Research ArticleOccurrences of Indigestible Foreign Bodies in Cattle Slaughteredat Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse Tanzania
S F Bwatota1 M Makungu 1 and H E Nonga 2
1Department of Veterinary Surgery andTheriogenology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture PO Box 3020 Morogoro Tanzania2Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical SciencesSokoine University of Agriculture PO Box 3021 Morogoro Tanzania
Correspondence should be addressed to M Makungu modesta makunguyahoocom
Received 12 November 2017 Revised 19 January 2018 Accepted 29 January 2018 Published 22 February 2018
Academic Editor Alejandro Plascencia
Copyright copy 2018 S F Bwatota et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited
A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies (IFB) in cattle slaughtered atMorogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse Tanzania A total of 387 slaughter cattle were examined for presence of IFB Out of 387examined cattle 93 (2403) had IFB in their forestomachs The observed IFB were plastic bags fruit seeds clothing materialsropes hairballs leather materials stones metallic nails and wire Plastic bags were the most frequently (505) observed IFBfollowed by fruit seeds (183) A significantly (119901 lt 005) high proportion of old animals (317) had IFB compared to the younganimals (212) Similarly the frequency of occurrence of IFB was significantly high (119901 lt 005) in crossbred dairy cattle (423)compared to local breeds (227) Cattle that appeared with poor body condition (378) were found to bemore affected (119901 lt 005)by IFB than those with good body condition (159) In 914 of animals which had IFB all the materials were located in therumenThis study showed that presence of IFB is a common problem in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouseand may significantly cause poor production and mortality in affected animals Therefore appropriate solid waste disposal shouldbe implemented
1 Introduction
Tanzania has the third largest cattle population in Africa with25 million heads of cattle of which 98 are indigenous breedwhich are extensively managed by small scale traditionalfarmers [1] Beef cattle accounts for more than 50 of themeat produced in the country [2] Despite the presenceof a large number of populations of heads of cattle in thecountry the livestock sector contributes only 74 to thecountryrsquos Gross Domestic Product [1] Nevertheless cattleproduction in Tanzania plays an important role in nationalfood supply and food security Furthermore it acts as a sourceof employment energy cash income and a living saving bankin periods of crop failure and economic distress Additionallyit provides manure and draught animal power thereforecontributing to sustainable agriculture [1 3] However thelivestock industry is constrained by various factors such asinadequate technical support services infrastructure mar-keting system diseases and low genetic potential [3 4]
Environmental contamination with solid wastes fromdomestic and commercial sources is common in developingcountries like Tanzania because of a poor refuse disposal sys-temThe solid wastes may range frommetallic to nonmetallictype and of recent plastic bags are common in variousperiurban and urban areas of Tanzania Unfortunately cattlecommonly ingest the indigestible foreign bodies (IFB) as aresult of their indiscriminate feeding habits [5 6] The IFBmay go and lodge to different parts of the gastrointestinaltract especially in the forestomachs Presence of IFB apartfrom causing pathological lesions reduces the volume ofthe forestomachs which is otherwise supposed to be filledwith feed The occupation of space by IFB ultimately leadsto reduced feed intake Consequences to these are eco-nomic losses due to severe loss of production and increasedmortality rates [7 8] Several authors have associated theingestion of IFB in cattle with industrialization agriculturemechanization food scarcity poor farming managementand diseases that cause pica [5ndash7 9 10]
HindawiJournal of Veterinary MedicineVolume 2018 Article ID 4818203 6 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520184818203
2 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Cases of occurrence of IFB in forestomachs of cattlehave been reported in Tanzania [8] and in other Africancountries such as Rwanda [5] Ethiopia [11] Nigeria [12]and Ghana [13] Metallic and nonmetallic foreign bodies thatwere isolated included nails plastic bags sewing needlesclothes pieces of milling machine sieves and hairballs [58] Morogoro region is among the areas in Tanzania withthe high number of cattle that are extensively managedunder the traditional system Kilosa Mvomero and Gairoare the districts with the cattle population that sums to400000 where most of the slaughter cattle at MorogoroMunicipal Slaughterhouse are sourced there [14] The aim ofthis study was to investigate the occurrences of indigestibleforeign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro MunicipalSlaughterhouse so as to determine the magnitude of thecondition for appropriate control measures
2 Materials and Methods
21 Study Area and Design This cross-sectional study wasconducted in September 2017 at the Morogoro MunicipalSlaughterhouse in Morogoro region The Morogoro Munic-ipality is about 200 km west of Dar es Salaam [15] and liesbetween latitudes 5∘71015840 and 10∘001015840 south of the Equator andlongitudes 35∘61015840 and 39∘51015840 east of Greenwich [16] On average100ndash120 cattle are slaughtered per day atMorogoroMunicipalSlaughterhouse The slaughter cattle originate mostly fromdifferent areas of Morogoro region in particular KilosaMvomero and Gairo
22 Sample Size and Selection of Study Animals A total of387 cattle slaughtered atMorogoroMunicipal Slaughterhousewere examined during the one-month visit at the slaughter-house The sample size was calculated based on the formula119899 = 1962119901(1 minus 119901)1198712 by Thrustfied [17] where 119899 is requiredsample size 119901 is prevalence of IFB and 119871 is precision Sincethe prevalence of IFB was unknown a prevalence of 50 wasestimated at 95 confidence and a precision of 5 was used
During the visit at the slaughterhouse study animalswere being selected from the crash when they were alignedto the slaughter hall using systematic random samplingat an interval of every five animals Therefore every fifthslaughtered animal was selected for inspection of IFB in thestomachs during postmortem examination
For all the animals thatwere selected for study the biodatalike breed age sex body condition score grazing systemand the source of the animal was recorded The age of theanimal was determined by dentition as previously describedbyPace andWakeman [18] Selected animalswere categorizedas le4 years or gt4 years The body condition was recorded aspoor moderate and good based on appearance of the animaland manual palpation of the dorsal spines and transverseprocesses of the lumbar vertebrae [19] The grazing systemand the source of the animals were explored from the owners
23 Postmortem Inspection for Indigestible Foreign BodiesAfter the cattle was slaughtered and eviscerated the rumenreticulum omasum and abomasum were put aside fordetailed examination of IFB The set of stomachs was put
on clean plastic sheet spread on the floor and straightenedto clearly display the rumen reticulum omasum and abo-masum Each stomach part was transversely cut to separateand then longitudinally sliced and the contents were beingcarefully emptied while inspecting for any material which isnot of animal feed and was being classified as IFB When thematerials were unclearly identified they were being washedwith tap water for clear visibility The encountered IFB wererecorded for each site
24 Data Analysis Data collected was entered intoMicrosoftExcel spreadsheet (Microsoft 2010) and was analyzed usingEpi Info version 7222 (Centers for Disease Control andPrevention Atlanta 2017) Frequencies (percentages) forcategorical variables were calculated and chi-square test wasused for comparison Statistically significant difference wasaccepted at a probability (119901) of 119901 lt 005
3 Results
31 General Information of Study Animals A total of 387animals were examined for presence of IFB at the MorogoroMunicipal Slaughterhouse The greater proportion (739)of the cattle that were examined originated from the Nane-naneTungi cattle auction market The rest of the animals(261) originated from different areas in Morogoro regionsuch as Dakawa Mkongeni Kitungwa Kilosa Kilakala andKichangani Up to 933 of the examined cattle were localbreeds specifically Tanzanian short horn zebu (TSZ) (801)Boran (188) and Ankole (11) Only 67 were dairycrossbred cattle (Table 1) Most of the examined animals(561) were females (Table 1)
32 Occurrences of IFB in Slaughtered Cattle Out of 387examined cattle 93 (2403) had different kinds of IFB indifferent forestomachs The frequency of occurrence of IFBwas significantly high (119901 lt 005) in intensively managedcompared to extensively managed cattle (Table 1) From the361 local breeds and 26 crossbred dairy cattle examined itwas observed that the proportion of crossbred dairy cattlewith IFB was significantly (119901 lt 005) high compared to localbreeds (Table 1) Out of 387 animals 731 were less thanor equal to four years old whereas 269 were more thanfour years old There was statistically significant difference(119901 lt 005) in the frequency of occurrence of IFB amongthe two age groups (Table 1) Among the different bodycondition categories observed the highest frequency (378)of occurrence of IFB was recorded in animals with poor bodycondition Statistically significant difference was observedbetween animals with poor body condition and those withgood body condition (Table 1)
Different types of IFB were observed which includedplastic bags fruit seeds clothing materials ropes hairballsleather materials stones metallic nails and wire (Figure 1)Among the different kinds of IFB encountered plastic bagswere the most frequently observed (505) followed by fruitseeds (183) from avocados andmangoes (Table 2) Amix ofIFBwere seen in eight animals (Figure 2) In up to 914of thetotal animals with IFB the foreign materials were present in
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3
Table 1 Occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in different categories of cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse (119899 =387)
Parameter Category Animals examined Animals with indigestibleforeign bodies Percent Odds ratio 95 CI 119901 value
Figure 1 Different types of indigestible foreign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse Tanzania (a) Plasticbags (b) fruit seeds from avocado (c) fruit seeds from mango (d) metallic wire and nails
the rumen (Figure 3)Themetallic nails andwire (Figure 1(d))were seen in the reticulum None of the IFB was seen in theomasum and abomasum
4 Discussion
Thepurpose of this study was to assess the occurrences of IFBin cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal SlaughterhouseTanzania It was found that 2403 of the slaughtered cattlehad IFB in the forestomachs The occurrence rate of IFB incattle obtained during this study is higher than the previouslyreported studies in Rwanda [5] and Nigeria [12] which was174 and 12 respectively However it was lower than that
reported in Ethiopia [19] and Pakistan [20] which had aprevalence of 434 and 5914 respectively The variationin the prevalence of IFB in the reported areas may be theresult of different levels of environmental contaminationwith IFB Higher prevalences have been associated with highlevels of environmental contamination with foreign bodiesespecially in urban areas [21] Additionally thismay be due toseasonal variation in which the studies were conducted Theoccurrence of IFB has been reported to be high in dry seasonwhere there is scarcity of forage which makes the animaleat anything in its immediate surroundings that may includeIFB [22] Further management system may play a role in thevariation of the occurrence of IFB Lack of supplementation
4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Table 2 Frequency of occurrence of different types of indigestibleforeign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse
Type of foreign body Number () of animals withforeign body
Figure 2 A mix of indigestible foreign bodies from a cow with apoor body condition slaughtered at MorogoroMunicipal Slaughter-house P = plastic bags L = leather C = clothing material A rope isindicated by a black open arrow
of mineral and vitamins in higher producing animals suchas dairy cattle may result in pica which may predispose toconsumption of IFB
The higher prevalence of IFB in crossbred dairy cattlecompared to local breeds which was observed in this studymay be associated with the level of productivity The cross-bred dairy cattle have got higher productivity than localbreed cattle therefore lack or inadequate supplementation ofminerals and vitamins predisposes themmore to ingestion ofIFB Moreover the sourceorigin of the slaughter crossbreddairy cattle may also play a role In urban and periurbanareas such as Morogoro Municipality there is a high riskof environmental contamination with IFB especially plasticbags which are more used but are poorly disposed of Dueto the scarcity of grazing land in urban and periurban areasthe crossbred dairy cattle are normally kept at the backyardand graze very close to households As such they are moreexposed to ingestion of IFB The local breed cattle normallyoriginates from rural areas where there is extensive grazingland which is less contaminated with IFB Additionally the
320540
9140
ReticulumRumen and reticulumRumen
Figure 3The distribution of indigestible foreign bodies in differentcompartments in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse Tanzania
crossbred dairy cattle are mainly kept for milk productionsuch that once the production is low such animals are culledand they can be sent for slaughter It is most likely that themajority of female crossbred dairy cattle in this study weresent for slaughter due to low productionproductivity as aresult of ingestion of IFB This is supported by the fact that615 of female crossbred cattle were positive for IFB againstonly 230 of male crossbred cattle which had IFB Previousstudies [23ndash25] have also reported the higher occurrences ofIFB in crossbred cattle compared to those in local breeds
The higher prevalence of IFB in animals more than fouryears of age when compared to animals less than or equalto four years of age which was obtained in this study maybe associated with prolonged exposure to the contaminatedenvironment Previous studies in Ethiopia [11 21 23 24] andRwanda [5] have also reported higher prevalence of IFB inolder cattle than in young cattle
In this study it was also found that animals with poorbody condition were more likely to have IFB than thosewith good body condition Once ingested the IFB in thegastrointestinal tract may interfere with the flow of ingestaand absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and hence reduceweight gain [10 12 23] Moreover IFB may cause anorexiapain and fever and hence decreased production and loss ofbody condition [9 21 26] However other factors may havecontributed to the poor body condition of the animals such asinadequate feeding old age and chronic diseasesThe higherprevalence of IFB in animals with poor body condition whencompared to animals with good body condition has also beenreported by several authors [5 19 23 27]
Plastic bags were the most frequently encountered IFB inthis study This finding is in agreement with previous studiesin Ethiopia [11 19 23 27] and Rwanda [5] Plastic bags arecommonly used for packaging of different items and in theabsence of better means of disposal they are just thrown onland and scatter all over it and persist in the environment forlife since they are nonbiodegradable materials When cattleare grazed in such contaminated environment chances ofpicking the IFB are high as was observed in the current study
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
The nonmetallic foreign bodies such as plastic bags fruitseeds ropes clothing and leather materials which wereencountered in this study were thrown as garbage fromhouseholds Plastic bags are commonly used for packagingof different items in Morogoro Municipality Additionallymangoes and avocados are fruits which are frequently con-sumed in the municipality households The metallic foreignbodies such as nails and wires originate mainly from fencingand motor vehicle radial tire wires milling machines andfarms when repairs are made to yards and fences and inthe vicinity of feed trough [8 28] The crossbred dairycattle in Morogoro Municipality are commonly kept at thebackyard being regularly fed with maize bran from localmilling machines and grazing close to households It is mostlikely that the sources of metallic nails and wire in this studywere from milling machines and repairs made to householdsand backyard structures Hairballs resulted from ingestion ofhair as a result of excessively licking themselves or persistentsucking of pen mates [28 29] Excessive licking may be dueto a skin disease characterized by itching such as pediculosisor scabies [29] In cattle swallowed hairs are formed into ovalbodies as a result of churning and rolling movements of therumen once ingested [29] Hairballs may cause choke duringregurgitation of the cud in adult cattle or obstruction of thepylorus and small intestines in calves [29]
The occurrence of IFB in cattle at MorogoroMunicipalityindicates that there is a widespread use of plastic bags Dueto a poor disposal system of solid wastes it may contributeto a significance loss in livestock production Therefore thepublic should be encouraged to use biodegradable materialsfor packaging of different items
The higher frequency of occurrence of IFB in the rumenis probably due to its larger volume compared to othercompartments and almost all ingested feed especially of lowdensity settles in the rumen [5 23 27] The metallic foreignbodies because of their high density usually localize in thereticulum [7] as was observed in this study
5 Conclusions
It is concluded that ingestion of IFB is common in cattleslaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse It maybe a significant cause of losses in livestock productionThere-fore appropriate solidwaste disposal should be implementedAlthough slaughter facilities surveys of livestock health havelimitations they are an economical way of gathering healthinformation since they give the true picture on what ishappening in the livestock population
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this article
References
[1] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiative Ministry of Live-stock and Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania
[2] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Basic data for livestock and fisheries sector Ministry of Livestockand Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania 2014httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[3] A P Njombe and Y N Msanga Livestock and Dairy IndustryDevelopment in Tanzania rtment of Livestock Production andMarketing Infrastructure Development Ministry of LivestockDevelopment Dar es Salaam 2016 httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[4] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)ldquoLivestock sector development strategyrdquo httpwwwmifugou-vuvigotzwp-contentuploads201306Livestock-Sector-De-velopment-Strategypdf
[5] B Mushonga G Habarugira A Musabyemungu J C Udahe-muka F I Jaja and D Pepe ldquoInvestigations of foreign bodiesin the fore-stomach of cattle at ngoma slaughterhouse rwandardquoJournal of the South African Veterinary Association vol 86 no1 article no 1233 2015
[6] M A Semieka ldquoRadiography of unusual foreign body inRuminantsrdquo Veterinary World vol 3 no 10 pp 473ndash475 2010
[7] D C Blood O M Radostits C C Gay K W Hinchcliff andP D Constable Veterinary Medicine A Text Book of Diseases ofCattle Horses Sheep Pigs and Goats Saunders PhiladelphiaPennsylvania 10th edition 2007
[8] A PMuhairwa RMMaselle R D Fyumagwe J GMasambuand I S Mpelumbe ldquoSharp foreign bodies in the forestomachesof cattle Diagnosis and treatment of ten cases in the city of Dares SalaamrdquoTanzaniaVeterinary Journal vol 15 no 3-4 pp 138ndash143 1995
[9] F G Habasha and S N Yassein ldquoAdvance techniques intraumatic reticuloperitonitis diagnosis reviewrdquo Al-QadisiyaJournal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences vol 13 no 2 pp 50ndash572014
[10] I O Igbokwe M Y Kolo and G O Egwu ldquoRumen impactionin sheepwith indigestible foreign bodies in the semi-arid regionof Nigeriardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 49 no 2 pp 141ndash1462003
[11] S Mekuanint T Alemneh and T Asredie ldquoIndigestible foreignbodies causes of rumen impaction in cattle sheep and goatsslaugheted at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise Ethiopiardquo Jour-nal of Veterinary Science andMedicine vol 5 no 1 6 pages 2017
[12] J S Akinbobola J N Omeje R I Akinbobola R I AyoadeO A Ajagbe and S O Okaiyeto ldquoPrevalence of indigestibleforeign bodies in the rumenof cattle slaughtered atGwagwaladaabattoir Abuja Nigeriardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 6 no 6 pp 25ndash31 2016
[13] J Atawalna V Attoh-Kotoku and S Ewura ldquoPrevalence ofindigestible foreign materials in small ruminants slaughtered atthe Kumasi abattoir of Ghanardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 5 no 11 pp 1ndash7 2015
[14] E K Batamuzi E D Karimuribo R M Wambura et al ldquoThebeef value chain inKilosa andGairo districts Features andweaklinksrdquo Tanzanian Veterinary Journal vol 28 no 1 pp 39ndash502013
[15] A P Muhairwa P I Msoffe S Ramadhani E L Mollel M MAMtambo and A A Kassuku ldquoPrevalence of gastro-intestinal
6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
helminthes in free-range ducks in Morogoro MunicipalityrdquoLivestock Research for Rural Development vol 19 no 4 articleno 48 2007
[16] H E Nonga P Sells and E D Karimuribo ldquoOccurrences ofthermophilic Campylobacter in cattle slaughtered at Morogoromunicipal abattoir Tanzaniardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 42 no 1 pp 73ndash78 2009
[17] M Thrustfied Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford USA 2nd edition 1995
[18] J C Pace and D L Wakeman ldquoDetermining the age of cattleby their teethrdquo Department of Animal Science CooperativeExtension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville 2003
[19] S Negash B Sibhat and D Sheferaw ldquoA postmortem studyon indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum ofruminants Eastern Ethiopiardquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 82 no 1 2015
[20] K Anwar I Khan A Aslam et al ldquoPrevalence of indigestiblerumen and reticulum foreign bodies in Achai cattle at differentregions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwardquo ARPN Journal of Agriculturaland Biological Science vol 8 no 8 pp 580ndash586 2013
[21] D Tesfaye and M Chanie ldquoStudy on rumen and reticulum for-eign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal AbattoirSouthwest Ethiopiardquo American Eurasian Journal of ScientificResearch vol 7 no 4 pp 160ndash167 2012
[22] M A H Ghurashi H I Seri A H Bakheit and E A MAshwag ldquoEffect of surgical removal of foreign body from goatrsquosrumen with special reference to the prevalence of foreign bodyin goats in southern Darfurrdquo Australian Journal of Basic andApplied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 664ndash668 2009
[23] K Berrie E Tadesse B Mossie and B Anteneh ldquoStudy onrumen and reticulum foreign body in slaughtered cattle atGondar Elfora abattoirrdquo World Journal of Biology and MedicalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 133ndash150 2015
[24] B U Churko and T N Elcho ldquoPrevalence of rumen and reticu-lum foreign bodies in cattle slaugheted at Hawassa Municipalabattoir Southern Ethiopiardquo World Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Life Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 521ndash534 2017
[25] S Nugusu R Velappagounder C Unakal and R NagappanldquoStudies on foreign body ingestion and their related compli-cations in ruminants associated with inappropriate solid wastedisposal in Gondar town North West Ethiopiardquo vol 5 pp 67ndash74 2013
[26] Z B Ismail A Al-Majali and K Al-Qudah ldquoClinical andsurgical findings and outcome following rumenotomy in adultdairy cattle affected with recurrent rumen tympany associatedwith non-metallic foreign bodiesrdquo American Journal of Animaland Veterinary Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 66ndash71 2007
[27] D Tesfaye D Daba B Mekibib and A Fekadu ldquoThe problemof environmental pollution as reflected in the fore stomach ofcattle A postmortem study in Eastern EthiopiardquoGlobal Journalof Environmental Research vol 6 no 2 pp 61ndash65 2012
[28] P D Constable KW Hinchcliff S H Done andW GrunbergVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats Elsevier St Louis Missouri 11th edition2017
[29] SMAbutarbush andOMRadostits ldquoObstruction of the smallintestine caused by a hairball in 2 young beef calvesrdquo CanadianVeterinary Journal vol 45 pp 324-325 2004
Cases of occurrence of IFB in forestomachs of cattlehave been reported in Tanzania [8] and in other Africancountries such as Rwanda [5] Ethiopia [11] Nigeria [12]and Ghana [13] Metallic and nonmetallic foreign bodies thatwere isolated included nails plastic bags sewing needlesclothes pieces of milling machine sieves and hairballs [58] Morogoro region is among the areas in Tanzania withthe high number of cattle that are extensively managedunder the traditional system Kilosa Mvomero and Gairoare the districts with the cattle population that sums to400000 where most of the slaughter cattle at MorogoroMunicipal Slaughterhouse are sourced there [14] The aim ofthis study was to investigate the occurrences of indigestibleforeign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro MunicipalSlaughterhouse so as to determine the magnitude of thecondition for appropriate control measures
2 Materials and Methods
21 Study Area and Design This cross-sectional study wasconducted in September 2017 at the Morogoro MunicipalSlaughterhouse in Morogoro region The Morogoro Munic-ipality is about 200 km west of Dar es Salaam [15] and liesbetween latitudes 5∘71015840 and 10∘001015840 south of the Equator andlongitudes 35∘61015840 and 39∘51015840 east of Greenwich [16] On average100ndash120 cattle are slaughtered per day atMorogoroMunicipalSlaughterhouse The slaughter cattle originate mostly fromdifferent areas of Morogoro region in particular KilosaMvomero and Gairo
22 Sample Size and Selection of Study Animals A total of387 cattle slaughtered atMorogoroMunicipal Slaughterhousewere examined during the one-month visit at the slaughter-house The sample size was calculated based on the formula119899 = 1962119901(1 minus 119901)1198712 by Thrustfied [17] where 119899 is requiredsample size 119901 is prevalence of IFB and 119871 is precision Sincethe prevalence of IFB was unknown a prevalence of 50 wasestimated at 95 confidence and a precision of 5 was used
During the visit at the slaughterhouse study animalswere being selected from the crash when they were alignedto the slaughter hall using systematic random samplingat an interval of every five animals Therefore every fifthslaughtered animal was selected for inspection of IFB in thestomachs during postmortem examination
For all the animals thatwere selected for study the biodatalike breed age sex body condition score grazing systemand the source of the animal was recorded The age of theanimal was determined by dentition as previously describedbyPace andWakeman [18] Selected animalswere categorizedas le4 years or gt4 years The body condition was recorded aspoor moderate and good based on appearance of the animaland manual palpation of the dorsal spines and transverseprocesses of the lumbar vertebrae [19] The grazing systemand the source of the animals were explored from the owners
23 Postmortem Inspection for Indigestible Foreign BodiesAfter the cattle was slaughtered and eviscerated the rumenreticulum omasum and abomasum were put aside fordetailed examination of IFB The set of stomachs was put
on clean plastic sheet spread on the floor and straightenedto clearly display the rumen reticulum omasum and abo-masum Each stomach part was transversely cut to separateand then longitudinally sliced and the contents were beingcarefully emptied while inspecting for any material which isnot of animal feed and was being classified as IFB When thematerials were unclearly identified they were being washedwith tap water for clear visibility The encountered IFB wererecorded for each site
24 Data Analysis Data collected was entered intoMicrosoftExcel spreadsheet (Microsoft 2010) and was analyzed usingEpi Info version 7222 (Centers for Disease Control andPrevention Atlanta 2017) Frequencies (percentages) forcategorical variables were calculated and chi-square test wasused for comparison Statistically significant difference wasaccepted at a probability (119901) of 119901 lt 005
3 Results
31 General Information of Study Animals A total of 387animals were examined for presence of IFB at the MorogoroMunicipal Slaughterhouse The greater proportion (739)of the cattle that were examined originated from the Nane-naneTungi cattle auction market The rest of the animals(261) originated from different areas in Morogoro regionsuch as Dakawa Mkongeni Kitungwa Kilosa Kilakala andKichangani Up to 933 of the examined cattle were localbreeds specifically Tanzanian short horn zebu (TSZ) (801)Boran (188) and Ankole (11) Only 67 were dairycrossbred cattle (Table 1) Most of the examined animals(561) were females (Table 1)
32 Occurrences of IFB in Slaughtered Cattle Out of 387examined cattle 93 (2403) had different kinds of IFB indifferent forestomachs The frequency of occurrence of IFBwas significantly high (119901 lt 005) in intensively managedcompared to extensively managed cattle (Table 1) From the361 local breeds and 26 crossbred dairy cattle examined itwas observed that the proportion of crossbred dairy cattlewith IFB was significantly (119901 lt 005) high compared to localbreeds (Table 1) Out of 387 animals 731 were less thanor equal to four years old whereas 269 were more thanfour years old There was statistically significant difference(119901 lt 005) in the frequency of occurrence of IFB amongthe two age groups (Table 1) Among the different bodycondition categories observed the highest frequency (378)of occurrence of IFB was recorded in animals with poor bodycondition Statistically significant difference was observedbetween animals with poor body condition and those withgood body condition (Table 1)
Different types of IFB were observed which includedplastic bags fruit seeds clothing materials ropes hairballsleather materials stones metallic nails and wire (Figure 1)Among the different kinds of IFB encountered plastic bagswere the most frequently observed (505) followed by fruitseeds (183) from avocados andmangoes (Table 2) Amix ofIFBwere seen in eight animals (Figure 2) In up to 914of thetotal animals with IFB the foreign materials were present in
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3
Table 1 Occurrence of indigestible foreign bodies in different categories of cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse (119899 =387)
Parameter Category Animals examined Animals with indigestibleforeign bodies Percent Odds ratio 95 CI 119901 value
Figure 1 Different types of indigestible foreign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse Tanzania (a) Plasticbags (b) fruit seeds from avocado (c) fruit seeds from mango (d) metallic wire and nails
the rumen (Figure 3)Themetallic nails andwire (Figure 1(d))were seen in the reticulum None of the IFB was seen in theomasum and abomasum
4 Discussion
Thepurpose of this study was to assess the occurrences of IFBin cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal SlaughterhouseTanzania It was found that 2403 of the slaughtered cattlehad IFB in the forestomachs The occurrence rate of IFB incattle obtained during this study is higher than the previouslyreported studies in Rwanda [5] and Nigeria [12] which was174 and 12 respectively However it was lower than that
reported in Ethiopia [19] and Pakistan [20] which had aprevalence of 434 and 5914 respectively The variationin the prevalence of IFB in the reported areas may be theresult of different levels of environmental contaminationwith IFB Higher prevalences have been associated with highlevels of environmental contamination with foreign bodiesespecially in urban areas [21] Additionally thismay be due toseasonal variation in which the studies were conducted Theoccurrence of IFB has been reported to be high in dry seasonwhere there is scarcity of forage which makes the animaleat anything in its immediate surroundings that may includeIFB [22] Further management system may play a role in thevariation of the occurrence of IFB Lack of supplementation
4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Table 2 Frequency of occurrence of different types of indigestibleforeign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse
Type of foreign body Number () of animals withforeign body
Figure 2 A mix of indigestible foreign bodies from a cow with apoor body condition slaughtered at MorogoroMunicipal Slaughter-house P = plastic bags L = leather C = clothing material A rope isindicated by a black open arrow
of mineral and vitamins in higher producing animals suchas dairy cattle may result in pica which may predispose toconsumption of IFB
The higher prevalence of IFB in crossbred dairy cattlecompared to local breeds which was observed in this studymay be associated with the level of productivity The cross-bred dairy cattle have got higher productivity than localbreed cattle therefore lack or inadequate supplementation ofminerals and vitamins predisposes themmore to ingestion ofIFB Moreover the sourceorigin of the slaughter crossbreddairy cattle may also play a role In urban and periurbanareas such as Morogoro Municipality there is a high riskof environmental contamination with IFB especially plasticbags which are more used but are poorly disposed of Dueto the scarcity of grazing land in urban and periurban areasthe crossbred dairy cattle are normally kept at the backyardand graze very close to households As such they are moreexposed to ingestion of IFB The local breed cattle normallyoriginates from rural areas where there is extensive grazingland which is less contaminated with IFB Additionally the
320540
9140
ReticulumRumen and reticulumRumen
Figure 3The distribution of indigestible foreign bodies in differentcompartments in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse Tanzania
crossbred dairy cattle are mainly kept for milk productionsuch that once the production is low such animals are culledand they can be sent for slaughter It is most likely that themajority of female crossbred dairy cattle in this study weresent for slaughter due to low productionproductivity as aresult of ingestion of IFB This is supported by the fact that615 of female crossbred cattle were positive for IFB againstonly 230 of male crossbred cattle which had IFB Previousstudies [23ndash25] have also reported the higher occurrences ofIFB in crossbred cattle compared to those in local breeds
The higher prevalence of IFB in animals more than fouryears of age when compared to animals less than or equalto four years of age which was obtained in this study maybe associated with prolonged exposure to the contaminatedenvironment Previous studies in Ethiopia [11 21 23 24] andRwanda [5] have also reported higher prevalence of IFB inolder cattle than in young cattle
In this study it was also found that animals with poorbody condition were more likely to have IFB than thosewith good body condition Once ingested the IFB in thegastrointestinal tract may interfere with the flow of ingestaand absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and hence reduceweight gain [10 12 23] Moreover IFB may cause anorexiapain and fever and hence decreased production and loss ofbody condition [9 21 26] However other factors may havecontributed to the poor body condition of the animals such asinadequate feeding old age and chronic diseasesThe higherprevalence of IFB in animals with poor body condition whencompared to animals with good body condition has also beenreported by several authors [5 19 23 27]
Plastic bags were the most frequently encountered IFB inthis study This finding is in agreement with previous studiesin Ethiopia [11 19 23 27] and Rwanda [5] Plastic bags arecommonly used for packaging of different items and in theabsence of better means of disposal they are just thrown onland and scatter all over it and persist in the environment forlife since they are nonbiodegradable materials When cattleare grazed in such contaminated environment chances ofpicking the IFB are high as was observed in the current study
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
The nonmetallic foreign bodies such as plastic bags fruitseeds ropes clothing and leather materials which wereencountered in this study were thrown as garbage fromhouseholds Plastic bags are commonly used for packagingof different items in Morogoro Municipality Additionallymangoes and avocados are fruits which are frequently con-sumed in the municipality households The metallic foreignbodies such as nails and wires originate mainly from fencingand motor vehicle radial tire wires milling machines andfarms when repairs are made to yards and fences and inthe vicinity of feed trough [8 28] The crossbred dairycattle in Morogoro Municipality are commonly kept at thebackyard being regularly fed with maize bran from localmilling machines and grazing close to households It is mostlikely that the sources of metallic nails and wire in this studywere from milling machines and repairs made to householdsand backyard structures Hairballs resulted from ingestion ofhair as a result of excessively licking themselves or persistentsucking of pen mates [28 29] Excessive licking may be dueto a skin disease characterized by itching such as pediculosisor scabies [29] In cattle swallowed hairs are formed into ovalbodies as a result of churning and rolling movements of therumen once ingested [29] Hairballs may cause choke duringregurgitation of the cud in adult cattle or obstruction of thepylorus and small intestines in calves [29]
The occurrence of IFB in cattle at MorogoroMunicipalityindicates that there is a widespread use of plastic bags Dueto a poor disposal system of solid wastes it may contributeto a significance loss in livestock production Therefore thepublic should be encouraged to use biodegradable materialsfor packaging of different items
The higher frequency of occurrence of IFB in the rumenis probably due to its larger volume compared to othercompartments and almost all ingested feed especially of lowdensity settles in the rumen [5 23 27] The metallic foreignbodies because of their high density usually localize in thereticulum [7] as was observed in this study
5 Conclusions
It is concluded that ingestion of IFB is common in cattleslaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse It maybe a significant cause of losses in livestock productionThere-fore appropriate solidwaste disposal should be implementedAlthough slaughter facilities surveys of livestock health havelimitations they are an economical way of gathering healthinformation since they give the true picture on what ishappening in the livestock population
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this article
References
[1] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiative Ministry of Live-stock and Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania
[2] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Basic data for livestock and fisheries sector Ministry of Livestockand Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania 2014httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[3] A P Njombe and Y N Msanga Livestock and Dairy IndustryDevelopment in Tanzania rtment of Livestock Production andMarketing Infrastructure Development Ministry of LivestockDevelopment Dar es Salaam 2016 httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[4] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)ldquoLivestock sector development strategyrdquo httpwwwmifugou-vuvigotzwp-contentuploads201306Livestock-Sector-De-velopment-Strategypdf
[5] B Mushonga G Habarugira A Musabyemungu J C Udahe-muka F I Jaja and D Pepe ldquoInvestigations of foreign bodiesin the fore-stomach of cattle at ngoma slaughterhouse rwandardquoJournal of the South African Veterinary Association vol 86 no1 article no 1233 2015
[6] M A Semieka ldquoRadiography of unusual foreign body inRuminantsrdquo Veterinary World vol 3 no 10 pp 473ndash475 2010
[7] D C Blood O M Radostits C C Gay K W Hinchcliff andP D Constable Veterinary Medicine A Text Book of Diseases ofCattle Horses Sheep Pigs and Goats Saunders PhiladelphiaPennsylvania 10th edition 2007
[8] A PMuhairwa RMMaselle R D Fyumagwe J GMasambuand I S Mpelumbe ldquoSharp foreign bodies in the forestomachesof cattle Diagnosis and treatment of ten cases in the city of Dares SalaamrdquoTanzaniaVeterinary Journal vol 15 no 3-4 pp 138ndash143 1995
[9] F G Habasha and S N Yassein ldquoAdvance techniques intraumatic reticuloperitonitis diagnosis reviewrdquo Al-QadisiyaJournal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences vol 13 no 2 pp 50ndash572014
[10] I O Igbokwe M Y Kolo and G O Egwu ldquoRumen impactionin sheepwith indigestible foreign bodies in the semi-arid regionof Nigeriardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 49 no 2 pp 141ndash1462003
[11] S Mekuanint T Alemneh and T Asredie ldquoIndigestible foreignbodies causes of rumen impaction in cattle sheep and goatsslaugheted at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise Ethiopiardquo Jour-nal of Veterinary Science andMedicine vol 5 no 1 6 pages 2017
[12] J S Akinbobola J N Omeje R I Akinbobola R I AyoadeO A Ajagbe and S O Okaiyeto ldquoPrevalence of indigestibleforeign bodies in the rumenof cattle slaughtered atGwagwaladaabattoir Abuja Nigeriardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 6 no 6 pp 25ndash31 2016
[13] J Atawalna V Attoh-Kotoku and S Ewura ldquoPrevalence ofindigestible foreign materials in small ruminants slaughtered atthe Kumasi abattoir of Ghanardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 5 no 11 pp 1ndash7 2015
[14] E K Batamuzi E D Karimuribo R M Wambura et al ldquoThebeef value chain inKilosa andGairo districts Features andweaklinksrdquo Tanzanian Veterinary Journal vol 28 no 1 pp 39ndash502013
[15] A P Muhairwa P I Msoffe S Ramadhani E L Mollel M MAMtambo and A A Kassuku ldquoPrevalence of gastro-intestinal
6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
helminthes in free-range ducks in Morogoro MunicipalityrdquoLivestock Research for Rural Development vol 19 no 4 articleno 48 2007
[16] H E Nonga P Sells and E D Karimuribo ldquoOccurrences ofthermophilic Campylobacter in cattle slaughtered at Morogoromunicipal abattoir Tanzaniardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 42 no 1 pp 73ndash78 2009
[17] M Thrustfied Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford USA 2nd edition 1995
[18] J C Pace and D L Wakeman ldquoDetermining the age of cattleby their teethrdquo Department of Animal Science CooperativeExtension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville 2003
[19] S Negash B Sibhat and D Sheferaw ldquoA postmortem studyon indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum ofruminants Eastern Ethiopiardquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 82 no 1 2015
[20] K Anwar I Khan A Aslam et al ldquoPrevalence of indigestiblerumen and reticulum foreign bodies in Achai cattle at differentregions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwardquo ARPN Journal of Agriculturaland Biological Science vol 8 no 8 pp 580ndash586 2013
[21] D Tesfaye and M Chanie ldquoStudy on rumen and reticulum for-eign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal AbattoirSouthwest Ethiopiardquo American Eurasian Journal of ScientificResearch vol 7 no 4 pp 160ndash167 2012
[22] M A H Ghurashi H I Seri A H Bakheit and E A MAshwag ldquoEffect of surgical removal of foreign body from goatrsquosrumen with special reference to the prevalence of foreign bodyin goats in southern Darfurrdquo Australian Journal of Basic andApplied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 664ndash668 2009
[23] K Berrie E Tadesse B Mossie and B Anteneh ldquoStudy onrumen and reticulum foreign body in slaughtered cattle atGondar Elfora abattoirrdquo World Journal of Biology and MedicalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 133ndash150 2015
[24] B U Churko and T N Elcho ldquoPrevalence of rumen and reticu-lum foreign bodies in cattle slaugheted at Hawassa Municipalabattoir Southern Ethiopiardquo World Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Life Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 521ndash534 2017
[25] S Nugusu R Velappagounder C Unakal and R NagappanldquoStudies on foreign body ingestion and their related compli-cations in ruminants associated with inappropriate solid wastedisposal in Gondar town North West Ethiopiardquo vol 5 pp 67ndash74 2013
[26] Z B Ismail A Al-Majali and K Al-Qudah ldquoClinical andsurgical findings and outcome following rumenotomy in adultdairy cattle affected with recurrent rumen tympany associatedwith non-metallic foreign bodiesrdquo American Journal of Animaland Veterinary Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 66ndash71 2007
[27] D Tesfaye D Daba B Mekibib and A Fekadu ldquoThe problemof environmental pollution as reflected in the fore stomach ofcattle A postmortem study in Eastern EthiopiardquoGlobal Journalof Environmental Research vol 6 no 2 pp 61ndash65 2012
[28] P D Constable KW Hinchcliff S H Done andW GrunbergVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats Elsevier St Louis Missouri 11th edition2017
[29] SMAbutarbush andOMRadostits ldquoObstruction of the smallintestine caused by a hairball in 2 young beef calvesrdquo CanadianVeterinary Journal vol 45 pp 324-325 2004
Figure 1 Different types of indigestible foreign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse Tanzania (a) Plasticbags (b) fruit seeds from avocado (c) fruit seeds from mango (d) metallic wire and nails
the rumen (Figure 3)Themetallic nails andwire (Figure 1(d))were seen in the reticulum None of the IFB was seen in theomasum and abomasum
4 Discussion
Thepurpose of this study was to assess the occurrences of IFBin cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal SlaughterhouseTanzania It was found that 2403 of the slaughtered cattlehad IFB in the forestomachs The occurrence rate of IFB incattle obtained during this study is higher than the previouslyreported studies in Rwanda [5] and Nigeria [12] which was174 and 12 respectively However it was lower than that
reported in Ethiopia [19] and Pakistan [20] which had aprevalence of 434 and 5914 respectively The variationin the prevalence of IFB in the reported areas may be theresult of different levels of environmental contaminationwith IFB Higher prevalences have been associated with highlevels of environmental contamination with foreign bodiesespecially in urban areas [21] Additionally thismay be due toseasonal variation in which the studies were conducted Theoccurrence of IFB has been reported to be high in dry seasonwhere there is scarcity of forage which makes the animaleat anything in its immediate surroundings that may includeIFB [22] Further management system may play a role in thevariation of the occurrence of IFB Lack of supplementation
4 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
Table 2 Frequency of occurrence of different types of indigestibleforeign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse
Type of foreign body Number () of animals withforeign body
Figure 2 A mix of indigestible foreign bodies from a cow with apoor body condition slaughtered at MorogoroMunicipal Slaughter-house P = plastic bags L = leather C = clothing material A rope isindicated by a black open arrow
of mineral and vitamins in higher producing animals suchas dairy cattle may result in pica which may predispose toconsumption of IFB
The higher prevalence of IFB in crossbred dairy cattlecompared to local breeds which was observed in this studymay be associated with the level of productivity The cross-bred dairy cattle have got higher productivity than localbreed cattle therefore lack or inadequate supplementation ofminerals and vitamins predisposes themmore to ingestion ofIFB Moreover the sourceorigin of the slaughter crossbreddairy cattle may also play a role In urban and periurbanareas such as Morogoro Municipality there is a high riskof environmental contamination with IFB especially plasticbags which are more used but are poorly disposed of Dueto the scarcity of grazing land in urban and periurban areasthe crossbred dairy cattle are normally kept at the backyardand graze very close to households As such they are moreexposed to ingestion of IFB The local breed cattle normallyoriginates from rural areas where there is extensive grazingland which is less contaminated with IFB Additionally the
320540
9140
ReticulumRumen and reticulumRumen
Figure 3The distribution of indigestible foreign bodies in differentcompartments in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse Tanzania
crossbred dairy cattle are mainly kept for milk productionsuch that once the production is low such animals are culledand they can be sent for slaughter It is most likely that themajority of female crossbred dairy cattle in this study weresent for slaughter due to low productionproductivity as aresult of ingestion of IFB This is supported by the fact that615 of female crossbred cattle were positive for IFB againstonly 230 of male crossbred cattle which had IFB Previousstudies [23ndash25] have also reported the higher occurrences ofIFB in crossbred cattle compared to those in local breeds
The higher prevalence of IFB in animals more than fouryears of age when compared to animals less than or equalto four years of age which was obtained in this study maybe associated with prolonged exposure to the contaminatedenvironment Previous studies in Ethiopia [11 21 23 24] andRwanda [5] have also reported higher prevalence of IFB inolder cattle than in young cattle
In this study it was also found that animals with poorbody condition were more likely to have IFB than thosewith good body condition Once ingested the IFB in thegastrointestinal tract may interfere with the flow of ingestaand absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and hence reduceweight gain [10 12 23] Moreover IFB may cause anorexiapain and fever and hence decreased production and loss ofbody condition [9 21 26] However other factors may havecontributed to the poor body condition of the animals such asinadequate feeding old age and chronic diseasesThe higherprevalence of IFB in animals with poor body condition whencompared to animals with good body condition has also beenreported by several authors [5 19 23 27]
Plastic bags were the most frequently encountered IFB inthis study This finding is in agreement with previous studiesin Ethiopia [11 19 23 27] and Rwanda [5] Plastic bags arecommonly used for packaging of different items and in theabsence of better means of disposal they are just thrown onland and scatter all over it and persist in the environment forlife since they are nonbiodegradable materials When cattleare grazed in such contaminated environment chances ofpicking the IFB are high as was observed in the current study
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
The nonmetallic foreign bodies such as plastic bags fruitseeds ropes clothing and leather materials which wereencountered in this study were thrown as garbage fromhouseholds Plastic bags are commonly used for packagingof different items in Morogoro Municipality Additionallymangoes and avocados are fruits which are frequently con-sumed in the municipality households The metallic foreignbodies such as nails and wires originate mainly from fencingand motor vehicle radial tire wires milling machines andfarms when repairs are made to yards and fences and inthe vicinity of feed trough [8 28] The crossbred dairycattle in Morogoro Municipality are commonly kept at thebackyard being regularly fed with maize bran from localmilling machines and grazing close to households It is mostlikely that the sources of metallic nails and wire in this studywere from milling machines and repairs made to householdsand backyard structures Hairballs resulted from ingestion ofhair as a result of excessively licking themselves or persistentsucking of pen mates [28 29] Excessive licking may be dueto a skin disease characterized by itching such as pediculosisor scabies [29] In cattle swallowed hairs are formed into ovalbodies as a result of churning and rolling movements of therumen once ingested [29] Hairballs may cause choke duringregurgitation of the cud in adult cattle or obstruction of thepylorus and small intestines in calves [29]
The occurrence of IFB in cattle at MorogoroMunicipalityindicates that there is a widespread use of plastic bags Dueto a poor disposal system of solid wastes it may contributeto a significance loss in livestock production Therefore thepublic should be encouraged to use biodegradable materialsfor packaging of different items
The higher frequency of occurrence of IFB in the rumenis probably due to its larger volume compared to othercompartments and almost all ingested feed especially of lowdensity settles in the rumen [5 23 27] The metallic foreignbodies because of their high density usually localize in thereticulum [7] as was observed in this study
5 Conclusions
It is concluded that ingestion of IFB is common in cattleslaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse It maybe a significant cause of losses in livestock productionThere-fore appropriate solidwaste disposal should be implementedAlthough slaughter facilities surveys of livestock health havelimitations they are an economical way of gathering healthinformation since they give the true picture on what ishappening in the livestock population
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this article
References
[1] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiative Ministry of Live-stock and Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania
[2] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Basic data for livestock and fisheries sector Ministry of Livestockand Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania 2014httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[3] A P Njombe and Y N Msanga Livestock and Dairy IndustryDevelopment in Tanzania rtment of Livestock Production andMarketing Infrastructure Development Ministry of LivestockDevelopment Dar es Salaam 2016 httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[4] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)ldquoLivestock sector development strategyrdquo httpwwwmifugou-vuvigotzwp-contentuploads201306Livestock-Sector-De-velopment-Strategypdf
[5] B Mushonga G Habarugira A Musabyemungu J C Udahe-muka F I Jaja and D Pepe ldquoInvestigations of foreign bodiesin the fore-stomach of cattle at ngoma slaughterhouse rwandardquoJournal of the South African Veterinary Association vol 86 no1 article no 1233 2015
[6] M A Semieka ldquoRadiography of unusual foreign body inRuminantsrdquo Veterinary World vol 3 no 10 pp 473ndash475 2010
[7] D C Blood O M Radostits C C Gay K W Hinchcliff andP D Constable Veterinary Medicine A Text Book of Diseases ofCattle Horses Sheep Pigs and Goats Saunders PhiladelphiaPennsylvania 10th edition 2007
[8] A PMuhairwa RMMaselle R D Fyumagwe J GMasambuand I S Mpelumbe ldquoSharp foreign bodies in the forestomachesof cattle Diagnosis and treatment of ten cases in the city of Dares SalaamrdquoTanzaniaVeterinary Journal vol 15 no 3-4 pp 138ndash143 1995
[9] F G Habasha and S N Yassein ldquoAdvance techniques intraumatic reticuloperitonitis diagnosis reviewrdquo Al-QadisiyaJournal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences vol 13 no 2 pp 50ndash572014
[10] I O Igbokwe M Y Kolo and G O Egwu ldquoRumen impactionin sheepwith indigestible foreign bodies in the semi-arid regionof Nigeriardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 49 no 2 pp 141ndash1462003
[11] S Mekuanint T Alemneh and T Asredie ldquoIndigestible foreignbodies causes of rumen impaction in cattle sheep and goatsslaugheted at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise Ethiopiardquo Jour-nal of Veterinary Science andMedicine vol 5 no 1 6 pages 2017
[12] J S Akinbobola J N Omeje R I Akinbobola R I AyoadeO A Ajagbe and S O Okaiyeto ldquoPrevalence of indigestibleforeign bodies in the rumenof cattle slaughtered atGwagwaladaabattoir Abuja Nigeriardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 6 no 6 pp 25ndash31 2016
[13] J Atawalna V Attoh-Kotoku and S Ewura ldquoPrevalence ofindigestible foreign materials in small ruminants slaughtered atthe Kumasi abattoir of Ghanardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 5 no 11 pp 1ndash7 2015
[14] E K Batamuzi E D Karimuribo R M Wambura et al ldquoThebeef value chain inKilosa andGairo districts Features andweaklinksrdquo Tanzanian Veterinary Journal vol 28 no 1 pp 39ndash502013
[15] A P Muhairwa P I Msoffe S Ramadhani E L Mollel M MAMtambo and A A Kassuku ldquoPrevalence of gastro-intestinal
6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
helminthes in free-range ducks in Morogoro MunicipalityrdquoLivestock Research for Rural Development vol 19 no 4 articleno 48 2007
[16] H E Nonga P Sells and E D Karimuribo ldquoOccurrences ofthermophilic Campylobacter in cattle slaughtered at Morogoromunicipal abattoir Tanzaniardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 42 no 1 pp 73ndash78 2009
[17] M Thrustfied Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford USA 2nd edition 1995
[18] J C Pace and D L Wakeman ldquoDetermining the age of cattleby their teethrdquo Department of Animal Science CooperativeExtension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville 2003
[19] S Negash B Sibhat and D Sheferaw ldquoA postmortem studyon indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum ofruminants Eastern Ethiopiardquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 82 no 1 2015
[20] K Anwar I Khan A Aslam et al ldquoPrevalence of indigestiblerumen and reticulum foreign bodies in Achai cattle at differentregions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwardquo ARPN Journal of Agriculturaland Biological Science vol 8 no 8 pp 580ndash586 2013
[21] D Tesfaye and M Chanie ldquoStudy on rumen and reticulum for-eign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal AbattoirSouthwest Ethiopiardquo American Eurasian Journal of ScientificResearch vol 7 no 4 pp 160ndash167 2012
[22] M A H Ghurashi H I Seri A H Bakheit and E A MAshwag ldquoEffect of surgical removal of foreign body from goatrsquosrumen with special reference to the prevalence of foreign bodyin goats in southern Darfurrdquo Australian Journal of Basic andApplied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 664ndash668 2009
[23] K Berrie E Tadesse B Mossie and B Anteneh ldquoStudy onrumen and reticulum foreign body in slaughtered cattle atGondar Elfora abattoirrdquo World Journal of Biology and MedicalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 133ndash150 2015
[24] B U Churko and T N Elcho ldquoPrevalence of rumen and reticu-lum foreign bodies in cattle slaugheted at Hawassa Municipalabattoir Southern Ethiopiardquo World Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Life Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 521ndash534 2017
[25] S Nugusu R Velappagounder C Unakal and R NagappanldquoStudies on foreign body ingestion and their related compli-cations in ruminants associated with inappropriate solid wastedisposal in Gondar town North West Ethiopiardquo vol 5 pp 67ndash74 2013
[26] Z B Ismail A Al-Majali and K Al-Qudah ldquoClinical andsurgical findings and outcome following rumenotomy in adultdairy cattle affected with recurrent rumen tympany associatedwith non-metallic foreign bodiesrdquo American Journal of Animaland Veterinary Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 66ndash71 2007
[27] D Tesfaye D Daba B Mekibib and A Fekadu ldquoThe problemof environmental pollution as reflected in the fore stomach ofcattle A postmortem study in Eastern EthiopiardquoGlobal Journalof Environmental Research vol 6 no 2 pp 61ndash65 2012
[28] P D Constable KW Hinchcliff S H Done andW GrunbergVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats Elsevier St Louis Missouri 11th edition2017
[29] SMAbutarbush andOMRadostits ldquoObstruction of the smallintestine caused by a hairball in 2 young beef calvesrdquo CanadianVeterinary Journal vol 45 pp 324-325 2004
Figure 2 A mix of indigestible foreign bodies from a cow with apoor body condition slaughtered at MorogoroMunicipal Slaughter-house P = plastic bags L = leather C = clothing material A rope isindicated by a black open arrow
of mineral and vitamins in higher producing animals suchas dairy cattle may result in pica which may predispose toconsumption of IFB
The higher prevalence of IFB in crossbred dairy cattlecompared to local breeds which was observed in this studymay be associated with the level of productivity The cross-bred dairy cattle have got higher productivity than localbreed cattle therefore lack or inadequate supplementation ofminerals and vitamins predisposes themmore to ingestion ofIFB Moreover the sourceorigin of the slaughter crossbreddairy cattle may also play a role In urban and periurbanareas such as Morogoro Municipality there is a high riskof environmental contamination with IFB especially plasticbags which are more used but are poorly disposed of Dueto the scarcity of grazing land in urban and periurban areasthe crossbred dairy cattle are normally kept at the backyardand graze very close to households As such they are moreexposed to ingestion of IFB The local breed cattle normallyoriginates from rural areas where there is extensive grazingland which is less contaminated with IFB Additionally the
320540
9140
ReticulumRumen and reticulumRumen
Figure 3The distribution of indigestible foreign bodies in differentcompartments in cattle slaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaugh-terhouse Tanzania
crossbred dairy cattle are mainly kept for milk productionsuch that once the production is low such animals are culledand they can be sent for slaughter It is most likely that themajority of female crossbred dairy cattle in this study weresent for slaughter due to low productionproductivity as aresult of ingestion of IFB This is supported by the fact that615 of female crossbred cattle were positive for IFB againstonly 230 of male crossbred cattle which had IFB Previousstudies [23ndash25] have also reported the higher occurrences ofIFB in crossbred cattle compared to those in local breeds
The higher prevalence of IFB in animals more than fouryears of age when compared to animals less than or equalto four years of age which was obtained in this study maybe associated with prolonged exposure to the contaminatedenvironment Previous studies in Ethiopia [11 21 23 24] andRwanda [5] have also reported higher prevalence of IFB inolder cattle than in young cattle
In this study it was also found that animals with poorbody condition were more likely to have IFB than thosewith good body condition Once ingested the IFB in thegastrointestinal tract may interfere with the flow of ingestaand absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and hence reduceweight gain [10 12 23] Moreover IFB may cause anorexiapain and fever and hence decreased production and loss ofbody condition [9 21 26] However other factors may havecontributed to the poor body condition of the animals such asinadequate feeding old age and chronic diseasesThe higherprevalence of IFB in animals with poor body condition whencompared to animals with good body condition has also beenreported by several authors [5 19 23 27]
Plastic bags were the most frequently encountered IFB inthis study This finding is in agreement with previous studiesin Ethiopia [11 19 23 27] and Rwanda [5] Plastic bags arecommonly used for packaging of different items and in theabsence of better means of disposal they are just thrown onland and scatter all over it and persist in the environment forlife since they are nonbiodegradable materials When cattleare grazed in such contaminated environment chances ofpicking the IFB are high as was observed in the current study
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 5
The nonmetallic foreign bodies such as plastic bags fruitseeds ropes clothing and leather materials which wereencountered in this study were thrown as garbage fromhouseholds Plastic bags are commonly used for packagingof different items in Morogoro Municipality Additionallymangoes and avocados are fruits which are frequently con-sumed in the municipality households The metallic foreignbodies such as nails and wires originate mainly from fencingand motor vehicle radial tire wires milling machines andfarms when repairs are made to yards and fences and inthe vicinity of feed trough [8 28] The crossbred dairycattle in Morogoro Municipality are commonly kept at thebackyard being regularly fed with maize bran from localmilling machines and grazing close to households It is mostlikely that the sources of metallic nails and wire in this studywere from milling machines and repairs made to householdsand backyard structures Hairballs resulted from ingestion ofhair as a result of excessively licking themselves or persistentsucking of pen mates [28 29] Excessive licking may be dueto a skin disease characterized by itching such as pediculosisor scabies [29] In cattle swallowed hairs are formed into ovalbodies as a result of churning and rolling movements of therumen once ingested [29] Hairballs may cause choke duringregurgitation of the cud in adult cattle or obstruction of thepylorus and small intestines in calves [29]
The occurrence of IFB in cattle at MorogoroMunicipalityindicates that there is a widespread use of plastic bags Dueto a poor disposal system of solid wastes it may contributeto a significance loss in livestock production Therefore thepublic should be encouraged to use biodegradable materialsfor packaging of different items
The higher frequency of occurrence of IFB in the rumenis probably due to its larger volume compared to othercompartments and almost all ingested feed especially of lowdensity settles in the rumen [5 23 27] The metallic foreignbodies because of their high density usually localize in thereticulum [7] as was observed in this study
5 Conclusions
It is concluded that ingestion of IFB is common in cattleslaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse It maybe a significant cause of losses in livestock productionThere-fore appropriate solidwaste disposal should be implementedAlthough slaughter facilities surveys of livestock health havelimitations they are an economical way of gathering healthinformation since they give the true picture on what ishappening in the livestock population
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this article
References
[1] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiative Ministry of Live-stock and Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania
[2] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Basic data for livestock and fisheries sector Ministry of Livestockand Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania 2014httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[3] A P Njombe and Y N Msanga Livestock and Dairy IndustryDevelopment in Tanzania rtment of Livestock Production andMarketing Infrastructure Development Ministry of LivestockDevelopment Dar es Salaam 2016 httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[4] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)ldquoLivestock sector development strategyrdquo httpwwwmifugou-vuvigotzwp-contentuploads201306Livestock-Sector-De-velopment-Strategypdf
[5] B Mushonga G Habarugira A Musabyemungu J C Udahe-muka F I Jaja and D Pepe ldquoInvestigations of foreign bodiesin the fore-stomach of cattle at ngoma slaughterhouse rwandardquoJournal of the South African Veterinary Association vol 86 no1 article no 1233 2015
[6] M A Semieka ldquoRadiography of unusual foreign body inRuminantsrdquo Veterinary World vol 3 no 10 pp 473ndash475 2010
[7] D C Blood O M Radostits C C Gay K W Hinchcliff andP D Constable Veterinary Medicine A Text Book of Diseases ofCattle Horses Sheep Pigs and Goats Saunders PhiladelphiaPennsylvania 10th edition 2007
[8] A PMuhairwa RMMaselle R D Fyumagwe J GMasambuand I S Mpelumbe ldquoSharp foreign bodies in the forestomachesof cattle Diagnosis and treatment of ten cases in the city of Dares SalaamrdquoTanzaniaVeterinary Journal vol 15 no 3-4 pp 138ndash143 1995
[9] F G Habasha and S N Yassein ldquoAdvance techniques intraumatic reticuloperitonitis diagnosis reviewrdquo Al-QadisiyaJournal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences vol 13 no 2 pp 50ndash572014
[10] I O Igbokwe M Y Kolo and G O Egwu ldquoRumen impactionin sheepwith indigestible foreign bodies in the semi-arid regionof Nigeriardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 49 no 2 pp 141ndash1462003
[11] S Mekuanint T Alemneh and T Asredie ldquoIndigestible foreignbodies causes of rumen impaction in cattle sheep and goatsslaugheted at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise Ethiopiardquo Jour-nal of Veterinary Science andMedicine vol 5 no 1 6 pages 2017
[12] J S Akinbobola J N Omeje R I Akinbobola R I AyoadeO A Ajagbe and S O Okaiyeto ldquoPrevalence of indigestibleforeign bodies in the rumenof cattle slaughtered atGwagwaladaabattoir Abuja Nigeriardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 6 no 6 pp 25ndash31 2016
[13] J Atawalna V Attoh-Kotoku and S Ewura ldquoPrevalence ofindigestible foreign materials in small ruminants slaughtered atthe Kumasi abattoir of Ghanardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 5 no 11 pp 1ndash7 2015
[14] E K Batamuzi E D Karimuribo R M Wambura et al ldquoThebeef value chain inKilosa andGairo districts Features andweaklinksrdquo Tanzanian Veterinary Journal vol 28 no 1 pp 39ndash502013
[15] A P Muhairwa P I Msoffe S Ramadhani E L Mollel M MAMtambo and A A Kassuku ldquoPrevalence of gastro-intestinal
6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
helminthes in free-range ducks in Morogoro MunicipalityrdquoLivestock Research for Rural Development vol 19 no 4 articleno 48 2007
[16] H E Nonga P Sells and E D Karimuribo ldquoOccurrences ofthermophilic Campylobacter in cattle slaughtered at Morogoromunicipal abattoir Tanzaniardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 42 no 1 pp 73ndash78 2009
[17] M Thrustfied Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford USA 2nd edition 1995
[18] J C Pace and D L Wakeman ldquoDetermining the age of cattleby their teethrdquo Department of Animal Science CooperativeExtension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville 2003
[19] S Negash B Sibhat and D Sheferaw ldquoA postmortem studyon indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum ofruminants Eastern Ethiopiardquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 82 no 1 2015
[20] K Anwar I Khan A Aslam et al ldquoPrevalence of indigestiblerumen and reticulum foreign bodies in Achai cattle at differentregions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwardquo ARPN Journal of Agriculturaland Biological Science vol 8 no 8 pp 580ndash586 2013
[21] D Tesfaye and M Chanie ldquoStudy on rumen and reticulum for-eign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal AbattoirSouthwest Ethiopiardquo American Eurasian Journal of ScientificResearch vol 7 no 4 pp 160ndash167 2012
[22] M A H Ghurashi H I Seri A H Bakheit and E A MAshwag ldquoEffect of surgical removal of foreign body from goatrsquosrumen with special reference to the prevalence of foreign bodyin goats in southern Darfurrdquo Australian Journal of Basic andApplied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 664ndash668 2009
[23] K Berrie E Tadesse B Mossie and B Anteneh ldquoStudy onrumen and reticulum foreign body in slaughtered cattle atGondar Elfora abattoirrdquo World Journal of Biology and MedicalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 133ndash150 2015
[24] B U Churko and T N Elcho ldquoPrevalence of rumen and reticu-lum foreign bodies in cattle slaugheted at Hawassa Municipalabattoir Southern Ethiopiardquo World Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Life Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 521ndash534 2017
[25] S Nugusu R Velappagounder C Unakal and R NagappanldquoStudies on foreign body ingestion and their related compli-cations in ruminants associated with inappropriate solid wastedisposal in Gondar town North West Ethiopiardquo vol 5 pp 67ndash74 2013
[26] Z B Ismail A Al-Majali and K Al-Qudah ldquoClinical andsurgical findings and outcome following rumenotomy in adultdairy cattle affected with recurrent rumen tympany associatedwith non-metallic foreign bodiesrdquo American Journal of Animaland Veterinary Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 66ndash71 2007
[27] D Tesfaye D Daba B Mekibib and A Fekadu ldquoThe problemof environmental pollution as reflected in the fore stomach ofcattle A postmortem study in Eastern EthiopiardquoGlobal Journalof Environmental Research vol 6 no 2 pp 61ndash65 2012
[28] P D Constable KW Hinchcliff S H Done andW GrunbergVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats Elsevier St Louis Missouri 11th edition2017
[29] SMAbutarbush andOMRadostits ldquoObstruction of the smallintestine caused by a hairball in 2 young beef calvesrdquo CanadianVeterinary Journal vol 45 pp 324-325 2004
The nonmetallic foreign bodies such as plastic bags fruitseeds ropes clothing and leather materials which wereencountered in this study were thrown as garbage fromhouseholds Plastic bags are commonly used for packagingof different items in Morogoro Municipality Additionallymangoes and avocados are fruits which are frequently con-sumed in the municipality households The metallic foreignbodies such as nails and wires originate mainly from fencingand motor vehicle radial tire wires milling machines andfarms when repairs are made to yards and fences and inthe vicinity of feed trough [8 28] The crossbred dairycattle in Morogoro Municipality are commonly kept at thebackyard being regularly fed with maize bran from localmilling machines and grazing close to households It is mostlikely that the sources of metallic nails and wire in this studywere from milling machines and repairs made to householdsand backyard structures Hairballs resulted from ingestion ofhair as a result of excessively licking themselves or persistentsucking of pen mates [28 29] Excessive licking may be dueto a skin disease characterized by itching such as pediculosisor scabies [29] In cattle swallowed hairs are formed into ovalbodies as a result of churning and rolling movements of therumen once ingested [29] Hairballs may cause choke duringregurgitation of the cud in adult cattle or obstruction of thepylorus and small intestines in calves [29]
The occurrence of IFB in cattle at MorogoroMunicipalityindicates that there is a widespread use of plastic bags Dueto a poor disposal system of solid wastes it may contributeto a significance loss in livestock production Therefore thepublic should be encouraged to use biodegradable materialsfor packaging of different items
The higher frequency of occurrence of IFB in the rumenis probably due to its larger volume compared to othercompartments and almost all ingested feed especially of lowdensity settles in the rumen [5 23 27] The metallic foreignbodies because of their high density usually localize in thereticulum [7] as was observed in this study
5 Conclusions
It is concluded that ingestion of IFB is common in cattleslaughtered at Morogoro Municipal Slaughterhouse It maybe a significant cause of losses in livestock productionThere-fore appropriate solidwaste disposal should be implementedAlthough slaughter facilities surveys of livestock health havelimitations they are an economical way of gathering healthinformation since they give the true picture on what ishappening in the livestock population
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interestregarding the publication of this article
References
[1] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiative Ministry of Live-stock and Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania
[2] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)Basic data for livestock and fisheries sector Ministry of Livestockand Fisheries Development Dar es Salaam Tanzania 2014httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[3] A P Njombe and Y N Msanga Livestock and Dairy IndustryDevelopment in Tanzania rtment of Livestock Production andMarketing Infrastructure Development Ministry of LivestockDevelopment Dar es Salaam 2016 httpwwwmifugouvuvigotzwp-contentuploads201412DRAFT-ONE- Basic-Data-1pdf
[4] Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development (MLFD)ldquoLivestock sector development strategyrdquo httpwwwmifugou-vuvigotzwp-contentuploads201306Livestock-Sector-De-velopment-Strategypdf
[5] B Mushonga G Habarugira A Musabyemungu J C Udahe-muka F I Jaja and D Pepe ldquoInvestigations of foreign bodiesin the fore-stomach of cattle at ngoma slaughterhouse rwandardquoJournal of the South African Veterinary Association vol 86 no1 article no 1233 2015
[6] M A Semieka ldquoRadiography of unusual foreign body inRuminantsrdquo Veterinary World vol 3 no 10 pp 473ndash475 2010
[7] D C Blood O M Radostits C C Gay K W Hinchcliff andP D Constable Veterinary Medicine A Text Book of Diseases ofCattle Horses Sheep Pigs and Goats Saunders PhiladelphiaPennsylvania 10th edition 2007
[8] A PMuhairwa RMMaselle R D Fyumagwe J GMasambuand I S Mpelumbe ldquoSharp foreign bodies in the forestomachesof cattle Diagnosis and treatment of ten cases in the city of Dares SalaamrdquoTanzaniaVeterinary Journal vol 15 no 3-4 pp 138ndash143 1995
[9] F G Habasha and S N Yassein ldquoAdvance techniques intraumatic reticuloperitonitis diagnosis reviewrdquo Al-QadisiyaJournal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences vol 13 no 2 pp 50ndash572014
[10] I O Igbokwe M Y Kolo and G O Egwu ldquoRumen impactionin sheepwith indigestible foreign bodies in the semi-arid regionof Nigeriardquo Small Ruminant Research vol 49 no 2 pp 141ndash1462003
[11] S Mekuanint T Alemneh and T Asredie ldquoIndigestible foreignbodies causes of rumen impaction in cattle sheep and goatsslaugheted at Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise Ethiopiardquo Jour-nal of Veterinary Science andMedicine vol 5 no 1 6 pages 2017
[12] J S Akinbobola J N Omeje R I Akinbobola R I AyoadeO A Ajagbe and S O Okaiyeto ldquoPrevalence of indigestibleforeign bodies in the rumenof cattle slaughtered atGwagwaladaabattoir Abuja Nigeriardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 6 no 6 pp 25ndash31 2016
[13] J Atawalna V Attoh-Kotoku and S Ewura ldquoPrevalence ofindigestible foreign materials in small ruminants slaughtered atthe Kumasi abattoir of Ghanardquo International Journal of LivestockResearch vol 5 no 11 pp 1ndash7 2015
[14] E K Batamuzi E D Karimuribo R M Wambura et al ldquoThebeef value chain inKilosa andGairo districts Features andweaklinksrdquo Tanzanian Veterinary Journal vol 28 no 1 pp 39ndash502013
[15] A P Muhairwa P I Msoffe S Ramadhani E L Mollel M MAMtambo and A A Kassuku ldquoPrevalence of gastro-intestinal
6 Journal of Veterinary Medicine
helminthes in free-range ducks in Morogoro MunicipalityrdquoLivestock Research for Rural Development vol 19 no 4 articleno 48 2007
[16] H E Nonga P Sells and E D Karimuribo ldquoOccurrences ofthermophilic Campylobacter in cattle slaughtered at Morogoromunicipal abattoir Tanzaniardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 42 no 1 pp 73ndash78 2009
[17] M Thrustfied Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford USA 2nd edition 1995
[18] J C Pace and D L Wakeman ldquoDetermining the age of cattleby their teethrdquo Department of Animal Science CooperativeExtension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville 2003
[19] S Negash B Sibhat and D Sheferaw ldquoA postmortem studyon indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum ofruminants Eastern Ethiopiardquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 82 no 1 2015
[20] K Anwar I Khan A Aslam et al ldquoPrevalence of indigestiblerumen and reticulum foreign bodies in Achai cattle at differentregions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwardquo ARPN Journal of Agriculturaland Biological Science vol 8 no 8 pp 580ndash586 2013
[21] D Tesfaye and M Chanie ldquoStudy on rumen and reticulum for-eign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal AbattoirSouthwest Ethiopiardquo American Eurasian Journal of ScientificResearch vol 7 no 4 pp 160ndash167 2012
[22] M A H Ghurashi H I Seri A H Bakheit and E A MAshwag ldquoEffect of surgical removal of foreign body from goatrsquosrumen with special reference to the prevalence of foreign bodyin goats in southern Darfurrdquo Australian Journal of Basic andApplied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 664ndash668 2009
[23] K Berrie E Tadesse B Mossie and B Anteneh ldquoStudy onrumen and reticulum foreign body in slaughtered cattle atGondar Elfora abattoirrdquo World Journal of Biology and MedicalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 133ndash150 2015
[24] B U Churko and T N Elcho ldquoPrevalence of rumen and reticu-lum foreign bodies in cattle slaugheted at Hawassa Municipalabattoir Southern Ethiopiardquo World Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Life Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 521ndash534 2017
[25] S Nugusu R Velappagounder C Unakal and R NagappanldquoStudies on foreign body ingestion and their related compli-cations in ruminants associated with inappropriate solid wastedisposal in Gondar town North West Ethiopiardquo vol 5 pp 67ndash74 2013
[26] Z B Ismail A Al-Majali and K Al-Qudah ldquoClinical andsurgical findings and outcome following rumenotomy in adultdairy cattle affected with recurrent rumen tympany associatedwith non-metallic foreign bodiesrdquo American Journal of Animaland Veterinary Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 66ndash71 2007
[27] D Tesfaye D Daba B Mekibib and A Fekadu ldquoThe problemof environmental pollution as reflected in the fore stomach ofcattle A postmortem study in Eastern EthiopiardquoGlobal Journalof Environmental Research vol 6 no 2 pp 61ndash65 2012
[28] P D Constable KW Hinchcliff S H Done andW GrunbergVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats Elsevier St Louis Missouri 11th edition2017
[29] SMAbutarbush andOMRadostits ldquoObstruction of the smallintestine caused by a hairball in 2 young beef calvesrdquo CanadianVeterinary Journal vol 45 pp 324-325 2004
helminthes in free-range ducks in Morogoro MunicipalityrdquoLivestock Research for Rural Development vol 19 no 4 articleno 48 2007
[16] H E Nonga P Sells and E D Karimuribo ldquoOccurrences ofthermophilic Campylobacter in cattle slaughtered at Morogoromunicipal abattoir Tanzaniardquo Tropical Animal Health andProduction vol 42 no 1 pp 73ndash78 2009
[17] M Thrustfied Veterinary Epidemiology Blackwell ScienceOxford USA 2nd edition 1995
[18] J C Pace and D L Wakeman ldquoDetermining the age of cattleby their teethrdquo Department of Animal Science CooperativeExtension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of Florida Gainesville 2003
[19] S Negash B Sibhat and D Sheferaw ldquoA postmortem studyon indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum ofruminants Eastern Ethiopiardquo Onderstepoort Journal of Veteri-nary Research vol 82 no 1 2015
[20] K Anwar I Khan A Aslam et al ldquoPrevalence of indigestiblerumen and reticulum foreign bodies in Achai cattle at differentregions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwardquo ARPN Journal of Agriculturaland Biological Science vol 8 no 8 pp 580ndash586 2013
[21] D Tesfaye and M Chanie ldquoStudy on rumen and reticulum for-eign bodies in cattle slaughtered at Jimma Municipal AbattoirSouthwest Ethiopiardquo American Eurasian Journal of ScientificResearch vol 7 no 4 pp 160ndash167 2012
[22] M A H Ghurashi H I Seri A H Bakheit and E A MAshwag ldquoEffect of surgical removal of foreign body from goatrsquosrumen with special reference to the prevalence of foreign bodyin goats in southern Darfurrdquo Australian Journal of Basic andApplied Sciences vol 3 no 2 pp 664ndash668 2009
[23] K Berrie E Tadesse B Mossie and B Anteneh ldquoStudy onrumen and reticulum foreign body in slaughtered cattle atGondar Elfora abattoirrdquo World Journal of Biology and MedicalSciences vol 2 no 4 pp 133ndash150 2015
[24] B U Churko and T N Elcho ldquoPrevalence of rumen and reticu-lum foreign bodies in cattle slaugheted at Hawassa Municipalabattoir Southern Ethiopiardquo World Journal of Pharmaceuticaland Life Sciences vol 3 no 1 pp 521ndash534 2017
[25] S Nugusu R Velappagounder C Unakal and R NagappanldquoStudies on foreign body ingestion and their related compli-cations in ruminants associated with inappropriate solid wastedisposal in Gondar town North West Ethiopiardquo vol 5 pp 67ndash74 2013
[26] Z B Ismail A Al-Majali and K Al-Qudah ldquoClinical andsurgical findings and outcome following rumenotomy in adultdairy cattle affected with recurrent rumen tympany associatedwith non-metallic foreign bodiesrdquo American Journal of Animaland Veterinary Sciences vol 2 no 3 pp 66ndash71 2007
[27] D Tesfaye D Daba B Mekibib and A Fekadu ldquoThe problemof environmental pollution as reflected in the fore stomach ofcattle A postmortem study in Eastern EthiopiardquoGlobal Journalof Environmental Research vol 6 no 2 pp 61ndash65 2012
[28] P D Constable KW Hinchcliff S H Done andW GrunbergVeterinary Medicine A Textbook of Diseases of Cattle HorsesSheep Pigs and Goats Elsevier St Louis Missouri 11th edition2017
[29] SMAbutarbush andOMRadostits ldquoObstruction of the smallintestine caused by a hairball in 2 young beef calvesrdquo CanadianVeterinary Journal vol 45 pp 324-325 2004
