ODESSA NATIONAL I. I. MECHNIKOV UNIVERSITY Regional … · 2016. 2. 19. · ODESSA NATIONAL I. I....

ODESSA NATIONAL I. I. MECHNIKOV UNIVERSITY

Regional Monitoring Centre for Integrated Environmental Monitoring

Nitrogen monitoring activities

in support of the Black Sea convention

TFRN-10, Lisbon, 29th-30th April 2015

Medinets S., Kotogura S., Pitsyk V., Mileva A., Snigirov S.,

and Medinets V.

Location of measurement activities of ONU

in the Dniester and the Black Sea Basins


Activity

NW

Bla

ck S

ea

Established in 2001

Multitask full-time integrated monitoring station (except January-March period):

a) hydrological measurements

b) atmospheric chemistry

c) sea chemistry

d) ground water chemistry

e) phytoplankton study

f) sea microbiology study

g) chlorophyll

h) meteorological observations

i) ichthyology study

j) geological and geo-engineering study

k) soil study

l) biological studies (ornithology, botany etc)

N related investigations:

a) atmospheric N bulk and wet deposition (NH4+, NO3

-, NO2- and organic N)

b) sea water monitoring of NH4+, NO3

-, NO2- and organic N concentrations

c) ground water N species concentrations

The Zmiiniy Island station [ZMN]


-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

Sea-origin

NO3-(N)

NH4+(N)

NO2-(N)

PO43-(P)Dry Wet

Findings

NW

Bla

ck S

ea

The Zmiinyi Island station [ZMN]

Atmospheric N deposition (Medinets & Medinets, 2012)

For NH4+ both dry (51%) and wet (49%) ways of removing were important

For NO3- wet scavenging seems to be the prevalent one (59%)

Dry sedimentation was more important for PO43- (76%) than washing-out with rain

Strong correlation between amount of precipitation and wet deposited NO3- (r=0.67;

p < 0.001) has been found

For dry deposited NH4+ strong correlation with NO3

- (r=0.59) and PO43- (r=0.77) at p<0.001 was

registered

77% 23%

74% 26%

51% 49%

41% 59%

70-79% 21-30%

Fig. 4. Average input (%) of dry and wet deposition for certain ions (2004 – 2010)


Findings

NW

Bla

ck S

ea

The Zmiinyi Island station [ZMN]

Atmospheric N deposition (Medinets & Medinets, 2010, 2012)

Fig. 5. Continental origin N and P input to bulk

deposition

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

Region of the

Zmeiny Island

(2008-2010)

Region of the

Zmeiny Island

(2003-2007)

North-Western

Black Sea (1990-

1992)

kg

km

-2 y

ear-1

NH4+(N) NO3-(N) PO43-(P)

For bulk deposition around 99%

NH4+ and NO3

- as well as 91-98%

PO43- are transported to sea

surface layer of atmosphere from

continental natural and

anthropogenic sources


Findings

NW

Bla

ck S

ea


Atmospheric N deposition (Medinets, 2014)

Fig. 6. Monthly mean bulk N deposition (by constituents) and

precipitation

Total organic N content in deposition was dominant in most cases and its contribution

varied in ranges of 18.8-95.4%

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMay


Findings

NW

Bla

ck S

ea


Atmospheric N deposition (Medinets et al., 2014; Medinets, 2014)

Fig. 7. Annual atmospheric N deposition

Average share of TON (2011-2012) was ca. 66% (1777±678 kg N km-2 year-1)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2011 2012

Dep

os

itio

n r

ate

, k

g N

km

-2y

-1

NO3-

NH4+

TON

Average TN deposition was 2684±316 kg N km-2 y-1


Findings

NW

Bla

ck S

ea


Atmospheric N deposition (Medinets et al, 2014; Medinets, 2014)

Water soluble and water insoluble organic were found to be approximately

equally distributed in this period

0

20

40

60

80

100

1 2

Co

nte

nt

of

N s

pe

cie

s, %

NO3-

NH4+

WSON

WITN (PON)

Fig. 8. Contribution of N species into atmospheric N deposition in Jul – Dec 2012

28.3%

24.4%

28.7%

18.6%


The Black Sea N budget

Bla

ck s

ea

Fig. 3. Mass balance of N (Gg N y-1) for the Black Sea (Medinets, 2014)

Output768-1692


Activity

Cro

pla

nd

in

th

e D

nie

ster

ba

sin

Established in 2006 under NitroEurope IP

Following investigations have been performed/-ing:

a) air concentration of gases (incl. NH3, HNO3) and aerosols (incl. NH4+, NO3

-)

b) meteorological observations

c) CO2, H2O and heat fluxes

d) soil N2O and CH4 fluxes (2009-2010)

e) NH3 fluxes (2009-2010)

f) atmospheric bulk deposition (incl. NH4+, NO3

-, NO2- , WSON, WISON)

g) soil analysis (2006-2012) and incubation experiments (2006-2010)

h) biomass C/N (2008-2009)

i) management data collection (fertilization, irrigation, tillage etc)

j) soil NO/NO2 fluxes (2012-2014)

k) NO, NO2, O3 concentration measurements (2012-2014)

l) O3 fluxes (2012-2014)

m) LAI (2012-2014)

n) leaf wetness (2012-2014)

The Petrodolinskoe monitoring station [PTR]


Polymers

(e.g. proteins)

Monomers

(e.g. amino acids)

Organic

fertilisersMineral

fertilisers

Microbes

NH3

NH4+

NO2-

NO3-

NO N2O N2

Plantsoil

atmosphere

(Medinets, unpublished)

DNRA

Anammox

Denitrification

(heterotrophic)

BNF

Dead SOM Depoly-

merization

Microbial

immobilization

Ammoni-

fication

Microbes

death

Leaching

Root

exudation

Dead leaves

and branches

Nitrification

N2N2O

NO2

+O3

+NO3.

HNO3 +OH-

NO

NO3- Uptake aerosol

& NH3 reaction

NH3

NH4+

Roots

Canopy

Dead plant

rootsVolatilisation

Organic N

Fertilization

Acid gases &

aerosol reactions

+ CHOH

+CH3C(O)OO

+CH3C(O)OO via HNO radical formation

+hv

+hv

+thermal decomposition

Denitrification

(nitrifier)

Simplified N cycle in terrestrial ecosystems

(e. g. PAN’s)(e. g. H-CN,

CH3-CN)

Uptake by plant

Release by plant

Fertilization

Leaching

Usually not significant

General

Info

Findings

Low N2О emissions have been found

Nitrous oxide fluxes were small, and responded positively to rainfall (r = 0,51; p <

0,07)

Monthly N2О flux, precipitation and tillage (Medinets et al., 2011)

Fertilizer induced emissions were considerably smaller (0.27 %) than the IPCC

default emission factor 1 % (IPCC, 2006)

-40

0

40

80

120

160

Se

p-0

9

Oc

t-0

9

No

v-0

9

De

c-0

9

Ja

n-1

0

Fe

b-1

0

Ma

r-1

0

Ap

r-1

0

Ma

y-1

0

Ju

n-1

0

Ju

l-1

0

Au

g-1

0

Se

p-1

0

Oc

t-1

0

No

v-1

0

De

c-1

0

N2O

(g

N h

a-1

mo

nth

-1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Fe

rt. (k

g N

ha

-1)

/ T

illa

ge

(c

m)

/

Pre

cip

ita

tio

n (

mm

)

N2O Fertiliser input Tillage Precipitation

N2O

Annual N2О budget was 215±123 g N ha-1 in 2010 (winter wheat)



Findings

Annual estimated NH3 budget was -160±322 g N ha-1 y-1

-250

-175

-100

-25

50

125

200

275

350

Ju

l-09

Au

g-0

9

Sep

-09

Oct-

09

No

v-0

9

Dec'0

9

Jan

-10

Feb

-10

Mar-

10

Ap

r-10

May-1

0

Ju

n-1

0

Ju

l-10

Au

g-1

0

Sep

-10

Oct-

10

No

v-1

0

Dec-1

0

Flu

x, g N

ha

-1 m

onth

-1

Monthly NH3 fluxes in 2009 – 2010 (Medinets et al., 2011)

NH

3

Mean total mineral N concentration in ambient air (in gaseous forms of HNO3,

HNO2, NH3) was 2.32±1.35 μg N m-3 in 2007 - 2010

Air gaseous and aerosols N concentration (figures not shown)

Mean total mineral N concentration in ambient air (in aerosols forms of NO3-, NO2

-,

NH4+) was 1.89±1.62 μg N m-3 in 2007 - 2010



Findingsplo

ughin

g [

40 c

m]

har

row

ing [

15 c

m]

sow

ing [

5 c

m]

dri

ppin

g i

nst

. [1

0 c

m]

cult

ivat

ion [

10cm

]

cutt

ing a

nd d

rip.

de-

inst

. [1

0 c

m]

dis

kin

g [

15cm

]

wit

h p

lant

resi

dues

harvesting

dis

kin

g [

15 c

m]

plo

ughin

g [

40 c

m]

cult

ivat

ion [

10

-15 c

m]

dri

p.

de-

inst

. [1

0 c

m]

1st

and 2

nd

cult

ivat

ions

[10

-15 c

m]

37 days ofno rain period

Temperature rather than SMC has been identified as main abiotic triggering NO emission factor

We have found that dripping irrigation applications decrease NO emission (during the events)

We have demonstrated that N and K (during fertigation) has opposite effect on NO emission

Soil

NO

Soil NO fluxes (μg N m-2 h-1) during intensive measurement campaign in 2012-2014 (Medinets et al., in preparation)



Activity

Dn

iest

er

Ba

sin

Started in 2010

Following investigations have been carrying out in 3 measurements sites:

a) atmospheric bulk deposition (incl. NH4+, NO3

-, NO2-, WSON, WISON)

b) hydrological observations (incl. pH, conductivity, TDS, temperature)

c) hydro-chemical investigations (incl. NH4+, NO3

-, NO2-, DON)

d) phytoplankton study

e) microbiology study

f) chlorophyll

The Dniester Basin measurements


Findings

Average annual deposition in 2011-2013:

11.4 kg N ha-1 for cropland site

11.4 kg N ha-1 for garden site

7.7 kg N ha-1 for natural site

N d

ep

osi

tion

Fig. 2. Annual deposition rates in cropland (a),

garden (b) and natural (c) sites

(c)

(b)

(a)cr

op

land

nat

ura

l

gar

den


Findings

N d

ep

osi

tion

Annual distribution of various N constituents in TN deposition in 2013 (Medinets et al., 2014)



Findings

Average annual N flow to the Dniester Estuary was 36.6±25.7 Gg N y-1

Flu

via

l N

flo

w

Annual riverine N flow to the Dniester Estuary (Medinets et al., 2015)


DON


Objectives

To prevent pollution by hazardous substances or matter [Annex]

To control* the pollution from land-based sources [Protocol]

To control* the pollution of the marine environment from vessels

To control* the pollution of the marine environment resulting from emergency situations [Protocol]

To control* the pollution by dumping [Protocol]

To control* the pollution caused by or connected with activities on the continental shelf

To control* the pollution from or through the atmosphere

To protect the biodiversity and the marine living resources

To prevent the pollution from hazardous wastes in transboundary movement and the illegal traffic there of

To provide framework for scientific and technical co-operation and monitoring activities.

*’to control’ means also ‘to prevent’ and ‘to reduce’

The Black Sea Convention


Thank you for your attention!

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ODESSA NATIONAL I. I. MECHNIKOV UNIVERSITY Regional … · 2016. 2. 19. · ODESSA NATIONAL I. I....

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