SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF
THEORY AND PROBLEMS
OF
APPLIED PHYSICS
Third Edition
ARTHUR BEISER, Ph.D.
SCHAUM'S OUTLINE SERIES McGRAW-HILL, INC.
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Contents
Chapter 1 USEFUL MATH 1 Algebra 1 Equations 2 Exponents 4 Powers of 10 5 Units 9 Significant Figures 10
Chapter 2 VECTORS 17 Scalar and Vector Quantities 17 Vector Addition: Graphical Method 17 Trigonometry 19 Pythagorean Theorem 20 Vector Addition: Trigonometrie Method 22 Resolving a Vector 23 Vector Addition: Component Method 25
Chapter 3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 32 Velocity 32 Acceleration 34 Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration 35
Chapter 4 MOTION IN A VERTICAL PLANE 40 Acceleration of Gravity 40 Falling Bodies 40 Projectile Motion 42
Chapter 5 LAWS OF MOTION 50 First Law of Motion 50 Mass 50 Second Law of Motion 50 Weight 52 British System of Units 53 Free-Body Diagrams and Tension 55 Third Law of Motion 58 Apparent Weight 60 Two and Three Dimensions 61
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vi CONTENTS
Chapter 6 FRICTION 68 Static and Kinetic Friction 68 Coefficient of Friction 68 Rolling Friction 69
Chapter 7 ENERGY 75 Work 75 Power 77 Efficiency 77 Kinetic Energy 79 Potential Energy 80 Rest Energy 82 Conservation of Energy 82
Chapter * MOMENTUM 89 Linear Momentum 89 Impulse 89 Conservation of Linear Momentum 91 Collisions 93 Coefficient of Restitution 95
Chapter 9 CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION 102 Centripetal Acceleration 102 Centripetal Force 102 Motion in a Vertical Circle 105 Gravitation 106 Satellite Motion 108
Chapter 10 ROTATIONAL MOTION 113 Angular Measure 113 Angular Velocity 113 Angular Acceleration 115 Moment of Inertia 116 Torque 117 Rotational Energy and Work 119 Angular Momentum 122
Chapter 11 EQUILIBRIUM 129 Translational Equilibrium 129 Rotational Equilibrium 134 Center of Gravity 135 Finding a Center of Gravity 141
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 12 SIMPLE MACHINES 147 Machines 147 Mechanical Advantage 147 Efficiency 147 Compound Machines 148 The Lever 151 The Inclined Plane 152 Torque Transmission 154
Chapter 13 ELASTICITY 159 Stress and Strain 159 Elasticity 159 Young's Modulus 160 Shear Modulus 162 Bulk Modulus 164
Chapter 14 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION 168 Restoring Force 168 Elastic Potential Energy 168 Simple Harmonie Motion 169 Period and Frequency 169 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration 171 Pendulums 173
Chapter 15 WAVES AND SOUND 180 Waves 180 Wave Properties 181 Logarithms 183 Sound 184 Doppler Effect 186
Chapter 16 FLUIDS AT REST 191 Density 191 Specific Gravity 191 Pressure 192 Gauge Pressure 192 Pressure in a Fluid 194 Archimedes' Principle 194 Hydraulic Press 196
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Chapter 17 FLUIDS IN MOTION 202 Fluid Flow 202 Bernoulli's Equation 204 Torricelli's Theorem 205 Pressure and Velocity 206 Viscosity 208 Reynolds Number 209
Chapter 18 HEAT 214 Internal Energy 214 Temperature 214 Temperature Scales 214 Heat 215 Specific Heat Capacity 215 Change of State 217 Pressure and Boiling Point 218
Chapter 19 EXPANSION OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, AND GASES 225 Linear Expansion 225 Volume Expansion 225 Boyle's Law 227 Absolute Temperature Scales 228 Charles's Law 228 Ideal Gas Law 228
Chapter 20 KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER 234 Kinetic Theory of Gases 234 Molecular Energy 234 Solids and Liquids 234 Relative Humidity 236 Atoms and Molecules 237 The Mole 237 Molar Volume 239 Universal Gas Constant 239
Chapter 21 THERMODYNAMICS 246 First Law of Thermodynamics 246 Work Done By and On a Gas 247 Second Law of Thermodynamics 250 Carnot Engine 250 Refrigeration 252
CONTENTS ix
Chapter 22 HEAT TRANSFER 259 Conduction 259 Thermal Resistance 260 Convection 261 Radiation 262
Chapter 23 ELECTRICITY 267 Electric Charge 267 Atoms and Ions 267 Coulomb's Law 267 Electric Field 270 Electric Field Lines 271 Potential Difference 272
Chapter 24 ELECTRIC CURRENT 278 Electric Current 278 Ohm's Law 279 Resistivity 280 Circular Mil 281 Electric Power 282
Chapter 25 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS 289 Resistors in Series 289 Resistors in Parallel 290 EMF and Internal Resistance 295 Batteries 295 Impedance Matching 297 Kirchhoff's Rules 298
Chapter 26 CAPACITANCE 309 Capacitance 309 Parallel-Plate Capacitor 309 Capacitors in Combination 311 Energy of a Charged Capacitor 313 Charging a Capacitor 314 Discharging a Capacitor 315
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x CONTENTS
Chapter 27 MAGNETISM 320 Nature of Magnetism 320 Magnetic Field 320 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current 320 Magnetic Field of a Current Loop 321 Earth's Magnetic Field 321 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 324 Magnetic Force on a Current 324 Force Between Two Currents 324 Ferromagnetism 327 Magnetic Intensity 327
Chapter 28 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 336 Electromagnetic Induction 336 Faraday's Law 336 Lenz's Law 337 The Transformer 338 Self-Inductance 340 Inductors in Combination 340 Energy of a Current-Carrying Inductor 341 Time Constant 342
Chapter 29 ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS 350 Alternating Current 350 Effective Values 350 Reactance 351 Phase Angle 352 Impedance 355 Resonance 359 Power Factor 360 Parallel AC Circuits 363 Resonance in Parallel Circuits 364 Impedance Matching 366
Chapter 30 LIGHT 373 Electromagnetic Waves 373 Luminous Intensity and Flux 374 Illumination 375 Reflection of Light 378 Refraction of Light 379 Total Internal Reflection 382 Apparent Depth 383
CONTENTS xi
Chapter 31 SPHERICAL MIRRORS 388 Focal Length 388 Ray Tracing. 388 Mirror Equation 390 Magnification 391
Chapter 32 LENSES 398 Focal Length 398 Ray Tracing 400 Lens Equation 401 Magnification 401 Lens Systems 405
Chapter 33 PHYSICAL AND QUANTUM OPTICS 411 Interference 411 Diffraction 412 Polarization 412 Quantum Theory of Light 414 X-Rays 414 Electronvolt 415
Chapter 34 ATOMIC PHYSICS 420 Matter Waves 420 Uncertainty Principle 420 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 421 Energy Levels 422 Atomic Spectra 423 The Laser 423 Quantum Theory of the Atom 425 Atomic Orbitals 426 Atomic Structure 426
Chapter 35 THE SOLID STATE 433 Chemical Bonds 433 Crystals 433 Energy Bands 435
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Chapter 36 NUCLEÄR PHYSICS 444 Nuclear Structure 444 Fundamental Forces 444 Binding Energy 445 Nuclear Reactions 446 Fission and Fusion 446 Radioactivity 448 Half-Life 449
Appendix A PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND QUANTITIES 455
Appendix B CONVERSION FACTORS 456
Appendix C NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 458
INDEX 459
