Ftna1 Beport
to
Superlntendent of Publtc InstnrctlonDlvtslon of SpeclaL Servlces
Early Edueatlon for the Hand,tcapped
for
Federal Grant Award # G00?01U06
DETIELOPI}IG AI{ EARIY CHITDHOOD SCREST{IHG DEVTcE
by
Internat lonal I'{anagement Syste$s r Inc .55OO II.I{. Torer Drive, Suites 10?-11LKanses Clty, Mlssouri 5l+f:f
on
lfoneriber 30, 19?8
r ablq
I
LIst of Tableg
Trtle
Flfty-Elght Behavlors Used on Four or tbrs ofSevsn Consonly Ueed Devel.opoental Seales
Ptlot Screenlng Dasl8n
Grade r Locatton and tlrrnber of Screened Cht1drGn
Ethnte HakeuP of the SanPIe
Saople vt State Hlnorlty Conposltton' (19??-?8)
Age Dlgtrtbutlon of Saople At Ttne of Screenlng
Donalns and.Behavlors
Plnpotntlng Screenlng 0rder and Prae tlcc/SanplcTines
,:
. Channel" SuunarY
Grade Su arY
Sex Strnnary
llandleapptng Condltlon SumnarY
Blll.rgua1 $t'rutaPY
Re}labtllty of Screeners t
Verlflaatton of the Flve Audltable Plnpotnts
Practtce-Test BeIf$rUtI
Perforaanee Conparlsons of Caucastanc andHinorlty KlndergarLen Studentr
Honths of Age and Perfornance Scores
Plnpolnt Selectlon
Students Banked Lor by Ttretr Teachcrt
?Icc
6
11
w
Llt
15
15
u18
IIIIIIV
v
VI
VII
VIII
20
25
?5
26
25
26
32
35
36
39
b0
l+Z
h6
IX
x
XI
XII
XIII
xrv
xv
xvr
XVII
XWII
xIx
xx
xxr
L
I INTRODUCTION
A. Tnoortance of Th{ s .studI
Internatlonal l8nageuent Systcna, Ino. (IttS) ls proud to'have been a part of SPIta effort ln dsvcloplng a aoncanlng
lnstrunent fon ktndergargsn .puplla. tb€ goala of bhq ltudy
lrere forutdabl'e. They have been uet. ConElnued rcftneocntc
wlII be necessary; however, at thls tlne tbere erlcts a
screenlng devtce rhlch can be glven ln flve to slx utnutcsr bas
practlce-best rellablltty and has content and teachsr nanlclng
valtdlty
Ttrla developoent ls lrportant for at Lcast tro rGatons.
Flrsf, Lhere ls a lack of, oontlnulty betreen developcntal
scales f,or assesslng young ehlldrenrs pre-acadentc rkl,Ilg and
school required skllls. Thls sereenlng lnstrtnent saoples nany
of the gare sklIls that puplls nlll use as they procaed through
school
Second, thene ls a need for teachers and plnclpals to have
an alternatlve !o retentlon, Thls scneen!.ng instrlEent 1111
glve teachers ln the classroon support for recoullendlng
klndergartners for a detailed dlagnosts and posslbly speclel
learnlng asslstanoe. The cost of retentton to thc chlld
soclally and to the school syaten flnanclally should bc
reduced.
tllbh experlence, use of lhts lnstrunent n111 lrelp
adnlnlstralers to knor Ln advanee hor oany puptls w111 pnobably
need speclal servlces.
3
1]. PURPOSE
A. NqSUC for Tdentlfvl-nr Youna Handicaooed Chll{Eln
Procedures for 'ldenLlfylng youtg ohlldnen rho Eay havc
pendlng. or actual handlaapplng condltlons of a clld naburc arq
lnadequate.' Chtldren rltb obvtouc phyaleal handterpr anc
generally referred for specl.al asslstance. But chlldrcn rtthvarlous developoental probleus are not genenally neferrcd for
asststanoe.
Aocondtng to the handlcapped enrollnent ltrililatTr tn thc
State of tlashlrgton (1219 Report) for ghe.psEt thrcs !rGar!,
preschool enrollnen! of handlcapped siudcnts averagcd 533
annually. Of the 533, over 861 of the enrolled puptlc ucrc
sevenely handleapped. Durlng lhe satre tlne pertod thc
elenentary and secondary progran had only 17/ of the enrolLed
puplls ln the saue handlcapplng categorl.es. Flgure 1,
Proportlonal Dlsplay of Young to 0lder Handlcapped, Ch116"*,
shows thts dlscrepaRcy. There ls a clear need to dLsoover
procedures rlrtch w111 ald educatorg of handlcapped puplls to
ldentlfy young ehlldren who wtll eventually need speclal
servtces.
In a recent study 1n lhe State of t{ashington handleappcd
puplls rrere screened along ulth thelr regular class pccrs.
Froo the thlrd grade to the slxth grade oven 90, of the
handlcapped puplls feII ln lhe lowegt 251 of tbalr grade.
llorever, ln grades one and tro thls lras not tfr" casg. The
early grades showed a nixture of puplls ln the lorer 25I of, tbe
ranklng wlth only about 60i, of lhe lrlentlfted handtrcappctl
i
puptls sholrlrrg a need for speolal agglgtance. One probleo
encounLered $as that, proportlonally, the thlrd through tbe
slxih grade each contalned foun tlne! the nuaber of ldcntlfled
handlcapped students bhan the flrst grade. Identlflcatlon
tends to be baaed on school fallura over.sevonal yearsr
7
-ltItllllItltlt
4
5It
4
44q
4ll55
55lt44
T
5lt
444Itlt
4
6644It
4
54ltltll5
0-3 Gross Moior0-3 Gross ltlotor0-3 t Gross $otoi0-3 Groes Motor0-3 Gross Hotor0-3 Ftne !'lotor0-3 Ftne Hotor0-3 Pine Motor3-6 SeI f-HeIP3-6 Gross l&tor3-5 Gross t'lotor3-6 Gross tibEor3-6 Gross l{otor3-6 Flne l,lotor3-6 Flne Hotor3-6 Flne HoLor3-6 Flne l.lotor6-9 ser f-Help6-9 Gross t{otor6-9 Gross !{oton6-9 Gross Motor6-9 Gross lbtor6-9 Gross Hotor6-9 Fine lbtor9-12' Gross l{otor9-12 Gross lbtor9-12 Gross Motor9-12 Gross Mofor9-1? Gross Motor9- 12 Gross l,lolor9-12 Gross Mobor9-12 Gross tfirLor9-12 Gross Motor12- 1 I Sel f-Hel p12-1 I Self-Help1 2-1 I Sel f-Hel p12-18 Flne Hotor12-18 Cognttlve1 2-1 I Cognltlve1 8-24 SeI f-HeI p1 I -2 ll Sel f-HeI p18*24 Sef f-Hel p
18-24 Gross l6tor1 E-3ll Gross I'*rtor1 8-2 4 Plne Hotor
Table I
Flfty-Elght Behavtors Usedon Four or lbre of Seven Corsonly
Used Developrental Sea1eg
In prone - Ilfts headChest up prone-welghE on forearusBoIIs slde to suPlneHead up 90 degrees ln PronsHead to one slde tn ProneArus acttvtte on stght of toyGrasps rattle, toy, etc . voluntarllyObJect reach not followed bY ErasPPats bottleHead steady ln supported sltttngBolls prone to suPtneHo head lag rhen PuIIed bo sltttngSlts lndeflnttely lndependentlSr-handsEyea follow Boving obJ . to slttlngHands reaeh close to dangllng toySuccessful reach and grasPPlctcs up saall obJ ectDrinks froo cup held by anotherStands holdlng onGets to slbtlng wiLhout helPPulls to standtng at furnltureLlfts heed ln suptneStands rrbrokrg onThunb-flnger grasp :lnferlor plncerHalks wellStands BonentarllyCrawls backwardsSi ts wlthout hands - 10 nlnutesLorers to sttttng from furnLtureHalks holdtng on to furnttureStands a few seconds
ffiHri3'["ilir"r* serlbbre'Removes soeksHolds and drlnks fron cupUses spoon sptll lng soneTower of tuo cubesLooks at place ball rolled ouB of slghbTurns pages tro or three at a tlneHel ps j.n slnple household tasksRemoves shoegUnbuttons large buttonsUpstalrs holdtng ratl-tuo feet on stepJumps ln place : both feetInltates vertlcal str"oke
HonthgofAge Area
llunber of Scales ont{htch Ptnpolnt lrppearsl,la:rtnun of
ldenttfled by an asEeasoent tnsbrr"nent should be nlnorlfy. fte
reagon for fhls clause ln the law nas that by uging I.Q. ina
achleveuent iests fon placlng cblldren, tt rac fourd that thc
handlcaBpecl group oontalned pnoporttonately trto to lhnec tlnea
the nunber of nlnorlty studenbs than Caucaslang. Thua futunc
aasessoent developoent nust lnsure that lnstrrsents ured for
tdentlfylng handtcapged pupLls are ethnlcally ron-
dlscrlolnatory.
Given the need for early ldentlfloatton and the oument
problens of assessuent, the Superlntendent of PubIlc
Instructlon of the State of Washlngton lseued a Request for
Proposals (RFP) wlth the followlng general obJecllves:
1. Develop a learnlng/screenlng devlce for ure wlthchlldren of klnderganten age.
2. Fleld tesb the screenlng devlce on aE least 350chlldren of lclndergarten age.
3. Statlsttcally valldate the results of the screenlng.
q. Develop procedures uhereln the screenlng devlce can belnexpenslvely and practlcal.ly uaed ln a publlc school-Ilke setiing.
5. Conplete the developuent, fleld testlng, valldatlon andprocedure developoent .
5. Present the screenlng devlce and procedures ln awrltten report to Ehe Superlntendent or hls deslgnee.
I
Table II
Pi lclt Screen ing Desi gft
Eight lear OldsFive Year OldsFour Year OIdsAges
5O handicappedkindergarteners200 regularkindergarteners
50 children whowere handicaPPedin kindergarten( aoo regularpuptls iro, Past aata)
Populatlons 50 randompreschoolers
See-SaySee-l{riteHear-I{rite
See-SaySee-WriteHe&r-I{rite
See-SaySee*Hrltef,ear-Wrlte
Pinpoint s
Performance Perfo nanceIde asure sre
Performance
DistributionDl fferencesBetween- Five year old
hand,icappeda Firre ye ar o1d regular
Di st rubution DtstrlbrrtlonDlfferences DlfferenceaBetueen BetweenG ftro groups a $ro groups- Etght year o1d handlcapPeda Ei ght year oId regul"ar
9ggrpefllglrp
t{hich chlld,ren at wtrat 'location in the&lstribution are in:- Handicapped, at age fine- Begular at age fLve- Handlcapped at age eightr BegpJ.ar a,t ege eigfit
Hhieh chllclren at shatlocation tn thedistrlbutlon ere l"n:
I
- Handlcapped at ege elghtF Regular at age eight
Htrich children arestill ln:- Hand'icaPPed 8t ege
nlne, ete.- Begular at age
nlne , ete.
FolIou-Up
F
NUED:I
r.riETJ,fGi'II E
-!''lf 13 T'. ...Lt:)ol ).*
'.i iiii Rr.:I
:iE I BE
-"FF.j1i. o
l3Exhtblt 1
Early Chtl,dhood Screenlng ProJect
\ overrrler i
and, Bequest for Aseistanee
Proiidures for titentlfylng young chlldlren vho uay bave gendtpq 9r. actuallrandlceps of e aild nelure are lnedlequate' Eoo ofbea thesc studleats do
ioi r"""fve the neededl speclal asalatance untll tbe aeeond ot' nore l'lkely'the thirdl or later gPades. .
Stnce the screenlng procedlures for tdeattfytng young ehlldrea rrltb varloua
ierefopnentaf p"oUi"i", vhleh nay later lncreese ln se'irerlty' are'lnadequatetA#ffigrans for tbese gtudlentE are also oflen delayed'
When young stud,ents are referredl, they.nust. tlren get tn }lne for lcngthy andl
e4nnstve ."r.rrriot proceclur"t io lt"itry their problen' over 501 of tbe
tlme the referraf'pioi"". is tnadlequate because the rcferretl studeat f,a119
to quallfY for tbe requested servl'ces'
Clearlyr there 1s a needl for a lov eost accurate screenlng proeedurc rhlebleads directly to spectal serviceE'
To neet this need., the Speeial Education Sectlon of OSPI has'issuedl a
conpetitive contiact for the dlerrclopnent of a-sereenlng lnstrlsent forffniergarten chlldren $hicb neets these spectfileatLons;
1' tekes 10 or feuer mlnutes trg Errrninl'gtet?. can be adroinlEtered by the clessroom teaiher, trolr:nteer or
aide3, does not requlre speclel naterlels or equipnentlr. ls developr"fr"f iifr" oia"r the chlldt tne frigUer the ecorc)
,. is cultrrrally non-dlscrininetorT (rutuority chllclren ere uot'as a grouP, lower or slower)
6. LncreLes-ihe aeeuraey of, ltenttfying young chlldtren rlthspeelal needs
fnteruetlonal Managerent Systerns, Inc' (It'6), an independent eontractorop"r.tftg out of KLsas Clty, Missouri has beea anardetl the OSPI contract'f!8 has developed a sereenlng lnstrrsoent that is nor at the fie1dl-testing*ftn"r"rrt stage. Begtrlar preschool, klndergarten andt older hancltcapped
chiLdren need to be screenea tn tbls'phase o.i tt'e proJect'
We nould I1f6 to screen'the chllctren ln one or Bore of, your kindergarteaclessroons. The screenlng Process ltself lrl11 not tale a'ny teacher' tlue'i;;;;t, we viII need' abofo \5 ntnutes of the teaclrer's tlre to collectoplnlons aborit tfre-instrumentrs coatent end Etudentsr perforEance' We
uill lndividlua-Ily slrnd about lr5 minutes uith each student'
.JOUR
-:,:I? D TqLt.tLll av
-4:i i;:i I'ttlD :
6
?able V
Saople vs Stabe Htnorlby Conpositlon
( 1 g7?-?8 )
Publle SchoolsNunber Percent
Ethntc
BLackHl spanicIndlanAsian
22516 zgl20548 26r1 8953 z[r16885 ur
SaEpI eNunber Pereent
63 UTt14 10r16; l?f42, 31I
Total s 79002 100r 1 00,
. Another lnportant dlnenslon of thts proJect called fon
tdcnllfylng behavlors the fneEuency. of whlch lncrcased rtth
age. Therefore, the age dlstrlbuBlon of the saople sas
luporiant. Table VI shows the age dlstrlbublon tn nonths of
lhe saopled students,. t.
' Table VI
Age DlstrtbuE ton of SanpleAi Tloe of Screening
Age ln Honths Nunber Percentage
ll0-4950-5960-69?0-7 980 -8990-g 9100-1091 10+
10
3386
176u011
llt7
2.7rg. gtr
22.8r46,7 r10.6'2.gl3.lf1.9r
Tota1 s 377 100.1I
0f course, the preschool chlldren generally ranged fron ll0
to 55 uonthsl ktndergarten sBudents fron 65 to 85 uonths; and
the handtcapped ftrsb, second and thlrd graders 85 oonlhs and
older. Ttre age distrlbutlon rras approprlate for bhe purposes
of thls project.
1
t7
C Content of SeneenLnn fnstrument
The conLent for lhe soreenlng lnsfrunent nas 8ulded by four
crlLerla. Flrst, the nfP spectfled slr llsiLaBlons.; Ttrese
,irrere:
1. Takes ben or fewer utnutas to adnlnlster.
2, Can be adolnlsbened by the elassroon beaoher, volunteeror alde.
3. Does not require speclal naterlals or equlpaent,
4. Is developoental (ene older the chlld lhe hlgher tlr"score)
5. Is culturaliy non-dlscrlnlnatory (olnorlby ch!.Idren areno!, as a Eroup, loner or slouer).
5. Increases the accuracy of ldenblfying yolxlg chlldrenulth speclal needs
Second, lt was clear Chag aII donalns of pqrforoance
noroally agreed on as lnportant should be oovered. Table VII,
Donalns and Behavlors, glves coononly found behavlors that can
be observed and scored ln sooe .nanRer, AIso, by uslng
behavlons that matched the dooalns 1i wlll be posslble ln the
fubure to ext,end Ehe sbreenlng procedures upuard and domrard
by age.
Table VII
Domalns and Behav tors
Gross MotorFlne !,l,otorSeI f-Hel p
Soc la1-EtrotlonaICognl t lveLanguage
t{alk_pu1_J rrnpl{riLe letters-slashegTurn pages, bouch body partsSay firsi nase- tell storytlrl te lebters-flu$bersSay picture nan€s-nutrbers
Per,lounance noBAins. 4fhaVloL F'xaluol..es
lq
pinpolnted and oeasured behavlorr. And last, the staff of Il'tS
uas polled for thelr experlences wtbh young children.
The resuLts froo uslng theae three sources ere shor*n ln
Table YII,I, Ptrnpolntlng Screentng 0rder and Praetlcc/Sauplc
Tioes. By observatlon lt oan be noted that all dooalns of
perfornance uer6 covered, correet frequency Eeasuret rerc
posslble, Lhe learnlng channels uere covered and no vlolatton:
of the HFFrs llnttatlons were brotcen
Tab1e VIIIPtnPolntlng Screenlng Orderand Practlce/SaoPle rlnes
1. S-S Plctures?, S-D Touch Boxes3. S-t{ SlashesU. S-S Letters (n-Z)5, T-S Couni ( 1 -10 )6. T-S FlrsL Name
7 . T-S Favoriie SLorY8. s-h, x0x09. H-D Touch Body ParLs
1 0, H-H X0X011. S-S Nunerals (O-9)1 2. S-D Turn Pages1 3, S-S Letters ( A-C )14. S-t{ }lrlte ersI 5. S-S Numeral s 1 -5
( serlal )16. S-D Penctl Drop1 7. S-1, l st Letter of Narue
18 . S-S Nuneral s 1-5( randoo )
19 . T-D Jump
$/6A Seeonds15 /30$/6a1 5-6015/3015/1530 ( sample only rno practtce)15 /6015nA15 /6015/60$na15/6A15 /60
15 /6A15/1515/60
$/6a15 (sample only, JusE deno.)
The learnlng channel coverage ras of eoneern. Past
experlences as Leachers told us bhaE bhe see-tay channel
eventually 1s readlng (a hlgh prlorlt,y baslc sktll) and
see-rrtte, naih, also a htgh prlority. An analysls of the
channel eoverage ts shoun In Table IX, Channel Suuoary. There
uas clearly an emphasis on the see-say and see-HriLe channel.
Pract lee/ Sa.uple TlmePln polnt
..
2t
Conduct{n{ the ScFeenlna
Screenlng of younB siudenba prasento a unlque of
probleos and opporiurrlLles' The probleos ralrge froo puplls
belng'afratd of a new person lo not nantlng Uo qult playlng'
The f,ear ts nosily unfaolllarlty nlth fhe sltuatlon and ts
overcooe by bhe persbn adulnlstenlng the screenlng betng
f!.endX.y' $alt and t*ouehy' 'l{hen puplls donr! nant to stoP bhe
screenlng, nlee firsnegs ls necessary'
' The opportunltles ar€ thaB the adnlntstraber of the legt
may be settlng the stage for the young pupltt t future teoLlng
behavlor. l{hen lhe pupll leaves the settlng wlth a fcellng of
aceonpllshnent, bhen ihe adglnlstrater probably tras helpcd the
chtld as rrel1 as aec@plished the screenlnB' '
0nce the setblng has been agreed upon by the adnttrl'sbrager
of the bulldlng and the feacher ' a
follor*ed. Chalrs and Eables should
ferr ruleg ghould be
be for Young chlldren '
fron the flox of trafflc ' LtghBlng should be at a sbandard
iFtra r ltnoY hor and lnsitlllar to the classrooa' Ttre screener ahould I
)'' 'e and reburn to bbe classrooo'
nhai order the PuPlls will leav
t{hen. the above tteos are ' checked and a pupll ls seated and
ready, Lhe follotrlng three aeLs of tnstrucblons apply'
D
They should face aray froo the class or ' lf ln the hall ' affiY
E. PaEA R,q.P.q.ting- S)'liU
Flgure 2 ts a copy of ihe standardlzed reportlng foru used
throughou! fhe screentng. The lnsBnuctlons provldad bclor are
ldentlcal Eo lhose used Bo traln the soreenans. One plnt ls
vorth speclal nenllon. Practtce gesslons Here provlded for
oost of bhe behavlors. The practloe score $aa sloply wrltten
belou the boxes eonialnlng the students aclual perfot'aance.
This enabled laier rellablllty checks. .
1. StudenE NaEe - IndlcaBe studentrs flrsi and last nane, IefbJusdtrueo.2' Grade I; ffi:Illl.".
1 = flrsb grade2 = second gradeJ = thlrd grade
3. Sex - iarx X for-oale (M) or feoale (F)
4. BlrthdaLe - TrlLe date l1ke fhe folLowlng:1? APR ?8, use 0 ln froni of slngle dlgli(e.g., 01).
5. Speclal Educatlon .
Placeoent - IndlcaLe nI[ for yes or rNil for no'6. H/C-HandlcaPglng
Condltion : Indlcate trPr for phystcally handlcappedt'Ztt for ntld retardedrEr for eootlonallY dlsEurbed
( behavloral dlgturbed)trLtr for learnlng dlsabllttYsOtr for no handtcaPPlng condltlon
1. Ebhnlc - Indlcate trBtr for ElackrrCrr for CaucasianItArr for Aslan or Paeiflc IslandernHn for Hlspanlc - Hexlcan Anericanrrln for Indian (Anertean) or
,,0, lll"l?1"1""'"8. Blllngual - Indlcabe rIr for yes; nN'r for no'9. Bul}dlng - Sbandard codes ntII be added'10. Dtsbrlct - Standard codes wiII be added.1 1. Date - tlrile ln date screenlng takes place ln
daylaonth/year foro (e.E.r 18/APR/?8).12. Per foroance
Boxes - t{rlle ln correci perllornance for praciteesesslon under each box. l{rlLe ln comectperforoance for real sample ln boxes, rlghbJ ustl fled .
23
Belon ts a stJntrary
approPrlaLe varlablas no!
thru XIV) .
Table X
Grade SunnarY
Tabte xI
Sex SunnarY
GradePereentageHunber
TotaI1 00r
PercenbageNuuberSex
H HaIeF FenaleUnsPec I fled
5ur
::l2021?3
?
1 00rTOTAI
aK.U'
reEpont€s to each of the
,
I
80e59
It
I1
25
P
K
1
23.SP ( Speclal
( Ungraded )
2116e1
10I
377
377
And flnally, screenlng ras conducted ln 3t classnooos
Iocaued ln 23 bulldlngs ln eight dlfferent dlslrlcts.
Ttre pneschool and klnderganten classrooo teachers uere
asked to conplete the Ktndergarten Screenlng Report shorn ln
Flgure 3. Tho screeners copleCed lten nunber 1 of Lhc foro
and llsted lhe studsngts naue for lteu tl. The lnstnucblons
uere revlered rith'lhe beachers and they rere asked to nall the
foros bo IUS upon completlon. For bhe 339 Preschool and
klndergarten sLudents, aoadeolc and soclal ranklngs lrer.t
received for 311 for a 921 relurn rate.
27
0 Chronolocv of Events
AfLer contrac! approval (March 2?, 19?8), IHS had a.total
of ben raeks to destgn tha tnatnnent, conduat a prelttlnary
fleld Up:t, revlse the lnrtrtuent, hlre and traln lcreencr!,
establlsh rellablllty, and rorocn 350 studctrts.
Slnce 1t plnpolnta ncre practlced and assessed, the proccas
Eook fron 45 to 60 ulnutes per student. llttb rcortng,
recondlng, travel tloe and other loglstlcal probleua, each
adulE screened Ehree students per day, on the average.
In the fleld test, Dr!. Koenlg and Starltn and Hr.
Kunzeluann conducted all of the screenlng, raflncd thc
procedure and revlsed the lnstruoent. Then three screenert
Here blred and tralned. Ihese aoreenersr akays under thc
on-slte supervlslon of it least one IMS staff ueober (Koenlg,
Stbrlln or Kunzel"aann) conducted the oaJor portlon of the
screening.
The sunner nontbg of JunE, JuLy and August rere used for
data couputerlzatlon (sLortng, edltlng and prellninary
analysls). The ftnal coaputer progrannlng and analysls rrerc
cooplebed ln Septeober and thts flnal report by the end of
Noveuber.
Below ls a chronology of these events. Nots: the dates
lndlcate the blne frane in whlch the events occurred and do no!
1oply person days ln every case.
3a
^V. BELIABILITI
Prlor Eo and followtng the screenlng procesa, rellablllby was
assessed tn bhree Hays. Flrst, the relLablllty of bhe gonccnens
lras oeasured .following one day of trainlng. Second, practlce-test
rellablllty coefflcients uere ealculated. And thtrd, the accuracy
of countlng, oorreeilng and reportlng nas ueasured
A. Re1iabllltv After Tralntnr
Dunlng the process of tralnlng the soreenersr a rellablltty
cheok was sade for each of the 19 plnpolnta by eoupanlng caeh
screenerrs reported score to a standard. The atandar<l Haa
establlshed by the projcci staf,f one person eolttcd thc
behavtor and three staff, nenbers (non-screeners) recorded tbe
score. The oedlan of bhe three. staff neoberts scores ser'rred as
the gtandard. Table XV shows, by plnpolnt, eaeh.screenertg
reported score eonpared to the standand. Acrosg the 19
plnpolnts, the screenerr s sho$ed perfect agreeuent 60I of tlre
tLne, were wlthlngl 84I of bhe tlne, and wlbhln 12 g5l of the
ttne. 0n1y ln 5/ of Bhe cases nas the abgolute llequency count
off by nore than Ewo. Slnce the average correcb flequency of
the standard Has 42 comee! responses per nlnute (and the
oedlan standard duratlon wlthtn plnpotnt of those chlldren
screened was 11), tb nas concluded that ihe agreenent dlscre-
pancles shorrn ln Table XV were total lnslgnlflcant.
AIso shoum ln Table XV ls the lnterobserver correlaBlon
beLween lhe three acreeners. These correlabions are unlfor"olly
high and signlflcant.
Fron these data 1t uas eoncluded that the screensr!
33
rellably countEd, oornected, soored and reported nlfonoenca
daia for the 19 ptnpolnta soreened. Of courlo, thc next
questlon ls dtd the hlgh lcvel of acounaey luuedlatcly
foltowtng tralnlng generallze to the aatual soreentng procccc?
35
Table WI
Vertflsatlons
Audttable Ptnpotnts
Comelatlong
Plnpolnt N -,,,- Agr?enenf eII K StudcntrHcan SD
3 l{rltes slashes 5,I See-wrlte X0X0 I s 5510 Hear-Hrlte I0I0f s 551ll HrlLe er s 5517 l{rlte flrsl lelter 55
of natrs
283t251442
13141820
T
9q
6
33
1
566
I3
6lte5254622
2310
93012
TotalPercentages
275 14051r
T2261
25el
3814I
Plnpolnt Pearson Product-t'lonent Correlatlon
3 t{rttes slashegI See-wrtte X0X0r s10 Hear-nrtte. X0X0Ig1{ l{rtte er s17 Hrlie flrsb letter
of nane
5555555555
+++++
a 9999988898
3?
D
Thc ecreenera; luoedlataly follontng trrlnlng, produocd
hlghly rcllable data. For Bhosc plnpolnts rcqulrlng e rnlttcn
response f?on bhe studcnts, thc vcrlflcatlon proccss ahorcd
ihat the ronecnert aoouratlly oorr$tqdr oountGd, lcorcd and
neported the screenlng recults. And thc pnactlcc scorcr rcra
slgnlfloantly comelated wtth the screenLng tcorQt.
Beltablltty data, followlng lnlttal tralntnSr u8t not
avatlablc for ctx of tha ntneteen plnpotntt. Tbsgc werc:
5 Say flrst nane7 TeIl favorlte storY15 See-Say nuoerals 1-5 serlal16 Pencll drop18 Sec-Say ntnerals 1-5 randoo19 Junps ln place
The screeners and staff agreed tbat tbc plnpotnt of tct11n3
a favorlte story was dlfflcuLt to score and should bc cxeluded
for laok of rellablllty data. Ihlla thc other flve ptnpolnts
uere falrly eaBy to score, thetr re1lablllty ln the applted
settlng ls yeE to be conflrucd. '
Overall, lhe rellabtllty of the renalnden of bbe rorccnlag
daia lras cubstanclated, 1.o., bhese daLa eould bc uscd vtth
confldence tn thelr accuraoy.
Table XVIII
Perforoance CatrparLsons of Caucasians andt{lnortty Ktndergarten Students
r?, S-D Touch Boxes3 . S-hl Slashesll . S-S Letcer s( A-Z )
15 . T-S Count ( 1-10 )6 " T-S Flrst Nane
17 . T-S 'Favor.
Sto8. s-l{ x0x0
t9. H-D Touch Body- Parts10. H-1{ X0X011. S-S Nunerals
(0-g )12. S-D Turn Pages1 3. S-S Letters( A-C)
114. S-ll t{rite ef s1 5 . S-S Nuueral s 'l -5
( sertal )1 6, S-D Pencll Drop1? . S-l{ l st Letter
o f Nauer18. S-S Numerals 1-5
( randon )1 9. T-D Junp
rPlnpolnts oeetlng these speelftcailons:1 ) Varlance hooogeneous betueen Caucaslans and Mlnorltlea (F=NS)
2) Means between Caucasians and Mlnorlbles not slgntflcantly dlfferent.
P in po lnt
Caucasi.an vE I'llnortty
SD
Conpartsonof Heanst Dl-
3U.242.768 .0ll2. 1
72,624,532,228.0
E. t210 .323, 1
19,928.77 .3415.8L78
23,5e8 .0
4
7
a 79e 55
ll0,g17 .238.850 .3
15.84 .5816.629.0
57 .623.5
1?.96 .54
25.8 12,1
41.535.4
14.0T ,2A
35. tlll 1.960,?35,671,622.330. 32ll .g
6.111 0.920,81 5.429.7I .2175 "58.31
22,9 q
25.4 7I 4358a
36. g1 5.536. 44{.8
12.711 ,6113.028.4 l
55,224.7
13,914.0
21.9 g.96
39. o32,5
12. 1
g ,37
I1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.00 Ns
.12 NS
.?3 NS
.67,0?"25.04.12
.02NSNSNSNS
1.1?1.01
NSHS
NS
NS
1.1.1"1.
550163 a?0ll
6658
48
NS
1
4
1
,42.01
NS
1 .34 NS
1.69 .a2
2.60.51
2.37?.58
.252.14
,962.68
.01NS
.a2.01NS.05!rs.01
90 NS
50 .02?
221
1
.01
.63
.11
,05.01NS
NS
NSNS
.02
lt0
1 .07_.93
2,54
1 .062.59
NS
,01
39
t
Honogenltyof Yarta$ceF ratlo pLSD
t
a
Plnnolnt Seleetlon
Four ptnpolnLs lrerB selectcd ba.sed on thc follorlngcrlLerlon. Flrst, the plnpolnb had to bc ethnlcetrly rroo-
dlscrininatory. Thls ueans thaL wtren couparlng Ehe pcrforuancs
soores of Caucastran and olnonlty studentr, on a glv.n plnpolnt,
tha varlance of th€ Uuo groupa uusB be houogeneou! end tbeir
Eeans sLat-lar (see Table XVIII). Secondly, the frequenoy ol,
Ehe comect perfortranoe ras expected to lncrease wlth age (cee
Table XIX). And flnally, the data ousb have evldence of belng
rellable 1.e., provlde an aocurate representatlon.of the
studentrs perforuanoe (see Tables XV, XVI and XVII). The foun
pinpolnts neetlng these crlterla are ohornn tn Table XX.
Rellablltty was not establlshed ln the field settlng for
slx of bhe plnpolnts (nunbers 5, 7,15, 16, 18 rnd 19). Only
one p!.npotnb (nuober 18 See-Say rando numerals 1-5) uct all of
the other crlberla bub waa exluded for thc absence of
rellablllty daLa. Certalnly, thlp plnpotnt uay be lncluded ln
the f\rture once lts rellablllty ls deterulned.
The four plnpolnls neellng the ortglnal deslgn orltorla of
bhis proJect are:
2 TOUCHES BOXES (CInCLES)
5 COUNT TO IO.AND REPETT (1-10)
9 TOUCH BODT PArTS
l ll I{RITE er s
HI(-v
I
I
{!fil:
rt.t
I
:
D. Yalt{ltv
1. Content Valldlty
The following four stclll plnpolnts rere selocted out of
19 on rtrlch data ras collected.
Plnoo.Lnt Channels Connon Tenns
a. Touch clrcles See-Do Eyc-hand coordlnatlonFlne notor sldll
b. l{rlte ets See-}frlLe Beglnnlng perunanshlp skllIQulokneca
c. **r.rron 1_10 rhrnk_say :ltlfiI: ffi:liiltil.o. sldlI
d. rouch body parbs Hear-Do *::3"lH"int"i1r,
The four selected plnpotnts cover bhe 1npu0 channels of
seelng, thlnklng and hearlng and the output channels of
wrMngr saXlng and dolng. . These ptnpolnts cover bhe l,nput
and output channels rfi1ch need to be lntact lf a studeni ls
to functlon adequaBely 1n an acadeolc classroou
envlrongent.
In Eore coonon ternlnology, the four plnpolnts cover
bhe beglnnlng readlng, oath and wriblng areaa ag trell at
the f,lne and gross ootor areas a]I of rhtoh relate dlrectly
to perforuance ln klndergarten PrograaE as vell as Eo
penforaance Ln early eleuenbary school subJects.
l+3
b,
Table XXI we'd expect 50I of ?he soores to bc belor thclr
respectlv€ Eeanr. But for the studenBa rankEd low by Ehslr
teachers, 81I $erc belor average. flgaln, a cttntfloant
flndlng supportlng the valldlty of the screenlng prooess.
And thc thlr{ crlterlon aalrs rhat pereentage of thccc
students screened bchavlors feII belor the lnEcnquartlle
rangel t.€.1 belor the atddle 50! of the rcorea or at or
below the 25th percenblla soore. llhlle tbe expected nunber
ls elght, trenty or 56t of the students ranked }or by tbelr
Eeachens fell belor the 25tb peroentlle acone, Only 3l
scor.cd above the ?5th peraentllc toort
Ustng the bhrge criterlon descrlbed abovc, tbc studants
nanked as acadeolcally lor by Ehelr bcachers dld, ln fect,
score low on the four plnpoinBs neetlng Uhe dcsljn
crlterlon of thls proJeet.
VI. FOLLO}J-UP PLAN
Tbls pnoposal lookc at the f,eagtblltty of followlng up thc 80
preschool and 25g lclndengarten atudents lnvolvsd ln ths tnttlalsoreenlng phasq of Ehe pnoJect aonducted durXag the sprlng of 19?g.
. 'To nee! Bhe requlracnts of tbc lnltlal propolal lt ra!
necsssary to obtaln a populatlon that had an age range flon three
and a half to slx years and that that populatton had a large enougbI
ethnlo populatlon bo deterntne whloh sklIIE wsre
non-dldcnlolnatory.
Ttrc populatlong obtalned uet Bhe above trp crlterle. Horeycr,
due to the late daie tha! Eha contraot rar ararrclcd, lt re!/
neeesrary io work wltb school dlstrlcts rlth rhlch IMS hed alrcadyt
proven oredlblllty. ttre Cloven Park School Dlstntct uas uost
cooperatlve in enabllng Inlernatlonal l{anagenent Sys0ens to obtaln
klndergarten students fnon four schools on the Fort Lcrts Arny
base.
The Fort Lerls populatlon, horever, ls characLerlstically vcry
nobile. Consequenlly, the feaslbtllty of a val1d follou-up ls
dependent on tha nuaber of students sEtII restding ln thc state at
the bloe of follow-up. It ls our Judgenent that' at tha cnd ofI
Bhls flns! yeatr, a ulnlnr.u of 7Al of lhe lnLtlal populatlon be
avallab1e for follor-up (f.e., sttll reslde ln bhe Stete of
l{ashlngton) ln order for a follov-up bo have adequate valldtty.
Elghty preschool students ln flve dlfferent school butldlngs
woul<l be lnvolved ln the_follor{-up. 0f these elghty studcntt,
trenty-n1ns are olnorlby sludents. Ttto hundned and flfBy-nlnc
klndergarten sEudents Ln four school bulldlnEs $ould be lnvolyed ln
L{-?
J B Plan R/New $oneen{nq
If lt ls deterolned thst less than ?0I are found thcn ltu111 be neeessary !o screen a ne$ populatlon, nc nould 1ikely
lncun tno beneflts: 1) $e rpuld be able to lncLude Dore
students thus havlng a larger nnn froo rhleh to generallze
follow-up results, and 2) we rpuld be able to ldentlfy a Eore
stable populatton of students and thus increase the chances
thaL a larger porLlon of the studenls nould be avatlable f,or
fo}low-up
One posslble source of students and a cooperatlve rorking
envlnotrneni trould be Lo lnalude new screentng of preschool and
klndergarten students aE part of the ESD 121 proposal on early
chlldhood screenlng (subnltted to SPI Septenber of 19?8).
The steps that we would follor tf PIan B ls folloned arc
llsted below:
1. M1d-Deceober 19?8 obtaln agreenent fron presehool and
klndergarten sltes and ldenblfy new studenbs to be scrdened
wllh the newly developed lnstrunent,
?. Harch-Aprl1 19?9r 1980, and 1981 - rescreen these students.
3. The lnforoatlon llsted for PIan A uould be collecLed on the
lnltlal ner screenlng as neII as on each of the three
follow-up screenings.
h9
Baged upon our experlence rlgh content selectlon, tbc data
collectlon pnocess and the analysls resultsr H€ neooocnd thc
follovl.ng: '. ,
'l
saoples nean the beglnnlng of the sehool year. Ttre data hereln
descrlbes the behavlor of students near the end of thelr school
year only. ' :
2, More E;tnorllttes - The plnpolnts need to be used nith lnner-oity
groups !o further verlfy Bhelr ethnlcally non-dtscrlalnatory
nature. If the selected perforaance Eeasurea provG to
dlserlrlnafe ebhnlcally, bhen a-bwo step sereenlng pnocest
should be developed ln rtrleh the flrst step conslcts of'
perforoance screenlng, such as ihe one descnlbed ln thls
reporir,.nO lhe second step conststs of repeat,ed ueasures uslng
tlae serles analysls to lnsure results whlch are non-dlscrl-
nlnaiory of, olnorltY ehlldren.
3. - Followlng bhe adnlnlstrablon of tbe
screenlng process on a larger scale, the suggested follor-up
procedure needs to progress beyond the planning phaae to
lopIenentaLlon. SInce currently avallable assessoent
lnstnnents for young children are lnadequate, lhe only ray to
dEtermlne the accuracy of the screenlng systernrs referrals ls
to follow ldentlfled students lnto grades three (3) bhrough slx
(6).
5t
APPEIIDIX A
Orlginal Instrurent
tr.
n
t/.rl r.lr. a I1,."'T'ifl'la'
D(} NOT f t}[U OII SIAPLT
Gnnlrf $l.x l--' - --' - lll ll I l.tln I It
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r-lUMUE N CONIIEC t:Nulrnr n lr
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Say Picture' Narne For One Minute
r. Student po-1e.? Say pictu re nantes lef t to rlgh3. Count correct picture named
t) \.ho th'.s - \o"\
(a
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'..'f .. \'\ (\ b[)
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start over
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Keell touching urrtil I ask You to stCoultt nulnber of di fferent boxes to(Must lift f inger, count onlY one touc
15P rar- t- i ce
Sarup I e I 30
( 121
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u&lI! 5L A:,ll HARKS Practicele
r5
l. Hake rnarks, like this - demonstrate?. Keep mark i ng unti I I ask you to s top.3. Count correct slash marks
(Any vertical mark wlthout a loop)
i
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ef - rtrrall I I rt r r I r tr lJ t lrtl [' r '
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I.IR I TE SLASH I4ARKS
I . Make ma rks , I i ke thi s - demons tra te2. Keep marking until I ask you to stop.3. Count correct slash nrarks
(Any vertical mark without a looP)
Practice
a
l5
o
- I rll ! lt : I --
ll - I I I I
rttllllJ
r r t r lr r t t t ! f -
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Correcti on: I?
CQUNT 189!1 ! t0 .lg
"Count from I to 10 over and over llke thls" - demonstrate.'rKeep countlng untll I ast you to stop".
Count al I correct humbers said by the student.Do not count olnl tted nurnbers.
riP
1nSamol p
t
I
I ns tructl on aa
a
I2
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SAYS. r Ll{lT l{$l'lE
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t6 )'\_:r' a
lsPrac ti ce
Sarnp I e l5
Ins tl (lnS : l. "l,lhat ls your flrst nale?"2. "Say youiflrst narE over and over, like.-this" - dsmonstrate'3. "Kelp saylng lt until I ask you to stop."
Qpf ry.c I lgl: l. Count nurrber of tlmes name sa I d.
5A'r 1, FAVI lR I I !- illr!!! lltl tl!)i.;( lq llcln0 ne
30
l. "Do you have a favority story?"(lf iroi ask about a reient e-xperlence, uhat you do at home, etc.)
2.' 'rPlease tell lt to m."3. "Keep telling me untll I ask you to stop."4, If siudent b6gs down use prom[rts such ai; "tell me more", "what else",teep
going"i not prompts that eliclt single word responses (e.S., "what color nasthe horse")
Correction: l. Tally number of words said while telllng story.
I ns trggt i pns :
\
Prac t i ce
Sampl e
(a
I
I
II
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N
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C ruql qo-Dl PIRTS
Ask student to stand uP."Touch each part of your body as I say it."As soon as student touches one part, say the nane of the next body part innediately.
Count parts touched correctly
' Practi ce 15 seconds
Sampl e 30 seconds
I{URtl_cr IoNs :
CORRECT ION :
1
23
I
10 Sec.
20 $ec.
30 Sec "
head ear
chln neck shoulder hand stomach knee footnose
t
:
tt
:
I
O c.qujlT fFo|'! L LA !g
"Count from I to l0 over and over like this" - demonstrate.'rKeep counting until I ask you to stop."
Each tlme a student correctly completes the l-10 series, make a tally mark,multiply this tally by 10 after the sample is completed.If a student omits one or more nurbers in a series, merely write down howmany correct numbers in order were said.Total I and 2 to get total correct nurbers said by the student.
I$sTtucT I9N $ :
CORRE CT ION :
1.
,?.
1,
2.
3.
Practi ce 15 seconds
Sampl e 30 seconds
)
no5 e chin neck shoulder hand stomach knee foot
head ear nose chin neck shoulder hand stomach knee foot
head ear
INSTBUET T0US
CORRE
4 [8JlE. e's
1. "Make e's Iike this" - denpnstrate.2. rrKeep marking until I ask you to stop."
_Up Afrd q rgIO
P RACT I CE
Practi ce
Sampl e
15 seconds
60 seconds
SA},IPLE
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I.lrl te X' s artd 0's in each box
Count correct0 cl osed c ircle)X =, two separate cros sed lines that
((
x 0
0
0
x x0 0
0 0r0 x
U x 0x
0
x
0 0 x
0 ax x 0
0 x
0 x x 0
x x 0x
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t t -'rtttt-tit t'-t'l!'tl ttlr'a'
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6
x x 0 x x x 0 x
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0x
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x
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x x 0 0 0'
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x
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0 x x 0
x
x 0
x 0 0 x 0
x x x0 U
0 x
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0 0 x 0 x 0 x x 0
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Hrite X's and S's ln each boxCount corl'ect(0 = closed c(X = two sepa
X's and 0' s
ircle)rate crossed lines that
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x x x 0
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x 0
0x 0 x 0 x x 0
0x 0 x x 0 x
0 T
0
x 0
0
0
xx x 0 x 0 0 x
x 0 x x
0xa
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uv-q!I tlAtt t5
Ask student to stand uP.
"Touch each part of your body as I say i t''As soon as student touches one part, say the next part'
Coryectlon: 1. Count parts touched correctlY"
Practice
Sanrpl e 30
l5
Instructions: I2
3
tread ear nose muth chln neck arh hand leg foot
head ear nose mouth chin neck arm hand leg foot,
10
20
30head ear nose mouth chin neck al'm hand leg foot
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HTAR -tlR I T[. , X* AtlD " (]" x Practice l5
Sampl e 60l, "l will say X or 0"2. "You wri te X or 0 i n the boxes*3. Point as dictate4. f,ount Xi s and 0' s I n correct boxes -
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* Sanrp I e 60"I r'rill Say X oJ'0"
"You write X or' 0 in the boxes"Point, as dictatec;;;; I;r-unJ-o'r in correct boxes.
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nt correct numeralsir
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I,nptquctigns l. "Turn the pages2, "Keep turning un
thi s book , I i ke thl s" - demons trate.I I ask you to s top. n'
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lPfiii*SampI e 60l. "i{t'l te loopr fr:om lef.t to right, I ike.. thls" - demonstrate
i'. "Keep-ut'iting until - l' ask you to ltop"
3. Count each foruard looP a$ one.
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I t','rrLtice i:rL "Hri tu loops f rurrr lcf.t trl riglrt, I ike tlti:" - detnonstrate..'. "l.eep rvriting until I ask yttu to sto;1"..1. Count each forvard looP as one.
Samp I e 60
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r.Say letters left to rightr\ih*th's-\:"t'r.Count correct letters
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A C E F G H J K LM N P S T U V W XY Z G L A J C K M E HF X N S W R Y T Z
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Start overfi ril 5-
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Prac ti ce
Samnl e
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"Plelse pick up and drop this pencll, Iike thls" - demonstrate'
"Keep drbpping lt until I ask you to stop."
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Correctiolr: l. Count nunter of tinns drops pencll.
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"tlrl te ttre f i rs t le t te]' of your name i n these box85 '
like thf s" - dernonstrate in first box"
"Keep Hritlng untll I ask you tu stoP"'Count correct' I etters .
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ft Practice l5
Samol e 60
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