Odor and H2S Emissions from Laying HouseTeng-Teeh Lim, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Purdue University
Building EnvironmentResearch & Education
AgAirQuality.com
New Laying Houses (2000)
1 of 14 barns2 million bird total capacity37 m wide and 183 m long246,000 birds in cages.
The Laying House
Fan inlets
76 exhaust fans73, 122-cm fans
37 m x 183 m houseCeiling inlets
10 rows of hensUnder cage slot
246,000 hens
Stage 1: 4 fansStage 2: 5 fansStages 3-6: 9 fansStage 7: 15 fansStage 8: 13 fans
Stored litter
CagesHigh Rise Building Design
Long-Term Manure Storage
Picture of lab
Heated Raceway for Sampling Lines
Instrument space, protection and security Key to quality assurance Analyst comfort Mobile Instrument Shelter
CO2 analyzer
NH3 analyzer
H2S analyzerPulsed flourescence (convert H2S to SO2)
ISUmodule
Calibrationgases
GSS
TEOMcontrollers
N
Mixing manifold
Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)
Hall
Exhaust air locations
Instrument shelter
3
11
Air inlet group
AD592 temperature sensors Air sampling locations
Vane anemometerRH/temp probe
Static pressure port
To instrumentshelter
1
10
Attic
Pit Cages
Side view
2
4
Cages End view
Instrument shelter
Pit
Monitoring Plan at Laying House
Hydrogen sulfide emission = k * 186 m3/s x 414*(17 – 2)/(273+20) = 340 g/d
Solenoid valves
H2S
P2
M4M3
F4
Exhaust
AnalyzerSample lines
Sampling bag
Probemanifold
Analyzer manifold3.6
L/min
1.0L/min
AC’SCENT International Olfactometer
14 dilution levels
Dilution ratios: 66700 to 8
Triangular forced-choice
Single sniffing port
10 L sample size
Odor sampling at fan outlety = 0.48x1.112
R2 = 0.90
10
100
1000
10 100 1000
DT, Fan Inlet
DT,
Man
ifold
Source: Heber et al., 2002
Vacuum chamber
Vane anemometer
Severe dust buildup
Equality
Solenoid valves
H2S
P2
M4M3
F4
Exhaust
AnalyzerSample lines Bag filling
Probemanifold
Analyzermanifold
3.6L/min
1.0L/min
Filter
LabTests of 2 Dirty Fans
at UIUC’sBESS Lab
Cleaned
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 1 2 3 4
Airflow, m3/s
Fan with Plastic Shutter
New belt
Dirty
Published
Dirty is 14-24% < published
Static Pressure, Pa
Teng and FANS test
In-Field Fan TestsFurther airflow degradation found in in-field tests and
fans operating more frequently had greater degradation factors
Data Acquisition System State of the art hardware, software On-line data inspection Alarm emails Automatic backups Instrument interfacing Sample line control
Means ± 95% C.I.Inventory 245,278 birds
Bird mass 1.57 kg
Bird mass density 57.4 kg/m2
Ventilation rate 204 ± 63 m3/s
Inlet air temperature 12.2 ± 4.4°C
Inlet relative humidity 61.3 ± 9.2%
Exhaust air temperature 21.6 ± 1.7°C
Hydrogen Sulfide Results
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pb
Exhaust air (mean=19.7±4.8 ppb)
0
10
20
30
40
50
9/30 10/14 10/28 11/11 11/25 12/9
Date
n-bu
tano
l OD
Cb,
ppb
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
H2S
OD
Cb,
ppb
n-butanol
H2S
n-butanol vs. H2S
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pb
Exhaust air
Inlet air (mean=3.1±4.3 ppb)
Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Emission Rates
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pb
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Em
iss
ion
, mg
s-1
Exhaust air
Inlet air
Emission rate (mean = 5.6 ± 1.3 μg/s-AU)
Odor Results
Odor Concentrations (OU/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Od
or
con
c.,
OU
E m
-3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ODCb
ppbODCb (mean = 42 ppb)
Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Od
or
con
c.,
OU
E m
-3
Exhaust (mean = 316 OUE/m3, n=13)
Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of test, mm/dd
Od
or
con
c.,
OU
E m
-3
Exhaust
Inlet (mean = 51 OUE/m3, n=13)
0
10
20
30
40
50
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Em
iss
ion
, OU
E s
-1 A
U-1 Odor emission
rate
Mean = 50,400 OUE/s = 65.6 OUE/s-AU = 7.53 OUE/s-m2
mc=36.4%pH=8.4
mc=26.0%pH=8.3
mc=25.0%pH=8.3
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Ven
tila
tio
n R
ate,
m3
s-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Em
issi
on
, O
UE s
-1 A
U-1
Ventilation rate
Odor emission rate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Ven
tila
tio
n R
ate,
m3
s-1
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Em
issi
on
, O
UE s
-1 A
U-1
Tem
per
atu
re, o
C
Inlet T
Ventilation rate
Emission rate
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5Day of Test
Ven
tila
tio
n R
ate,
m3
s-1
Inlet T
Ventilation Rate
Exhaust T
Emission Rate
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Em
issi
on
, O
UE s
-1 A
U-1
Tem
per
atu
re, o
C
Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
10 100 1000Odor Concentration, OUE m-3
He
do
nic
To
ne HT = 0.252 OC0.513
R2 = 0.70Inlet air mean = -1.9
Exhaust air mean = -5.0
Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
10 100 1000Odor Concentration, OUE m-3
He
do
nic
To
ne HT = 0.252 OC0.513
R2 = 0.70
Lim et al., 2001(swine nursery)
Conclusions
Mean exhaust air H2S concentration was 20 ppb. Mean H2S emission rate was 5.6 μg/s-AU. Mean hedonic tone of exhaust air was -5. Mean exhaust odor intensity was 3200 ppm BIW. Mean exhaust odor concentration was 316 OUE/m3. Mean odor emission was 66 OUE/s-AU.
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