2002 5000
106 19.2% SPSSLISREL
1.
2.
3.
II
ABSTRACT
All companies want to make profits and will be globalized, but how do they get it?
Human resource management must be the key point. Corporate cultures and business
strategies try to catch changing environment. How do they affect human resource
systems especial in staffing strategies and organization performances?
We have 106 effective samples from 1.Taiwans 5000 Top manufacture
corporations surveyed by CHINA CREDIT INFORMATION SERVICE, LTD. in 2002.
2. Association of Taichung Human Resource Managers. The effective recover rate was
19.2% and then used the SPSS & LISREL software to analyze our questionnaire.
The main conclusions of our research are
1.The different corporate culture firms can be classified four types by the two
dimensions of flexibility and external focus. Each of the four types has significant
deviation.
2.The different business strategy firms can be classified four types by the two
dimensions of innovation and market range. Each of the four types has significant
deviation.
3.The corporate cultures and business strategies affect organization performances
through the staffing strategies
Key Words: Corporate culture, business strategy, staffing strategy, organization
performance
III
.......................................................I
ABSTRACT ...............................................III
....................................................VI
....................................................IX
...............................................1
................................................... 1
................................................... 4
......................................... 5
...........................................7
................................................... 7
.................................................. 23
.................................................. 33
.................................................. 42
......................................... 46
....................................56
............................................ 56
..................................... 61
........................................ 65
................................................... 67
.............................................. 69
............................................. 72
.................................................. 78
IV
.......................................79
..................................... 79
.............................. 86
.............................. 92
...................................... 98
..... 108
LISREL ....................................... 112
.......................................121
................................................. 121
........................................... 127
.................................................130
()137
V
1-1 2
2-1 8
2-2 10
2-3 13
2-4 18
2-5 20
2-6 25
2-7 28
2-8 30
2-9 Hall & Goodale 39
2-10 40
2-11 44
2-12 48
2-13 48
2-14 49
2-15 50
2-16 55
3-1 67
3-2 68
4-5 83
4-6 84
4-7 86
4-8 87
4-9 88
VI
4-10 89
4-11 91
4-12 93
4-13 94
4-14 95
4-15 97
4-16 99
4-17 100
4-18 101
4-19 102
4-20 103
4-21 104
4-22 105
4-23 106
4-24 107
4-25 108
4-26 109
4-27 111
4-28 112
4-29 112
4-30 113
4-31 LISREL 115
4-32 LISREL 118
4-33 123
4-34 124
4-35 125
VII
4-36 126
4-37 127
4-38 128
5-1 134
VIII
1-1 5
2-1 12
2-2 Deal & Kennedy 15
2-3 16
2-4 Quinn 17
2-5 28
2-6 34
2-7 35
2-8 37
2-9 46
2-10 51
3-1 57
3-2 73
4-1 101
4-2 103
4-3 105
4-4 107
4-5 109
4-6 116
4-7 120
IX
2000
22%
1999 TM
(Watson Wyatt Human Capital Index TM study) 30
30% 30
recruiting excellence
clear rewards and accountability
a collegial, flexible workplacecommunications integrity
prudent use of resources
10%
(SHRM) 1993
1-1
1
1-1
(%) (%)
1. 19 15
2. / 15 10
3. 13 18
4. 11 9
5. / 9 10
6. 8 6
7. / 6 7
8. 5 7
9. 4 7
10. 10 11
100 100
Heneman ,Herbert; Heneman,G. Robert L& A.Judge, TimothyStaffing Organizations
2ndpp.71997IL Mendota House.
(2003)
1.
2. 360
3.
4.
5.
2
(1983)
(1998)
(2001)
(2000)
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
4
1-1
1.
2.
1.
2.
1-1
5
6
1980 (corporate culture)
Z (Ouchi 1981 )(In Search of Excellence)(Peter
& Waterman1982 )(Deal & Kennedy1982 )
(1990)(2000)
(Websters New Collegiate Dictionary)
Robbins(2001)
McDermott1987
1.2.
3.4.
5.6.
1970
Peter & Waterman(1982)
(1990)
7
Robbins(2001)
2-12-2
2-1
Ouchi 1981
Peter & Waterman 1982
Pettigrew 1983
myth
Dension 1984
(Core identity)
Schein 1984
Tunstall 1985
Lorsch 1985
Arogyaswamy &
Byles
1987
McManis &
Webster
1988
Wilkins 1988
organizational frames of reference
8
Deshpande &
Webster
1989
Botterill 1990
Zammuto &
Oconnor
1992
Chatman &
Jehn
1994
Flannery
Hofrichter &
Plaaten
1996
Hodgetts &
Luthans
1997
Verbeke
Volgering &
Hessels
1998
Robbins 2001
1.1999
19-20
2.2002
22
9
2-2
1985
1986
1987
1989
1990
1992
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2001 (practice)
(mission)(values)(philosophy)
2002
2002 ()
10
2003
1.
23
2.
Robbins(2001)
2-1
11
568
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2-1
Deal & Kennedy(1982)Corporate C
--
12
ulture
--
2001
2-3
2-3
Pettigrew 1979 1.2.3.4.5.
Deal &
Kennedy 1982
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Schein 1984
1.
2.
3.
Asker 1986 1. 2 3.
Amsa 1986 1.2.3.4.
Bettinger 1989
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
8. 9. 10.
11. 12
Kono 1990
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7.
Grey &
Gelfond 1990
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
Singh 1990 1.2.3.4.
1990
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
6. 7.
Simmons 1996
1.charismaleadership
2. 3.
4.stage
5.
24
13
Deal &
Kennedy1982
2-2
1.the toughguy , macho culture
2./the work hard/play hard culture
3.the betyourcompany culture
4.the process culture
Deal & Kennedy(1982)
14
Planning
Walla
1.
2.
3.
Hofsted
1. 3.
2./
4.
2-2 Deal & Kennedy
Rohit Deshapand & A. Parasuraman, Linking Corporate Culture to Strategic
, Business Horizons, May-Jun,1986, p.31
nch(1983)
(Bureaucratic Culture)
(Innovative Culture)
(Supportive Culture)
(1991)Cameron(1985)
e(1990)//
15
2-3
4.(Effective Culture)
/
1. 2.
3. 4.
2-3
199119
Quinn(1988)
2-4
(1995)
1.(Developmental Culture)
2.(Market Culture)
3.(Clan Culture)
16
4.(Bureaucratic Culture)
(flexibility)
(stability)
2-4 Quinn
199538
(1990)
1.
2.
3.
1.
17
2.
3.
4.
5.
2-4
2-4
Ansoff 1979 1.2.3.4.
5
Deal &
Kennedy 1982
1. 2./ 3.
4.
Ellen J.
Wallach 1983 1. 2. 3.
G. R.
Jones 1983 1. 2. 3.
Christian
Scholz 1987
1.
123
45
2.
123
3.
12/ 3
4
L. L. Byars 1987 1.2.3.4.
18
Quinn 1988 1. 2. 3 4.
Reimamn &
Wiener 1988
1. 2. 3. 4.
Cooke &
Lafferty 1989 1.2.3.
David Lei ,
Slocum ,
Slater
1990 1. 2. 3.
4. .
Frank
Petrock 1990 1.2.3.4.
Kono 1990 1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
1990 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
Brink 1991 1. 2. 3.
4.
Cooke &
Szumal 1993 1. 2. / 3./
R. Goffee &
G. Jones 1998 1. 2. 3. 4.
1999 1. 2. 3. 4.
(1991)-
1.(Innovative Culture)
2.(Effective Culture)
3.(Supportive Culture)
19
4.(Bureaucratic Culture)
2-5
2-5
1986
1.
2.
1996
Top500
1.
2.
1998
20
(1999)
(37.5%)
(33.33%
2000
2000
(2001)
(2001)
1.
2.
(2002)
56
1.
2.
21
(2003)
1.
2.
(2003)
(1966)(1999)(2000)
//(2001)
(2001)(
19661999)
(2003)
//
22
Chandler (1962)
Jauch & Glueck1989
2001
1980
Steiner
1969
(2001)
(1998)
Porter1985
1.(Cost Leadership Strategy)
23
2.(Differentiation Strategy)
3.(Focus Strategy)
Miles & Snow(1984)
1.(Defender Strategy)
2.(Prospectors Strategy)
3.(Analyzers Strategy)
4.(Reactor Strategy)
(1987)
24
1.KFS(Key factor of success)
2.(Relative superiority)
3.(Aggressive imitative)
4.(Strategic degree of freedom)
2-6
2-6
Ansoff 1968
1.Market Penetration2.MarketDevelopment3.Produce Development4.Diversification
Utterback&
Abemathy 1975
1.Performance Maximizing2.Sales Maximizing3.Cost Minimizing
Hofer&
Schendel 1978
1. Share Increasing 2. Growth3.Profit4.Market Concentration and Asset Reduction5.Turnaround6.Liquidation
Vesper 1979
1. Multiplication 2. Monopolizing 3. Specialization 4.Liquidation
Vissema,
Vanderpos
&Messer
1980
1.Explore2.Expansion3.Continue Growth4.Slip5.Consolidation6.Contraction
Miles 1982 1.Domain Defense2.Domain Offense
Miles & Snow 1984 1. (Defender Strategy) 2.
(Prospectors Strategy)3. (Analyzers
25
Strategy) 4.(Reactor Strategy)
Porter 1985
1.Cost Leadership Strategy 2.Differentiation Strategy3.Focus Strategy
1987
1.KFS (Key factor of success) 2.
(Relative superiority)3. .
(Aggressive imitative)4.
(Strategic degree of freedom)
Segve 1989
1.Defenders2.Cost Leadership3. Analyzers 4. Cost Differentiation5.Prospectors
William,
Rosamm
Frank
1996 1.Building2.Hold3.Harvest4./ Divest/Liquidate
Aker 1999
1.Differentiation2.Focus3. Low Cost 4. Synergy 5. The preemptive move
1.
44
2.
Miles & Snow(1984)
1.(Defender Strategy)
2.(Prospectors Strategy)
3.(Analyzers Strategy)
26
4.(Reactor )
Hofer & Schendel1978
2000
1.Corporate Strategy
vertical
integrationdiversificationstrategic
alliance
2.Business Strategy
Porter1980
1cost leadership strategy
2differentiation strategy
3focus strategy
3.Functional Strategy
(1995)
27
2-5
2-5
1995
2-7
2-7
Ansoff 1965
1.St
2.Ad
3.Op
Hofer &
Schendel 1978
1.
2. Bus
28
rategic dec
ministrati
erating dec
Corporate
iness stra
ision
on decisio
ision
strategy
tegy
n
3. Functional area strategy
Sawyer 1980
1.Company strategy
2.Business strategy
3.Product strategy
Hill &
Jones 1992
1.Corporate strategy
2.Business strategy
3. Functional strategy
1995
1.(Corporate strategy)
2.(business strategy)
3.Functional strategy
1998
1.Corporate strategy
2.Business strategy
3. Functional strategy
Ansoff
29
(1999)
2-8
2-8
(1999)
1.
2.
2000
500
500
1.
2.
3.
30
2002
1.
2.
3.
(2002)
(2002)
1.
2.
Miles&Snow
(2002)
1
1.
2.
31
(2000
(2002)
(2002)
32
(1995) (2000)
(acquisition)(develop)
(maintenance)(utilization)
(1998) Milkovich & Boudreau1997Human
Resource Management
(1998)2000
2-6
33
placement
selecting
(recruiting)
2-6
173
, 2000
(
2003)
, 2000Dessler (1988
(2003)
20001.2.3.
4.5.6.Byars & Rue , 1995
selection process1.2.
3.4.5.6.
34
, 1998
, 2000
2-7
()
()
()
()
()
2-7
Heneman,, Heneman & JudgeStaffing Organizations 2ndp.12
35
(Strategic Human
Resource Management)
(1995)
Wright & McMahan, 1992Sheppeck &
Militello20001.
2.3.
4.
integrationadaptation
1.2.
3.
Schuler,1992
Ulrich(1992)
1.
2.
3.
36
Staffing Organizations Heneman , Heneman & Judge (1997)
(acquisition)
2-8
1. (acquire or develop talent) 2. (staffing as a lag or lead system) 3. (specific or general competencies) 4. (exceptional or acceptable workforce quality) 5. (external or internal hiring) 6. (active or passive pursuit of diversity) 7. (core or flexible workforce)
2-8
Heneman , Heneman & JudgeStaffing Organizations 2ndp.102
1.
(buy)(make)
2.
37
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Hall & Goodale(1986)1.
2.3.
2-9
38
2-9 Hall & Goodale
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Hall, Douglas & Goodale, James1986Human resource management: strategy, design and
implementationScott, Foresman and Company.
Breaugh(1992)
(orientation)
(2000)(upstream strategy)
(downstream strategy)
1.2.
3.
(1999)
1.
2.
3.
2-10
39
2-10
(promotion from within) internal labor market (recruitment from without)
external labor market
1. 2. 3.
1. 2. 3.
1. 2. 3.
1. 2. 3.
1. 2. 3.
1. 2. 3.
1999
Heneman , Heneman & Judge (1997)
1.
(buy)(make)
2.
3.
40
4.
41
(Kassem & Moursi,1971 )
(1992)(
)(
)
Venkatraman &
Ramanujam(1986)
1.Financial Performance
2.Business Performance
Operational Performance
3.Organization Performance
Ruekert, Walker & Roering(1985)
1.(effectiveness):
2.(efficiency)
3.(adaptability)
Locke & Latham(1990)
1.
42
2.
3.
(Guest,
1997)Guest(1997)
Dyer & Reeves(1995)
1.
2.3.
Becker & Gerhart (1996)
2-11
43
2-11
Venkatraman &
Ramanujam(1986)
1.
2.
3.
Nkomo(1987) 1.
2.
Demirag(1987) 1.
2.
Ichniowski(1990
)
(Tobins q)
(1991)
Ichniowski,
Shaw, &
Prennushi(1993)
(1994)
Arthur(1994)
Bird &
Beechler(1995)
1.
2.
(1995)
1.
2.
3.
Huselid(1995) (Tobins q)
MacDuffie(1995)
Delery &
Doty(1996)
Welbourne &
&rews(1996)
Tobins q
Delaney & Huselid(1996)
1.
44
2.
Youndt et al. (1996)
(1996)
Hueslid, Jackson, & Schuler(1997)
Tobins q
(1997) 1.
2.
1. 1999
17-18
2.
45
(Robbins2001)
(1995)
2-9
2-9
43
(2000)
46
(2001)
1.
2.3.
(2002)
(
2000)
(2001)
(2003)
Schuler & Jackson (1987)
47
2-12
2-12
1. 2.
1. 2.
Schuler, R. S., & Jackson, S. E. (1987). Linking competitive strategies with human
resource management practices, Academy of Management Executive, 1(3): 207-219.
(2000)
2-13
2-13
2000 140
48
Anthony et al. Strategic Human Resource Management1993
Miles & Snow(1980)
Ragburam & Arvey1997Miles & Snow
2-14
2-14
1.
2.
/
1.
2.
/
/
1.
2.
/
/
Ragburam, Summita & Arvey, Richard D.1997 .Business strategy with staffing and
training practices .Human Resource Planning.203 .pp.14-19
2-15
49
2-15
1. 2.
1. 2. 1. 2.
1. 2.
1. 2. 3.
1998 110
(1998)
(2000)
(2000)
()
50
()
Peters & Waterman(1982)
(2000)
Robbins(2001)
2-10
2-10
573
(1999)(1991)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
51
(2002)
(2003)
()
Miles & Snows(1978)
Hambrick(1983)
(2002)
Miles & Snows
(2002)1
Miles & Snow
52
()
(universalistic perspective) (contingency perspective)
(configurational perspective) (Lawler, Chen, & Bae, 2000)
(best perspective)
Pfeffer(1994) 16
Arthur(1992)
Delery Doty(1996)
Youndt et al(1996)
53
MacDuffie(1995)
1.2.
3.
(Guest, 1997)
(1994)
(2001)
(1999)
Guest(1997)2-16
54
2-16
/
20
55
(,2000,2001
,1999,2003 ,2000,2000)3-1
1. 2.
12
1. 2. 3.
1. 2.
.
.
3-1
56
3-1
()
(Robbins2001)(2001)
(2003)
(2000)(1999)
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
57
()
(1998)(2000)
(2000)
()
Miles & Snows(1978)
(2002)
(2002)1
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
58
()
MacDuffie(1995)
1.2.
3.
(Guest, 1997)
(1994)
(2001)
H13
H14
H15(mediating)
H16
H16-1
59
H16-2
H16-3
H16-4
H16-5
H16-6
60
Robbins(2001)(2001)
(1999) (1991)Cameron(1985)
//
1.(Innovative Culture)
2.(Effective Culture)
3.(Supportive Culture)
4.(Bureaucratic Culture)
61
Miles & Snow(1984)
(,1999,2002,2002)
Segev(1989)
Miles & Snow(1984)
1.(Defender Strategy)
2.(Prospectors Strategy)
3.(Analyzers Strategy)
4.(Reactor Strategy)
Heneman, Heneman & Judge (1997)
(acquisition)
1.(buy)(make)
62
2.
3.
4.
(Kassem &
Moursi,1971 )
1.
2.
1.
2.3 4 10 11 15 16 20 20
3.8 8 2 2 5 5
10 10
4.1 50 51 100 101 500 500 1000 1000
5.25 30 30 35 35 40 40
45 45
6.1 1 3 4 6 7 10 10
63
64
2002
5000
93
5501082
10619.2%31
3-1
300 150 100 550
66 27 15 108
0.22 0.18 0.15 0.183
2 0 0 2
64 27 15 106
0.21 0.18 0.15 0.180
3-2
65
3-2
(n=106)
(%)
(%)
64 60.4 60.4
27 25.5 85.8 15 14.2 100.0
3 3 2.8 2.8
4--10 16 15.1 17.9
11--15 18 17.0 34.9
16--20 19 17.9 52.8
20 50 47.2 100.0
8 16 15.1 15.1
8--2 20 18.9 34.0
2--5 18 17.0 50.9
5--10 17 16.0 67.0
10 35 33.0 100.0
1--50 17 16.0 16.0
51--100 13 12.3 28.3
101--500 41 38.7 67.0
500--1000 18 17.0 84.0
1000 17 16.0 100.0
25--30 9 8.5 8.5
30--35 53 50.0 58.5
35--40 41 38.7 97.2
40--45 2 1.9 99.1
45 1 0.9 100.0
1 3 2.8 2.8
1--3 22 20.8 23.6
4--6 42 39.6 63.2
7--10 29 27.4 90.6
10 10 9.4 100.0
66
Likert
(1999)
//
14Likert 15
(2002)
11Likert 15
67
20Likert 15
(2002)
10Likert
15
6
68
SPSS for Window10.0AMOS
3.6
(Descriptives)
()(Factor Analysis)
()Internal Consistency Analysis
Cronbach' s
Cronbach's
0.7Nunnally,1967
69
()
( Cluster Analysis ) ( Discriminant Analysis )
Hit Ratio
PressQ
(One-Way ANOVA)
Scheffe
Canonical Correlation
(Regresion Analysis)
70
LISREL
(Linear Structural Relation LISREL)
LISREL3-2
3-2
1.
2.
1.
2.
1. 2. 3.
1.
2.
ANOVALISERL
ANOVA
ANOVA
ANOVA
ANOVA
71
Cronbach
(Factor Analysis)
Kaiser(1966)
1. 1
2. 0.5
3. 0.3
3-3
(Principal Components Analysis) 8
2.9682.364 66.650%
5
3
Cronbach 0.83430.8174 0.7
72
3-3
1 2
0.835 0.007
0.804 0.233
0.715 0.379
0.686 0.112
0.651 0.348
0.007 0.907
0.231 0.813
0.298 0.737
2.968 2.364
(%) 50.836 15.814
(%) 50.836 66.650
Cronbach 0.8343 0.8174
3-4 9
4.1381.517 62.838%
7
()
73
2
Cronbach
0.8823 Cronbach 0.6099
3-4
1 2
0.830 0.003
0.815 -0.009
0.792 0.002
0.775 -0.008
() 0.747 -0.009
0.709 0.158
0.694 0.242
-0.006 0.848
0.100 0.828
4.138 1.517
(%) 46.116 16.721
(%) 46.116 62.838
Cronbach 0.8823 0.6099
74
3-5 11
4.1431.5321.096 61.558%
5
4
2
Cronbach 0.73750.82340.6199
Cronbach 0.7 Cronbach
0.6
75
3-5
1 2 3
0.817 0.006 0.004
0.717 0.160 -0.008
0.621 0.234 0.159
0.596 0.251 0.008
0.562 0.269 0.001
0.297 0.818 -0.007
0.004 0.780 -0.009
0.350 0.755 0.228
0.486 0.681 -0.001
-0.005 -0.004 0.858
0.188 -0.002 0.819
4.143 1.532 1.096
(%) 37.663 13.927 9.967
(%) 37.663 51.590 61.558
Cronbach 0.7375 0.8234 0.6199
76
3-6 7
4.0531.757 72.624%
5
2 Cronbach
0.90820.7569 Cronbach 0.7
3-6
1 2
0.905 -0.151
0.905 -0.007
0.859 -0.198
0.770 -0.204
0.756 -0.200
-0.009 0.898
-0.205 0.868
4.053 1.757
(%) 55.161 17.462
(%) 55.161 72.624
Cronbach 0.9082 0.7569
77
19.2
78
SPSS for Window10.0 AMOS
3.0
ANOVA
16-1
1.4-1
2.Scheffe(F=3.834P
4-1
1 2 3 F P (N=64)
(N= 27)
(N=15)
Scheffe
19.17 17.67 19.60 2.223 0.113 ----
10.69 10.89 10.67 0.064 0.938 ----
27.20 24.22 27.00 3.834 0.025* (1>2)
5.92 5.78 6.07 0.115 0.892 ----
15.66 15.04 15.33 0.600 0.551 ----
18.83 18.44 19.07 0.245 0.783 ----
5.50 5.44 5.67 0.068 0.935 ----
22.03 21.04 22.00 0.578 0.563 ----
5.31 5.19 5.33 0.076 0.927 ----
*P < 0.05
80
16-2
1.4-2
4-2
3 (N=3)
4-10
(N=18)
11-15
(N=18)
16-20
(N=19)
20
(N=50)
F P Scheffe
18.33 18.56 18.50 18.37 19.28 0.360 0.836 ----
10.00 10.81 11.39 10.68 10.54 0.425 0.790 ----
30.67 25.69 26.33 25.16 26.90 1.093 0.364 ----
6.00 5.44 6.61 5.53 5.94 1.055 0.383 ----
16.67 15.88 15.56 14.63 15.52 0.817 0.517 ----
19.67 19.69 18.78 17.32 18.96 1.677 0.161 ----
4.00 5.38 5.11 5.90 5.64 0.955 0.435 ----
19.33 21.56 22.00 20.95 22.22 0.620 0.649 ----
5.67 5.38 5.61 5.26 5.12 0.413 0.799 ----
81
16-3
1.4-3
4-3
8
(N=16)
8 -2 (N=20)
2 -5
(N=18)
5 -10
(N=17)
10
(N=35)
F P Scheffe
19.06 19.00 19.22 18.82 18.49 0.166 0.955 ----
11.06 11.20 10.94 10.94 10.11 0.798 0.529 ----
27.19 26.55 27.44 26.47 24.43 0.648 0.630 ----
6.19 5.60 5.33 6.76 5.83 1.531 0.199 ----
15.38 15.40 15.39 15.82 15.37 0.108 0.979 ----
18.19 18.50 18.78 19.82 18.66 0.733 0.572 ----
5.69 5.60 5.56 5.18 5.51 0.176 0.950 ----
21.69 22.45 21.61 21.24 21.77 0.211 0.932 ----
4.31 5.40 5.61 5.71 5.29 2.341 0.060 ----
82
16-4
1.4-4
2.Scheffe(F=3.255P1)
*P < 0.05
83
16-5
1.4-5
4-5
25-30 (N=9)
30-35
(N=53)
35-40
(N=41)
40-45
(N=21)
45
(N=1)
F P Scheffe
18.33 19.13 18.50 18.00 21.50 0.545 0.703 ----
9.89 10.66 11.05 9.50 11.50 0.561 0.691 ----
26.11 27.17 25.65 21.50 28.00 1.127 0.348 ----
5.44 5.89 5.90 8.50 6.00 1.064 0.378 ----
14.78 15.96 15.05 12.50 16.00 1.749 0.145 ----
18.11 18.77 18.98 15.50 20.50 0.929 0.451 ----
4.89 5.45 5.78 4.00 6.00 0.800 0.528 ----
20.56 22.09 21.90 18.50 19.50 0.752 0.559 ----
5.44 5.42 5.15 5.00 4.00 0.574 0.682 ----
84
16-6
1.4-6
4-6
1
(N=3)
1-3 (N=22)
4-6 (N=42)
7-10 (N=29)
10
(N=10)
F P Scheffe
18.33 19.00 18.36 19.93 17.60 1.266 0.288 ----
12.33 10.05 10.55 11.38 10.70 1.220 0.307 ----
25.67 27.41 26.07 26.83 24.70 0.644 0.632 ----
5.67 5.73 5.88 6.38 5.10 0.955 0.435 ----
15.67 15.41 15.74 15.52 14.10 0.879 0.479 ----
19.67 18.59 18.81 19.10 17.70 0.495 0.740 ----
6.00 5.14 5.48 5.76 5.60 0.391 0.815 ----
19.67 21.55 21.93 22.41 20.40 0.677 0.610 ----
4.67 5.91 5.55 4.73 4.60 3.132 0.018 ----
85
(Hierarchical method)(Minimum
variance method)(Wards method)
//
4-7
4-7
9 229.486 28.34
8 279.563 50.077
7 341.456 61.893
6 416.311 74.855
5 537.701 121.390
4 725.436 187.735
3 1063.403 317.967
2 1964.189 900.786
//
(Discriminant analysis)
86
()
4--80 (Hit Ratio) 93.4%(
=(42+29+20+8)/106=93.4%)
4-8
42 97.7% 1
2.3% 0
0.0% 0
0.0% 43
2 5.7% 29
82.9% 4
11.4% 0
0.0% 35
0 0.0% 0
0.0% 20
100% 0
0.0% 20
0 0.0% 0
0.0% 0
0.0% 8
100.0% 8
44 30 24 8 106
()PressQ
PressQPressQ 6.63(2
1 0.01 )
PressQQ=N-(n*k)2/N(k-1)= 106-(99*4)
2/106(3)=264.47>6.63
PressQ 6.63
//
87
4-9
()
4-9 (18.02)
(18.85)(11.35)(10.74)
()
4-9 (20.23)
(18.85)(9.14)(10.74)
()
4-9 (21.90)
(18.85)(13.95)(10.74)
88
()
4-9 (9.63)
(18.85)(6.38)(10.74)
4-9
(N=43)
(N=35)
(N=20)
(N=8) F P Scheffe
18.02 20.23 21.90 9.63 103.976 *** 0.000
(1>4)(2>1)(2>4)(3>1)(3>2)(3>4)
11.35 9.14 13.95 6.38 70.741 *** 0.000
(1>2)(1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>2)(3>4)
***P < 0.001
Scheffe
4-10
()
4-10 (F=20.360
P0.05) Scheffe
89
( 29.5)
()
4-10 (F=11.209
P
4-10
1.
(N=43) 2.(N=35)
3.(N=20)
4.(N=8)
F P Scheffe
26.42 26.86 29.5 16.76 20.360 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>4)
5.81 6.38 5.7 4.88 1.617 0.190 ----
15.47 15.20 17.25 12.00 11.209 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>2)
(3>4)
18.41 18.77 20.85 15.37 8.399 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>1)(3>4)
5.07 5.74 6.00 5.62 1.432 0.238 ---
22.46 21.02 24.65 14.13 20.872 0.000*** (1>4)(2>4)(3>2)(3>4)
4.91 5.63 4.9 6.75 4.945 0.003** (4>1)(4>3)
**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
91
(Hierarchical method)(Minimum variance
method)
4-11
4-11
9 262.941 44.263
8 319.191 56.25
7 378.831 59.64
6 515.070 136.239
5 708.986 193.916
4 1054.527 345.541
3 1506.719 452.192
2 2902.792 1396.073
(Discriminant analysis)
92
()
4-12 (Hit Ratio) 95.3%(
=(12+71+14+4)/106=95.3%)
4-12
12 100% 0
0% 0
0% 0
0% 12
3 3.9% 71
93.4% 2
2.6% 0
0% 76
0 0% 0
0% 14
100% 0
0% 14
0 0% 0
0% 0
0% 4
100% 4
15 71 16 4 106
()PressQ
PressQPressQ 6.63(2
1 0.01 )
PressQQ=N-(n*k)2/N(k-1)= 106-(101*4)
2/106(3)=279.26>6.63
PressQ 6.63
93
4-13
()
4-13 (20.42)
(22.64)(6.83)(5.8)
()
4-13 (26.99)
(22.64)(5.76)(5.8)
()
4-13 (33.149)
(22.64)(6.36)(5.8)
94
()
4-13 (10.000)
(22.64)(4.25)(5.8)
4-13
(N=12)
(N=76)
(N=14)
(N=4) F P Scheffe
20.42 26.99 33.14 10.00 208.462 *** 0.000
(1>4)(2>1) (2>4)(3>1)(3>2)(3>4)
6.83 5.76 6.36 4.25 2.458 0.067 --
***P < 0.001
Scheffe
4-14
()
4-14 (F=44.463
P
12.50
7.25
6.00
()
4-14 (F=15.238
P
4-14
1.
(N=12) 2.(N=76)
3.(N=14)
4.(N=4)
F P Scheffe
16.75 19.25 21.79 7.25 44.463 0.000*** (1>4) (2>1)(2>4) (3>1)(3>2) (3>4)
9.42 10.87 12.50 6.00 9.955 0.000*** (2>4)(3>1) (3>4)
14.17 15.61 17.36 9.75 15.238 0.000*** (1>4) (2>4)(3>1) (3>2)
(3>4)
17.75 18.66 21.79 13.25 13.399 0.000*** (1>4) (2>4)(3>1) (3>2)
(3>4)
4.58 5.46 6.21 6.75 2.285 0.083 ----
19.58 22.24 24.43 10.25 22.428 0.000*** (1>4) (2>4)(3>1) (3>4)
5.33 5.28 7.75 4.57 5.143 0.002** (3>1) (3>2)(3>4)
**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
97
4-15
4-15
F P
1 0.618 0.618 0.382 9.880 0.000***
2 0.034 0.182 0.033 1.744 0.180
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
1=0.618P
4-16
(%) (%)
0.949+
0.771+ 74.738 28.539
0.879+
0.892+
0.160
53.129 20.288
+ > 0.4
4-1
0.949+
0.771+ 0.160
0.892+
0.879+
=0.618
2=0.382
=74.738% =53.129% RI =28.539% RI =20.288%
99
4-17
417
F P
1 0.661 0.631 0.398 15.18 0.000***
2 0.014 0.116 0.014 1.41 0.237
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
1=0.631P
418
(%) (%)
0.952+
0.765+ 24.636 61.894
0.980+
-0.528 29.674 74.553
+ > 0.4
4-2
-0.528++
0.952+
29.674%
RI74.553%
61.894%
RI24.636
=0.631
2=0.398 0.980+
0.765+
101
4--19
4-19
F P
1 0.776 0.661 0.437 12.10 0.000***
2 0.041 0.197 0.039 2.07 0.132
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
1=0.661P
4-20 (%) (%)
0.995+
-0.037 51.860 22.659
0.949+
0.800+
0.117
49.596 21.670
+ > 0.4
4-3
0.995+
-0.037 0.117
0.800+
0.949+
=0.661
2=0.437
=51.860% =49.596% RI =22.659% RI =21.670%
103
4-21
4-21
F P
1 0.665 0.632 0.399 14.82 0.000***
2 0.001 0.024 0.001 0.06 0.807
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
1=0.632P
4-22
(%) (%)
1.000+
0.071 61.379 24.505
0.983+
-0.510 50.247 20.061
+ > 0.4
4-4
-0.510
1.000+
50.247%
RI20.061%
61.379%
RI24.505
=0.632
2=0.399 0.983+
0.071
105
4-23
4-23
F P
1 0.388 0.529 0.280 6.91 0.000***
2 0.047 0.211 0.045 2.38 0.097
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
1=0.529P
4-24 (%) (%)
0.962+
0.776+
0.071
54.866 15.342
0.999+
-0.314 51.108 14.291
+ > 0.4
4-5
-0.314
0.962+
51.108
RI14.291
54.866
RI15.342
=0.529***
2=0.280 0.999+
0.776+
0.071
107
=0.493P
425
0.105 0.155 0.248
0.123 0.222* -0.135
0.493*** 0.319** -0.043
-.119 0.065 -0.035
R2 0.419 0.357 0.036
F 18.241 14.007 0.951
P 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.438
1.
2.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
=0.491P
426
0.491*** -0.164 0.198* -0.231*
R2 0.382 0.121
F 31.894 7.061
P 0.000*** 0.001**
1.
2.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
=0.621P
=0.405P
LISREL
(Linear Structural Relation)
LISREL
LISREL (
)
()
()
; ;
X ; Y ;
; ;
; ;
; LISREL
4-29
112
4-29 LISREL
LISREL
(Measurement model)
(Structural model)(
2001) 4-6
LISREL
50(Bagozzi & Yi,1988) 100-150
(MLE)(Ding,Velicer & Harlow,1995)
( 400)MLE (
2000) 106(MLE)
LISREL
()
1 2
1 2
X1 X2 X3 X4
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5
113
1 2 3
1
X11 Y11 Y21 Y31
2 X21 11 21 Y42
4
21
3 X32 12 Y52 5
22 2 1
4 X42
4-6
()
Bagozzi & Yi (1988)LISREL
(Preliminary fit criteria )(Fit of internal structural of model)
(Overall model fit)4-32
1.
t
2(5%)(Bagozzi, Yi,
1
1
X1
X2
Y5
Y4
Y2Y1
X3
2
2
X4
Y3
114
& Phillips, 1991)4-30t
2
2.
(Tan,2001)
4-30 (t>2.00)
3.
(Anderson and Gerbing,1988)Bagozzi & Yi (1988)
2 (goodness of fit index, GFI)
(adjusted goodness of fit index, AGFI)
(incremental fit index, IFI)(comparative fit index, CFI)
(root mean square residual, RMR)
4-3061.45
P0.352GFI0.921(0.9)AGFI0.936(0.9)CFI0.914(
0-1)RMR0.04(0.05)
115
4-30 LISREL
t
X()
(X11) 0.622 a
(X21) 0.398 4.460*
(X32) 0.245 a
(X42) 0.317 2.896*
Y()
(Y11) 0.875 a
(Y21) 0.515 4.310*
(Y31) 0.286 2.241*
(Y42) 0.634 a
(Y52) 0.213 2.114*
()
--->(21) 0.206 2.038*
--->(11) 0.251 2.359*
--->(12) 0.364 2.458*
--->(22) 0.421 2.538*
()
--->(21) 0.468 3.090*
() 61.45
P ( 0.05) 0.352
GFI( 0.9) 0.921
AGFI( 0.9) 0.936
CFI(0 1 ) 0.914
RMR( 0.05) 0.04
*t1.96aLISREL1t
116
()
LISREL
1.
4-32
(21=0.206)(t=2.038*>2)
4-10
2.
4-32
(11=0.251)(t=2.359*>2)
4-10
3.
4-32
(12=0.421)(t=2.538*>2)
4-14
4.
4-32
(22=0.364)(t=2.458*>2)
117
4-14
5.
4-32
( 21=0.468)(t=3.090*>2)
4-28
118
4-7
0.6
X1
Y1
* t
()
22
0.245
X2
1
1
2
X1
X3
0.398
0.875 0.515 0.286
21=0.206* 11=0.251*
21= 0.468* 0.634
0.213
12= 0.364* 22=0.421*
0.317
2
1
Y4
Y4
Y1 Y2 Y3
X2
Y2
.96
4-7
X3
Y
X4
( 21=
4-7
X
3
0.468)
4
Y
( 11=0
119
4Y5
.251)
GFI=0.921 AGFI=0.936RMR=0.04
1121 0.117(=0.251*0.468)
()
(12=0.364)
( 21=0.468)
4-7
12 21 0.170(=0.364*0.468)
120
H1
H2-1
H2-1 H2-2
//
(1991) H-3
121
(2001)
(1999)
H4
H5
H6
122
H7
H8
Miles& Snow(1984) H9
(2000)
(2002)
123
H10
H12
H13
H-13
H15
124
H15
H16-2H16-3H16-5H16-6
5001000
150H16-1H16-4
5-1
125
5-1
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
H12
H13
H14
H15 (mediating)
H16
H16-1
H16-2
H16-3
H16-4
H16-5
H16-6
126
()
Heneman , Heneman & Judge (1997)
()
()
127
()
Miles & Snow(1984)
()
( 4-30 4-30)
128
1.2002 5000
2.
3.
129
1.2000
2.1996
3.1999SPSS
4.1992
5.1999
6.2000
7.2001
8.1996
70-77
9.1999
10.2002
11.1999
65-81
12.2001
1-18
13.2001Stephen P. Robbins
14.2000
130
15.2000
16.2003
NSC90-2416-H-008-020
17.1996
18.1995
19.2003
20.2002
NSC90-2416-H-004-017-SSS
21.2000
22.2001
NSC90-2416-H-309-006
23.1998
24.2003
25.2000
26.1990
27.1999
http://www.watsonwyatt.com
28.2002
131
http://www.watsonwyatt.com/29.1984Terrence E. Deal & Allan A. Kennedy
30.2000
31.2000
32.1998
33.2002
34 2002Gareth R. Jones
35.2000500
36.2002
37.2001
ITIS
38.1999
39.199510-12
40.1994
41.2001
1-17
42.2001
43.2001
132
44.1991
45.2004
46.1988
47.2003Robert Wood & Tim Payne
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136
e-maill [email protected]
V
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2. .
3. ..
4. ..
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10.
137
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13.
14.
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. 4. . 5. () 6. .. 7. .. 8. .. 9. .. 10. .. 11.
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1.
139
2.
3 4-10 11-15 16--20 20 3.
8 8 2 2 5 5 10 10
4. 1-50 51-100 101500 5001000 1000
5. 25--30 3035 35 40 40 45
45 6.
1 1--3 4--6 7--10 10
_________________________________
__________________________________________________________
E-MAIL___________________________________________________________
------------()-----------------------
38
140
ABSTRACT LISREL