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Volume 2009/3
OECD Journal
General Papers
Special issue
Agricultural and health biotechnologies:Building blocks of the bioeconomyEditor: David Sawaya
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OECD Journal:
General Papers
Volume 2009/3
The OECD Journal collection comprises six periodicals: OECD Journal: Economic
Studies, OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends, OECD Journal: Competition Law and
Policy, OECD Journal: General Papers, OECD Journal on Budgeting, OECD Journal:
Journal of Business Cycle Measurement and Analysis. Each periodical within OECD
Journal retains its own ISSN, volume and issue numbering. The volumenumbering of each journal corresponds to the calendar year, e.g. Volume 2009.
Volume 2009 ofOECD Journal: General Papers contains four issues.
This issue was edited by David Sawaya, OECD International Futures
Programme.
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 30 democracies work together to
address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at
the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and
concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an
ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policyexperiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate
domestic and international policies.
The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic,
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the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD.
OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisations statistics gathering and
research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and
standards agreed by its members.
ISSN 1995-2821 (print)
ISSN 1995-283X (online)
Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda.
OECD 2009
You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia
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This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The
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views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries.
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Although
some of these projections were included in the full project report, these two articles go intomuch greater detail on the current state and expected developments of biotechnology applica-
tions in agriculture and health. In addition, these two papers have been updated, wherever pos-
sible, and therefore contain more recent data than available for the final bioeconomy project
report. The article on agricultural biotechnology also includes data on plant patents that was
not previously available. The future of industrial biotechnology and biofuels are not evaluated
here as they are covered extensively in The Bioeconomy to 2030: Designing a Policy Agenda.
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
USPTO applications
USPTO Grants
EPO applications
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33/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
34/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
35/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
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HT
36%
HT-IR
6%
IR
24%
VR
8%
PQ
17%
AG
2%
MS
7%
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
37/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
38/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
39/212
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
All trait trials
Herbicide tolerance
Agonomic
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Total
United States
Other OECD
Europe
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
41/212
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Herbicide tolerance
Pest resistance
Technical
Agronomic
Product quality
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
42/212
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Yield
Stress tolerance
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Industrial processing
Carbohydrates
Proteins & amino acids
Oils & fatty acids
Pharmaceuticals
Consumer appeal
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
44/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
45/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
46/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
47/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
48/212
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
Soybean
Cotton
Maize
Rapeseed
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Soybean
Cotton
Maize
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
51/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
52/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
53/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
54/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
55/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
56/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
57/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
58/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
59/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
60/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
61/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
62/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
63/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Cottonwood
Eucalyptus
Pine
Poplar
Spruce
Sweetgum
Other
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
67/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
68/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
69/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
70/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
71/212
929
46 15 0
1678
810
149
50
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Crop Forestry Animal Fishery
GMO Other Biotech
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Asia
30%
CentralAmerica
19%
EasternEurope
6%
NorthAfrica/
MiddleEast
8%
SouthA
merica
15
%
Su
b-Saharan
Africa
22%
Commercialisat
ion;
142
Experimentalpha
se;
1041
Trial;31
3
Nostatusspecied;
182
As
ia
6%
CentralAmerica
10%
EasternEurope
13%
NorthAfrica/
MiddleEast
1%
SouthAmerica
64%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
6%
Asia
24%
Central
America
2%
Ea
stern
Eu
rope
9%
NorthAf
rica/
MiddleEast
9%
South
America
22%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
34%
region
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74/212
Commercialisation;
58
Experimentalp
hase;
535
Fieldtrial;254
Nostatusspecied;
82
region
Asia
33%
CentralAmerica
16%
EasternEurope
8%
NorthAfrica/
MiddleEast
5%
SouthAmerica
27%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
11%
Asia
73%
CentralAmerica
5%
EasternEurope
3%
NorthAfrica/
MiddleEast
3%
South
America
11%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
5%
Asia
54%
EasternEurope
3%
SouthAmerica
26%
Sub-Saharan
Africa
17%
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
75/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
76/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
77/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
78/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
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Asia; 47
Central America; 4
Eastern Europe; 38
North Africa/Middle East; 8
South America;
14
Sub-SaharanAfrica; 38
China; 12
India; 18
Iran; 4
Malaysia; 4
Singapore; 4
Other; 5
Slovakia; 3
Ukraine; 35
Other; 16
Ethiopia; 6
South Africa;8
Tanzania; 8
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Asia; 460Central America; 27
Eastern Europe; 54
North Africa/Middle
East; 10
South America; 87
Sub-Saharan Africa;77
China; 147
n a;
Thailand; 20
Korea Rep; 15
Malaysia; 19
Other ; 53
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8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
83/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
84/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
85/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
86/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
87/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
88/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
89/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
90/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
91/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
92/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
93/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
94/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
95/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
96/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
97/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
98/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
99/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
100/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
101/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
102/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
103/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
104/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
105/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
106/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
107/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
108/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
109/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
110/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
111/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
112/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
113/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
114/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
115/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
116/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
117/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
118/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
119/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
120/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
121/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
122/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
123/212
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124/212
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125/212
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126/212
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127/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
128/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
129/212
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0.5 2 3 34 4.5 3.5 1 1
10.5
1 3
11.56
100.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Australia
Canada
China
Cuba
Denmark
France
Germany
Irean
Israel
Japan
Neterans
SouthKorea
Switzeran
UK
USA
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133/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
134/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
135/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
136/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
137/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
138/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
139/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
140/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
141/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
142/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
143/212
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
144/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
145/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
146/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
147/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
148/212
140
194
52
7
106
156
39
912
22
3 20
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Phase I Clinical Trial Phase II Clinical Trial Phase III Clinical Trial Pre-registration
USA
Other OECD
Non OECD
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149/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
150/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
151/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
152/212
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Therapeutics
Vaccines
Other
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
153/212
0
5
10
15
20
25
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
154/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
155/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
156/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
157/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
158/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
159/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
160/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
161/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
162/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
163/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
164/212
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
INSD Total
GenBank + USPTO
EMBL + EPO
DDBJ + JPO + KIPO
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
165/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
166/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
167/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
168/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
169/212
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
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170/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
171/212
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
1990 1995 2000 2005
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172/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
173/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
174/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
175/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
176/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
177/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
178/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
179/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
180/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
181/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
182/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
183/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
184/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
185/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
186/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
187/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
188/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
189/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
190/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
191/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
192/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
193/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
194/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
195/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
196/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
197/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
198/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
199/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
200/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
201/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
202/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
203/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
204/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
205/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
206/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
207/212
8/8/2019 Oecd Health Agriculture 2009 44534300
208/212
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209/212
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OECD PUBLISHING, 2, rue Andr-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16
PRINTED IN FRANCE
(02 2009 03 1 P) ISSN 1995-2821 No. 57109 2009
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OECD Journal
General Papers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Biotechnologies in Agriculture and Related Natural Resources to 2015
Anthony Arundel, David Sawaya 7
Human Health Biotechnologies to 2015
Anthony Arundel, David Sawaya, Ioana Valeanu 113
FURTHER READING
The Bioeconomy to 2030: Designing a Policy Agenda
