazards associated with the work.

Make sure suitable allowances have been made in the price.

The job will run more smoothly, efficiently and profitably if hazards

have been predicted, planned for and controlled from the outset.

Having to stop or reschedule work to deal with emergencies wastes

time and money.

Work programme

84



Inspect the machinery, plants, equipment to ensure suitability

Plan for the delivery of material, plant, equipment etc. and its storage area

Obtain health and safety information (MSDS, CSDS or manual). It may be

necessary to:

Get a specialist who is familiar with the necessary precautions;

Carry out an assessment of the health risks arising from substances

or equipment; and

act on your findings, e.g. by eliminating harmful substances where possible,

or by using a less hazardous method of work or providing training on the safe

use of the material or equipment.

Material/machinery safety

85



Discuss and ask the contractor on safe working practice

Identify potential hazards and risks that may arise from their works

Assess the exposure of hazard to others (public and other

contractors)

Establish safety measures

Emergency and rescue procedures

Training need analysis

PPE requirements

Safe working methods

86



Manpower requirement

Experienced, background & trained worker

Subcontractor management

Monitoring and supervision

Safe working instruction – to be communicated and understood

Coordination among the contractors

Work programme – scheduling and organizing the jobs and

resources

Organising the work

87



Subjected to Section 35 under Factories And Machinery Act

1967, every person who undertakes any building operations or

works of engineering construction shall notify to Department of

Occupational Safety and Health not later than seven days from

the commencement of construction activities.

The notification is exempted to the construction activities that

can be completed in a period less than six (6) weeks and does

not involve the use of machinery.

Notify the authority

88



Construction Industry Development Board

Contractor registration

Worker’s Safety Induction Course – green card

Site registration and levy for contract sum above RM 0.5 M

Department of Occupational Safety and Health

Certificate of Fitness for machinery

Registration of on site batching plant

Appointment or termination of Safety Officer

Authority concerned

89



Department of Environment

Effluent discharge

Disturbance to nature

Local authorities - UBBL

Others – BOMBA, Police or Health

Authority concerned

90



MODULE 3Setting up the Site

91



Contents

Site requirement

Facilities

Safety Plan

92



Objectives

At the end, participants would know:

Fundamental health and safety issues that required to be

addressed when setting up the site

93



Site Requirement

94



Site access

Activities in and out of the site must go through a

designated gateway.

Must be no barriers and is suitable for vehicles

and equipment in and out. Foreign routes for

pedestrians.

Safe access onto and around the site for people and vehicles.

Ensure vehicles can be kept clear of pedestrians at vehicle loading/unloading areas,

parking and maneuvering places and areas where drivers’ vision may be obstructed.

95



Worker’s safe passage

Worker walkway must be free from obstructions, have adequate light (50 lux) and signboards

Employees are not allowed to use the shortcut that expose them to danger.

* Rule 10 BOWEC - Access to Workplace

* Rule 20 BOWEC - Illumination of Passageways etc.96



Site boundaries

Preventing unauthorized access / trespassers

Protecting the public from hazard from the site

Minimum height of 2 meters and not have any gaps or holes.

HOARDING

97



Facilities

98



Welfare facilities

The construction industry involves a lot of manual work and physical.

Welfare facilities should be provided so that the workers can reduce fatigue and

improve health in turn stimulate the job. Welfare facilities should be available are:

� Clean water to drink

� Preparation of food / dining

� Place locker / break room

� Sanitary / clean room

99



Waste area

Proper waste management at site

Designated area for temporary waste collection before shipping

out from the construction site100



Storage

Tidy, floor clean and dry, free of tripping hazard or slippery condition.

When storing materials, ensure a safe load for the floor or racks

Maintain the work passage or emergency routes are not blocked

Ensure that building materials are not stored within 2 m of open space during

construction

101



Hazardous material’s storage

The storage area of flammable materials must have adequate warning signs and no

smoking in the vicinity of 6 meters from it.

Flammable waste materials must be stored in special storage before being taken

out for disposal.

Hazardous materials i.e. flammable liquid

should be stored separately from other

non-combustible materials and the storage

required special design.

Should have good air circulation.

102



Illumination

Installation of emergency lights for emergency purposes

Avoid working in dark place or insufficient brightness

Natural light is available for

people to see to do their work

and move about the site safely.

Provide sufficient illumination to

prevent accident

103



Safety Planning

104



Safety Planning

Emergency procedures

Planning for an emergency

Fire safety

First aid

NADOOPOD

On site regulations

105




Emergency response plan should be established and maintained.

Be able to identify the potential for accidents and emergency

situations

Address the prevention of occupational safety and health risk

associated with them.

The plan should be made according to the size and nature of activity

based on relevant international standard.

106




The emergency procedures should:

(a) ensure that the necessary information, internal communication and

coordination are provided to protect all people in the event of an emergency at

the worksite;

(b) provide information and communication with the relevant authorities and the

neighbourhood and the emergency response services;

(c) address first aid, fire fighting and evacuation at construction sites; and

(d) provide relevant information and training to all members of the

organization, at all levels, including regular exercise in emergency response.107



Planning for an emergency

1. Perform HIRARC to identify immediate

dangers

3. Objective/scope of the plan

5. Delegate roles and

responsibility

2. Review existing emergency plan

4. The best plan that suit

the current work

6. Make the plan works

108



Fire safety

Flammable gases, liquids, solids

Source of ignition:- Static electricity- Smoking

materials- Naked flame

- Electrical equipment

- Hot surface

From the air or oxidizing

substances

109



Fire safety

Classification of fires as per MS 1182:1990

Class D: Fires involving metals.

Class C: Fires involving gases

Class A: Fires involving solid materials, usually of an organic nature, in which

combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers.

Class B: Fires involving liquids or liquefiable solids.

Class E: Fires involving electrical.

110



Fire safety: means of giving warning

Set up an alert system

Periodically test the system to familiarize

Improvement to ensure the alert system is audible

and recognizable by the workers

111



Fire safety: means of escape

Is a structural means whereby a safe route(s) is provided for

persons to travel from any point in a building to a place of safety.

Escape route should not be obstructed , safest way to safer place,

and communicated to workers

In planning means of escape, three major elements to consider:

travel distances (or, alternatively, direct distances);

escape route and exit capacities;

the number of occupants for whom means of escape must be provided112



Fire safety: means of fighting fire

Type of Fire Extinguishers

• 4 main fire extinguishers:

• Water – Class A

• Foam – Class A and B

• Carbon dioxide – Class B and E

• Dry Chemical Powder – Class A, B, C and E

113



Fire safety: means of fighting fire

How to Use the Fire Extinguishers

114



Fire safety

IN THE EVENT OF FIRE

• Activate the emergency bell

• Evacuate the area and foes to safer place

• Call the fire brigade

• Inform the person in charge (BOMBA) whoever trap in

the building

If emergency siren activated, RESPONSE IMMEDIATELY

even though it is a drill

115



First aid

• Provide adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel to enable first aid to be given to workers when needed.

• Provision for first aid

– First aid box should be located at potential hazardous place

– First aid box equipped with enough equipment to cope with numbers of workers

– An appointed person for first aid for every 50 workers

– Information communicated to workers on details of appointed person or first and where to find them and easily recognizable.

• Workplace more than 200 workers should provide properly equipped first aid or treatment room. 116



First aid

• In the event of accident at work place:

– Alert the qualified first aider/doctor/ambulance

– Pay attention to the surrounding and ensure the area is safe

– Isolate the source of accident and evaluate the situation or condition of the victim. If possible, do not attempt to move the victim

– Check the breathing and heart beat. If bleeding, make effort to stop the bleeding by pressing the injured area.

– Ensure victim not shivering and motivate the victim.

– Do not remove any evidence.

117



Reporting the accidents

• Under the OSHA 1994 and NADOOPOD 2004 regulations

• Whoever in control at site has obligation to report any incidents or accidents based on details as prescribed in regulations

• Generally, immediately report on accidents, dangerous occurrences, occupational poisoning & occupational diseases to authorities.

118



On site regulations

• Every workplace has specific regulations for safe work.

• In form of written - includes all operations especially those involve in high risks as working at heights, excavation, confine space and so on.

119



Signage

120



Signage

121



Signage

122



Signage

123



MODULE 4Construction Phase

124



CONTENTS

Overview of Construction Safety

Stage 1: Infrastructure Work

Stage 2: Substructure

Stage 3: Super structure

Stage 4: Finishing works

General requirements

125



Overview of Construction Safety






126



10 common accidents

Physical Health

1. Falls incl. from height 1. Asbestos

2. Mobile plant 2. Manual handling

3. Falling objects & collapse 3. Noise &vibration

4. Electrical accidents 4. Chemicals

5. Trips

127




Survey work

Site clearing

Logistic – mobilisation of materials, machine, man etc.

Earthwork

Service relocation work

Confined space

Demolition

128



Stage 1: Survey work

129



Stage 1: Survey work

JOB SCOPE: SURVEY WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. BIOLOGICAL

2. ERGONOMIC

3. PSYCOSOCIAL

WORKPLACE HAZARD RISKS

1. BITTEN/STUNG 1. SWOLLEN

2. REPITITIVE MOVEMENT 2. BACK PAIN

3. FALLS 3. INJURY

4. HEAT STRESS 4. FAINT/UNCONCIOUS

CONTRIBUTING FACTOR CONTROL MEASURE

1. WILD ANIMAL OR INSECTS 1. INSECT REPELENT CREAM

2. LIFTING HEAVY EQUIPMENTS 2.PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT

3. TRIPPING & SLIPPING 3. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING ETC

4. SUN RADIANCE130



Stage 1: Site clearing

131



Stage 1: Site clearing

JOB SCOPE: SITE CLEARINGHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. BIOLOGICAL

2. PHYSICAL

3. PSYCOSOCIAL


1. BITTEN/STUNG 1. SWOLLEN

2. MACHINERY OVERTURN 2. INJURY

3. FALLS 3. INJURY




2. UNEVEN @ UNSTABLE GROUND 2. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT

3. TRIPPING & SLIPPING 3. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING

4. SUN RADIANCE 4. JOB ROTATION ETC132



Stage 1: Earth work

133



Stage 1: Earth work

JOB SCOPE: EARTH WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. BIOLOGICAL

2. PHYSICAL

3. PSYCOSOCIAL


1. EXTREME WEATHER 1. ILL HEALTH


3. SLIP, TRIP OR FALLS 3. INJURY




2. UNEVEN/UNSTABLE/SOFT GROUND 2. STABILISED THE GROUND, LEVELING


4. SUN RADIANCE 4. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT ETC134



Stage 1: Service relocation work

135



Stage 1: Service relocation work

JOB SCOPE: SERVICE RELOCATION WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. BIOLOGICAL

2. CHEMICAL

3. PSYCOSOCIAL



2. ENBANKMENT COLLAPSE 2. INJURY, DEATH

3. SLIP, TRIP & FALLS 3. INJURY

4. UTILITIES DAMAGE 4. UTILITIES BREAKDOWN


1. UNEVEN GROUND 1. STABILSED THE GROUND

2. SOFT/UNSTABLE SOIL 2. STABILISED SOIL, SUPERVISION

3. TRIPPING & SLIPPING 3. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING, COMPETENCY

4. EXCAVATION 4. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT ETC136



Stage 1: Confined space

• OKSIGEN > 23% (oxygen richness) cause flammable

materials or liquids easily caught fire• When Oxygen < 19.5% � oxygen deficiency causing

dizziness and faint/unconcoius

137



Why confined space is dangerous place

Closed manhole/sewage tunnel for a long period accumulate

toxic gaseous or flammable gaseous likes hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane or else.

H2S

CH4

Sometimes, toxic

materials/substances/wastes were illegally

dump into the sewage

lines or manholes.

Also contaminated

due to leaks of tanks or pipelines

containing toxic

materials which seep through the

sol to the sewage lines or manhole.

138




Prior to confined space works, obtain permit from relevant

authorities and ensure the site has been inspected by competent person and approved to enter.

139




JOB SCOPE: CONFINED SPACEHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. BIOLOGICAL

2. CHEMICAL

3. PSYCOSOCIAL

4. ERGONOMICS


1. SUFFOCATION 1. FAINT/DEATH

2. ELECTROCUTION 2. INJURY, DEATH

3. SLIP, TRIP, FALLS 3. INJURY

4. INHALATION OF TOXIC GASEOUS 4. FAINT/UNCONCIOUS/DEATH


1. RESPIRATORY FAILURE 1. ADEQUATE VENTILATION, GAS DETECTOR

2. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION/CABLE 2. CABLE DETECTION, PTW APPROVAL


4. TOXIC GASOUES 4. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT, SCBA140



PPE confined space

If the concentration still hazardous, the workers shall wear proper

PPE likes respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

??

??

??

Fresh air

O2

O2

O2

O2

141



Equipment used for confined space entry

142



Stage 1: Demolition

• Done by competence person or company registered with authorities

• Method of demolition is depending on design and construction of the building

• Prior to work, approval from relevant authorities 143



Stage 1: Demolition

JOB SCOPE: DEMOLITIONHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. BIOLOGICAL

2. ERGONOMIC

3. PSYCOSOCIAL


1. HIT BY FLYING OBJECT 1. INJURY

2. ERGONOMICS 2. BACK PAIN



5. FALL FROM HEIGHT 5. INJURY DEATH


1. FLYING OBJECT/DEBRIS 1. ISOLATION, NETTING

2. REPITITIVE MOVEMENT 2. JOB ROTATION, PROPER EQUIPMENT






• Remove fragile object such as glasses and disconnect gas pipelines, electricity, water

• Sufficient warning sign and ensure proper

communication to stakeholder especially public• Get consent from relevant authorities• Thorough inspection of the structures of the building

to be demolished.• Supervised and monitor by competent person during

the works• Where practicable, works only on approved platform

design for the work• Obey safe procedure working at height

145




Foundation works

Piling work safety

Concreting work safety

Welding and cutting work safety

146



Stage 2: Piling work

147



Stage 2: Piling work

JOB SCOPE: PILING WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. ERGONOMIC

3. PSYCOSOCIAL


1. NOISE AND VIBRATION 1. HEARING PROBLEM, DEAFNESS

2. GROUND FAILURE 2. INJURY, DEATH

3. FALLS 3. INJURY



1. NOISE 1. ISOLATION

2. SOFT GROUND, UNSTABLE 2. SOP, SUPERVISION

3. OPENING, EXCAVATION 3. SIGNAGE, PTW,




Stage 2: Concreting work

149



Stage 2: Concreting work

JOB SCOPE: CONCRETING WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. ERGONOMIC

3. PSYCOSOCIAL


1. FALLING FROM HEIGHT 1. INJURY, DEATH

2. REPITITIVE MOVEMENT 2. BACK PAIN




1. UNSAFE ACT, NEGLIGENT 1. SIGNAGE, RAILINGS, NETTING

2. LIFTING HEAVY EQUIPMENTS 2. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING

3. TRIPPING & SLIPPING 3. HOUSEKEEPING




Stage 2: Welding and cutting

Gas cutting and welding

Oxy-acetylene

Electrical arc welding

151




JOB SCOPE: WELDING AND CUTTING HAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. CHEMICAL

3. BIOLOGICAL


1. FALLING OBJECT 1. INJURY

2. SMOKE, HARMFUL GASEOUS 2. RESPIRATORY PROBLEM

3. FIRE & EXPLOSION 3. INJURY , DEATH



1. NEGLIGENT 1. HOUSEKEEPING, TOE BOARD

2. TOXIC GASOUES OF WELDING 2. VENTILATION, RESPIRATOR

3. WELDING EQUIPMENT 3. SOP, SUPERVISION

4. SUN RADIANCE4. PPE – WELDER MASK, SAFETY BOOT, HAT

ETC 152




• Ensure work place well ventilated

• Ensure work place or surrounding free from flammable or combustible materials

• If arc welding, emergency cut off located at reachable distance

• All the equipment are inspected and free from defect.

• Stand by extinguishment equipment in case of fire153




• Gas cylinder stored upright and in special secured cage with good ventilation

• Keep distance gas cylinder storage from occupied place and flammable materials

• Isolate and label empty cylinder

• Do not store cylinder in confined space or under ground store or enclosed place. 154




Scaffolds

Temporary structure

Chutes

Catch platform

Ladder safety

Lifting Operations

Passenger Hoist

Lifting crane155



Stage 3: Scaffolding

Sebuah platfom sementara yang tinggi bagi

membantu melaksanakan sesuatu kerja

156



Stage 3: Scaffolding

157



Stage 3: Scaffolding safety

• The scaffolding should be designed, erected, modified, maintained and dismantled by ONLY competent and skilled worker which supervised by competent personnel.

• Mandatory requirement to inspect and approve the scaffolding once in a week or after bad weather (rains, heavy storm etc) and such inspection should be recorded.

• Safety of scaffold depending on:

– Erection comply with manufacturer’s OEM, specification, code of practice and done by skilled and competence workers

– The in and out pathway is safe 158



Stage 3: Scaffolding tag

159




• Static scaffold should not be more than 15 m & mobile not more than 9.6 m or 12 m if secured to fixed structure.

• Minimum size for wheel of mobile scaffold is 5 inches and properly secured on level ground and locked before working.

• Do not move/push the mobile while people or materials still on top

• Mechanically push or pull the scaffold is not recommended 160




• No gap more than 1” between platform.

• Platform more than 2 meter should install guard rail high about 1 meter from platform and toe board min 6 inches high.

• Calculation and endorsement for scaffold more than 40 m high for tubular and 15 m for other types

• Structure strengthening required for loading bay or storage bay and safely blockaded with guard rail and toe board 161



Stage 3: Scaffolds & Formwork

JOB SCOPE: SCAFFOLDS AND FORMWORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. ERGONOMICS

3. BIOLOGICAL



2. ELECTROCUTION 2. INJURY DEATH

3. COLLAPSE 3. INJURY , DEATH



1. NEGLIGENT 1. HOUSEKEEPING, TOE BOARD

2. ELECTRICAL 2. EARTHING, CHECK THE POWERED EQPT ETC

3. UNSTABLE STRUCTURE 3. SOP, COMPETENCY, INSPECTION

4. SUN RADIANCE4. PPE – WELDER MASK, SAFETY BOOT, HAT

ETC 162



Stage 3: Fall prevention method

Personal Fall

Arrest System(PFAS)

Guardrails Safety netting

163



Stage 3: Fall prevention method

164



Temporary structure

Use of approved chute for waste removal for height more than 6 m

Barricade, isolate or fence off the collection area

165



Temporary structure

Construction waste that falls can be arrested by the use of catch

platforms.

Catch platforms should be cleaned daily to avoid the overloading

which will cause it to collapse.

CATCH PLATFORM

166



Stage 3: Ladder safety

Straight ladder or access ladder – for accessing to

and from a space or place

Step ladder – for performance of work

167




• Set the ladder on a flat and firm ground

• Do not work on the stairs in front of a closed door

• Tie the ladder at the top and bottom in the absence of helper

• Stairs must have a height of 1m above the landing (roof & height)

• Use the principle of 1:4

168




JOB SCOPE: LADDER SAFETYHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. ERGONOMIC


1. FALL FROM HEIGHT 1. INJURY

2. REPITITIVE MOVEMENT 2. BODY PAIN


4. AWKWARD POSTURE 4. BODY PAIN


1. UNSAFE ACT, NEGLIGENT 1. PROPER TRAINING, LADDER INSPECTION

2. LIFTING HEAVY EQUIPMENTS 2. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING

3. UNSAFE ACT 3. SUPERVISION, SAFE WORK PROCEDURE

4. AWKWARD POSTURE 4. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT ETC169



Stage 3: Passenger Hoist

• Hoist must be installed or dismantled by trained and competence person

• Only operate approved hoist

• The hoist should be operated by trained hoist operator

• Hoist must be equipped with 'fall arrester' and 'over-run', in place of 2m high fence out and the safe working load as shown in the hoist. 170



Stage 3: Passenger Hoist

JOB SCOPE: PASSENGER HOISTHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL


1. FALL FROM HEIGHT 1. INJURY

2. PINCHED/STUCK IN BETWEEN 2. INJURY



1. UNSAFE LIFTING DEVICES 1. CERTIFIED LIFTING DEVICES

2. NEGLIGENT 2. PROPER TRAINING, SOP

3. NEGLIGENT 3. SAFE WALKWAY, OVERHEAD PROTECTION

4. SIGNAGE171



Stage 3: Lifting crane

• A crane is equipment that be able to lift up or down or transfer loads using its long boom

• Type found at site:– Crawler crane

– Mobile crane

– Tower crane 172



Risks associated with crane

173



Loads

• Load calculation basing on material’s delivery note

• Ensure calculation is right and should be done by competent person

• Ensure the loading capacity within acceptable range of the crane

• Load capacity depending on

• Ground condition & surface condition

• Wind direction

• Other loads

• Cable, sling and other lifting equipment

• Ensure the crane operator know:

• Load capacity

• Scope

• Lifting procedure 174



Accident involving crane

IMBALANCE LOADS

175



Stage 3: Lifting crane

JOB SCOPE: LIFTING CRANEHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL



2. CRANE FAILURE 2. DAMAGE PROPERTY, INJURY, DEATH

3. GROUND/FOUNDATION FAILURE 3. DAMAGE PROPERTY, INJURY, DEATH

4. COMMUNICATION FAILURE 4. MISPLACE, ACCIDENT


1. HUMAN/MECHANICAL ERROR 1. APPROVED CRANE,

2. HUMAN/MECHANICAL ERROR 2. LIFTING/RIGGING SOP

3. SOFT/UNSTABLE SOIL 3. PROPER CRANE HANDLING

4. INCOMPETENT, HUMAN ERROR 4. TRAINED OPERATOR176




Roofing work

Insulation & cladding work

Electrical safety

Testing and Commissioning

177



Stage 4: Roofing work

• Risk associated with working on the roof– Falling from roof

– Falling when stepping onto rotten roof

– Fall from stair or scaffolding

– Lightning strike when bad weather 178




179




JOB SCOPE: ROOFING WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. ERGONOMIC


1. FALLING FROM HEIGHT 1. INJURY, DEATH

2. FALLING OBJECT 2. INJURY, DEATH

3. STRIKE BY LIGTHNING 3. INJURY, DEATH



1. HUMAN/MECHANICAL ERROR 1. FALL PROTECTION, WARNING SIGN

2. INSECURED, HUMAN ERROR 2. TRAINING

3. LIGTHNING 3. SOP, SAFE WORKING INSTRUCTION




Stage 4: Painting

181



Stage 4: Painting

JOB SCOPE: PAINTING HAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. CHEMICAL

3. ERGONOMICS


1. FALLING FROM HEIGHT 1. INJURY





1. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 1. FALL PROTECTION, SIGNAGE

2. UNSAFE ACT 2. TRAINING, SUPERVISON

3. REPEATITIVE MOVEMENT 3. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING

4. SUN RADIANCE 4. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT182



Stage 4: Plastering

183



Stage 4: Plastering

JOB SCOPE: PLASTERINGHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. CHEMICAL

3. ERGONOMICS


1. FALLING FROM HEIGHT 1. INJURY





1. HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 1. FALL PROTECTION, SIGNAGE

2. UNSAFE ACT 2. TRAINING, SUPERVISON

3. REPEATITIVE MOVEMENT 3. PROPER MANUAL HANDLING

4. SUN RADIANCE 4. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT184



Stage 4: Electrical safety

• Object non conductive (insulation) – wood, plastic, glass,

rubber etc

• Electrical energy is hazard that is -

• Unseen

• No smell

• Quiet

• Electrical energy flow thru

conductor -

• Metal

• Water

• Human body

185




• Basic safety precaution in electrical is important when performing electrical work. Hazard from electrical • Electrocuted

• Fire

• Electric static

• Explosion

• Two main protection from electricity: -• Protection from direct contact – insulation

• Protection from indirect contact – earthing

186




The degree of electrocution

depending on:

• Flow of current in body

• Amount of current enter the

body

• Period of exposure

187




AMOUNT OF CURRENT

SEVERITY / CONSEQUENCES

< 1 mA NO HARM

1-8 mA SLIGHTLY SHOCK, BUT NOT SO HURT AND MIGHT TEMPORARY LOOSE MUSCLE

CONTROL

8-15 mA PANTFUL SHOCK EFFECT, HAZARD RELEASE BY ITSELF

15-20 mA PAINFUL SHOCK EFFECT, THE HAZARD CAN NOT BE RELEASED ON ITS OWN AND

LOSS OF MUSCLE CONTROL

20-50 mA PAINFUL; SEVERE CONTRACTION IN THE MUSCLES AND DIFFICULTY IN

BREATHING

100-200 mA VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION WHICH IS A HEART CONDITION THAT CAN RESULT

IN DEATH

> 200 mA SEVERE BURNS AND SEVERE CONTRACTION IN THE MUSCLES, CAUSING THE

MUSCLES IN THE CHEST COMPRESS THE HEART AND CAUSE CARDIAC ARREST

(DEATH)188




JOB SCOPE: ELECTRICAL WORKHAZARDCATEGORY:

1. PHYSICAL

2. ERGONOMIC


1. ELECTROCUTION 1. INJURY, DEATH

2. SHARP EDGE 2. BACK PAIN

3. TRIP, SLIP OR FALLS 3. INJURY



1. ELECTRICITY 1. LOCKOUT TAG OUT PROCEDURE

2. LIFTING HEAVY EQUIPMENTS 2. PPE - COVERALL, SAFETY BOOT, HAT

3. TRIPPING & SLIPPING 3. GOOD MANUAL HANDLING & HOUSEKEEPING

4. SUN RADIANCE 4. SOP, TRAINING AND COMPETENCY ETC189




MCB

MCCBELCB / RCCB

FUSE

HRC FUSE CUT OUT FUSE190




Hand power tool safety

Road traffic management

Working over water

Permit to Work

191




Hand power tool safetySection 147 – 153 BOWEC – Hand & Power Tools

192





� Well maintained

� Right tools

� Inspect before use

� Follow instruction

� Right PPE

193




� Do not use defective tools

� Must have protection or guarding


194




� Use according to the capacity

specified by the manufacturer

� Wear appropriate PPE - gloves

and safety shoes

� Store in a dry place

� Precautious if working in a

humid place

� Ensure sufficient light


195




Use of modified tool – grinder

196




• Work system should be planned carefully so as not to

endanger road users and workers themselves.

• Accidents can happen to other users as a result of broken

machinery or vehicles site if negligent.

Traffic management

197




• Traffic Signal Manual must be used to determine the needs

and size of the safety zone signal is necessary.

• Local authorities and the police

should be contacted to determine if the right job path should be closed

and traffic control systems such as

temporary traffic lights and clear signage should be used to control

the flow of traffic

Traffic management

198




• Working over the water surface exposes the workers to risk of drowning or swept away when fall into the water.

• Safety precautions must be observed so that the employee is not dropped or pushed into the water.

• Determine the employee can be saved in the shortest period if they fall into the water.

Working over water

199




• Helmet and non slippery safety boot shall be wearing all time

• Workers shall wears floatable safety jacket

Working over water

200




• When working on swift currents, run the rope or net across the surface

of the water on the downstream side of all workplace locations and

equipped with floats or other tools that can help the employee to float

during emergency.

• The line must be tied to a solid structure at each end.

Working over water

201




• Rescue Line (grab lines) should be placed with some distance (reachable distance) to the structure or platform.

Working over water• A platform must be

built properly and equipped with retaining bar and toe-board around.

• Safety nets will catch fallen worker which then can be rescued by boat.

202



PTW system is a formal written system used to regulate certain occupations that have been identified to possess potential hazards and risks and also one of the means of communication between employers (who create jobs & Hazard) and employees.

Based on the definition by the International Association of Oil and Gas Association (OGP) in the Guidelines in PTW system, serial Report 6.29/189; published in January 1993

203

Permit To Work



To avoid or reduce the risk of a serious accident or

incident for the work to be carried out

To control and coordinate work activities

To provide a system of communication between the end

users or employers with subcontractors

Evidence or record of evidence

204

Objective of PTW



� A formal written system detailing on working, attached with

HIRARC or similar

� A form of safe work instructions

� Ensure that all elements of the work system are adhered to

� Clearly identifies the responsibilities of each person

involved

� The involvement of all relevant parties, including contractors

� Ensure everyone is trained

� A checking mechanism (check & balance)

205

Characteristic of PTW



Hot work such as welding, gas cutting, etc

Electrical works

Working with hazardous materials

Confined space

Working over/in the water

Handle radioactive materials and explosives

Lifting heavy materials etc.

...........SO ON...

206

Example of PTW



� Hot work Permit

� General Work Permit i.e. Cold Work

� Electrical Work Permit

� Radiation Work Permit

� Pressure Testing Permit

� Lifting Permit

� Blasting Permit etc

207

Type of PTW



208

Procedure of PTW



THE END

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209

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