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April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James RubensteinChapter 1Key Issue 1
How Do Geographers Address Where Things
Are?
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 2
Before travel began, a map existed.
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 3
Earth is a Map
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Cartography
The science of map-making.
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Maps
A two-dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it.
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Two purposes of Maps
Store reference material
Communicate geographic information
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Geographers Think about the arrangements of people and activities found in space.
Try to understand why those people and activities are distributed across space as they are.
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Geographers use maps
as a method of depicting the distribution of features
as a tool for explaining observed patterns.
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Earliest Mapmaking
The earliest surviving maps were drawn by Babylonians on clay tablets about 2300 B.C.
Polynesian peoples navigated for thousands of years with three dimensional maps.
Mediterranean sailors and traders made maps as early as 800 B.C.
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Thales (624?-546? B.C.)
Applied principals to measuring land area.
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Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
First to demonstrate the earth was spherical. Observed the curved shadow of the earth on the moon during an eclipse and That the visible groups of stars change as one travels north or south.
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Eratosthenes (2767-1947 B.C.)
First to use the word geography Calculated the circumference of the earth Made one of the earliest maps of the known world, correctly dividing Earth into five climatic regions.
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Ptolemy (A.D. 1007-1707)
Wrote an eight-volume Guide to Geography, taking advantage of information collected
by merchants and soldiers who traveled throughout the Roman
Empire.
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Non-European Phei Hsiu, "father of Chinese cartography," produced an elaborate map of China,A.D. 267.
The Muslim geographer al-Idrisi (1100-1165?) prepared a world map and geography text in 1154.
lbn- Battutah (1305-13687) wrote Rihlah (Travels) based on three decades of joumeys.
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During the Age of Exploration and
DiscoveryGeography and mapmaking enjoyed a
revival.By the 17th century, maps accurately displayed the
outline of most continents and the position of oceans.
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Gerardus Mercator (A.D. 1512-94)
Best known for the Mercator projection - a
cylindrical map projection still widely
used today.
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Mercator Projection
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Bernhardus Varenius (A.D. 1622-50)
Produced Geographia Generalis, which stood
form more than a century as the standard treatise on systemic geographic.
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Map Scale
The relationship of a feature’s size on a
map to its actual size on Earth.
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Scale is represented in 3
ways:- a fraction (1/24,000) or ratio (1:24,000)
- a written statement (" 1 inch equals 1
mile") - a graphic bar scale.
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The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map
depends on its scale.
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Projection
The scientific method of transferring
locations on the Earth’s surface to a
flat map.
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Projection To communicate
geographic concepts effectively through
maps, cartographers must design them
properly and assure that users know how to
read them.
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From Sphere to Flat
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Map Distortion
The Earth's spherical shape poses a
challenge because drawing the Earth on a
flat piece of paper unavoidably produces
some distortion.
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Four types of distortion
shape can be distorted distance may be increased or decreased
relative size may be altered
direction between points can be distorted
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In addition to the global system of latitude and
longitude, other mathematical
indicators of locations are used in different parts of the world.
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 32
U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785
In the United States, the Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the country into a system of townships and
ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers in the
West.
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Townships and Ranges A township is a square 6 miles on
each side. Each township has a number
corresponding to its distance north or south of a particular base line.
Each township has a second number, known as the range, corresponding to its location east or west of a principal meridian.
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Quarter-Section A township is divided into 36
sections, each of which is 1 mile by 1 mile.
Each section is divided into four quarter-sections.
A quarter-section, which is 0.5 mile by 0.5 mile, or 160 acres, was the amount of land many western pioneers bought as a homestead.
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A Township
equals 36
Sections
Section
Township
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Principal Meridians
Some of the north-south lines
separating townships are called principal
meridians.
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Principal Meridians
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Base Lines
Some east-west lines are designated base
lines.
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Bas
e Li
ne
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Contemporary Tools
Two important technologies that developed during the past quarter century are
geographic information systems (computer programs for manipulating geographic data).
remote sensing from satellites (to collect data).
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Geographic Information System
(GIS)A high-performance computer system that processes geographic
data.
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GISInformation such as topography, political
boundaries, population density, manufacturing,
soil type, earthquake faults, and so on is stored as separate information layers.
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 44
Layered Informatio
n
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Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface
from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other
long-distance methods.
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 46
Remote SensingSatellites scan the Earth’s surface
and record reflected radiation.Scanned images are transmitted
to receiving stations in digital form.
Can show an object 1 meter across.
Weather satellites take a broader view, looking at several
kilometers at a time.
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 47
Global Positioning System (GPS)A system, using 24
satellites, that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 48
GPS Commonly used in navigation of aircraft, ships, and autos.
Detecting the vehicle’s current location, device can provide directions to a desired location.
April 20, 2023 S. Mathews 49
Frank and Earnest on GPS