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g#§w �#¤#§W� Q" K_z§ §§WF#$ P. y-f $ OK 3#Å_J "PQ �4X""P§. RP§ § 4X" 5b§w §" 4X"OR§. tP§\ L#§ #§$ Q" LÌ. 4P[.5wP§ [2 #[" P. $ OK W 4X"�P-#§2 Vv§ �Í Ð" B �4X"

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[L" K KO OK 4̄X |" O"KL\ K# 3#$ KO XOP. L\ K# A$ 6 ." . t 5J" KO 3#$ l= Q" #§Í LK "J !" �K. ¸F  ÍO#[5" Q" V2 4Í#> 4¸X " "Pj-F#ÅB ¯W~" ;# +#5 OK 6 ." 3"O#k"YLI§ "O #L§K "L K Pj O#k"#X#\#> O Pj 4WI O!" Q" �L"KP z6

§ K# "O F  Í KO OK 4¸X "." L#zÍ KO OK "O 4¸X " ##LK #$OK KP§ OP ¸F  Í L#zÍ KO P. 66 ." 4_I\ 5w# O-6 B ##2Q" V2 "O 4¸§§X §§" "Pj-F#§§Å §§¤$ OK�[ XOP. . ¸F  Í . " 3#cPÌ6

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#Í Q"Ï P 5WP PÐ6 LK .  Í KP. # '\ OJ OK+#z" #Í #. Q" x J" PÐw Í #ÅPÍ #6 OK

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���� ] � ; "R~" #W~  zWÍ P=F ." § �

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KJ #Q  Í v¤#f" H\  Í "�#v_§6 "O"K y{L6 yzE6 ,F#Å

§g #§Q 3L§ OK K§. O#\P2 zÌ ¤#W OK "O #" ,N "[2

���� ] � ; K"K ." {#> O K"K ." § �

���4\"K LÍ . zÌ Ps!" "O "Pj-F#Å Q" PK O#\

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x §g" P§K . " #Q OK  Í ,zOK L\§ 5v§ " §. R �"$ L\V @§ "P. ,z " QO $ OK #F

L#tÄ 6#F 6 ." L=§"L-§§Í ,¤#§§Å § �����!]

���4wO O# . PKLt +#5§ OK \Pv§6 vf_§ L§X P"

�L {#>P~"§."  Í uÅ OK "L[L" KJ #.�§ +#5§ "P§Q �§ I§X ¸F Pf ¤#b§w u#_§6 Í P!M Z#=!Q" KP§ §B P§ ##§ �KO"L§ "O " L#E Q" " L#5X "O " 4bw Ð

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4§. §" #b§w O#§Ð" ¸§F  Í Í#5XK 4. " '\ OK L\ Q# 3#$ T.Pv§ K Ð �4\"N {#. KJ "P. K#Q4#§F ̧\ P§."P. OK " 5IXPX Q" "L#J 3P5Í P."P. OK " 3"O#k" Q" LKPOK P§!-> . "O " LK. c"O# 4#XO§!" �LK§ 5 �Í ^I\ P."P.

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�L\ Q"P." 4E_ .#fJ K"P"4wP [BPX K KOK Q" 4PF ",>" "PK KJ P. "O $ #Í Q" O#W. L\ Q#s$ 6 ." 3#F #Q Q" L5W"K

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##§W 4v§s #§ 3 Ð[ Pg#JP§[ /#§B "P§. ! PJ" P{ OK 5F§. § L$§ O#\.  g P_Í +#5!

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��4X" KP. # ¯W~" ;#+#5!L"PJ p~~" =à OK #E #cO PÍp~#I~" OK  §W"L-Í PÍ Ä" OK OQ|X5~" OKxQP .!!L#J ¯W~" $Pt}~ .#~" #v¦§ Q" L§B §6 E~#_~#. -~#.K"Ļ6 Q" #[#5\§ O#:$ OK R #>P5§." §Í L§\ P[5 l-f O#:$ O#\P2IW LÅ Q" O#:$ $ K"LÌ6 LK P-J 6

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�LKO"P[T§2 Q" §Ð �O§" #§� 5v§ §." OK 6 ." Í "O +#5 P6L{ LYO# �K� OK "Pj-F#Å Q" Ì> QPX5Ч §Í #I.#5§ OK §!" § LKP§!

K#§.$OL§F L~" q X" #}Ã~" O§" #§§ § ����� ] ����

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�L5\ L 4{ tPÌ O6�4X" L$ #XO $ Q" 5W{ OK

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4X" #§\ #§" Q" § ϧW §" #.." . tPÌ KO"K # E"L-Í .!!LF". Of{ L> LB +#5 �L\#. 6#. Q" $ OK 5\ -~" ¯W~" ;# #4 § 4N§ §. 46 #6 #6 �" W.5J"KP2 #$ L#zÍ 5wP "R5X" . #Ì\O#W. OK 4X" " t#_" yF �4X"KQ Ì\ . "O# #56 +#5 " KO"§Í #§$ "§Í Q" "5XK Í # L\OKu¦ L$ +#WF . #\Å" K#z5Í" L6 3"LÍ 4_J #A$ +#5 "4X" KP #Í" Ì\ . 4-W L[ O#"O �§Í O§[ #b§w KO" OK !§. 4-W KO" JP. OK 5F KP O#Ð"" 4X" KP 4#" #[" ULz 4F#X§. KP§w P6ÏKR . 4-W 3#b{ EÇr. Pg#J . P 4W � "LJ XO���5§-" #̧\ . 4-W ##2. 3"LÍ" ,F#Å ""Pw #L> 8E. Q" V2

4X" 8E§. KO§ ϧW #§. +#5! #{P§w Q" ;O#§J #̧\ 5wP =5I§X §" L\#.§  X" #E#Í K #"[2 Q" Ï @ 4X"

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Q" #5§W{ OK �4X" L\ 5\ x��� #X�4X" L$ B +#5 "

""P§w # . #5w Q" #" " OK�+§{ KO$ O O#§K P§\ §§" §§.O"KEP> L" s Q" L!$ "O ##W#§$ yK#_§ P6O#Ð\$ Q" 4X" 5J#Xz§F L#z§Í § 4X" §6"O#§k" #I§X§. K"K O"P§{ =§ KO§§ "O ##§§W$ - ÈwO #z ..O ULz 4F#X�4X" K"K "O#§§ #5-§§W " +#E§§Å" Q" 6 ." . O#\" #IX " ,F#Å"P§. §K z§F L#z§Í  X" ÍW> K# #W>" #X. "O L"LJ KO"L 3"R=̧ PЧ§ K"K O"P§§{ UWE§§" +#E§Å" "O#§ #bw - 3#"P!KO§ "O  X" ,"N #"[2 LKP!#5§X K"K O"P§{ "O#§ 46 PIW6 C#-§ #§Í" L§\ PЧ "O �P-#2" Q" L"J 4ÍL. "O ##W ,E5W{Pv6 t#Ð\ K#=" ##W # OKyPg RR6 K#=" "Í Q" JP. L#zÍ OK KP!v§k §ÐF §. #§ ����4X" KP +"Pfc",Pw K O"L[ ##W . ÍP\X§X Q" KOI§ "O #f\ 3#¤#z" "4§X P§X §" #§WO . g#\

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�KP. # O#:$ " Q" "6 >P:" ¯W~" ;# }Ä KP~" q ÃP[~" ;# ��x ���� #X OK +#5 " �R{ L LX

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�4w#3#$ $ Ï-X P. P5[. #X#\O#J§. U#§X" §" P§. L§"KP L!'6 #$ K#v Z\ # O#B # X ,#{ OK #OX L.z-g§. "O #O§X R HO#6 L"5J"KP2 FP#=$ Q" �L"K Ì6 {M XLF 3OÅÇE§ ULF xM #Í ¿" #$ O# #- !§¤"O" "O 5XOK#§

HO#6 -{ Q" #.#5 c OK #$ �KKPP.

$Pu ���� #§X OK L u'6 $Pu

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�L"LRP. "O "FP O#B L.z-g�Q" 4X" 3O#-§Í #z " OK Å" £WQ OK #X#\O#J 3#zzE6 O#-5Í" XOP.� IO#§6 Èg#z #$ Ð" $P{ O"NHO#6z-g P "P. #$ X Q" L\ ̧Ì #TL.z-§g "P§. 5§§XOK #-§§ L§§"6§§

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K t-e #zT�LP6ÏKR P9 . P6L. #OX �Ï

P̧\ .M#§> R§"#§J T �K�K\ LK #$ OK Q

4FO A " 3#vÅ Q" #$ OK �XL\ 5v IX 4Ì-g OK "LJ ##[ "

�4X"R§§ GQK 4[§§. t#§§Å" �O#§§§B5wP O"P{ 8E. KO +"NÍ +#zÍ B

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O#B t-e #zT#§. 3P=§ Q" V2 "O 7K"§F P§X �Ï

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XOP. LtO"NHO#6 "P. "#!X #O#Ì Q"#b§ Ï-§X O#Ì K LKP P!M #OXR§ HO#§6 ̧6 #"6 #=$ Q" #OX

L§O"L§ §\O y§{K 3OÅ . "O #OX §{M )wP§Å #§$ P§. 5-§ #L.z-§§g�L";O#J K#5Í" #z6" ŖF Q" K. "zX 3"O#§§\" Q" K#v5§§X" § 4WI§§ O#̧§ #§§ ¸"L§Q L#§Q #K"LJO . $P{ 3#EP_6

DE§Å 3#§"O O# OK L"6 § �P-#2

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KJ KPtP̧_6 JK $ OK O B Q" 4X"P§ OK � 4X" KO$ §"P§w "O P§K ,6P§6§. Å#_5§J" @§ È=§X KP.O#§§ 3O§§ÅÐ. 5\"L ¸Ð "OK ¤"" # Ð #OX#b5§{" ,WF §. KO"§ OK $P{ PX"PX OK

�4X" 5wO O# . KJ ]#JR #OX 3#$ L. # #6 |! $ #2 P. "6 4X" ¸I6 {M P"L§ §F §Ð F "OK F"P #3#$ L. #6 )X#X" �L\ ¤#{ ÏÐv6�P!" P-#2 K#5>" K. v{6 P"X Q" #-g#I #F #b5z ,WF P. "O $ #§\ #§$ OK KP§w #§§. L§§"L§§J §Ð eE§ K P§ OK +PÍ   #.X"

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# KPJ zÍ RP �4X" L\ 4#ÍO L§ KPN2§ "L["K .K" ¤ zÍ \¤"" OK "O #6 #OX )R #Ì5 L"LJ3#$ K#5XPw . P6 #X#\O#J |#w xPq L. § ����� ]

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#§$ §. +#5§ §" 5-" ��L\#. O#:$ §>P6 PK #.Q . !#6 L\ 5\

�4X" L[ P[5$Pu #[O NJ%+#5§ OK L§§#.Q . § (The Origins of th Koran)�$P§{� "Í #. "#z § L\ 5\ W"#. $ ,#f W#z Q" KO"K (The Koran)

L"KP z " "O$ Q" #X#\O#J PK A$OK "O Z6"Pj§ L§ÐB LXO Pj . BW" #z " OK $Pu HO#6#$ +#5!4X" ,X#§ O!§" Q" �4X" K§ VÐÌO"NHO#6 Q OK " 3#Pj P6 #. "L5."Q" "O#2 XOP. Lz . #$ \ #\$ $P{

�Q"KP1. Z#L"P§. "O $P{ #OX �� A L. L\ P!M [2 ZT2 OK O#Ì X #2§ L z-g Ï Ð z-g X § z-g O#BOK "O K§§J 8E§§. " �4X" K§§ Wz§§§§6�P-#§2 P§. L\ Q# #F L.Wz6

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3P=§ Q#§s$ §§ K\§§ d.P§§ §§"OK#§X R#§2 Q" 4X" K§. L . �P-#2OK P-#§2 4¸Ì{§ ���� ¤S 5[ #6 ���§ ¸Ð OK " 4¸Ì{§ e§"P§\ #§. ¢# LP-O "L5." Q" L OK " "PQ �4X" K. 3#v5OL5z§ §!#§F KLE #Q"Pw#§. P#r5§ ¢#§ "5E K#v h#E . LL\§ #=$ Q" �L5W Ð OK L\ Q# #F L\ Ì#{ . d.P L #FO"K #$ O#.OK z{K )5-W 3#Í g" QP" #§\O -Pz§6 § . 4XK #[IO#6 #6 "O #$ R HO#6 "6 O!" Q" L\#.OK K Ì6 #g" #. >6 .#{ Q"L"�L§ ##§\ ϧ R 3#"O f."O "^I[#§ L§ #§F Q" "O#§2 5§§-"§. d.P§ 3"O#\" Ð" K . Ð �L5W 4X" -§ #§$ HO#§6 #T #K"LJO#$ R +#-X" . d.P 3#"O Ð" PKP§. 5-§ )ͧ LO#Q#X# PLÐ #. ,s"ÇE§ ##§ UL§F # es #5\"KP.O"NHO#6 #O"\K " K> #. �L5WHO#6 Ì6 Q" P6#X$ ,6"P . L #OXQ# #F # OK �L\#. Ð #OXP. . "O ÐB #OX Ð OK L\

L#§. #$ #Ð= L"J P 3#b{ U#X" Ï-§X L\#§. R§§ #L§§F" P§§J$�4X" 3#v5 Ð #OX #. ¢# #[$L\ CPf #OX Q" JP. $ .#z fz OK. 4-W jF  "O L "OK OK"O 4#-\ L2 P5 L #OX PKP§J"" §. #[R§ HO#6 L#. "P.#. LO"K

��KKPP. Ð "OKOK § #5X§ ÐÐv6 Lz OK L

�LW K"K #=" Ð #OX KOR§ Q" #LF" 5XK K " # OK�" FP Q" LXO Pj . KO"K K> F"N �L"5w# #z5" F "OK Q" X FP .#OX ÏÐv6 4wPN2 "6 5IX .P. 4X" K"K #=" #5X $ ¸Ð§"P.#§. �L\#§. 5wPN§2 3OÅ z{K #-Ð# #$ Q" O#W. R HO#6 y{K Ì6

�4X""P§. §\O L§"§\ §¤"P§{ #=$ Q"yP§g Q" § PR!# # KO"L K> 7K"F5J#§\"O 4wP[§2 L§\O $P§§{ K§§J> 4W> P2 "O �P-#2 4¸_I\#OX O"NHO#6 . U#X" P. ##§. O"§ R§ ON§O §" OK 5§-" �Q"KP1.§>"§ #§ UL§F #§ §M 6#cPwOK P-5̧ 3#§"O § "L. L#. 5WO#§W. §Ð "OK OK Q#§ #§F §§Qd.P HO#6 4v "6 È{" OK L"|L"

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L . Ð Q" P-#2 3P= Q" Z2 "OK .. 4-W 5F # 4X" - ÏO#6 #A$�O"L #g" LXO 3̧- . P-#2 #XÐ K. K  ��� #X OK KO"K #5F" L#\ K. HO#6 $ Q" P6KQ L" 4X"P§ OK �4X" L§\ È{" #X $ Q" P6PK OL{ -W O"NHO#6 . 4X" $ P5. 3OÅL.z-§g X OK ¸Ð "OK #F -Pz6

��Q"KP1. "Ŗ= LÍOK #O§X T§ §"P§2 §"K" OK #L§K B§" §Ð "OK Q" 4WI FP

�L CPf "O KJ

}FP OK #OX #zTÇ "OK Q"4WI

F Q" " FP . d.P #OX OK�#§. "O K§J ,§s" P-#§2 #=§ ¸Ð "OK§" �LK§ #§[ ""P§w 3O"P§F 3Ļ§\" § K§. LL§\ OL{ . U#WF" #=CPf§ +#I5§" #§. "O KJ #IX 5W"6" #.Q Q"#!# 3OÅ . #IX $ Ð. L!

�L"L\ OK#Å RP-O$K#§ §F #Q"Pw !" Q" O#W.4X" LE ## #[2 #-s§ LB P �4X" Ì # "P. #$ Ï-X !�§O"L§ 4XK OK P-5Ì ¢# ¡#5F"$ Pj§§ §§F Q" Èfz§§ §§" #O§§§XÐ. K- g RP ## #,s

. #È=X L5W #6 6 > Q" ,¸P�L.# Pr6 4ÍPX

§. GQK #."NÍ @ . [#Í Ð" P.Ч" P§K §K 4W§ O"KO§JP§. w#§!"P§K eX̧6 KO"K K> PK #OXwP̧̧ R§ #L§F" 5WI§ "§Í §§.§"O #LK U#X" P. 3OÅ P OK �L"L\F "OK "" OK yÍ OX 5WI 3#$

�L"L\ Q##§ Q" 4XOK § ¸Ð #O§X §§E#5IXP§X 4#z§ #§. P-#2 4w# 3Ļ\" f§"P§\ §B OK �LKP P.O Z#\K

§ #6§ O§X Ï ,#{ OK "N K. L"O KJGQKZ6$ . ÐE YPW " § 4¸-6 OX

�LL\§ ¸Ð §F "OK Q" Èfz§ " #OX§Ð[6 "O $P§{ #5§§W{ Q" ̧§§ ZI§§.

��LK¸Ð # OK #OX #T L

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§g #O§X §" ,#f 3##. È{"q-§6 OK "K#Ì"xw Zz P:'6 (P#k ¸Ð

��4X" 5\"K  X""5E Ð\ O#5J#X O#.OK PJ#.

�4X" Lz5Ì L F "OK OK #OX)5-§W 4#-§\ L§ #O§§X Ï-§§X�Ð "OK Q" FP PJ$ #OX . ÐKR##-§Q #> $ #P9 P5[. OK �KO"K #OX " �KOJ [B . ""Pw D_w,6P6 . 4X" OX O#B 4W. #\K"LÌ6L"5wP O"P{ PK Q"V2 Ð Å̧#J L#Q§Ð[6 P-#§2 X#X L"Rw 3OL{ P#.OK �L5W "  X" 4¸" Í#5>" +BO#B 4#§§XO �ĻE§§ ##§§W #L§§§§Kezw " #Q Ï OK �KO"K !# #5£WOK �KP§ §"PI§X i§Í #¦§ "P§§.#QP§2 #§ #5§WÐ\ P§."P. OK PK "P.. # K"K #[ ,X# Z!" L$ 4XK.§JP. #" uÌc . 4-W H.6 ZQPX¤#bw #.J . "O KP # 4J"KP2 K"Pw" K#§\O" Q" ¸5§F " �KP§ 3§ÍK { §§J"#§. 5§-" �LQO§ q§OK #zw# . 4E_OK K§. K#§Q L§ OK #§\K"LÌ6 #KP5§ KP§ P4IX KĻÌ5 KO"OK#5XP24. #¸" �4v #EW Í IXO#.OK "LB IX "N LK. O#W. L"§Í §. P-#§2 #F P OK �KP #. #$O§" §K OK §XO L\ 5J#\ P-O

3#§$ �K\§ CPf§ L Ì#> Í#5>"O" Pv #ÐF" ÈP[6 #. d#-6O" OK " $P{

7O" x g ;"KQ" "{ A J"KO§" !# X"P +"K$ . È>"O 3"OPzÌfz 3 Ð[ O#.OK #KO _I\"LJ "O OK K#> . 3ÍK O#.OK 6#$ R K.KO"K O#\" L 3#$ Q" 5XK �LKP Q#CPf V1X K #-{ #. P-#2 f."O Èf{ .O"N#§. "§Í §. §"P." 4¸_I\ 5J#X uF ##W X" 5WI -Ì #J

1- Noldeke, p. 43-58.

���4X" " ^#J K P#.

XOP. Lt#§Q ,6P§6 § 4X" K. Lz5Ì L§\ t §J P§. "O $P§{ #O§X 3#§§$§ #§ �K§ j§6 L#§. $  §X"§ YO YK§J "P§. " L§\ jF §§" P:'6 4E6 #X#\O#J Q" O#W. LRP.§ L§B P§ �LKP§ P2 " Q" L5wP O"P{l " �L5w# 4XK P5[

P§:" P. P-#2 #F .P=6 K- B ¡̧"L§\ P63Ļ§" g #F O"P5X" O"PÐ6§ Q" "O #O§X §g L§\O "5. #6 L\#.§ÐF L"LJ )#: �K 3#-:" #ÍĶ" ONO

Í#5>" ¤#W #Q# 3#b5z U#X"!P. 4X" K Ì6 "O #OX L. #6!^I§\ #wP§Í 3#§§F È.#§§6 §§F §§Ð$)wPÅ 3PbF $ "PB �L\#. K. �P-#2"N �4X" K§. F LΠ." L4w#OKu ̧ OK Pr6 K#=" tP̧_6 y̧F @

�4X" 5\"L F§F g K #ÍĶ" "6 "P.#.L§F" P§ 5w# Z"Rw" P55#X )RZ2 F . 4-W P55#X Ï {"ĻF RI§X §" 5§-" �4X" K. P6g KJ Q"§=" §w #O§X f§6 § 4X" xK#§Å3OÅ . #$ Z"Rw" Ð$ 5w# Z"Rw"#§ "N �L\#§. L§$OK 5.#§: §O 3L§FL§\ Q#§ L§. "OX Q" V2 #6 "OXLF" X t"PÍ" OX ¢9 �4X"§ #§F OK 4X" $ ��� #\ K. R$ �� #6 ̧> OX Ì �R LF" BK§J Q" Z§2 O§X Q" P6#6§ O#§§W. KO"K

�L\#.Q" Z§2 "OK §. d.P§ HO#§§6 L§§#§X §> Q" L§ . Ð Q" P-#2 3P=L§"§J ^I̧[# - "O �P-#2 3-49Ì. Ð" KO OK � " HX#2 OK �4X"

KR§X ,>O #§ 5v 4W. OK�P-#2K § ��� #§. P§."P§. 3P=§ Q" Z2 #XL\ KO" K#Q O#W. 3#"O 5wPN2 3OÅ�LKP YO#vX "T 3"K#-Í #$ OK 4X"3#P§§. D5§§w +#§§. 5X§§2 "O QO $ "P§§§Q

q L5~" 4wP̧ ���� ] � ; q#Ç~" § ����� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä

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4#§ OK § "P§B �4\#§" LK# "O 4#!#F OK 4wO O# . g#." u¸Ð6K§> #_z " Q" Ï @ L= $P{ OK !"O#§ Q" § Pr§ §.!!L§ #B �KO"LL§\ Q" V2 4wO O#\. +PÍ #2L.

�K #ÍM" B $P{ #IX # �"w [- .& ." z # )-=Í #� { ̧" À> N. PEW. PÌ[.

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�L z KO#fÍ #>O ."$P§{ vE§ #§ "P§. P̧\" X ."�§. § Ì{§ �K "P{" K"K Ð[6§"� �4v§ §B L§XO y§Í O§X 3 6Q#§ �ĻE§ P§. 4X" "OX 5WI+#5 OK 5\" ." "O Ì " Pj �4X" L\KP§ 4"O P§Í §.!!L-Í { Q" oF#_~"

��� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä q #t6" gX § �

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���� ] � ; Ã[~" |#X #Í P̧F § �

���+#5Ð" E6#v. ̧"  Å5WI§ Q# 4X" ¸W PK X Q",>"  §X" OL§Å OK § K§. ÍP§\ ÐF$ #{" . L¸z Z"P2 P-#2 4X" LKP!L $ KO"L #Ð" O!" Q" �L"K.Q" 5[ B OX �E6#w� KP O"NHO#6$ yF { "P.#. �L\#. F R #LF"OK 4X" "OX =2 OX " 4X"P. 49Ì. Q#s$ # OK Ì � ¸Ð F ""

��� ] � ; $Pt~" }Ä q L5~" 4wPÌ § �����

��4X" L\ Q# �P-#2

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P\. ZT2Q" ��������� P\ §§§§§§§§. SOZT2 \ OK 4X" W"Pw #X#\O#J5wP O"P{ " P:'6 4E6 5W> P. L Q"$Pu >P6 P. "Lt " P:" P6 �4X"#§.Q §. O#§"O KE P5K X . 4X"$Pu #5X$ OK #§ #. L\ L"KPP. XO#w. #OX P\ . >P6 OK �4X" 5w# O#[5"#. 5Ð LB OK #6 5wP O"P{ IO#6 ,6P6"O " K#[2 KO"K3#v6 L CPg ,6P6§"K" OK KPN2§ ¢# ¸Ð OK X O#.OK�P-#§2 P§X § Ð" . >̧6 #. L$ L"KP P_6 #W #zz̧E #B@§ L"K XP6 .Ps #JO FPg,6P§6 Pj§ Q" #O§X L.Wz6 "P. "L!#§. £f§ "#§2 " 3#$ #Q RZT§2 § 4X" Ì-§g O!" Q" �LP§K §Å" U#X" P. PK "\ . L#.L#. $P{ 4X" " # " cPw �L.# "L6ÆPv[§2 �L\#§. L.z-§g " |P5[ fz$P{ OK #_J#\ ##[ 5w#Q#. # PKO#.OK�ĻE K .P=6 XOP. . 4X"Ï Q" O-§Í O#§.OK $ q-6 P#j E6. KP5W 4#Ìw Ï . R$DÅ q-6 FP#§ÍM" L#. 5-" �LQ"KP2 Ì#> P-O "͸I§6 Q" #§J R§ ZT2 \ " KK#5Í" "6 # "PQ �K. L"IP§. §Ð6 #§. \#§. 5§\"K 3#§"O §. #§!

q-§6 §F"P§ #§6 "6§ § 3# ¸cP§§w

���� ] O#" O >P6 $Pu #5X$ OK P\ . § �

��K ^I̧[ "O�P-#2

5WI #OX #zT¯Ç OK F }FP

3K#-§Í lP§\ #§§. §§ ¸Ð §§F Q#§§s$"P§Q �4X" K§. O#z§ #§ÍK O"KL§Q,\§ O§X O#.OK "P#§X ULz # #O#5X Pj K\Q#§s$ #v§ $ #. OX ¡Å" 5W P#j

�KKP

F # }FP OK Ç OX#zTK 4W§. § ¸Ð F FP K OK##2 u OX $ Q#s$ L\ Q# OX"O"K _̧v #OX " �4X" = OX $Ì#§> L#z§Í §Å" Å#w �L"l5 ,#f

����O#. ��O#\ ��

VX'6 Ð OK $P{ #Ì6 #2 P. K#.UWE§ ¢#§ u#I #P #. K. L\OX ��� �� �� ��� 3#$ . YP #. �K.2 "6 ¢# PÐw Å#w " . ¦OP̧§Ð " 4L§." "L§J # . K#z5Í" �KP. 4v Q" Ð$ "P. P-#2 �4X" L\ #[Pg#J##5§X"K P!M . KP. P5. =5 KJ !K. L\ 5J#\ +PÍ { # OK KQ"KP2Ï-§X h#§E §. F Q" FP " OK �4X"Q" L§O"K P6§g 3#$ #OX YO#3#$ L5W ".M#> "O"K O#= PjOK ¸I§6 P§ �K§. $ L{#w 5WI FPKOJ [B . P5 ¸Ð OX # FPP5[. 3#$ lc �4X" P5[. "PÈ{"

�4X"  X" #\K .PX . Pk#

¯Ç #OX X }FP #zT§X §FP§ §. R§ O§X K 4W§§.̧§Ð ȧ{" OK §FP§ §" 5w# ]#_5J"

3#§$ § 4v§ §E �4X" K §FP§.#fJ S" OK " OK �KO"K QOL" $#$ Q#s$ OK PK #S" #> . �U#" #¸"�PK $P{ ,g#I "PQ 4X" L\ KP. O# .O#W. L KP P.  Í LK- ¸Ð KPO"P{�ĻE +#fJ KO R t"Pg" #-{ Q"L\ O#\" "5Ð . O#. LB OK " OK �L5wP!. $P{ O#\" $ 4X" 4" # R¤#F !$P{ �4X" [2 "P-#2 #5WÐ\ ##!#

KP§ 4#§ÍO "O IO#§6 ,6P6 KO " OK5W"K KP 4"L "O "P-#2 4O'OK X#X" # "O ,#f " "6 �4X"

�KO$ O#\.  X" X#\P-#2Q" Z. ÑP Q" V2 LQ 4#{ £W§F §FP§ §X OK PK lc P

�4X" 5wP O"P{ $P{ 4v KO

L F "OK OK #OX #zTOK P-#2 4#XO #X K 3L OK 6#$OX O#B 4W. "5E LKP Q# L. ,#f 5IW �K"K Ð[6 "O L. #6!" OK �4X" L#[ .#{ Cc . 5X2 YP-#§2 "LJ Q" 4X" L$ OP̧Ð #OX

�L 4Í#g"Oj . PfX KQ"K 3#$ FP " OKOK 5\N§ OK zw 3"O5XK Q" "O#2 #.È=̧§W #> #. 4J"Ð #6 ,#{Q" OK §" 3#$ K\ LK K. L\ #.

P[̧-§ §>P§6 $Pu P. L$ OK P\ §§. SO § ��LÌ. . ��!]

��LKP OP̧z f."c Í#5>" u#k Q"

XOP. Lt6#OX L A R P\ .. #. 4X" KO$OK #Q ,6P6 . "O $P{#-5\" Q" #J O"NHO#6 " YKJ t"P5Í"

2 - Blacher, p. 254.

��4W O"P. ,6P6 U#X" P. $P{ >P6 ¤"O" Q" " R"yPg Q" #6 4\"K K#z5Í" K. " O.RYP5W 4wP[2 F"P "6 $P{ XOP.P§X § #§F OK K§ #-§K "O  X" $§. #§6 . L"6 .#EÅ O#-J" P-#2$ Q" $P{ LQ"KP1. Íc -6 DP[6

3- Ibid, p. 253.

��4X" 4!#X$ . >̧6 #. 4X" " ,¤#Å Pj P O#.OK #W ##Í #Ð= 4{K L ¸Ð OX 3#$ ^I[6 . -fOK §O"L§ LKP6 RP K\ d.P $P{ X" P-5Ì DEÅ 3#"O . K#5Í" Ð" P6y§{K . LXO "P. £f "O P5.$P§{ 3#§$ R§ #§Q ,6P§6 P6,X#

] $Pt~" }Ä q 8F#- D#§§Å E-§§Å § ���������

��4X"KO§ OK 3##-5§\" P6§ Q" §Ð�L§ § 4X" §" �U#§" #§ ¸" #� P-Ì6F "OK Q" X FP OK P-Ì6 " KP.O#!�

FP $ OK $P{,g#I 4X" " Pg#J .P§.  §Í Ч. LK-§ §Ð KP§ #6 PK+#fJ KO R t"Pg" #-{ Q" O#W. L

��L5wP O"P{�ĻEFP X +#fJ h#E . F È{" OK

�4X" 5\"K�# 3OÅ . �P-#2 . +#fJ § Ï

�� � yÍ � ©¦°. ©O ¶ X#¶.& ©P u*�

�ZÐKR #[J P-#2 . +#fJ § K���� � "PÌ\ � ²¿. ²P¶{ ²±* ²̄ ²6 ²P ¿[ ²Í ¶O ¿L¶²& ²�

��U#" #¸" #� �##> . +#fJ § X LK D>P6 #X#\O#J Q" JP. #¸"L§. 5J#§X P§ "O $P§{ K. #>�4X" K. #[K#. "P. �ĻE 4#XO#!#X #. ,X#5 ezw $ ,#f ##2 "PQ

U#§X" § P§. R§ P\ . �4X" K. "PEŧ. +#f§J #̧ . "O �U#" #¸" #� 3O#-Í

�4X" 5W"K #L. #>"6§ P\ §. ZT§2 OK '6 |L" #.OK §""Pw 3# ¸W #. " O# Q" Ð" T . �4X" K#b6Q" § "O #O§X P\ §. § . "5E8E§. #§Q $ OK 5§W #LL2 4#{#§> F "OK Q" 4WI FP OK LKLÌ5§ 3#Íc§ §§ #§§F OK 4X" K"K

����O#. ��O#\ ��

CPf§ 6#§$ ,#§{ OK "OK # OK PKP5 FP # OK8F#- $ O"PÐ6 L"L\@ " 4W RJ#5XO . d.P 3#$ Q"4zJ L# �4X" KO# # . #$ Q" P!MCPf { J" O" { #. Ì6 #P> #W"8F#-§ R§ P:Ļ OX { OX OK L\#O#Ì Ì6 OK "O #$ P\ . ��� 6LzÍ" § §$ �4X" 5wP§ LK#§ Z§§J

K§ ÏÐv§6 OK X . "O ¸Ð #OX

$Pt~" }Ä q #P-~" #t6" U#-Í WF bw § ��������� ] �;

��KO"L P-5Ì IO#6 zf #- @

{ KOZT2L§["K Z§[ (Rod well) KOP§{ #T§2$P§{ #X#\O#§J Q" W"" 3#L§J Q" Ð �4X" K. K  KQ§!#§6 4X" W" #.Q . $P{ >P6

> O#J #X#\X" xPq YOJ "L-Í § ����� �� ]

§ ��4X" L§\ /#§B LL=6 O#. 4v,6P§6 U#X" P. KJ ÍQ . "O $P{ #OXl§ §" OK § K§ j§6 #[R§ #§QP2 L KPÐÍ \ Q" KJ ZT2#O§X ,6P§6 KO§ OK 4X" KP§§!3"Pj Q" ¸Ð F "OK ̧" z-g . d.P�4X" 5wP§ P. ZJ _I\ 3"K#5>" #L§K j6 OK KO �������� P\ .

OK #IX $P{ #OX 3#$ ,6P6 OK KJQ#§s$ #=§" Q" "O K§J IX KO"K Lz OJ"OK "L5." OK L\ Q# 3#$ B K##§> OK "O #§$ L#. "N L"K. #6 F

OK ¢9 �K"K #> u5I #OX Q" -X#�4X" 5v B �Ï� OX KO

3#$ P#X Q" PJ'5 KQ# #6 5[ 3#$��L§"5wP O"P{ #=$ OK #LÌ. Ð L"L\ Q#3#$ Q" O#W. . 4-W 3#$ $ Q"Ï P "PQ

3- Rod well, p. 23f.

���LP6g OX " PK3#§$� § 4X" KP§§ #§§Í Ķ" A§§ "K§J Å" ##> OK 3#O"M OX �����

O$ȧ> #P§> OK Ч. L§"5wP O"P{L"L\ z5 #=$ . #9Í #Q OK$P{ L6

4- Ibid.

���L "L2 -X# LÌ6 $P{ Ð" R" .

XOP. Lt§. KP§ #§ ÇE . 4W LKP6 §>P§6 Q" Q#§. § § .PÍ uE_ KJÏ OX ��� § �� 3#$ § 4X" !KO j6§ K"Ļ6 §" "O"K ,6P6 . .# "OK"Ļ6 § #§F OK ��������� L5§§W.# OX " OK 5wO O# . 3#$ P#X 3#!3#§$ Ч" P6§ �L\#. ������§ L§\ ÍĻ§ KO OX " ������ K#v§ h#E . L"5X2 4W{ $ . #LÌ.

�� ����O#. ��O#\

-§{ 3#§$ #. # L2 d#-6O" lc. 4-W " #ÍĶ" K. 4XOK# �LO"K KJ LÌ.#§. "PB 4X" \O R 3#O"M OX 3#$"5E OX " ,#f #v OK '6§. ������� 3#§$ § \ >5 3#$Íc§ ̧§Ð Ì-§g zf§ 3OÅOX " X 4W. #6 " 3#$ OK L5W§$ Q" O§X "P§Q 4X" 5wP O"P{ 8E. KO3#§$ OK V1X K\ Q#s$ LX #. �����#§O"L§[ 3P§J$ #§Í §. 4-§§W �����#K LQ #W ������ 3#$ OK LKLK#§ "O 3P§J$ K"K D§>P§6 "O $ 4Q OK V1§X LP O"P{ K#z5" KO L"5\#""Pw# ,{"Í #¦ Y"K#2 ������� 3#$������� 3#§$ OK #§$ K\§ uŧ§6�KKP DP[6 5W #Í O#KOP2 ##[-6 HO#6 OK " 3#$ ������� 3#$ OK P-#§2 § Pw# 4¸" B Ð" K\|!  L5J#X 5 > PEX . "OZJLL§§§6 ������� 3#§§§§$ OK LLKP§§§§!CPf§§ §§" #-§§" 4#§§XO #LO#§§Ð"

] hÃ~" $Pt~" r"P[5X" v§§J ĻE§§ § ���������

��K\

Pz!=5

#O§X "§FP§ O#§B L.z-§§g OK"O tP̧ #X#\O#§J Q" §6 O#B ZT23##-5\" Q" Ð �KP XOP. Lz YO"R!§F L§ 4X" " #$ |P5[

L§O"K 3#v§6 +X" OK L F #. ¸Ð 3Ļ\ ¸Ð #OX +X" Ì L.OK 4X" +#ÍO" LL6 LÍ LÍ [JQ" #T§ "O"K L§ #O§X #F$ 4Ì{" �4X" #.P vÍ ZP -{L ¸Ð W{ K P OK P $P{ 4X"R L F OK "N �4X" P 3Ļ\ #\L#§ �5W 3Ļ\ 5IX T L#\ #© ¶N±~* ±"̧� �"PÍ $ OX �� �� �� 3#$¶�" ©¶ ««K © ©& © © ««~" © ©& « ©Ä ¶ l«6 ©~ " «P ©p©w!

��� 3#§$ � ��� ¶O#±~* «K«u © « ©¦¶~ «& © ) ©\" ²L ©¼ © " «P ©p©w © ¶N±~* ±"̧� �#W OX ��� ���# ©¶q © ¶L¶~# ©J ©± © ©> ©s ¶P©e ± ¶"̧ ��� ¶�* ¶| ¶- ©X ©ÄR§ §Ð §F OK P§K §X Q" � ���(L ©. ©&L# �KOJ [B . vÍ P #T �� �� t"PÍ" OX �� #Ì" OX �� $

� ��� V OX ��§. K#5§X" #§. LO#. $ P. #X#\O#J L LKP6 KP "6 O# 3#"OP-5Ì 3#"O - PX . K#5Í" #. "5.P_Í ¸ ¤R> 7K"F È#{ P\O"R !3#§$ L5§W $P§{ R§ "OK �P-#2

#Lp6 $Pt~" {F 3#-\ Q#§§s #§§Í § �������!]

��L"KP ,¸6P "O $P{

����O#. ��O#\ ��

3#§"O 4¸§X . KO" OK #$

LP. P. 5XOK . 3#"O Q" LO"K>̧63#cP§w 3#5§F" R KO" Q" O#W. OKO"NHO#§6 #z§ OK "O ÇE ¸I6 M¸§W z¤#z§§F A§§ #O§§X 3#§§$ #$ #O#5XK Í #z OK "N �LO"L2"P[T2 3#zzE6  X" 3#"O #. #6§. )X#§§X" Ч§. K-§§ O#Q#§§X #§§W4XK . P6 $Pu #5X$ OK SO P\ . §�

 §X" P§w P§[ P5§wK "P§6 �O#§B /#B

�Y����

"P6 P[- �"LX" >P6 $Pu P. L$OK §�

�Y���� sO" P[/#§B Ã[~" |#X §WF §.!!L ̧E #Í P̧F §�

�Y����  X" #I2#B "P6 �[\

$Pt~" }Ä q #P-~" #t6 "̧ bw U#-Í WF §������ #{Pv" O"K KO"

P#§{ hÃ~" $Pt~" r"P[5X" L ̧E§ vJ §��x���� #_5Í" O"K

}Ä q #qPÃ~" |# jÌ" L-Í ĻE #{OQ §�

.PÌ" ,5Ð" #F" O"K P#{ �[\ /#B $Pt~"

�#6.j§ "P§6 $Pt~" HO#6 �"L-§Í §." #=§Q §�

�x����  X"  Í"/#B $Pt~" }Ä q #t6" #FP"L-Í gX §��

�x���� Ì" ,5Ð"O"K 3P. �KQ"K�Lv /#B $Pt~" }Ä q 8F#- D#Å E-Å §��

�x���� Ì" ,5Ð"O"K 3P.

§{ $Pt~" PWp6 q #-~" ¿= Í." XP-g §��

�x���� v= [ÍP �" $ P5wK 3"O#[5"#X#\X" xPq §WF YOJ "L-Í §��

�>O#J

3P. #Lp6 $Pt~" {F 3#-\ #Í Q#s §��

�����  " -5Ð O"KP§[ P5§wK "P6 q#Ç~" +zÌ .!!L ̧E §��

�Y���� �4. " Pw/#B $Pt~" }Ä q L5~" K# ĻE 4wPÌ §��

�x����  X" 3"O#[5" P5wK { �K

"P6 $Pu O"Nz HO#6 P. L$OK PvÌ> #Ð §��

�Y���� #5W P[��§ Noldke; The Koran, The Origins of theKoran, Edited by Ibn Warraq, 1998.

��§ Montogemery Watt; Quran;!Encyclopaediaof Islam .

{

�� ����O#. ��O#\

"LJ.4[zQ#.

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�4wPÌ."L> O#[ # jz . $ Q" #F "Q" #FO 4X" 5PF &L- L P-Ì6"LJ . 4[Q#. . "O #W" KRJP. #!$OK KO"K§ " 5\N§ "PWJ "P-> #.P

�4X" "P 4[J . Í #. #F"O §K$ ¸-§6 O#§[ §" OK § .4"LÍ "P>" Í "R> Q" . KP!P.!OKQ" �#§ O#> 4X" 5 ¸X 4X" ""L§J § KO"K O#§. ¦§ #W" PK X. #F OKYO#!#fJ #L. Ð$ "P. #.P§. "O YP§!"P§w ¿4FO Q" OK L# UP6

P Q" #6 KP #\O"L" K[ #$ O #fJ # #. L.#5P. O Z5#Í#B �L .6 L# >̧6 ZX . LO"K©« ¶ «~* ©² ©" #ªÃ ¶ ©> ¶®¯}~*©~ ¶" $«.«6� �L#Pw !

��� � O § ��3#pPÃ5~" #> P> § �

��� © «E¶}p «6 «Ç±}©Ã©~�Q"KP2 ,f _v6 . Ï"

nJLXO Q" FO 4X" #F C fÅ" OK��L$ LL2 .-E K"K4XK Q" # PÐ#§ §"P§2 #§§W" 4X" K OK t§§J #§§6"O 4wP§. ZK Q" tJ #¸" KKP

���� ] P[u ~#XO § �

��L$ O#5wP "P. . L !

nJ ,-X4WI �L$ K> . 4wPÌ Í Q"tJ 5vs KJ ##fJ . L. l g" Í" K> #. L\ ,Ð6P ## 5\"K#\ yF 4FO 4Ì [ P_z6 Q" § 4X" §W §B " ²9§ ² �K§. Z#FKP§ 4w#§OK O#§W. 4Ì 4ÌJ #\K#2#!# L 4#J " "RJ PF OK # $ L\#.LK #F $ OK "O " #\K#2 K\ >5 4X" Os Ï¿² $ L"K c OK 4X""LJ #[2 OK #W" #F 4X" B �z5

����O#. ��O#\ ��

#§> OK tJ Z6$ # " OK �Pc#F ̧F@§ PK L U#WF" B L$ LL2

�4\"K L"I O#KOP2 KR 5R +P{ #Ì6 yF 3#vÅ L. 5{ �4wPÌ K4W"K 4J#\ "O " #"6 OR.  >O̧MÏ L |!  "O#Í #Ì6 O#. P!" !OK t§J Z6$ #§!# . K[ " 4Ð Q"

���� ] 3K#ÃX #w "Rs ĻE § � ��L5w" ZK

Ð$ #F LXP5 "LJ Q" L. B§Í " "P§. § L§"K ZJ O# #="PX L.# Å J x#zE5X" $ . X̧6 #. #6 4X""P. #RP KO"K O# #=" P. 3OL{

Ṕ§ ²s ²§́ ² Ĺ-§Ì" t́#I§ ²u² ���� ��-" #{ § �

¿§. ́ ºX²5§² ²§ ²Í ́§² 5vE§Å 5I§ ´6 #. À#Í���� P̧ ²v§² ² À§§ ²\ §§ ²Í OL§§ ´{ ){#zE5§§X"

���� ] �� ; O"" O#E.

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�5 ²w#I§ §. ́¦§"� �#§{ ��" L-§Í §." ²Í § �

² ¿z². L ²{ µPÍ ¿w �́" ÈÅ # OL ² ·b ² L ²{ ,́ ²MD́¿-_§ ´ ²́²w ¿Ï¿# ²" ²¿ ¿w ,́ ¿W²5Ð # OL ²!

� ; q#Ç~" �t́§ ²I" º ¿" ́É ¿_§ ´ ² )v¤#§J ̧ ¿"

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nJ j""

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¶4² ¿> ² �" ²P¿!Ḿ "M Á" ²N º"� �̧>ŖÍ �" #{ LI"�§> RÍ �" #{ P_z ²5" ¿ ²¥P -P" � ¶́´.´ ´{

¹yE" K#\ ¿> ± ¿ -" �)- ² ²O ² )- ²s ²O # ²²Í́L ²��́" ́ ´!Ó ¹N ²E´ � �̧> RÍ �" #{ O"PX ±" ¿u[ LÍ

����!!] �� ; O"" O#E. �� ́ ²Wv²

U#§X" P§. #Í �W=  Í z . #.t§J "P§. CP\ L. "O Í"" L. 3#F

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##Í "P. 4[J "O#Ð# "P. tJ#L3K#-Í "P. 4-O #6Pw "P. >

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4X" O_{ LK Pg#J . 4[J ��� ¶#©5 ± ©>#̧6"L§J L 3"K#-Í #=" OK L. !

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��� � "PÍ $ § ����� ] 3#ÃX #w § �

��� « ©Wp© «�" ««w! «O °N ©E« ©� �4X"

nJ P:�4X" CO"> 6 K OK tJ P:

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§6 OK $ P§: �L#§ {#. YK> OK ²P ²\OK $ P§: �4X" P§B KOQ 5§WÐ\ Å#̧ +#§Ð6O" Q" $ 5§\"K § CO">

�4X" O#KOP2 4Í#g OK+K" 4#ÍOQ" P§!" 4v̧Í KO"K Q#. 3"\ Q" P!" tJ "z6 KO"K Q#. 3#-\ Q" P!" l ²O ² KO"K Q#. "PF

KO"K Q#§. 4X" 3P§J$ "OK"Q R§> B P Q" P!"

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Í µtP[ ´ ¸' )w ²J ²�" ²t#I & ¿¦ r-� § �|#X ���� ¸§=" & ¸' ³#>O >P² ² ¿O# ¸"

���� ] �� ; Ã[~"

4#ÍO #O# P5. È{" OK ���4X" #5[.

ÇE~" OPm �tI" #>P̧" "L5Í" #Í ±" Ṕ ²J� § ���� ]

��4X" #>O tJ OK "L5Í"§. �K#=X #" 9LF 4X#=. Ï"

�K\ P!M L"KO$�P!" P-#2 Q" z5XK X . 3#= �KPw � "LJ XO

�K\ Wz6 4WB 3#= �"LJ XO " �L5v!

#O# OK L"LJ Q" UP6 �KPw 3PbF"O " §6 P!" �. "O " 6 #2K[J OKLÍ 4#ÍO �L. "O 6 " -

���" §XO #§{ �#§{ �§WE" §§.!!§§Í § ���" ²XO # "#{ � µ3#Ð µ7 : µ3#= µ7 :��́"P§²6 ²̄ º' ² ¹P§ ¹W" §w ¿�" t́J �#{ 3#=" # ² #§cP̧" §w ́L§Ì" ²®"P§² ́ º#w ́"P²6 ´Ð²6 ² Á#w

O"" O#E. ���Pz§v" #r" ¿w Ĺ_ ²z" , ²b²r"

�� ] ��!;

��Pzw P"6 OK O# [J �4X" vEÅ #ÍK OK

L" . # OK 4X" W ##> "" . 5W W P65W#\ 6 K#5W" 6 ."P2 LXP5. " Q" W P6O""RX KQO L"

¿ ²-§ ºP" ² ²̄ ¿" ¿-§s ºP" §. )v§{" ���§² ́#z "N � § �

f

3Ļ\§. §6 §. Q" "O#§!#f§J § " ��L§!

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] �� #§ÍK �£ ¿g#§I" ,́ ¿E²5§ ² ¿5 ²vI ¿ ² #� § �����

K§J Q" U"P§ t§J §. "O -{ �LP

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Q" L" 4[F UP6 �K ZÍ P. d#[

���� ] �� #ÍK � ¿LÍ ²" ¹ ²s ²t ²J { Q́O"� § �

Q" tJ . ,-X . #6 � "QO "O +"NÍ

] �� #§ÍK �)w§ ²J ² ){ ²P§²w ¿3#£ ¹ ºW" ²¿ ²²$ � § �����

��# #" OK3#£ ¸X#§. §L" P_ >"J Ug ÐF �PwN6�§ 4X" O#§. §" P§. $P{ Q" "$ . K#5X"" . " tJ LXO #cO >OK . B Ï#X

n"P\̈" n#¼" X§g §L"P_§§ §§>"§§J § ����!!]

��� � #Ì" § ���� ] n"P\̈" n#¼" § �

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#>O

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�4X" 5\"K L" #Ì . 4r OK #>OOK § "§IK RB . 5W. K C fÅ" OK

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O-§Í d§{ U' gO Q" #>O L{ . #!

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