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Ocular Effects of Optical Radiation -Cataract
Ophthalmology, Dept. of Neuroscience,Uppsala university, Sweden
Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, FloridaDept of Ophthalmology, Dalian University, China
College of Optometry, University of Houston, Texas
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Per Söderberg
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Take Home Message�� Effects of optical radiation in the eye strongly depends on Effects of optical radiation in the eye strongly depends on
exposure conditions and transmittance characteristics in exposure conditions and transmittance characteristics in
the eyethe eye
�� -- Ultraviolet radiation causes photochemical damage in the Ultraviolet radiation causes photochemical damage in the
eye lids, the conjuctiva, the cornea, the uvea and the lenseye lids, the conjuctiva, the cornea, the uvea and the lens
-- Light causes photochemical damage in the retinaLight causes photochemical damage in the retina
�� There may be a photochemical effects of near infrared There may be a photochemical effects of near infrared
radiation in the lensradiation in the lens
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BrpSunSpectralRadianceWester1996
Wester, 1996
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
200 400 600 800Wavelength (nm)
Sp
ec
tra
l ir
rad
ian
ce
(W/m
²/n
m)
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Erg17_1Welding.jpg
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Brp_OcularExposure
Cap shieldingEye brow scatterEye lid shielding
Background reflection
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CSS_18SolstrålningSpe_0_2OrbitProtectionSno
wSea
wat
erW
hite
pai
ntB
each
san
dC
oncr
eate
Boat
dec
kB
oat
dec
kA
sfa
ltG
rass
0
0.5
1
Refl
ecta
nce (
rel.)
Sliney et al., 1986
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CoroneoInferiorNasal
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Nose
Coroneo effect
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SunburnTarsusAbove threshold, short delay onsetAbove threshold, short delay onset
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��������Pta_012_01_04BasalcellscancerUlcererande
TitleBelow threshold, chronic exposure
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Pcn_001_01_01IncreasedSecretion
0.0
0.5
1.0
240 260 280 300 320 340
Wavelength (nm)
Bio
log
ica
l e
ff. (r
el.)
Cullen et al, 1994
Above threshold, short delay onsetAbove threshold, short delay onset
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Pcn_013_01_02Pingueculum
Below threshold, chronic exposure
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Pcr_013_02_02Pterygium
Below threshold, chronic exposure
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Pcn_10_Photokeratit
0
0.5
1
150 200 250 300 350 400
Wavelength (nm)
Bio
log
ica
l e
ff. (r
el.)
ACGIH, 2005
Above threshold, short delay onset
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Pcr_ClimaticDroppletKeratopathy
Courtesy Sliney D
Below threshold, chronic exposureBelow threshold, chronic exposure
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EyeTotalTransmittanceOpticalAnimations
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0
0.5
1
200 700 1200 1700 2200Wavelength (nm)
Tra
nsm
itta
nce
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PUV_5_1_IritisAbove threshold, short delay onsetAbove threshold, short delay onset
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Action spectrum cataractPLS_6_1_8Hypermature cataract_I
0
0.5
1
280 300 320
Wavelength (nm)
Bio
log
ica
l e
ff. (r
el.)
Pitts et al, 1977
Merriam et al, 2000
Above threshold, short delay onset
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Rel. Age
Bio
l. E
ff.
Rel.
Pigmented C57Bl6 mice, Zhang et al, manus
Albino SD rat,Dong et al. 2005
Rel. sensitivity as a function of age
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Wavelength additivityAlbino SD rat (6 w), postexposure int. 1 w.
Li et al, manus
300 nm 1.9 W/m2, 35 min +300 nm 1.9 W/m2, 35 min4 + 4 kJ/m2 Abs dose8 kJ/m2 Biol. eff. Dose
300 nm 1.9 W/m2, 35 min +310 nm 20.0 W/m2, 35 min4 + 42 kJ/m2 Abs dose8 kJ/m2 Biol. eff. Dose
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
300 nm 300+310 nm
Strategy
Lig
ht
scatt
. d
iff.
(tE
DC
)
n = 20n = 20
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MtdVsFactionationTime
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5.0
5.5
6.0
0 10 20 30Inter-exposure interval (days)
Tre
sh
old
do
se (
kJ/m
²)
MTD dependence on fractionation intervalSD rat, albino, 6 weeks, UVR 300 nm, latency 1 weeks
)1(90.014.5*13.0
16:3.2
IntExpInteMTD
−−+=
Repair rateτ = 1/0.13 = 8 τ = 1/0.13 = 8 τ = 1/0.13 = 8 τ = 1/0.13 = 8 days
5.14No repair treshold
Repairable damage = 0.900.90/5.14 = 18 %
Dong et al, 2005
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Cataract Chronic Daily ExposureThreshold Vs Cumulation period
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40
Cumulation period (days)
MT
D:2
.3:1
6
Galichanin et al, draft
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PLS_6_1_12Cuneiform_I
0.8
0.210.14 0.11 0.1 0.05 0.04 0.02
0
0.5
1
Age
70+
Gen
der, f
emal
e
Family
his
tory
Art
rit
UVR
>0.
02 M
SYM
yopi >
1D
Dia
betes
>5y
rs
Strum
a >1
0yrs
Risk factor
PA
R (
%)
(McCarty, VIP Melbourne, IOVS 2000)
CataractCataract, , corticalcortical, risk , risk factorsfactorsAge>40 yrsAge>40 yrs
Below threshold, chronic exposureBelow threshold, chronic exposure
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Pcr_ClimaticDroppletKeratopathyPhotochemical retinal hazard
Phacic, Typ II
0
2
4
6
300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm)
Bio
log
ica
l e
ff.
(re
l.)
Aphacic
Type I
Above threshold, short delay onsetAbove threshold, short delay onset
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LAS_33Photocoagulation
Immediate onsetThermal retinal hazard (Lund 2006)
0
0.5
1
300 400 500 600 700 800
Wavelength (nm)
Bio
log
ica
l e
ff.
(re
l.)
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PRT_1 Makuladegeneration
Chronic subthreshold exposure to light
Macular degeneration?
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PLS_6_1_10LamellärCataract_SIRR and cataract?IRR and cataract?Epidemiological association betwenEpidemiological association betwen
chronic exposure to IRR and cataract chronic exposure to IRR and cataract (Lydahl, 1984)(Lydahl, 1984)
Photochemical effect?Photochemical effect?
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Summary
0
2
4
6
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Exp time (s)
Th
resh
do
se (
kJ/c
m²)
Pitts et al, 1980 (IRR-A, Filtered broad band source)
Wolbarsht 1980 (1064, NdYag-laser)
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Infrared radiation cataract
0
0.5
1
0 50 100 150 200
Post exp. time (Hrs)
Lig
ht
sc
att
. d
iff.
(re
l)
Al-Saqry et al., draft
Albino SD rat, 1090 nm, 6.2 W within (3 mm), exp time 8 s
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Summary
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�� Ultraviolet radiation exposure of ocular structures is Ultraviolet radiation exposure of ocular structures is
determined by ambient scattering and transmittance determined by ambient scattering and transmittance
characteristics of the eyecharacteristics of the eye
�� -- Ultraviolet radiation causes photochemical damage in the Ultraviolet radiation causes photochemical damage in the
eye lids, the conjuctiva, the cornea, the uvea and the lens.eye lids, the conjuctiva, the cornea, the uvea and the lens.
-- Light causes photochemical damage in the retinaLight causes photochemical damage in the retina
�� If three is a photochemical effect of near infrared radiation, If three is a photochemical effect of near infrared radiation,
additive effects of chronic subthreshold exposures has to additive effects of chronic subthreshold exposures has to
be consideredbe considered
