WORLD WAR TWO STUDIES ASSOCIATION

Board of Diredon

Pcnnauent Diredon

Charles F. Delzell Vanderbilt University

Arthur l. Funk Gainesville, Florida

H. Sluart HugllesUniversity Of Califomia, San Diego

PC><Ta1 C. PogueArlington. Virgjnia

Terms apiring 1993

Dean C. Allard Nawl Historical Center

SIe1>ben I'.. Ambrose University of New Orleans

Robert Dallek University of California, Lao Angeles

Harold C. Deutsch Sl Pau~ Minnesota

Rev K. Flint alberton. Georgia

David Kahn Great Neck, New York

RJchard H. Kohn University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Carol M. Petillo Booton College

Robert Wolfe National Archives

Terms eqXring 1994

James l. Collins, Jr. Middleburg. Virginia

Jobn Lewis Gaddis Ohio University

Robin Higllam Kansas Slale University

Warren F. Kimball Rutgers University, Newark

Alft:!~:I~~~tion on War, Revolution and Peace

Russell F. Weigley Temple University

Roberta Woblsletterr.: ~~~~Califomla Janet Ziegler

University of Califomia, Los Angeles

Terms apiring 1995

Martin Blumenson W..hingtOll, D.C.

O'Ann Campbell Austin Peay State University

Stanley l. Falk A1...ndria, Virginia

Maurice Ma~olT Rockville, Maryland

Emest R. May Harvard Universiry

Denn" I'.. Showalter Colorado College

Gerflard l. Weinberg University oC North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Earl F. Ziemke University of Georgia

(formerly American Committee on the History of the Second World War)

ISBN 0-89126-060-9

NEWSLETTER ISSN 0885-5668

No. 49 CONTENTS

Spring 1993

WWlSA General Information The Newsletter Annual Membership Dues Election of WWTSA Directors Annual Business Meeting, 1992,

by Donald S. Detwiler FORlliCOMING CONFERENCES

WWTSA Conference at the National Archives, May 27-28, 1993

2 2 3 3

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7 ''A Sleeping Giant Awakens," November 11-13, 1993 10 World War II Sessions at OAH 10 Nimitz Museum Symposium on 1943 10 Other Conferences 11

RECENT PROGRAMS Conference at Caen, by Stanley L. Falk 12 WWTSA Session on Soviet-German War 13 Other AHA Sessions on World War II 13 "The Casablanca Conference Revisited" 14 New York Military Affairs Symposia 14 SAA Sessions on World War II 15 Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and

the German Church Struggle 15 Millersville University Conference on "Victims

and Survivors" 18 "Fascism in Comparative Perspective" 18

OlliERNEWS Oral History Projects During the WWII

Commemorations (1991-95), by Peter C. Rollins 19 John Gimbel 23 National Archives Publications 23 Unified German Committee of the History of

the Second World War 24 European Archives 24 Communist Party Archives 25 Russian and Ukrainian Archives and Tours 25

(Continued)

Donald S. DelWile;r, Chairman Department of nistory SoUthern Illinois University

at Carbondale Carbondale, Illinois 62901

O. Clayton Jam~Secretary De'P':t of iJtory and

Virginia Milltarr Inatitute LeXington, Virgmia 24450

Anne S. Wells, Newsletter I!ditor De~~ll of HiJtory and

Virginia Military Institute Lexington, Virgmia 24450

Robin Higham. ArchivistDepartment of History

~anni:~~;~rs~06

The World War Two Studies Association is affiliated with:

American Hi>totical Association 400 A Street, s.1'.. Washington, D.C. 2000J

Comile Intemational d'Hisloire de Ia DeUllieme Guerre Mondiale

Institute d'HislOire du

44, ;;'e:re I~;::I Mouchez 75014 Paris, France

2

RESEARCH MATERIALS An Insider's View, Number 6: World War II Holdings

of the Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center, by Kathleen M. Lloyd 26

America, World War II, and the Movies: An Annotated Booklist, by Peter C. Rollins 33

Select Bibliography of Books and Articles in English Relating to the World War II Era 38

WORLD WAR II STUDIES ASSOCIATION

(formerly the American Committee on the History of the Second World War)

GENERAL INFORMATION

Established in 1967 "to promote historical research in the period of World War II in all its aspects," the World War Two Studies Association, whose original name was the American Committee on the History of the Second World War, is a private organization supported by the dues and donations of its members. It is affiliated with the American Historical Association, with the International Committee for the History of the Second World War, and with corresponding national committees in other countries, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The WWTSA meets annually with the American Historical Association. The 1994 annual meeting will be held in early January in San Francisco.

THE NEWSLETfER

The wwrSA issues a semiannual newsletter, which is assigned International Standard Serial Number [ISSN] 0885-5668 by the Library of Congress. Back issues of the Newsletter are available from Robin Higham, the wwrSA archivist, through Sunflower University Press, 1531 Yuma (or Box 1009), Manhattan, KS 66502-4228.

Please send data and suggestions for the Newsletter to: Anne S. Wells Editor, wwrSA Newsletter Department of History and Politics Virginia Military Institute Lexington, VA 24450

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ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP DUES

Membership is open to all who are interested in the era of the Second World War. Annual membership dues of $15.00 are payable at the beginning of each calendar year. Students with U.S. addresses may, if their circumstances require it, pay annual dues of $5.00 for up to six years. There is no surcharge for members abroad, but it is requested that dues be remitted directly to the secretary of the WWTSA (not through an agency or a subscription service) in U.S. dollars. The Newsletter, which is mailed at bulk rates within the United States, will be sent by surface mail to foreign addresses unless special arrangements are made to cover the cost of airmail postage.

Please send dues to: D. Clayton James Secretary, WWTSA Department of History and Politics Virginia Military Institute Lexington, VA 24450

ElliCTIONOFwwrnADffiEcrO~

Congratulations to the following eight members who were elected to serve as directors with terms expiring at the end of 1995: Martin Blumenson, Washington, D.C.; D'Ann Campbell, Austin Peay State University; Stanley L. Falk, Alexandria, Virginia; Maurice Matloff, Rockville, Maryland; Ernest R. May, Harvard University; Dennis E. Showalter, Colorado College; Gerhard L. Weinberg, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; and Earl F. Ziemke, University of Georgia.

ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING, 1992

by Donald S. Detwiler

At 5:00 P.M. on the afternoon of Monday, December 28, 1992, the annual business meeting of the World War Two Studies Association was convened in the Forum Room of the Omni Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C., by the chairman, Donald S. Detwiler of Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

The treasurer's report was submitted by the secretary, D. Clayton James of Virginia Military Institute. Expenditures had virtually equalled income during the past year, leaving a balance on December 8, 1992, of $147.68, about the same as a year ago, with VMI covering essential overhead expenses.

The chairman then announced the panel scheduled to be held in the Calvert Room of the Shoreham the next morning, Tuesday, December 29, 1992, 9:30-11:30 A.M., "The Soviet-German War: New Sources, New Interpretations," with presentations on the records of the former GDR by Juergen Foerster of the German Military History Research Office in Freiburg, on the availability of primary sources on the Soviet Army in World War II by

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David Glantz of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, and on sources in the U.S. National Archives by Timothy P. Mulligan of the National Archives. Detwiler also announced that Gabriel Gorodetsky, director of the Center for East European and Soviet Studies, Tel Aviv University, who has recently worked in Russian archives, and who had kindly accepted the invitation to give a paper on access to Soviet diplomatic and political archives, provided that travel funding could be arranged, was unfortunately unable to participate because the necessary funding had not been found. On behalf of the WWTSA, the chairman acknowledged appreciation of Gorodetsky's cooperativeness and of the contribution being made by the participants in the panel. In particular, Detwiler expressed his own and the association's appreciation of the work of the convener, Timothy Mulligan, who had agreed to serve as the association's program chairman for this meeting, who had proposed, adapted, and made arrangements for this panel, and who, as the final speaker, was making a presentation that would be of particular interest, on the U.S. National Archives' holdings on the Soviet-German conflict (reflecting his professional role at the National Archives, in preparing for publication a book-length guide to the archives' holdings on the Second World War).

As conference director, Robert Wolfe of the National Archives reported on the status of the association's plans for the first of two WWTSA conferences on "America at War, 1941-1945," to be held at the National Archives. The initial conference, "From the Beginning to the 'End of the Beginning,' 1941-1943," will be on May 27-28, 1993, the Thursday and Friday of the week before Memorial Day weekend. A senior member of the WWTSA's board of directors, Wolfe took the opportunity to express his regret (as he had said he would do) regarding the change of name from American Committee on the History of the Second World War, because he had found the acronym, ACHSWW, so easy to remember: Ach! So war es in Wirklichkeit! [Oh, that's the way it was in reality!]. He and the former chairman of the ACHSWW, Arthur L. Funk of the University of Florida, had initially proposed the series of two scholarly conferences to be conducted by the committee at the National Archives, he explained, in order to fill a need not apt to be met by the various public programs of one kind or another that the agency's administration was planning in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of America's participation in the Second World War. As would be illustrated at the session the next day on the Soviet­German war, vital archival material on virtually every aspect of the war was still being found, despite the passage of time, in American records--records that it was very important to bring to the attention of the scholarly community, particularly specialists in World War II.

As shown by the draft program of the conference in the fall ]992 newsletter [and the final version in this (spring 1993) issue], Wolfe continued, the May 1993 conference at the Archives deals not just with the military side of the war, but also with diplomacy, the cinema and press, civil rights, and, of course, archival sources on the history of the conflict. He closed by expressing the hope that the conference, through pUblication .of its proceedings, might have some abiding effect on continuing research on World War II.

The next item on the business meeting agenda was the program for the annual meeting to be held a year and a week hence--not in December 1993, but during the first week of January 1994 (reflecting the shift in the date of annual meetings of the American

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Historical Association, with which the WWTSA concurrently meets, decided by a referendum of the AHA membership). Detwiler announced that, on behalf of the . WWTSA, Benis M. Frank of the History and Museums Division of the U.S. Marine Corps has proposed to the AHA Program Committee a joint session, which he is to chair, on World War II amphibious operations against both Germany and Japan, with participation of Martin Blumenson of Washington, D.C., Gordon W. Rudd of the U.S. Military Academy, Edwin H. Simmons of the Marine Corps Historical Center, Ronald H. Spector of George Washington University, and Phyllis Zimmerman of Ball State University. The chairman expressed, on behalf of the association, appreciation for the planning and submission of this proposal and noted that if the AHA Program Committee should fail to include it in the program as a joint session with the American Historical Association's numbered sessions, it would nonetheless be conducted as planned; it would be listed in the front part of the program among the functions of the WWTSA as an affiliated society; it would also be shown on the outline-grid of scholarly sessions; and its participants would be indexed by name in the AHA Program among the participants in the meeting.

Turning to the next item on the agenda, Detwiler said that because of the long lead time set by the AHA Program Committee for proposals for the annual meeting (well over a year in advance), our association must consider the program for the meeting to take place a year after the forthcoming annual meeting scheduled to be held in San Francisco in January 1994. (The AHA's convention manager, Sharon Tune, he added, by way of information, had just informed him that the January 1995 meeting will be in Cincinnati, to be followed by meetings in January 1996 in Atlanta, and in January 1997 in New York City; the January 1998 meeting may possibly in Washington, D.C., but a contract had not yet been signed making that definite.) In response to the question whether anyone had any proposals, suggestions, or ideas regarding a proposed session for the January 1995 meeting in Cincinnati, Robert Wolfe noted something that had also concerned him in connection with planning the National Archives conference in May 1993. In the past, he observed, our association has tended to concentrate primarily on the military side of World War II. We might, he suggested, broaden our membership by getting into other aspects of the Second World War. In the ensuing discussion, he mentioned, among other possibilities, the possibility of organizing a session on the governments in exile. Gerhard Weinberg of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, pointed out that 1995 would be an appropriate year to propose a program on some aspect of the concluding phase or the ending of the war. Asked if he had a student working on that area for whom such a session might serve as a forum, he said that he does have someone working on the basic concept of German strategic planning during the last year of the war and that if there were corresponding coverage of the guiding conceptions of the Japanese and of the Allies during the last phase of the war, a useful panel might be proposed. In terms of postwar planning, Robert Wolfe mentioned the planning that took place, at the end of the war, for the establishment of a "New World Order"--a topic on which a session had, in fact, been seriously considered for the second of the two WWTSA conference to be held at the National Archives (tentatively in 1995). Detwiler commented that it had not been possible to work the "New World·· Order" into that program; overloaded as it was with the last two years of the war, it could not also cover the projected restructuring of the postwar world. However, a joint-session

.proposal on behalf of the association for the AHA's January 1995 meeting in Cincinnati would be very appropriate. The question was left open, with the association chairman

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requesting proposals from those present (and from readers of this report on the meeting in the spring 1993 newsletter).

In making our plans for year after next, the chairman said, we should bear in mind that, in addition to the AHA meeting in January 1995 and the tentatively projected wwrSA conference at the National Archives in May of that year, a full-day symposium of the International Committee on the History of the Second World War will be conducted in conjunction with the Eighteenth Congress of the International Committee of Historical Sciences (CISH) in Montreal, Canada, from August 27 through September 3, 1995, and he briefly reiterated his report on the plans made for that symposium during the meeting of the ICHSWW Executive Board in Amsterdam on September 9, 1992, as they appeared in the fall issue of our association newsletter (No. 48, pp. 3-5). Because the ICHSWW Executive Board is to meet in London on July 3, 1993 as an ad hoc program committee for the Montreal Symposium, the chairman requested that proposals be sent to him not later than May 15, 1993 for papers for the morning session on "The Events of War, 1944­45" and the afternoon session, "Memory and Legacy of World War 11." The papers approved in London are then to be written and submitted, in English or in French, to the secretary-general of the ICHSWW, Henry Rousso at the IHTP, Paris, in typescript not to exceed twenty pages of text and five pages of backnotes suitable for facsimile publication, no later than the end of November 1994. This comparatively early deadline is necessary to make it possible for the two sets of papers to be published as a one-volume conference print in time for circulation in March 1995. As noted in the fall 1992 report on the Amsterdam meeting, the papers prepared for the symposium in Montreal will not be read there. The morning and the afternoon sessions will each open with an extended presentation by a single speaker whose responsibility will be to present an interpretive synthesis of the previously circulated set of papers on the topic of the events of 1944-45 (morning) or the memory and legacy of the WCH (afternoon). The individual writers of the papers are then to give responses or comments of up to ten minutes each, followed by a general discussion of at least an hour involving the audience. The question was raised whether there would be simultaneous translation at the Montreal meeting. Arthur Funk observed, as a former vice-president of the international committee, that, as he remembered it, simultaneous translation had been arranged through CISH, but that the ICHSWW had had to pay for it. [Ed. note: There was no simultaneous translation at the Madrid program of the ICHSWW in 1990.]

On the basis of the planning discussion at the September meeting in Amsterdam, Detwiler said that he thought it might not matter if some of the larger affiliates, such as our association, came forward with two or possibly even three compellingly meritorious proposals, since the paper writers do not read their papers, but are limited to relatively brief responses to the lead speaker's interpretive synthesis of all the papers in the half-day session. In the course of the discussion of the merits of this approach, Stanley L. Falk said that he had participated in a conference of the Chicago-based Inter-University Seminar for Armed Forces and Society at which there was a presentation of syntheses rather than papers; although it went all right, there were problems, because at least some of the people who did the papers were not really satisfied with the way in which the synthesizers had interpreted their views. Arnold H. Price observed that he is a member of a Washington­area group that holds seminars in German history and circulates papers in advance to

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everybody who wants to come. They do not have synthesizers, but begin the session on a given paper with a short introduction, followed by the general discussion involving everyone who has had a chance to read it, and this works very well. Price's comment, the chairman observe9, does underline one merit of the approach being taken at the 1995 symposium: whatever the quality of the syntheses, responses, and ensuing discussion at Montreal, the approach that has been proposed by the ICHSWW's secretary-general should ensure that the papers on the program of the forthcoming meeting will be made available, well in advance, for serious scrutiny by all concerned. How many copies of the conference print will be produced and how they will be distributed should be taken up, if not decided, at the London meeting in July, Detwiler said; meanwhile, he reiterated the request for proposals to present at that meeting, not only to those attending the business meeting, but also to readers of this account in the spring newsletter.

There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned at 6:35 P.M.

FORTHCOMING CONFERENCES

WWTSA CONFERENCE AT TIIE NATIONAL ARa-IIVES, MAY 27-'l1i, 1993

The World War Two Studies Association is sponsoring an invitational conference to be held at the National Archives on May 27-28, 1993. By virtue of their affiliation, members of the association are invited to the conference. There is no registration fee.

All meetings will take place in the National Archives Theater, on the fifth floor of the building. Participants in the conference are requested to enter the lobby from the entrance at Pennsylvania Avenue and 8th Street, N.W.

For further information, contact Robert Wolfe, conference director, or William H. Cunliffe, member of the program committee, at the National Archives, Washington, DC 20408; telephone (202) 501-5388.

The program is as follows:

AMERICA AT WAR, 1941-1945

Program of the First of Two WWTSA Conferences at the National Archives Based in Part on Recently Opened NARA Records. Conference Director: Robert Wolfe.

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MAY 27-28, 1993 FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE "END OF THE BEGINNING," 1941-1943

Thursday, May 27, 9:00 A.M.-12:00 Noon

Greetings Archivist of the United States Donald S. Detwiler, Southern Illinois University, chairman of the World War Two

Studies Association

Introduction Robert Wolfe, conference director, National Archives and Records Administration

(NARA)

Session I: From Disaster to Turnabout in Asia and the Pacific Chairman: Ronald H. Spector, George Washington University

'''Day of Infamy': A Failure of Intelligence of a Pretext Gone Awry" Robert J. C. Butow, University of Washington

"American Intervention in East Asia" Carl Boyd, Old Dominion University

[Break] "Reversal in the Pacific: 'Victory Disease' in the Defeat of Ambition"

Stanley L. Falk, Alexandria, Virginia Comment by the chairman and discussion

Thursday, May 27, 1:30-5:30 P.M.

Session II: Welding the Wartime Alliance Chairman, Warren F. Kimball, Rutgers University, Newark

"An 'English-Speaking Union' for War" Theodore A. Wilson, University of Kansas

"Mobilizing the Americas Against the Axis" Gerald K. Haines, NARA

"Forging a Coalition to Win the War and Prepare the Peace: the United Nations from Atlantic Charter to Teheran Conference" Mark A. Stoler, University of Vermont

[Break]

Session III: National Archives Resources for the History of the Second World War Chairman: Archivist of the United States

Panel: Wilbert B. Mahoney, NARA, "Military Records" David Langbart, NARA, "Diplomatic Records" William H. Cunliffe, NARA, "Non-Textual Records"

Questions and discussion

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Thursday, May 27, 7:30-9:30 P.M.

Session IV: Press, Radio. and Cinema: Reporting and Promoting War (presentations illustrated with press, radio, and film selections)

Chairman: Charles W. Sydnor, Jr., Central Virginia Public Broadcasting "Henry Luce, Time Inc., as Cheerleader and Scold"

Robert E. Herzstein, University of South Carolina "Voice of America, 1941-1945: Truth in Propaganda?"

Holly Cowan Shulman, University of Maryland, College Park "Why We Fight: Newsreels and Other Documentaries"

William T. Murphy, NARA Comment by the chairman and discussion

Friday, May 28,8:45 A.M.-12:45 P.M.

Session V: Arsenal of Democracy Chairman: Paul A. Koistinen, California State University, Northridge

"American Capitalism's Finest Hour? Wages versus Prices" Mark H. Leff and Bernard Donovan, University of Illinois at Urbana­Champaign

"Women in Wartime: WAACS, WAYES, and Rosie the Riveter" D'Ann Campbell, Austin Peay State University

Comment by the chairman and discussion

[Break]

Session VI: Civil Rights and Asylum Under Wartime Security Chairman: Richard Polenberg, Cornell University

"Cotton Fields to Segregated Armed Forces: Blacks in World War JI" Alan L. Gropman, Industrial College of the Armed Forces

"Nisei, Issei, and Other 'Enemy Aliens'" Mikiso Hane, Knox College

"Immigration Quotas or Anti-Semitism? The Failure to Provide a Safe Haven for European Jewry" Richard D. Breitmann, American University

Comment by the chairman and discussion

Friday, May 28, 1:30-4:55 P.M.

Session VII: Stepping Stones to Europe Chairman: Forrest C. Pogue, Arlington, Virginia

"Engagement in the Atlantic: From Non-Belligerence to Belligerence" Robert W. Love, Jr., U.S. Naval Academy

"The 'Soft Underbelly' of Europe" Carlo W. D'Este, New Seabury, Massachusetts

Comment by the chairman and discussion

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[Break]

Session VIII: Midway in War and Conferences: Review and Preview Panel discussion, moderated by Gerhard L. Weinberg, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, with David N. Dilks, University of Hull, and others, concluding' with comments and questions from the audience.

Adjournment of conference

"A SIEEPING GIANT AWAKENS," NOVEMBER 11-13, 1993

The American Airpower Heritage Museum and Midland College have announced an international symposium entitled "A Sleeping Giant Awakens." It will be held on November 11-13, 1993, in Midland, Texas. The program will concern issues relating to the United States' experience in World War II on both the battle front and the home front. For further information, contact William G. Morris, chairman, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Midland College, 3600 Garfield, Midland, Texas 79705. The telephone is (915) 685-4641.

WORLD WAR II SESSIONS AT OAH

The Organization of American Historians will hold its annual meeting on April 15­18, 1993, in Anaheim, California. A number of sessions contain papers concerning the World War II era. The session titles are "Patterns of Asian Resettlement and Adaptation in the American West"; "Ethnicity and Class in Los Angeles"; "Changing Notions of Patriotism in American Life"; "The United States and the Middle East, 1945-1970"; "'Orientals,' Asians, and Asian Americans in American Culture"; "Cultural Transactions: Creators, Critics, and Audiences of American Mass Media"; "Race, Ethnicity, and Public Policy in Modern America"; "Women Stepping Out: Public Amusements and the Search for Social Identity Beyond Home and Family"; "Federal Housing Initiatives: The Early Decades"; "From Strikes to Ballots: Labor Politics in the Depression and World War II"; and "Courtroom Trials, the Rule of Law, and the Construction of America."

NIMITZ MUSEUM SYMPOSIlJM ON 1943

"1943 ... Turning Toward Victory" is the title of the World War II symposium to be held on May 3-5, 1993, in San Antonio, Texas. It is sponsored by the Admiral Nimitz Museum in Fredricksburg, Texas.

The first two days of the conference will feature historians and veterans, with Paul Stilwell serving as moderator. Among the scheduled speakers are Edwin H. Simmons, John Costello, Roger Pineau, and Robert Sherrod. The session subjects are the Yamamoto interception, the Aleutians campaign, Tarawa, "Sea Action," "Island Action," and "Air Action." The third day will focus on the role of war correspondents during World War II

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and the changes the profession has undergone since then. Hodding Carter will serve as moderator for this part of the symposium.

For further information, contact the Admiral Nimitz Museum, P.O. Box 777, Fredericksburg, TX 78624; phone (210) 997-4379.

OTHER CONFERENCES

May 21-24, 1993 "Allies and Alliances." Annual meeting of the Society for Military History, Kingston, Ontario. Contact W. A. B. Douglas, Director of History, National Defence Headquarters, Ottawa, Canada KIA OK2; (613) 998-7044.

June 3-4, 1993 "World War II: 1943--A 50-Year Perspective." Contact Thomas O. Kelly II, Department of History, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, NY 12211-1462.

June 18-19, 1993 "The Role of Women during the Second World War," Stuttgart, Germany. Contact Deutsches Komitee fUr die Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkriegs, Wilhelm Deist, c/o MiliUirgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Grunwalderstr. 10-14, 7800 Freiburg, Germany.

July 17-24, 1993 19th International Colloquium on Military History, Istanbul, Turkey. Contact U. S. Commission on Military History, P.O. Box 4816, Annapolis, MD 21403.

October 21-23, 1993 Naval History Symposium, U. S. Naval Academy. Call for papers by April 1, 1993. Contact Robert W. Love, Jr., History Department, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21403; fax (410) 267-3225.

November 4-7, 1993 Annual meeting of the Social Science History Association, Baltimore, Maryland. Contact Eileen L. McDonagh, Department of Political Science, Meserve Hall 303, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115; (617) 495-8140; or Philip J. Ethington, Department of History, Boston University, 226 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215; (617) 353­2551.

November 12-13, 1993 Veteran's Day Symposium, Anchorage, Alaska, sponsored by the Alaska World War II Commemoration Steering Committee and the Alaska at War Association. Contact Alaska at War, 1317 W. Northern Lights Blvd., #522, Anchorage, AK 99503.

, January 6-9,1994 American Historical Association annual meeting, San Francisco, California.

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April 14-17, 1994

September 5-10, 1994

January 1995

March 30-April 2, 1995

August 27-September 3, 1995

September 14-16, 1995

I 'I IIi .1

I

January 1996

March 28-31, 1996

Organization of American Historians annual meeting, Atlanta, Georgia.

20th International Colloquium on Military History, Warsaw, Poland. Contact U. S. Commission on Military History, P.O. Box 4816, Annapolis, MD 21403.

American Historical Association annual meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Organization of American Historians annual meeting, Washington, DC.

18th Congress of the International Committee of Historical Sciences, Montreal, Canada.

"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life, Times and Legacy." Proposals invited. Contact William D. Pederson, History and Social Science Department, Louisiana State University in Shreveport, One University Place, Shreveport, LA 71115-2301.

American Historical Association annual meeting, Atlanta, Georgia.

Organization of American Historians annual meeting, Chicago, Illinois.

RECENT PROGRAMS CONFERENCE AT CAEN

by Stanley L. Falk I

On December 3-4, 1992, the Memorial Museum, Caen, France, held its third annual I! Colloque International commemorating the 50th anniversary of World War II. This year's

Ii conference, entitled "1942: Le Tournant," included sessions on global strategy, great battles, intelligence, and Vichy France. Participants included historians and others from France, II Great Britain, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Russia, Belgium, Italy, and the United States. :1 The three Americans attending--all World War Two Studies Association directors--each gave a paper. Martin Blumenson discussed Allied strategy. Stanley L. Falk covered the war in the Pacific and also co-chaired the general strategy session. Arthur Funk focused on'Operation Torch. The conference was open to the public and was well attended. The museum plans to publish the proceedings.

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WWfSA SESSION ON SOVIET-GERMAN WAR

On December 29, 1992, during the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in Washington, D.C., the World War Two Studies Association sponsored a session entitled "The Soviet-German War: New Sources, Changing Interpretations." The session was chaired by Gordon W. Morell of Denison University. The first paper was given Iby Juergen Foerster of the German Military History Research Office. His topic was "German Records Formerly Held in the GDR, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia." David Glantz of the U.S. Army General Staff and Command College spoke on "The Availability of Primary Sources and the Soviet Army in World War II." The final paper was "Common Bonds? U.S. Soviet Relations During World War II in the Light of Under-Utilized Sources in the National Archives," given by Timothy Mulligan of the National Archives and Records Service. Questions and comments from the audience followed the presentation of the formal papers.

OTHER AHA SESSIONS ON WORLD WAR IT

The annual meeting of the American Historical Association, held in Washington, D.C., on December 27-30, 1992, included a number of papers pertaining to World War II. On the 28th there were two pertinent sessions. In the session on "Racial Politics and Foreign Labor on the German Homefront, 1939-1945," Jill Stephenson presided, and Earl R. Beck provided commentary. The first paper was "Nazi Germany's Foreign Labor Program: Asset or Liability?" by Edward L. Homze. "Rassenpolitik on the Homefront: German-Polish Relations in Rural Bavaria, 1939-1945" was the topic of John J. Delaney. Robert Gellately spoke on "Enforcing Racial Policy in Wartime Germany: The Polish Workers, the German People, and the Nazi Police." In the session entitled "Suffering and Ideology in Wartime," Aileen Rambow spoke on "The Siege of Leningrad: Wartime Ideology in Soviet Literature."

World War II was the focus of two sessions on the 29th. The first of these, entitled "Operation Torch: New Perspectives After Fifty Years," was chaired by Arthur L. Funk, who also provided commentary. It consisted of three papers: "Springboard to Weltherrschaft: Germany and Northwest Africa, 1940-42," by Norman J. W. Goda; "The Colonial Factor: France, North Africa, and the Allied Landings of November, 1942," by William A. Hoisington, Jr.; and "'What Are We Fighting For?' The American Debate on War Aims, 1942-1943," by Michaela Honicke. "Winning the War on the Home Front: From Policy to Implementation" was the title of a session later the same day. Susan M. Hartmann chaired the session, with Richard Polenberg providing commentary. Included were three presentations: "Combatting Complacency on the Home Front: The Office of Civilian Defense, Voluntarism, and Wartime Morale, 1941-45," by Robert Miller; "Continuity or Change: The Second World War at Home," by Carolyn Vacca; and "Community Responses to Social Problems during World War II," by Gretchen Knapp.

There were three relevant sessions on the 30th. In the morning session "The New Deal State: Intervention and Transformation," Daniel Kfyder gave a paper on

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"Mobilization, Racial Friction, and State Response in the United States." "Holocaust Survivors in Israel and the United States: A Comparative Analysis" was the title of one afternoon session. Michael R. Marrus served as chair, and commentary was provided by Leonard Dinnerstein and Henry Friedlander. The speakers were Dalia Ofer on "Holocaust Survivors as New Immigrants: The Case of Israel," and William B. Helmreich on "Holocaust Survivors in the United States: The Early Period." On the same afternoon the session "The Educational Outreach Program of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" was held. William S. Parsons spoke on IIReassessing Existing Curricula and In­service Training." Stephen Goodell's topic was "The Education Outreach Programs of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum." William R. Fernekes spoke on "Holocaust Education: Models of Implementation." Sybil Milton chaired the session, with commentary by Warren Marcus.

''THE CASABlANCA CONFERENCE REVISITED"

The fiftieth anniversary of the Casablanca Conference was commemorated on January 9-16, 1993, by a symposium held at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library. Entitled "The Casablanca Conference Revisited," it was sponsored by the Roosevelt Library, the Government of Morocco, and the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. Among the speakers were Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Alistair Horne, the Moroccan ambassador to the United Nations, and Moroccans who recalled Operation Torch and the Casablanca Conference.

NEW YORK MILITARY AFFAIRS SYMPOSIA

In its series of lectures during the fall of 1992, the New York Military Mfairs!I Symposia focused on World War II on several occasions. On October 30, Janice Dombi spoke on "POW Treatment during the Civil War and World War 11." "Improvised Victory: The Sherman Tank in World War II" was the topic of Pete Mansoor on November 13. The last talk of the fall was IIGerman Naval Operations in the Baltic, 1941," given on December 11 by Roger Guerra.

On November 7, the NYMAS sponsored a conference to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the war. Among the speakers was David Glantz, discussing the Eastern Front in 1942. Other speakers addressed the Pacific campaign and the war in the Western Desert.

The NYMAS is affiliated with the New York-New Jersey branch of the Society for Military History. Its scheduled talks are usually held at the City University of New York Graduate Center. For further information about the organization and its programs, contact NYMAS, P.O. Box 246, New York, NY 10185.

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SAA SESSIONS ON WORLD WAR II

At the annual meeting of the Society of American Archivists, held on September 11­17, 1992, in Montreal, two sessions directly pertained to World War II. Sharon Cook chaired and provided comment for the session entitled "Spies in the Libraries: Teaching World War II with Primary Sources," which involved educational programs throughout the National Archives system. John Ferris discussed the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; David Haight's subject was the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library; and John Vernon represented the Office of Public Programs, National Archives.

The second session concerned "Blood and Documents: The Second World War and Archives." Ian E. Wilson served as chair and commentator. The first paper, 'The Homefront and American Archival Development, 1941-1945," was given by James Corsaro. "National Archives of Canada" was the topic of Glenn T. Wright. Anne-Marie Schwitlich spoke on "War's Impact on Australian Archives."

Another session of interest was "Post-Soviet Archives: Archival Transformation in Russia and Other Former Republics." Marjorie Barritt chaired the session. The first speaker was Rudolf Germanovich Pikhoia, on "Forging a Progressive Archival System for the Russian Federation and the Archival Legacy of the Soviet Union." Vladimir Petrovich Kozlov gave a paper on "Opening Communist Party and KGB Archives to Historical Research: Problems and Perspectives." Peep Pillak spoke on "Freeing the National Archival Legacy from Soviet Controls: The Case of Estonia." Patricia Kennedy Grimsted concluded the session with "Comments: A Western Perspective on Archival Transformation in Russia and the Former Soviet Union."

SAA offers cassette recordings of the sessions "Blood and Documents" and "Post­Soviet Archives" for purchase. Contact SAA, 600 S. Federal, Suite 504, Chicago, IL 60605.

SCHOIARS' CONFERENCE ON THE HOLOCAUST AND THE GERMAN CHURCH STRUGGLE

"The Uses and Abuses of Knowledge" was the theme of the 23rd Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the German Church Struggle, which took place at the University of Tulsa on March 7-9, 1993. Held each year since 1970, the conference "has been committed to examining issues raised by the Holocaust in tandem with the study of the church's struggle and failure to confront Nazi antisemitism and the final solution." This year's conference included thirteen panels and a number of general sessions.

The conference opened on March 7 with a convocation presentation entitled "The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum: Its Promise and Purpose." Participants were Michael Berenbaum, Edward Linenthal, and Rochell Saidel. Later that day Yevgeny Yevtushenko gave a public lecture on "Babi Yar Revisited."

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The second day began with two roundtables: "Wrestling with Two Texts: Re­reading Genesis 32:22-33 and Matthew 26:36-46--A Post Shoah Dialogue" and "Higher Education in the Shadows of the Shoah." The morning plenary session featured Richard L. Rubenstein on the topic "Holy Wars and Ethnic Cleansing." Three concurrent panels followed. The first of these, "Dimensions of Rescue Among Jews and Gentiles," included four speakers: John Bowlin on "Courage, Contingency, and Rorty on the Rescue of the Danish Jews"; Terrance Albrecht on "The Moral Imperative of Community Support: An Historical Account of the Rescue Networks in Denmark"; Salahi R. Sonyel on "The Role of Turkey in Efforts to Save the Jews from Nazi Persecution, 1939-1945"; and Emanuel Tanay on "Jewish Rescuers: The Famous and the Infamous." The second panel was entitled "History and the Holocaust." It consisted of the following papers: "The 'Boys' in Jerusalem, Istanbul and the 'Parallel System,'" by Tuvia Friling; "The Nazi Plans for the Destruction of the Peoples of the East," by Henry Huttenbach; "History, Consciousness, and Mentality in the Lodz Ghetto, 1940-1944," by Molly Hoagland; and "From Incarceration Society to Genocidal Society: Reflections on Civil Wars in Yugoslovia," by Damir Mirkovic. The other concurrent panel was "Understanding the Manhattan Project and Its Legacy of Knowledge and Power." Darrell J. Fasching spoke on "From Auschwitz to Hiroshima: Techno-Bureaucratic Rationality and the Myth of Life Through Death." Eric Markusen's title was "Genocidal Dimensions of the Atomic Bombs?" Richard Pierard's paper was "A Child of the Bomb: Reflections on War and the Nuclear Age." The final paper was "German 'Brain Drain' in Response to 'Aryan' Science: A Case Study of One Background of the Manhattan Project," given by J. Patrick Kelley.

The luncheon address, "Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust," was made by Carol Rittner. The afternoon included two sets of three concurrent panels. The first was entitled "The Hermeneutics of Memory I" and consisted of five presentations: "Forgetting for the Future," by Susan Cernyak-Spatz; "The Literature of Protest: Was It Memorable Then; Is It Memorable Now?" by Jane Vogel Fischman; "Images of Shoah in the Passover Haggadah," by Zev Garber; "History as Memory: The Influence of Time and Paradigm," by Herbert Hirsch; and "The Story Begins ...: Reflections on Claude Lanzmann's Shoah," by Jacob Howland. During the next panel, "Problems of Totalitarianism and Antisemitism," four papers were given: "National Socialism and the Canadian Protestant Church," by Marilyn F. Nefsky; "Otto Koischwitz: The Career of a Na~i Propagandist and Antisemite at Hunter College, 1928-1939," by Susan Pentlin; "Skinheads in America: the Nazi Connection," by Karen Riley; and "Heidegger, Nazism, and Christian Theology," by James Williams. "Remembrance of the Warsaw Ghetto" was the title of another session. Stephen Feinstein spoke on "Artistic Responses to the Warsaw Ghetto: Kaliszan, Tchelitchew, Shahn." Kazimierz Kakol's topic was "Some Military, Ideological, and Educational Aspects of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943." Victor Loefflath-Ehly gave a presentation on "An Interview with a Resistance Fighter and Survivor of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising."

The second set of afternoon panels began with "Value Issues Arising from the Shoah." The speakers were Tomas RadiI, "Ethical Rules in Auschwitz"; Robert Willis, "Human Nature After Auschwitz: The Deeds of Ordinary People"; J. G. Davies, "Just War and War Crimes"; and Wallin S. McCardell, "Holocaust Revisionist Ads in University Newspapers." The panel entitled "The Politics of MemorY' consisted of four presentations:

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John P. Burgess on "Coming to Terms with the Past: The Church and the Stasi in the Former G.D.R."; Paul di Virgilio on "From Stille Nacht to Silent Intellectuals: Politics as Religions in. the Holocaust; Michael McGarry on "Reflections on Memory and History: The Auschwitz Convent Controversy As a Case Study"; and Victoria Barnett on "The Politics of Memory: 1946-1992." "Problems of Rapprochement After the Shoah" was the title of the next panel. Papers were given by six speakers: "First Encounter Between Children of Survivors and Children of Perpetrators of the Holocaust, June 18-21, 1992," by Daniel Bar-on; "Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Moral Dilemmas Raised by Simon Wiesenthal's Sunflower," by Bernard Weinstein and Peppy Margolis; "The Holocaust (Shoah): A Challenge to Both Christians and Jews and a New Hermeneutic Key to a Theology of Reconciliation," by A. B. da Silva; and "Germans and Jews a Generation After," by Gottfried Wagner and Abraham Peck. The day concluded with an evening plenary address by Hubert G. Locke, who spoke on "A Use and Abuse of Knowledge: The Holocaust and the Problem of Race."

The final day of the conference began with two concurrent panels. The first of these was entitled "The Holocaust and the Christian Question." Included were four presentations: "Totalitarianism of the One Church--Church and State in Modernity: Focus on Nazi Germany,1I by Rolf Ahlers; liThe Lutheran Free Churches and the Third Reich," by Kenneth Barnes; "The Vatican and the Holocaust: Unresolved Issues," by John Pawlikowski; and "Ghettoization of Jews and the American Protestant Religious Press, with Particular Attention to the Warsaw Ghetto." The next session was "The Righteous Among the Nations,1I which consisted of papers: "A Certain Kind of Faith: Christian Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust," by David Gushee; "Italian Rescuers of Jews in WWII," by Meir Michaelis; "Conditions of the Jews Fleeing the Holocaust in the Balearic Isles, 1932-1960,11 by Gloria Mound; and "The Italian Rescue of Yugloslav Jews,1I by Menachem Shelah.

The morning's program continued with two more concurrent sessions. In the first of these, liThe Hermeneutics of Memory II," the first speakers were Marsha Lustigman and Michael Lustigman, whose topic was IIManaging National Interests: National Libraries and the Holocaust." Alan Rosenberg and Alan Milchman spoke on "The Burden of Memory: A Hermeneutical Inquiry Into the Lessons of the Holocaust. 1I Steven Jacobs gave a paper on "Wrestling with Genocide: Thinking Anew About the Shoah--A Response to George SteineL" Aharon Komem's title was "The Unawareness of Victims Versus the Awareness of Spectators: Appelfeld's New Play, AI Bari' ah (The Captivated?)" The last panel was IIAesthetic Approaches to Remembering." It included four presentations. Judith Doneson spoke on "The Continuity of Negative Images: An Analysis of the Film Europa, Europa.1I

Charles Fishman read from Blood to Remember: American Poets on the Holocaust, with commentary. Richard Libowitz gave a paper on "Portraits of Two Jewries: A Comparative Study of Novels by Elie Wiesel and Aharon Appelfeld." Lon Nuell addressed topic "Gyorgy Kadar, Anselm Kiefer, Sid Chafetz, Audrey Flack: Artists' Images of the Holocaust." The conference concluded with a luncheon address by Erich Geldbach on "Germany Today and Remembering for the Future II: Berlin 1994."

Held in conjunction with the conference were the annuaPmeeting of the National Association of Holocaust Educators and a workshop on teaching the Holocaust for middle and high school teachers.

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Mll J ,ERSVll.l..E UNIVERSITY CONFERENCE ON ''VICTIMS AND SURVIVORS"

On March 14-15, 1993, Millersville University in Millersville, Pennsylvania, hosted its twelfth annual conference on the Holocaust. The theme of this year's meeting was "Victims and Survivors."

At tlle opening session on March 14, the keynote speaker was Elie Wiesel, whose subject was "Reflections on the Holocaust." Following dinner that night, Lawrence Langer spoke on "Memory's Time: Chronology and Duration in Holocaust Testimonies." Edgar Newman then served as moderator and commentator for a showing of the film Forbidden.

The second day of the conference opened with a presentation by Howard Theile on "Representation and Remembrance: Documentary Images of the Holocaust." Three concurrent sessions followed. The first of these, entitled "Silence and the Holocaust: Two Variations on a Theme," was moderated by Reynold Koppel, who also served as commentator. Brian Dunn spoke on "The Silent Victims: The Mysterious Prisoners of the Blue Triangle." Robert Erickson's topic was "Silence and Evasion: the Post-war History of the German Churches." Another session was "Survivors and Remembrance," with Jack Fischel serving as moderator and commentator. It consisted of two papers: "Victims of the Holocaust--Categories of Survivors," by Henry Huttenbach; and "Elie Wiesel's'Second Generation Witness: Passing the Torch of Remembrance," by Alan Berger. The third session was "No Place to Hide the Past," which featured Robert Herzstein on "The Waldheim Affair Six Years Later: Reflections of a Participant." It was moderated by Michael Birkner, who also provided comment.

Following a lunch break, a plenum session on '''Other' Germans" was held, moderated by Linda Clark-Newman. The speaker was Sybille Niemoeller v. Sell on the topic "A Righteous Christian: The Countess v. MaItzan." Three group sessions, running concurrently, followed. "Tales of Survivors" included papers by Eric Sterling on "A Reluctant Oppressor: Mordechai Rumkowski in Throne of Straw"; and Thomas DiMaggio on "The 9th Circle: One Woman's Tale of Survival and Resistance." Steven Centola served as moderator and commentator. The next session, "The Psychology of the Oppressors," was moderated by Jack Fischel, who also provided commentary. It featured Edgar Stern on the topic "Normality-Abnormality in the Upper Echelons of the N.S.D.A.P." ''The Baltic Region and the Holocaust" was the title of the final session. Saulius Suziedelis served as moderator and commentator. Included were two papers: Steven Rogers, "'Estland ist judenfrei': The Holocaust in Estonia"; and Paul Levine, "Swedish Diplomacy and the Holocaust: From Indifference to Activism."

''FASCISM IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECfIVE"

St. Peter's College, Oxford, England, was the site for a conference entitled "Fascism in Comparative Perspective," held on March 19-20, 1993. It was sponsored by the Association for the Study of Modern Italy, the German History Society, and History Workshop.

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The conference opened with an introduction by Richard Bessel. The first session, "Crisis of Bourgeois Society," was chaired by Jane Caplan. The speakers were Adrian Lyttelton and Bernd Weisbrod. In the following session, entitled "Fascism and Workers," Tobias Abse and Tilla Siegel were the participants, with Paul Corner as chair. On the second day, the program began with the topic "Fascism and Women." Elizabeth Harvey served as chair, with Gabriele Czarnowski and Perry Wilson as speakers. "Fascism and War" was the title of the next segment. Presentations were made by Michael Geyer and MacGregor Knox; Paul Preston presided. The closing session, chaired by Carl Levy, was entitled "Post-fascist Societies and Modernisation" and included Mark Roseman and Victoria de Grazia as speakers.

OTHER NEWS ORAL mSTORY PROJECTS DURING

THE wwn COMMEMORATIONS (1991-95)

by Peter C. Rollins

During the commemorative media blitz on WWII in late 1991, I felt out of step with the national efforts to refocus on the war experience. Although one of my first publications dealt with the Victory at Sea television series, and although I had taught a number of courses on the war film, my knowledge of the WWII era was shaky at best; what better way to get in tune than to teach a course on the subject? This was the beginning of WORLD WAR II AS FILM, LITERATURE, AND HISTORY.

As part of my warm-up for the class, I attended an excellent three-day seminar on WWII at the University of North Texas in Denton, an event organized by Professor Jim Lee of the Center for Texas Studies. Academic papers were useful, but what most impressed my wife and me were the sessions involving veterans. Abstractions about foreign policy decisions, military strategy and tactics, military personalities and leadership styles, the homefront changes of mores and manners during the war era became vivid, particularized, and memorable when woven into the textures of individual lives. During the conference we met former prisoners of war; heroic defenders of Wake Island; stolid submariner volunteers; proud black pilots from the "Tuskegee Group"; and women pilots of the Transport Command--one of whom is still a raving beauty. Special events invited us to become immersed in the music, art, and memorabilia of the war era. However, most important to us were the fascinating people who had weathered the war experience and were prepared to bear witness. Their courage, equanimity, and pride were an inspiration.

In designing the syllabus for WORLD WAR II AS FILM, LITERATURE, AND HISTORY, I included a segment for oral histories. It was I11Y goal in these projects to provide students with the same exciting, living connection with history. In addition, the oral histories were a way in which we could preserve the inspiring legacy. With such persuasive--yet misguided--books as Paul Fussell's Wartime (1989) protraying the struggle as a combination of "Cynicism, efficiency, brutality, and blood-mindedness," it seemed important to leave on record other versions. In the wake of Vietnam, our scholars--even

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our veteran scholars--seem to have lost perspective of the dramatic, intensely moral, and patriotic decisions made on an individual basis by young men and women across America, 1941-45.

One way to get started on such a project is to contact the State Veterans Affairs (or Veterans Services) Department, an agency usually located near the state capitol complex. The next best place to start is with the local Veterans of Foreign Wars (VPW) post or specialty groups such as the Retired Officers Association (ROA) or the Military Order of the World Wars (MOWW). During my first effort, OSU's Public Information Office put together a news blurb which was released to state papers. The announcement brought me over twenty calls, some of them from people I knew locally, but had not associated with WWII. In any case, the list of potential interview subjects began to mount.

Veterans who contacted me were mailed a questionnaire immediately. In addition to the relevant telephone and address information, this initial mailing asked about the following:

Branch of service Period of service Ranks Available for interview? (A "no" option provided.) MOS (Military Occupation Specialty) Places served Was WWII a just war? Why? Who is your hero from the WWII era? Why? Most memorable experience in the war Greatest lesson about life learned in the war Best film about the war? And why. Best book about the war? And why. As we look back at WWII, what should be stressed in our remembrances? What

has been good (and bad) about the recent WWII programs and newspaper articles?

This information was passed along to the students, although I kept a copy for my use.

Once launched into our class, there were four steps to the oral history project:

Step One: Bridge Building

I wrote a formal memo on Oklahoma State University letterhead to the prospective interview subjects, explaining to them the nature of the class, the assignment, and their place in the student experience. After a decent interval, students were asked to send their own letter (with full address and telephone data) to the veterans. They were asked to reference my memo and to indicate that they were following through on the plan. This paper trail gave the project a professional tone. Interestingly, many of the veterans took the initiative to call the students for an initial chat, a gesture which prompted enthusiasm on both ends of the line.

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Step Two: An Audio Interview

Students were asked to make a 60 to 90 minute audio tape with the veterans. The interviewers and the veterans could pursue their interests, but I asked that they follow a "story" or narrative outline. Here is the "story" outline: (Students were asked to "slate" each tape at the beginning with the name, address, and telephone number of the interviewed party.)

1. Where were you when you heard about Pearl Harbor? What was your reaction? 2. How did you enter the service and why? 3. Where did you receive basic training? What was it like? 4. How did you get overseas? Give an anecdote about the trip. 5. Give basic high points of your WWII experience:

Early part of tour. Middle part of tour. Late part of tour. (Interviewers should press for the "human" side of the story. Broad overviews of the war exist; we want to know how this one person experienced the historic events.)

6. What was happening back home while you were gone? 7. How did you get back to the states and how did it feel? 8. What did you learn from your service experience?

--on the professional level? --on the personal level?

,9. What should young people watching this tape learn from you as a WWII vet? 10. Did we leave anything out?

Step Three: A Video Interview

No sooner than a week after the audio interview, students were asked to conduct a follow-up, on-camera interview with the veteran. This interview would pursue only those subjects which proved fruitful during the audio interview a week or more earlier. (A lesson I learned about equipment obtains here. When we did this video exercise the first time, we were forced to use studio equipment--which meant dependence on technicians and carries a big price tag. The second time we conducted interviews, we used a home video camera recently purchased by my department--which meant less hassle. This semester, I discovered that 75% of my undergraduate class has access--through family or friends--to VHS cameras. Our students have the technology in their hands!)

Step Four: A Written Impression (Optional for Undergraduates)

1. For graduate classes: I ask the graduate classes to write their version of the veteran's story. While they are asked to draw from the audio and video documents, they are encouraged to put themselves into the project. This stage of the project requires imagination, empathy, and good writing. Prior to publication, the students re-wrote their narratives at least three times. The results have proved to be of permanent historical value. (See the Payne County publication, below.)

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2. For undergraduate classes: I have not required an interpretive summary from undergraduates, although some professors might ask students to transcribe the recorded responses to a written text. The transcription effort involves little imaginative effort, but assures that a written text accompanies the archived tape.

Conclusion

Our collection of essays tells the story of local and regional boys who went to war and then came back to be our neighbors. They did not need a civics lession to persuade them to do their duty. They went downtown to volunteer or reported for duty when the draft told them it was their turn. They were high school kids and accountants and future career officers. From Guadalcanal (WWII) to the Chosin Reservoir and Pork Chop Hill (Korea) to the A Shau Valley and Khe Sanh (Vietnam) to Kuwait (Operation Desert Storm), America has found men and women who would fulfill the duties of citizenship for the commonweal--both in battle and in public service. Where do we find such people? The answer is simple for those who will look: they are our fathers, brothers, and neighbors. The commemoration of World War II provides us with a special occasion to listen to their stories.

Works Cited

Fussell, Paul. Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War. New York: Oxford, 1989. This cynical and angry book has been received too uncritically. It is clearly a post-Vietnam interpretation of WWII by a man who rests his authority on his own traumatic battlefield experience. At the Denton conference, he scoffed at a paper which highlighted the musical side of the war and showed an Olympian disdain for those who had not "been at the front." Our boys from Payne County were at the front, also. These pre-deconstructionist mortals saw a very different war, a war fought against the enemies of human rights. As part in that struggle, they are still proud of their sacrifice, without being crushed--as Fussell seems to have been-­by the human tragedy they saw at Normandy Beach and the Ardennes Forest and Dresden and Dachau. Indeed, these experiences ennobled their efforts--at the time and in retrospect.

Payne County Historical Review: World War II. 11 (1992). 55 pages. Ed. Peter C. Rollins. Narratives of four WWII veterans from the OSU environs. Available for $5.00 (including postage) from Lawrence Erwin, 3402 S. Boomer, Stillwater, OK 74074. .

Rollins, Peter. "Victory at Sea: Cold War Epic." Journal of Popular Culture 6 (1972): 463-82. Looks at the famous film history of U.S. naval operations in the context of the 1950s, the period in which it was produced.

World War II as Film, Literature, and History teaching packet is available from me [Rollins] on request. Syllabus, forms, and interview questions.

[Peter C. Rollins is Regents Professor of English and AmericanlFilm Studies at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078. His telephone number is (405) 744-9473.]

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JOHN GIMBEL

A longtime member of the wwrSA, John Gimbel died on July 16, 1992. Born in Hazelton, North Dakota, on January 25, 1922, he attended Luther College, receiving his B.A. in 1949. He earned his M.A. from the University of Iowa and his Ph.D. from the University of Oregon in 1956. While he spent most of his career as a professor of history at Humboldt State University, he also taught at Luther College; the University of Maryland, the University of Alberta, Edmonton; the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon; Indiana University; and Universitaet Duesseldorf, Germany. Among his notable publications are The American Occupation of Germany: Politics and the Military, 1945-1949; German Community Under American Occupation; and The Origins of the Marshall Plan.

NATIONAL ARCI-llVES PUBLICATIONS

The National Archives and Records Administration has recently issued three reference information papers pertaining to World War II. These are Audiovisual Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to World War II (no. 70, revised), compiled by Barbara Burger, William Cunliffe, Jonathan Heller, William T. Murphy, and Les Waffen; World War II Records in the Cartographic and Architectural Branch of the National Archives (no. 79), compiled by Daryl Bottoms; and Records Relating to Personal Participation in World War II: American Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees (no. 80), compiled by Ben DeWhitt and Jennifer Davis Heaps. To request copies, contact the National Archives Fulfillment Center (NEDC), Capitol Heights, MD 20743-3701.

Another publication of interest is American Women and the U.S. Armed Forces: A Guide to the Records of Military Agencies in the National Archives Relating to American Women. This research guide concerns all records of the National Archives, including the regional repositories and the presidential libraries. It was compiled by Charlotte Palmer Seeley and revised by Virginia Purdy and Robert Gruber. It is available for purchase from the National Archives Trust Fund (P.O. Box 100793, Atlanta, GA 30384) or from the National Archives Museum Shop.

The Central Plains Region of the National Archives has published a Researcher's Guide to World War II Resources at the National Archives--Central Plains Region. To request a copy, contact Joyce Boswell, National Archives--Central Plains Region, 2312 E. Bannister Road, Kansas City, MO 64131; (816) 926-6272.

The Pacific Southwest Region of the National Archives has produced a Checklist of Records Relating to World War II. To request a copy, contact the National Archives-­Pacific Southwest Region, 24000 Avila Road, P.O. Box 6719, Laguna Niguel, CA 92607­6719; (714) 643-4241.

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UNIFIED GERMAN COMMI1TEE ON THE HISTORY OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Gerhard Hirschfeld, director of the Bibliothek fUr Zeitgeschichte, reports on the new German Committee on the History of the Second World War:

"The German committee met for the first time after unification during the national 'Historikertag' (meeting of the German Historical Association) in Hannover on 24 September 1992. The new elected committee consists of Dr. Gerhard Hirschfeld (chairman), Prof. Wilhelm Deist (secretary), Dr. Bernd Wegner (treasurer), and Prof. Jost Dulffer (executive member).

"The committee has so far organized a couple of workshops on comparative aspects of the Second World War and is currently preparing a symposium on 'The Role of Women during Second World War', to take place in Stuttgart on 18/19 June 1993.

"All correspondence should be addressed to: Deutsches Komitee fur die Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkriegs Sekretar: Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Deist c/o Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt Griinwalderstr. 10-14 7800 Freiburg Germany"

EUROPEAN ARCHIVES

The Winter 1992 issue (Volume 55, Number 1) of The American Archivist is devoted to the topic "European Archives in an Era of Change." The introduction is in English and French; other articles are in English, with abstracts in English, French, German, and Spanish. Among the articles are:

Ketelaar, Eric. "The European Community and Its Archives." Bundsgaard, Inge, and Michael H. Gelting. "What To Be or Not To Be? Evolving

Identities for State and Grassroots Archives in Denmark." Kahlenberg, Friedrich P. "Democracy and Federalism: Changes in the National

Archival System in a Unified Germany." Ress, Imre. "The Effects of Democratization on Archival Administration and Use

in Eastern Middle Europe." Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy. "Beyond Perestroika: Soviet-Area Archives After the

August Coup." Kecskemeti. "Displaced European Archives: Is It Time for a Post-War Settlement?" Blouin, Francis X, Jr. "A Case for Bridging the Gap: The Significance of the

Vatican Archives Project for International Archival Information Exchange."

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COMMUNIST PARTY ARCHIVES

[Ed. note: The following article is reprinted from the SAA Newsletter, November 1992.]

The Committee for Archives of the Government of the Russian Federation (Roskomarkhiv) and the Hoover Institution have begun a joint project to microfilm records and inventories of the Communist Party of the former Soviet Union, as well as selected holdings of the State Archives. These materials are at three repositories: Center for Contemporary Documentation (formerly the Central Committee Archives), Russian Center for Preservation and Study of Contemporary Historical Documents (formerly the Central Party Archives of the Institute for MarxismfLeninism), and the State Archives of the Russian Federation (successor agency of the Archive of the October Revolution and the Historical Archive of the Russian Federation).

The project has three components: the development of an archival and scholarly exchange program to benefit Russian studies; the preservation of approximately 25 million sheets of archival documentation on 25,000 reels of microfilm; and the marketing and distribution of the microfilm. The project, expected to cost $3 million, will take five years to complete.

RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN ARCHIVES AND TOURS

In a letter to the WWTSA secretary, wwrSA member John F. Sloan described some of his current 'activities related to research on the Eastern Front:

"Thought you might like to know about two related services in Russian history that I have initiated for 1993. It has taken four trips to Russia and Ukraine this year during which I have met with staff and faculty of Russian and Ukrainian military academies and curators of many military museums. Most important is the Military History Institute in Moscow whose commander and senior staff are very eager to establish and expand working cooperation with American historians.

"The first service is support for academic research using Russian archives and libraries. For those who cannot travel to Russia, the Military History Institute will respond to requests to search for and copy documents, books, pictures, etc. The fees naturally depend on how extensive the work is. The more specific the nature of the request, the better. Currently, the MHI is already copying a large number of documents on the Crimean War and doing a preliminary search for material on the Napoleonic era for clients I introduced to them. A similar service is available from the library of the Museum of Artillery, Engineer, and Signal Troops in St. Petersburg and other archives.

"For those who desire to perform research in Russian military archives in person, the Military History Institute will make all necessary arrangements, obtain clearances, provide translators and guides and a work space at the intitut~. Accommodations will be made by ASK Tours in Moscow. Direct access to the libraries and archives in St. Petersburg can also be arranged. I hope this service will stimulate even more interest in Russi~n military history. When graduate students and post-doctoral fellows find they are

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able to obtain better access to Russian mililtary-historical materials than in the past, they may be stimulated to undertake projects that previously would have been too daunting. I ask that anyone interested in taking advantage of this service contact me. I will assist in establishing connections and after that individuals can conduct their business directly with the desired Russian organization.

"The second service is organizing special tours and seminars related to Russian and Ukrainian military history. These include visits to military installations, battlefields, museums, fortifications, and other military sites as well as seminars and meetings with Russian archivists, curators, military historians, and officers on active duty in all five services. These unique opportunities are provided courtesy of the Military History Institute, the faculty of the Frunze Academy, many museums, and the senior levels of the Russian and Ukrainian Ministries of Defense. The trips feature professional military officers as guides and lecturers, military interpreters, as well as full administrative and logistical services from the outstanding Russian and Ukrainian tour agencies. Along with the professional seminars and meetings, there are opportunities for social contacts with active and retired military officers, World War II veterans, and their families. And the trips are carefully scheduled to provide time for attendance at cultural events, visits to art galleries, bargain shopping, and pursuing other interests.

"Having thrown off the fetters of communist ideology, the Russian people are eager to develop normal professional and personal contacts with Americans. In the two months of travel there this year I felt quite overwhelmed by the hospitality, esteem for Americans, friendship, and desire to learn more about us and America."

If interested, contact John F. Sloan, 5218 Landgrave Lane, Springfield, VA 22151.

RESEARCH MATERIALS [The article below marks the sixth in a series entitled "An Insider's View," which consists of essays by professional archivists, historians, and administrators at the foremost research repositories and centers of military studies in the United States.]

AN INSIDER'S VIEW, Number 6

WORLD WAR II HOLDINGS OF THE OPERATIONAL ARCHIVES, NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER

by Kathleen M. Lloyd

As the official repository for the U.S. Navy's historical materials, the Naval Historical Center preserves, analyzes, and interprets naval and maritime history to the Navy and the general public. Located in the historic Washington Navy Yard at 9th and M streets in Southeast Washington, D.C., most of the Center's branches are situated in a complex of contiguous buildings, officially known as the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History. Nearby Building 67 houses the Art Gallery while the Navy Museum occupies Building 76.

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The Aviation History Division is located a few blocks away on the first floor of Building 157. The mailing address of the Center is Naval Historical Center, 901 M Street SE, Washington, D.C. 20374-5060.

The Center serves the Navy establishment and the Defense community and other branches of government. Veterans, professors, writers, students of all levels, television and movie production staffs, family members of personnel who served in the Navy, and those with an interest in the history of the Navy constitute a majority of the thousands of non­official visitors to the Center each year. The Center is open 0900 to 1600, Monday through Friday, except for Federal holidays.

In addition to the Operational Archives, four other branches in the Center maintain records pertaining to World War II. The Aviation History Branch (phone 202-433-4355; autovon 288-4355) has the aircraft accident reports for the 1940s. The Ships History Branch (phone 202-433-2585; autovon 288-2585) holds source folders and information on the individuals for whom the Navy has named ships, that are used in preparing the Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The voluminous file of the subject-indexed mount cards maintained by the Photographic Section of the Curator Branch (phone 202­433-2765; autovon 288-2765) serves as a finding aid to the Center's rich photographic collection as well as the holdings of other repositories, such as the Still Pictures Branch of the National Archives. With over 170,000 volumes, the Navy Department Library (phone 202-433-4131; autovon 288-4131) is one of the most accessible and concentrated collections on naval information. Interlibrary loan is often available.

The Operational Archives Branch of the Naval Historical Center (phone 202-433­3170; autovon 288-3224) maintains a select group of official reports, operation plans, miscellaneous records, biographies, and histories, as well as a collection of manuscripts, interviews, and personal papers that support the Center's programs and document the operational history of the Navy, primarily from 1941 to the present. The Archives is responsible for collecting, preserving, and referencing these records.

At the start of the war, the Office of Naval Records and Library, the predecessor to the Center, collected the reports, plans, and war diaries that the naval regulations required the combat commands worldwide to submit to a central repository in Washington, D.C. These collections, which form the core of the World War II holdings of the Operational Archives, are scheduled to be transferred to the National Archives after 1995 when they will be located in the present National Archives building in downtown Washington, D.C.

Indexed by originator, the extensive collection of action reports, totalling 1298 cubic feet, are cross-indexed by operation or campaign with a further breakdown by type of warfare. Thus all the available reports from one battle or a report that is enclosed within another command's report can be easily located. The narr~tive reports are complete descriptions of what happened during a campaign when a ship attacked or was attacked; convoy escort duty; recommendations for awards; opinions of officers; and the lessons learned by fleet and task force commanders. Special form reports for antisubmarine warfare, antiaircraft actions, and the aircraft action reports for each sortie are among these

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records. Documents prepared by U.S. Coast Guard ships, U.S. Marine Corps commands, and a few from the U.S. Navy and Army Air Forces are included.

The war diaries constitute the second largest group of documents. Beginning with April 1942, all but the most minor naval commands ashore and afloat had the requirement of documenting their daily events. The diaries vary from "steaming as before" to full accounts of the day-by-day experiences of a command during wartime. A few major commands reconstructed their diary to the start of the war. The war diaries submitted by the sea frontiers, such as the Eastern Sea Frontier and the Gulf Sea Frontier, and naval districts are important sources of antisubmarine warfare action with the German submarines. In many cases, the ships' diary entries for 1943 include the remarks section of their log which could be submitted in lieu of the regular war diary for that year. This collection also contains microfilm copies of ship deck logs from December 1941 to April 1942. The formal deck logs that contain information on weather, disciplinary actions, personnel casualties, and other administrative details are held at the Military Reference Branch of the National Archives.

While the action reports and war diaries explain what actually occurred during the war, the 274 feet of operational plans, orders, and related documents give details of the intended operations. Included in these documents are strategic staff studies relating to potential operations as well as short-of-war or training activities held shortly before December 1941. The most detailed plans were written by major commands, particularly amphibious commands. The latter includes maps and evaluations of landing sites. The plans are indexed by the originating command as well as by operation, code word, and geographic area.

Another important collection of planning documents that will be deposited in the National Archives is the records of the Strategic PlanslWar Plans Division of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations from 1912 through 1947. These records, described in a detailed checklist, reflect the many changes that occurred in the Division and in naval war planning before 1947. This collection, which is especially rich in prewar planning documents, contains the color plans, estimates of the situation, correspondence, and the studies of strategic basing requirements in the Pacific, among others. Lectures given by Navy and Army officers at the Navy and Army war colleges from 1912 to 1941 demonstrate the thinking of the personnel who later were in positions of command during the war. The Naval War College's instructional materials, mainly the operational war gaming problems, dealing with a hypothetical war between the United States (blue) and Japan (orange) and prepared from 1914 to 1941, indicate the level of training and experience achieved by naval commanders prior to the outbreak of war. Another important series is the World War II cover and deception records. Related to these materials is a separate series of prewar plans, most of which have the "WPL" (war plans) designation. Additional information can be found in the personal papers of Admiral Richard Kelly Turner, the director of the War Plans Division (1939-1942).

The records of the Tenth Fleet in the Headquarters of the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet, are another vital category, scheduled for transfer to the National Archives. The Tenth Fleet was a coordinating and research activity for anti-submarine

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warfare. The term "fleet" is a misnomer since the organization operated no ships directly and was located in Washington, D.C. It is best viewed as the anti-submarine division of the office of Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, under Admiral Ernest J. King. Although it was established in 1943 and disestablished in 1945, its records include many dating prior to 1943. Most represent the files maintained by various offices that existed separately prior to being incorporated into the Tenth Fleet. This collection includes three subgroups of records.

The Convoy and Routing Division records, which total 226 cubic feet, date from 1941-1947. These files relate to policy, tactical doctrine, the operation of convoys, and the routing of individual U.S. and Allied merchant ships. Folders for U.S. escorted convoys contain lists of ships in the convoy, the escorts, a map of the route, message traffic, and sometimes a report of the convoy commodore. Additionally, individual merchant ships movement cards record the ports visited and the convoy designations if the ship sailed in a convoy. Damage to merchant ships is also detailed.

The 121 cubic feet of the Anti-Submarine Warfare Analysis and Statistical Section contain statistical and narrative summaries of Allied attacks on enemy submarines and submarine attacks on U.S. shipping, and related correspondence. A major section is the records of the Anti-Submarine Warfare Assessment Committee, which evaluated the attacks made on underwater contacts and determined the extent of possible damage to the contact based on all available intelligence, including "Ultra." All pertinent reports, dispatches, and related documents for each attack are filed numerically by incident number. These incidents are also cross-indexed by the attacking unit. Chronological listings of antisubmarine attacks are included.

The 21 feet of the Anti-Submarine Measures Division's records, arranged by the Navy Filing Manual, cover all aspects of the antisubmarine warfare, including training, tactical and technical developments, coordination with the British Admiralty, and the routing of merchant ships.

The World War II Command File (360 cubic feet) is a large group of official and private miscellaneous material spanning the 1939 to 1945 period, collected by the Operational Archives. Included in these records are annual and other periodic reports, histories, rosters, fleet organizations, as well as articles and reminiscences written by naval personnel and private individuals, which are indexed, both by subject and author. A checklist contains the titles of series material not in the index, such as the trip logs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Naval War College Battle Analysis series, and Fleet Tactical Publications. Several Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) publications describe the activities of German submarines in the summaries of merchant ship survivors' statements, the reports of interrogations of German submarine crews, and the post mortems on enemy submarines. The daily information material used by the Director of Naval Intelligence at the Navy Department morning briefings provides an example ot what intelligence was known at the highest levels. The ONI Weekly contains articles on navies of the world and weekly assessments of the war's progress in all theaters. In November 1945, this publication became the monthly ONI Review. The immediate postwar articles in this publication contain analyses of many Second World War events and navies. The technical

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aspects of aviation can be better understood after reading the reports of the Deputy Chief of Operations (Air), Air Intelligence Group. The histories in this collection are listed in the Partial Checklist. World War II Histories and Historical Reports in the U.S. Naval Historical Division. This collection is still growing through donations from individuals and veterans organizations.

The Archives maintains the files of several divisions that were in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. These include the Immediate Office Files of the Chief of Naval Operations; the Aviation History Unit of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air\ '/I!lidl /',IJIlllliri hi:·.I(lIi(~I~ (If I'hvy and M~lrinc Corps aviation commands squadrons and ,:lillie .(~I:tllhliHhrne/lt};; an,d thc Ca:{c Maintcnancc Division, that was co~cerned with the e:{t;d~ll:{hn:~Jlt a~d m:lrnlenance of foreign-hased naval installations. The Civil All:IIrl:/M i1,I:lTy ('l1V'~rrlrn(~nt Br:!flc;h rt~eordl'. document the civil administration of th B . V(JIc;l/IU Islam\:{ Irom lSl45 to !<-J6K The Politico-Military Polic D' . .. . e .omn­~n fa;.eig~ afgirs ~atters, including such subjects as disarm~m~~:,lOt~~r~~~e~~~:~~~ce

oor matmg ommlttee papers, and information on the Tripartite Naval Agreement at t~ end ()~ W()rld W~~ U. 1b.~ UD.der.~e:::JS].!bm,'1ri...,~ \\(~.2:.~ IY;fs.rJ::l 'i1!-::;".; ';:1(J1(1 data un 'tnt tcdm\\,:j\ Gtvdopmem of submarines and the characteristics of submarines including midget and captured German submarines.

. T~e records of some naval organizations spanning larger ti,me periods include mformatIon on the war years. Among these are the papers of the Assistant Chief of Women, Bureau of Naval Personnel, describing the integration of women into the Navy and the records of the Office of the Director, Navy Nurse Corps. The files of the Biographies Branch of the Chid of Navallnformation contain source material, clippings, and prepared accounts on the careers of senior naval officers, usually captains and above, and of officers who were killed in combat or earned medals in the war. The China Repository, made up of donations from men who served in the Yangtze Patrol, covers the early months of the year.

The Appendices to the Administrative Histories consist of key official records, reports, and histories of subordinate commands submitted with the administrative histories which were required by every major office and command in the Navy following World War II. A large number of documents relating to Commander, South Pacific Force, were collected since the administrative history of this command was never completed. Rare documents, such as the narrative accounts of several coastwatchers, are included. The histories in this collection are described in the Guide to United States Naval Administrative Histories of World War II. The bound administrative histories are held by the Navy Department Library and microfiche copies are available through interlibrary loan channels. One small collection filed with the Appendices contains the papers relating to the preliminary diplomatic and military planning for a postwar international organization and the general records of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference.

In addition to the records of U.S. commands, the Archives has custody of captured Japanese and German materials. The German Naval Archives was captured at Schloss Tambach by the British in April 1945. The Operational Archives retains the German and English translations of the war diary of the Operations Division, German Naval Staff, and

31

the translations of the German Submarine Command (Bd.U) War Diaries. As listeg in Microfilm Publication 1, film copies of both diaries can be purchased from the Operational Archives. Documents in this seventy-five foot collection include translated essays by ranking German naval officers and other key documents relating to the German Navy.

The records of the Japanese Navy and related material contain translations of captured Japanese documents and studies of U.S. origin, such as the Japanese Monograph series. Microfilm Publication 2 explains how to obtain film copies of the many reports prepared by the Naval Technical Mission to Japan at the end of the war. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas, prepared air target analysis bulletins with detailed maps and photographs containing intelligence and target information on Japanese-held territories for use by U.S. and Allied pilots. Information on ordering microfilm copies of the latter publications is available in Microfilm Publication 3. This collection also contains 230 microfilm reels of the operational reports and war diaries of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the Japanese language.

Other groups analyzed various aspects of the war both in Germany and Japan. In addition to the mission to Japan, a Naval Technical Mission to Europe was established in 1944 to study and exploit the German scientific and technological aspects for the Navy's technical bureaus and the Coordinator of Research and Development. The thirty-three feet of reports and administrative files provide detailed technical information on electronics, weapons, and ships, especially submarines in the German Navy. Another important collection for evaluating the technical resources of Germany and Japan are the reports of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey and the studies of its Naval Analysis Division. While the Strategic Bombing Survey investigated the impact of the air and surface bombardment on Germany and Japan, the Naval Analysis Division concerned itself with the influence of naval operations on Japan and prepared studies on island campaigns, the effects of the atomic bomb on Nagasaki, evaluations of ship bombardments, photographic intelligence, and interrogations of Japanese officials.

The oral history transcripts held in the Archives that relate to World War II come from many sources. During the war, the Office of Records and Library conducted over 500 interviews with naval officers and men who participated in various operations. An effort was made to interview survivors and participants of the Asiatic Defense period since few records survived. While at Columbia, John Mason interviewed over thirty World War II admirals. At the Naval Institute, Mason and later Paul Stillwell continued to conduct interviews with wartime naval officers, most of which are held in the Operational Archives. In preparing the history of the Naval Weapons Center at China Lake, many interviews concerning Admiral Parsons and the Navy's role in the development of the atomic bomb were undertaken. All of these transcripts can be seen at the Archives.

Several personal paper collections for the most part include the source materials used in the preparation of major books. Especially valuable are the one hundred cubic feet of records accumulated by Rear Admiral Samuel Eliot Morison and his staff during the writing of his fifteen-volume History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Correspondence comments on the various drafts by officers who participated in the events and manuscript drafts are included. Arranged by volume, this collection is the only source

l'

I,

I

!II

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for some of the items mentioned in his footnotes. A smaller group is the material gathered in preparing Captain R. J. Bulkley's A History of Motor Torpedo Boats in the U.S. Navy. Pearl Harbor salvage operations are documented in the correspondence, photographs, and other materials collected by Vice Admiral Homer N. Wallin in writing Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage, and Final Appraisal. The papers of Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey, reflect his career as Commander, Seventh Amphibious Force, and were used in writing MacArthur's Amphibious Navy.

The events in the Pacific before World War II are described in several manuscript collections. The papers of Admiral Harry E. Yarnell, who was the Commander, Asiatic Fleet, from 1936 to 1939, contain his diaries and journals, as well as official correspondence. The records of Admiral Thomas C. Hart, the Commander, Asiatic Fleet, from 1939... 1942, comprise reports, messages, including a special file of communications with the Chief of Naval Operations, and a copy of his handwritten diary.

The leadership shown at the highest levels is reflected in the personal papers of the Secretaries of the Navy, the Chiefs of Naval Operations, and presidential advisers. ,The small collection of Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox (1940-1944) contains correspondence with Admiral Harold R. Stark, and others plus his press conference transcripts. However, most of his official files are at the National Archives. All aspects of the career of Admiral Stark, including his years as Chief of Naval Operations (1939-1942), Commander, Naval Forces, Europe (1942-1945), and the Pearl Harbor Attack investigations are described in his papers. Besides his official and semi-official correspondence, the collection of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, Chief of Naval Operations and Commander, United States Fleet (1941-1945), contains information on planning, unification of the armed forces, international conferences, and meetings with Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. Foreign relations are detailed in the material on Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, the Ambassador to France (1940-1942) and Chief of Staff to Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1942-1949).

The war in the Pacific is covered in several extensive manuscript collections. The extensive files of Fleet Admiral Nimitz document all aspects of his career, especially that of Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Areas (1941-1945). Several important series are the incoming and outgoing messages from his headquarters, his correspondence with other admirals, and his speeches. The diary (1939-1941) and autobiography through 1942 of Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid describe his tenure commanding a task group at the battles of Coral Sea and Midway and a major task force at Guadalcanal. His correspondence and subjects files, especially on the Battle of Leyte Gulf, reflect his leadership of the North Pacific Force in the reca~ture of the Aleutians and his command of the Seventh Fleet (1943-1945) under General of the Army Douglas MacArthur. Amphibious operations are detailed in the papers of Admirals Harry W. Hill and Richmond Kelly Turner, who between 1942 and 1945 was Commander, Amphibious Force, South Pacific, then Commander, Fifth Amphibious Force, and finally Commander, Amphibious Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet.

Atlantic operations are covered in severa] collections. Antisubmarine warfare and convoy escort are reflected in the papers of Rear Admirals Paul R. Heineman and Mitchell

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D. Matthews. Amphibious operations in the Mediterranean and at Normandy can be found in the papers of Admiral H. Kent Hewitt, Commander, Eighth Fleet; Admiral Alan G. Kirk, the senior U.S. naval commander at Normandy; and Rear Admiral Robert A. J. English, who was on the staff of Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet (1942-1943) and Eighth Fleet (1944-1945).

Several officers who served on various Allied staffs reflect the combined cooperation. The files of Captain Tracy B. Kittredge, who served on the staff of Commander, Naval Forces, Europe, contain the working papers and drafts of several manuscripts that he prepared, for example, "U.S.-British Naval Cooperation, 1900-1942," "U.S.-French Naval Relations, 1942-1944," and the Administrative History of Commander, Naval Forces Europe. Rear Admiral English's papers bear on his staff service with the Allied Force Headquarters, Mediterranean (1943) and Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (1945).

All these records provide rich sources for information on the U.S. Navy during the Second World War. With a small reference staff, the Archives can answer only brief questions by letter or phone. However, the knowledgeable staff would welcome the opportunity to discuss extensive research topics with requestors who visit the Center and suggest records at the Operational Archives and other repositories that would be useful. The Navy records concerning World War II are available for viewing in the public reading room, which contains outlets for typewriters, tape recorders, and personal computers. Visitors can use their own cameras to photograph documents since the office can provide only limited duplication services. Although the Archives covers all the top floors of the Dudley Knox Center, the only entrance to the Operational Archives is located at the top of the stairs in Building 57. The staff has prepared a guide, "Information for Visitors to the Operational Archives," that can be helpful to anyone planning to visit the Archives.

[Kathleen M. Lloyd is the head of the Reference Section, Operational Archives, Naval Historical Center.]

AMERICA, WORLD WAR II, AND THE MOVIES: AN ANNOTA1ED BOOKLIST

by Peter C. Rollins

Preface

Some scholars will profit from the discussion of film in Teaching History with Film and Television (John O'Connor and Martin Jackson), pamphlet #2 in the American Historical Association's series of "Discussions on Teaching." The cost is minimal ($4 members; $6 non-members from the AHA, 400 A Street, SE, Washington, DC 20003). This 1987 pamphlet still has much to offer the beginner and includes a select bibliography. Those who wish to keep up-to-date on such discussions should subscribe to Film and History, a journal of the Historians Film Committee (an affiliated society of the AHA) based at the Department of Humanities, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ

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07102. More ambitious along the same lines is John O'Connor's Images as Artifact: The Historical Analysis of Film and Television (Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Publishing, 1990).

I. Encyclopedias, Handbooks, and Guides

Banner Blue Movie Guide. Banner Blue Software, P.O. Box 7865, Fremont, CA 94537. (510) 794-6850. This software program has helped me [Rollins] enormously with WWII movies on television where I recognize the actors but not the film. Search and print options give the scholar quick, useful information about titles, awards, directors, cast, movie length, plot, etc. Print out data and take back to TV room. A very useful, informal guide.

Langman, Larry, and Ed Borg. Encyclopedia of American War Films. New York: Garland, 1989. An alphabetical listing of wars, war issues, and war films. Has lists of films for each war (including minor wars of the 19th century), and Academy Award lists. Brief credits.

Parish, James Robert. The Great Combat Pictures: Twentieth-Century Warfare on the Screen. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1990. An alphabetical listing of films by title with extensive credit information followed by a plot summary and pointed quotes from reviews. Very useful for clarifying the spelling of character names (not actor names) in the films.

World War II on Film. National Audiovisual Center. Holdings of the National Archives and the military services. Expert on government holdings at the Archives is Bill Blakefield, (202) 501-5216.

II. General Overview

Basinger, Jeanine. The World War II Combat Film: Anatomy of a Genre. New York: Columbia University Press, 1986. Genre studies were important to literary scholars in the 1940s and later to film scholars. This book tries to identify the key elements of the WWII combat film (1-82) and then traces the evolution of the war film--before and after the making of a few archetypes. Basinger describes Bataan as "the Citizen Kane" of the genre; however, Air Force and Flying Tigers are important examples of the genre in search of its classic form. This thoughtful book has an extensive, annotated filmography of WWII films made from 1941 to 1980.

Dick, Bernard. The Star-Spangled Screen: The American World War II Film. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985. Specializes in interpretations of individual films as the threat of war--and then war itself--became a reality for America. Some critics balk at the subjectivity of Dick's approach, but his book has the value of covering films closely. Has a bibliographical essay.

Higham, Charles, and Joe Greenberg. Hollywood in the Forties. New York: A. S. Barnes, 1968.

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Part of a decade-by-decade series aimed at the film buff. Useful for showing the various genre popular during a period in which the war film was only one of many offerings.

Hughes, Robert, ed. Film: Book 2: Films of Peace and War. New York: Grove Press, 1959.

Kagan, Norman. The War Film. New York: Pyramid, 1974. A popular overview which still has value.

Koppes, Clayton R., and Gregory D. Black. Hollywood Goes to War: How Politics, Profits, and Propaganda Shaped World War II Movies. New York: The Free Press, 1987. A detailed study of the Office of War Information (OWl), 1941-1945, based on the extensive archives of America's propaganda agency. Images of allies and enemies were scrutinized as was the impact of movies on troop morale. OWl executives read scripts and provided studios with suggestions about political and military issues--with the hope that films would help America and its allies to win the war.

Manvell, Roger. Films and the Second World War. New York: Delta, 1974. An early attempt to mix historical context with film studies. Unusual for its interest in propaganda and nonfiction films and for its attempt to cover the French, Italian, German, Soviet, and Japanese efforts.

Maynard, Richard A. Propaganda on Film: A Nation at War. Rochell Park, N.J.: Hayden, 1975. A short collection of readings which includes quotable quotes for pioneers in nonfiction and propaganda films. Short reviews of key films. Designed for the high school and college classrooms, but useful to those not versed in the leaders of this filmic area. Details on running times, etc. Carries the New York Times review for Wake Island; Bowsley Crowther watched it in Quantico, Virginia, with 2000 Marine officers-in training.

Morella, Joe, Edward Z. Epstein, and John Griggs. The Films of World War II. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1973.

Shain, Russell. An Analysis of Motion Pictures About War Released by the American Film Industry, 1930-1970. New York: Arno Press, 1976. Interesting for its focus on reviews of war films in the trade papers. Gives a sense of how war films succeeded as profit-makers. Lots of graphs and charts, including a detailed chart on the types of American heroes or the reasons for American victories.

Shindler, Colin. Hollywood Goes to War: Films and American Society, 1939-52. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.

Suid, Lawrence. Guts and Glory: Great American War Movies. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978. Suid's technique was to interview filmmakers, military advisors, and technicians on these projects. The methodology yielded unusual insights int~ classic war films for WWI, WWII, and after. Out of print.

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III. Feature Films

Capra, Frank. The Name Above the Title: An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan, 1971. This colorful rags-to-riches story describes how the son of Italian immigrants rose to state the reasons "why we fought" during WWII. Always colorful and never understated.

Kracauer, Siegfried. From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1947. ;­Has a detailed supplement entitled "Propaganda and the Nazi War Film" (273-331), including some detailed cinematic analysis. If Kracauer's method is appealing, the body of this old and anguished book will repay attention.

Maland, Charles J. American Visions: The Films of Chaplin, Ford, Capra, and Welles, 1936-41. New York: Arno Press, 1977. Important for the description of the values of major wartime filmmakers as they prepared for their wartime efforts. Specific studies of The Great Dictator (1941), Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). Chapter 6 of Maland's Chaplin and American Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989) expands insights about TGD and its reception while fitting Chaplin into the tradition of "The American jeremiad."

O'Connor, John, and Martin Jackson. American History/American Film: Intrepreting the Hollywood Image. New York: Ungar, 1988. A very fine essay by David Culbert (LSU) on Mission to Moscow (1943), a film which would return to haunt Hollywood during the Cold War.

Rollins, Peter C. Hollywood as Historian: American Film in a Cultural Context. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983. Detailed studies of the following films within a cultural and historical context: The Great Dictator (1940), Wilson (1944), The Negro Soldier (1944). Some guidance about the use of film as historical evidence.

IV. Documentary Films

Barnouw, Eric. Documentary: A History of the Non-fiction Film. New York: Dutton, 1976. A thematic approach to documentary history and therefore a good complement to narratives and textbooks.

Barsam, Richard M. Nonfiction Film: A Critical History. New York: Dutton, 1973. Useful for putting WWII into the flow of documentary as it evolved as a form, A detailed chapter on British, German, and American efforts.

Bohn, Thomas W. An Historical and Descriptive Analysis of the "Why We Fight" Series. New York: Arno Press, 1977. Detailed analysis of themes and film techniques of the series. Good bibliography up to 1965 when this dissertation was written.

Ellis, Jack. The Documentary Idea: A Critical History of English-Language Documentary Film and Video. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1989.

Builds upon existing studies of documentary in a classroom lext. [.;Ich (k1tH('f' } filmography and short bibliography. Needs a narrative compkmcnl-.slIch il~ lhe Fllu book--to make sense to the novice.

Fielding, Raymond. The March of Time, 1935-1951. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. As a cinematic Luce publication, MOT was ahead of public opinion on the need to enter the European fray. To pull the public along toward intervention, MOT made a series of pseudo-documentaries and docudramas for the allied cause.

Jacobs, Lewis. The Documentary Tradition. 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1979. A hefty anthology with 65 pages on WWII.

Leyda, Jay. Films Beget Films. New York: Hill and Wang, 1964. IA short book with lots of wisdom about what makes compilation films powerful and valid treatments of history.

MacCann, Richard Dyer. The People's Films: A Political History of U.S. Government 'I Motion Pictures. New York: Hastings House, 1973. A philosophical view of films and the communications issue in a democracy. Good picture of the transition from New Deal efforts in film. Two chapters on WWII. Good use of government documents to explore policy objectives for film. Based on a dissertation at Harvard University, which is longer and worth reading for its greater scholarly and aesthetic detail.

Rotha, Paul. Documentary Film. London: Faber and Faber, 1952. Blends war use into previous lessons by Soviet, British, and German pioneers in film language. Special essay on U.S. films by Richard Griffith, a study stressing domestic audience films about the virtues of American life. Like Manvell, tries to take a global perspective.

Short, K. R. M., ed. Film and Radio Propaganda in World War II. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983. An international perspective with essays on how the British, Germans, and Soviets used propaganda. Superb essay on Capra's Why We Fight series by David Culbert.

V. Critical Approaches

Grant, Barry K., ed. Film Genre: Theory and Criticism. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977. Good background on what genre criticism deems significant. A bibliographical essay on the War Film Genre (228-30).

Landrum, Larry. "World War II in the Movies: A Selected Bibliography." Journal of Popular Film 1.2 (1972): 147-53.

Renov, Michael. Hollywood's Wartime Woman: Representation and Ideology. Ann Arbor: UMI Press, 1988. Gender approach to the images of women as martyrs, helpers, evil seducers, riveters. Extensive film lists for each category.

Solomon, Stanley J. Beyond Formula: American Film Genres. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1976. A classroom text which boils down the essence of the Western, Musical, Horror, Gangster, Detective, and War Genres (chapter 6). Good for brevity and identification of salient issues.

38

SELECf BffiLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES IN ENGLISH RELATING TO THE WORLD WAR IT ERA

The following select bibliography is the fifth in a series including works published since January 1, 1990. As did the previous installments, future bibliographies will continue to use 1990 as the earliest date for inclusion. This bibliography was compiled with the assistance of Erlene James.

Readers are invited to suggest items for possible inclusion in future bibliographies. Full bibliographical data is needed. Reprinted items are generally not included in the bibliographies.

BOOKS:

Abramson, Rudy. Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman. 1891-1986. New York: William Morrow, 1992.

Alper, Benedict S. Love and Politics in Wartime: Letters to My Wife, 1943-45. Ed. by Joan W. Scott. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Annas, George J., and Michael A. Grodin, eds., The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992 '

Ariel, Yaakov. On Behalf of Israel: American Fundamentalist Attitudes Toward Jews, Judaism, and Zionism, 1865-1945. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Carlson, 1992.

Aubrac, Lucie. Outwitting the Gestapo. Trans. by Konrad Bieger. Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Bagby, Wesley M. The Eagle-Dragon Alliance: America's Relations with China in World War II. Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses!Delaware, 1992.

Bankier, David. The Germans and the Final Solution: Public Opinion Under Nazism. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Barnett, Victoria. For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Baxter, Colin F. The Normandy Campaign, 1944: A Selected Bibliography. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992.

Beck, Earl R. The European Home Fronts: 1939-1945. Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1993.

Bird, Tom. American POWs of World War II: Forgotten Men Tell Their Stories. New York: Praeger, 1992.

39

Boffa, Giuseppe. The Stalin Phenomenon. Trans. by Nicholas Fersen. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992.

Bond, Brian, ed. Fallen Stars: Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disasters. London: Brassey's, 1992.

Boog, Horst, ed. The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War: An International Compar,ison. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992.

Bosworth, R. J. B. Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: History Writing and the Second World War. 1945-1990. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Botwinick, Rita S. Winzig, Germany, 1933-1946: The History of a Town Under the Third Reich. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Boyd, Carl. Hitler's Japanese Confidant: General Oshima Hiroshi and Magic Intelligence, 1941-1945. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1993.

Brivati, Brian, and Harriet Jones, eds. What Difference Did the War Make? The Impact of the Second World War on British Institutions and Culture. New York: Pinter Publishers (Leicester University Press), 1993.

Browning, Christopher R. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Bullard, Reader. Letters from Tehran: A British Ambassador in World War II Persia. Ed. by E. C. Hodgkin. New York: 1. B. Tauris, 1991.

Bullock, Alan. Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.

Butnaru, 1. C. The Silent Holocaust: Romania and Its Jews. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992.

Butterfield, Ralph. Patton's GI Photographers. Ames, Ia.: Iowa State University Press, 1992.

Cardozier, V. R. Colleges and Universities in World War II. New York: Praeger, 1993.

Cairncross, Alec. Planning in Wartime: Aircraft Production in Britain, Germany, and the USA. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

Collum, Danny D., ed. African Americans in the Spanish Civil War: "This Ain't Ethiopia, But It'll Do." New York: G. K. Hall, 1992.

Cone, Michele C. Artists Under Vichy: A Case of Prejudice and Persecution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992.

40

Cook, Haruko Taya, and Theodore F. Cook. Japan at War: An Oral History. New York: New Press, 1992.

Crane, Conrad C. Bombs, Cities, and Civilians: American Airpower Strategy in World War II. Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 1993.

Crosswell, D. K. R. The Chief of Staff: The Military Career of General Walter Bedell Smith. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Crowe, David M. The Baltic States and the Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1938~1940.

Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993.

Day, David. Reluctant Nation: Australia and the Allied Defeat of Japan 1942-45. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Doerr, Juergen C. The Big Powers and the German Question, 1941-1990: A Selected Bibliographic Guide. New York: Garland, 1992.

Dorwart, Jeffrey M. Eberstadt and Forrestal: A National Security Partnership, 1909-1949. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press, 1991.

Duffy, James P., and Vincent L. Ricci. Target Hitler: The Plots to Kill Adolf Hitler. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Durnford-Slater, John. Commando: Memoirs of a Fighting Commando in World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

Fabry, Joseph. The Next-to-Final Solution: A Belgian Detention Camp for Hitler Refugees. New York: Peter Lang, 1991.

Feige, Franz. The Varieties of Protestantism in Nazi Germany: Five Theopolitical Positions. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.

Feuer, A. B. General Chennault's Secret Weapon: The B-24 In China. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Finkielkraut, Alain. Remembering in Vain: The Klaus Barbie Trial and Crimes Against Humanity. Trans. by Roxanne Lapidus with Sima Godfrey. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

Finn, Richard B. Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida, and Postwar Japan. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992.

Fleischhauer, Carl, and Beverly W. Brannan, eds. Documenting America, 1935-1943. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992.

41

Fletcher, Eugene. Mister: The Training of an Aviation Cadet in World War II. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 1992.

Fluckley, Eugene B. Thunder Below! The USS Barb Revolutionizes Submarine Warfare in World War II. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Fowle, Barry W., ed. Builders and Fighters: U.S. Army Engineers in World War II. Ft. Belvoir, Va.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1992.

Freeden, Herbert. The Jewish Press in Nazi Germany. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992.

Freeman, Tom, and James Delgado. Pearl Harbor Recalled: New Images of the Day of Infamy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

Frei, Norbert. National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Fuhrer State 1933-1945. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1993.

Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Mfairs, 1939-1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1990.

Fukui, Shizuo, ed. Japanese Naval Vessels at the End of World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Gelb, Norman. Desperate Venture: The Story of Operation Torch, the Allied Invasion of North Mrica. New York: William Morrow, 1992.

Gerber, Michele S. On the Home Front: The Cold War Legacy of the Hanford Nuclear Site. Lincoln, Nebr.: University of Nebraska Press, 1992.

Graml, Herman. Antisemitism in the Third Reich. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Grant, Wyn, et al., eds. Organising Business for War: Corporatist Economic Organisation During the Second World War. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992.

Gray, Edwyn. Hitler's Battleships. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Gray, Edwyn. Operation Pacific: The Royal Navy's War Against Japan, 1941-1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

Griffiths, William. Aristide: The Story of Roger Landes. London: Leo Cooper, 1993. [SOE agent]

Haslam, Jonathan. The Soviet Union and the Threat from the East, 1933-41: Moscow, Tokyo, and the Prelude to the Pacific War. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, '1992.

42

Headland, Ronald. Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941-1943. Cranbury, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992.

Hooks, Gregory. Forging the Military-Industrial Complex: World War II's Battle of the Potomac. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1991.

Hess, Rudolph. Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz. Ed. by Steven Paskuly. Trans. by Andrew Pollinger. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1992.

Howse, H. Derek. Radar at Sea: The Royal Navy in World War Two. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993.

Hsiung, James c., and Steven 1. Levine, eds. China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937-1945. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1992.

Jackson, Bill, and Dwin Bramall. The Chiefs: The Story of the United Kingdom Chiefs of Staff. London: Brassey's, 1992.

Johnson, Robert E. Bering Sea Escort: Life Aboard a Coast Guard Cutter in World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Kalib, Goldie S., with Sylvan Kalib and Ken Wachsberger. The Last Selection: A Child's Journey Through the Holocaust. Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991.

Kedward, H. R. In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France 1942­1944. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Kemp, Paul J. Bismarck and Hood: Great Naval Adversaries. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1991.

Kent, John. The Internationalization of Colonialism: Britain, France, and Black Africa, 1939-1956. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Kimball, Warren F., ed. America Unbound: World War II and the Making of a Superpower. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

King, Christine. The Nazi State and New Religions: Five Case Studies in Nonconformity. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.

Knappe, Siegfried, and Ted Brusaw. Soldat: Reflections of a German Soldier. 1936-1949. New York: Orion Books, 1992.

La Forte, Robert S., and Ronald E. Marcello, eds. Building the Death Railway: The Ordeal of American POWs in Burma, 1942-1945. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1992.

43

Large, David c., ed. Contending whh Hitler: Varieties of German Resistance in the Third Reich. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Large, Stephen. Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography. New York: Routledge, 1992.

Lester, DeeGee. Roosevelt Research: Collections for the Study of Theodore, Franklin, and Eleanor. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1992.

Levine, Alan J. The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Lodwick, John. Raiders From the Sea: The Story of the Special Boat Service in WWII. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1990.

Lorentz, Pare. FDR's Moviemaker: Memoirs and Scripts. Reno, Nev.: University of Nevada Press, 1992.

Lottman, Herbert R. The Fall of Paris, June 1940: A Dramatic Narrative of the Final Weeks in Paris Before Its Capture by the German Army. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.

Louis, William R. In the Name of God. Go! Leo Amery and the British Empire in the Age of Churchill. New York: W. W. Norton, 1992.

Lovell, Mary S. Cast No Shadow: The Life of the American Spy Who Changed the Course of World War II. New York: Pantheon, 1992.

Lundstrom, John. The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993.

MacLean, Elizabeth K. Joseph E. Davies: Envoy to the Soviets. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Magruder, Carter B. Recurring Logistic Problems As I Have Observed Them. Washington: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1991.

Maney, Patrick J. The Roosevelt Presence: A Biography of FDR. Boston: Twayne, 1992.

Marples, David R. Stalinism in Ukraine in the 1940s. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

McArthur, Charles W. Operations Analysis in the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force in World War II. Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, 1990.

McCormick, Harold J. Two Years Behind the Mast: An American Landlubber at Sea in World War II. Manhattan, Kans.: Sunflower University Press, 1991.

44

Melson, Robert. Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the American Genocide and the Holocaust. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Miller, Nathan. The Naval Air War. 1939-1945. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

Mitcham, Samuel W., Jr., and Gene Mueller. Hitler's Commanders. Lanham, Md.: Scarborough House, 1992.

Morgan, David, and Mary Evans. The Battle for Britain: Citizenship and Ideology in the Second World War. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Nettelbeck, Colin W. Forever French: Exile in the United States. 1939-1945. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992.

Oiwa, Keibo, ed. Stone Voices: Wartime Writings of Japanese Canadian Issei. Toronto: Vehicule, 1992.

Panayi, Panikos. National and Ethnic Minorities in Wartime: Their Treatment in Europe. North America and Australia During the Two World Wars. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992.

Parillo, Mark P. The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993.

Patton, George S., Jr. The Poems of General George S. Patton. Jr.: Lines of Fire. Ed. by Carmine A. Prioli. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991.

Pfeffer, Paula F. A. Philip Randolph. Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement. Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.

Phillips, Hugh D. Between the Revolution and the West: A Political Biography of Maxim M. Litvinov. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992.

Poulton, Jane W., ed. A Better Legend: From the World War II Letters of Jack and Jane Poulton. Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1993.

Powers, Thomas. Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.

Reinhardt, Klaus. Before Moscow--The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy During the Winter of 1941/2. New York: Berg Publishers, 1992.

Rinderle, Walter, and Bernard Norling. The Nazi Impact on a German Village. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1993.

45

Rittner, Carol, and John K. Roth, eds. Memory Offended: The Auschwitz Convent Controversy. New York: Praeger, 1991.

Rohwer, Jurgen, and Gerhard Hummelchen. Chronology of the War at Sea. 1939-1945: A Naval History of World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Rothwell, Victor. Anthony Eden: A Political Biography 1931-1957. New York: Manchester University Press, 1992.

Schwaab, Edleff H. Hitler's Mind: A Plunge Into Madness. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Scott, William R. African-Americans and the halo-Ethiopian War. 1935-1941. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1992.

Serber, Robert. The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How to Build an Atomic Bomb. Ed. by Richard Rhoses. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1992.

Shelley, Lore. Criminal Experiments on Human Beings in Auschwitz and War Research Laboratories: Twenty Women Prisoners' Accounts. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen, 1992.

Shroeder, Walter K. Stars and Swastikas: The Boy Who Wore Two Uniforms. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1992.

Siebel-Achenbach, Sebastian. Lower Silesia from Nazi Germany to Communist Poland. 1942-1949. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.

Simpson, A. W. Brian. In the Highest Degree Odious: Detention Without Trial In

Wartime Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Slowes, Salomon. The Road to Katyn: A Soldier's Story. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

Soderbergh, Peter A. Women Marines: The World War II Era. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Stannard, Richard M. Infantry: An Oral History of a World War II American Infantry Battalion. Boston: Twayne, 1992.

Stephen, Martin. The Fighting Admirals: British Admirals of the Second World War. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991.

'Icwart, I. McD. G. The Struggle for Crete. 20 May-1 June 1941: A Story of Lost Qpportunity. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

un, Youli. China and the Origins of the Pacific War. 1931-1941. New York: St. Martin's Ptess, 1993.

46

Sword, Keith, ed. The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939-41. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

Taylor, Desmond. The Novels of World War II: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1993.

Topp, Erich. The Odyssey of a U-Boat Commander: Recollections of Erich Topp. Trans. by Eric Rust. New York: Praeger, 1992.

Tappe, Alfred. Desert Warfare: German Experiences in World War II. Ft. Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and Staff College, 1991.

Twichell, Heath. Northwest Epic: The Building of the Alaska Highway. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Vaeth, J. Gordon. Blimps and U-Boats: U.S. Navy Airships in the Battle of the Atlantic. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Vidal-Naquet, Pierre. Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust. Trans. by Jeffrey Mehlman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Vlavianos, Haris. Greece, 1941-49: From Resistance to Civil War--The Strategy of the Greek Communist Party. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Volkogonov, Dmitri. Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. Ed. and trans. by Harold Shukman. New York: Grove Weidenfield, 1991.

Warner, Denis, and Peggy Warner, with Sadao Seno. Disaster in the Pacific: New Light on the Battle of Savo Island. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1992.

Welch, David. The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda. New York: Routledge, 1993.

Werner, Harold. Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in World War II. Ed. by Mark Werner. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

Whitaker, Denis, and Shelagh Whitaker. Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1992.

Whitnah, Donald R., and Florentine E. Whitnah. Salzburg Under Siege: U.S. Occupation, 1945-1955. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1991.

World War II and the Soviet People: Selected Papers from the Fourth World Congress for Soviet and East European Studies, Harrogate, 1990. Ed. by John Garrard and Carol Garrard. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.

47

ARTICLES:

Ambrose, Stephen E. "D Day Revisited." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 5 (Winter 1993): 26-33.

Bailey, Charles M., and Jay Karamales. "The 823d at Mortain: Heroes All." Armor 101 (January-February 1992): 12-18.

Bartov, Orner. "The Myths of the Wehrmacht." History Today 42 (April 1992): 30-36.

Bernstein, Marc D. "The Early Carrier Raids: Proving Japanese Vulnerability." Naval Aviation News 74 (March-April 1992): 26-31.

Bittner, Donald F. "Canadian Militia Mobilization and Deployment for War: The Iceland Experience of 1940." Armed Forces and Society 18 (Spring 1992): 343-61.

Brooke, G. A. G. "Singapore 1942: Gallantry Amid Disaster." Army Quarterly and Defence Journal 122 (January 1992): 61-65.

Clark, Mark E. "The German Invasion of Crete and the Importance of Intelligence and Logistical Planning in the Rapid Deployment of Light Units." Army History 21 (Winter 1991-92): 31-36.

Clemens, Diane S. "Averell Harriman, John Deane, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the 'Reversal of Co-Operation' with the Soviet Union in April 1945." International History Review 14 (May 1992): 277-306.

"Combat Documents of the Soviet Northwestern Front 24 June-1 July 1941." Journal of Soviet Military Studies 5 (March 1992): 115-57.

Cook, Haruko Taya, and Theodore F. Cook. "Experience of War: A Merchant Seaman's Tale." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 5 (Winter 1993): 108-111.

Corgan, Michael T. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the American Occupation of Iceland." Naval War College Review 45 (Autumn 1992): 34-54.

Coulter, Matthew W. "The Joint Anglo-American Statement on Palestine, 1943." Historian 54 (Spring 1992): 465-76.

Croog, Charles F. "FBI Political Surveillance and the Isolationist-Interventionist Debate, 1939-1941." Historian 54 (Spring 1992): 441-58.

Crowder, Ed. "Pointblank: A Study in Strategic and National Security Decision Making." Air Power Journal 6 (Spring 1992): 55-65.

Detwiler, Donald S., and Chu Shao-kang. "Two Major Publications from the RepUblic of China." Journal of Military History 56 (October 1992): 669-84.

48

DeWhitt, Benjamin L. "World War II Ships' Logs." Prologue 24 (Winter 1992): 400-404.

Dowding, Hugh. "Employment of the Fighter Command in Home Defence." Naval War College Review 45 (Spring 1992): 35-50.

Eldridge, Justin L. C. "Delusions of Grandeur: Ethnocentrism and Wehrmacht Intelligence Analysis." Military Intelligence 18 (January-March 1992): 20-25.

Elliott, John M. "Wake Island: A Gallant Defense." Naval Aviation News 74 (January­February 1992): 26-31.

Estes, Allen C. "General Leslie Groves and the Atomic Bomb." Military Review 32 (August 1992): 41-52.

Feffer, Stuart M. "Atoms, Cancer, and Politics: Supporting Atomic Science at the University of Chicago, 1944-1950." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 22 (No.2, 1992): 233-62.

George, James H., Jr. "Another Chance: Herbert Hoover and World War II Relief." Diplomatic History 16 (Summer 1992): 389-407.

Greenberg, Cheryl. "The Politics of Disorder: Reexamining Harlem's Riots of 1935-1943." Journal of Urban History 18 (August 1992): 395-441.

Haith, Michael E. "'I'll Go Where I'm Sent': 'Vinegar Joe' Stilwell in the CBI." Military Review 72 (May 1992): 73-83.

Hammersmith, Jack L. "In Defense of Yalta: Edward R. Stettinius's Roosevelt and the Russians." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 429-54.

Hayes, William E. "On the Road to Tokio: A Sailor's Recollections of the Pacific War." Wisconsin Magazine of History 75 (Summer 1992): 284-305.

Hone, Thomas. "Fighting on Our Own Ground: The War of Production, 1920-1942." Naval War College Review 45 (Spring 1992): 93-107.

Huber, Thomas M. "The American Bataan Campaign, December 1941 to April 1942." Army History 21 (Winter 1991-92): 1-13.

Johnson, Charles W. "V for Virginia: The Commonwealth Goes to War." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 365-98.

Keefer, Louis E. "Exceptional Young Americans: Soldiers and Sailors on College Campuses in World War II." Prologue 24 (Winter 1992): 375-83.

49

Kimeldorf, Howard. "World War II and the Deradicalization of American Labor: The ILWU as a Deviant Case." Labor History 33 (Spring 1992): 248-78.

Kirkland, Faris R. "Governmental Policy and Combat Effectiveness: France 1920-1940." Armed Forces and Society 18 (Winter 1992): 175-91.

Koch, James R. "Operation Fortitude: The Backbone of Deception." Military Review 72 (March 1992): 66-77.

Kossoudji, Sherrie A., and Laura J. Dresser. "Working Class Rosies: Women Industrial Workers During World War II." Journal of Economic History 52 (June 1992): 431-46.

Large, David C. "MussoIini's 'Civilizing Mission.'" MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 5 (Winter 1993): 44-53.

Launius, Roger D. '''Never Was Life More Interesting': The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1936-1945." Prologue 24 (Winter 1992): 361-73.

Leffler, Robert V., Jr. "Boom and Bust: The Elite Giants and Black Baseball in Baltimore, 1936-1951." Maryland Historical Magazine 87 (Summer 1992): 171-86.

Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith." '''I Wish Th<lt I Could Hid~ Inside This Letter': World War II Correspondence." Prologue 24 (Summer 1992): 103-14.

Litoff, Judy Barrett, and David C. Smith. '''Writing is Fighting, Too': The World War,1I Correspondence of Southern Women." Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (Summer 1992): 436-57.

Lunt, James. "A Failure of Intelligence: Malaya 1941." Army Quarterly and Defence Journal 122 (January 1992): 41-44.

McDaniel, George W. "World War II Comes to Davenport." Palimpsest 73 (Summer 1992): 89-96.

Marshall, Jonathan. "Opium, Tungsten, and the Search for National Security, 1940-1952.'1 Journal of Policy History 3 (No.4, 1991): 440-67.

Mazower, Mark. "Military Violence and National Socialist Values: The Wehrmacht in Greece, 1941-1944." Past and Present 134 (February 1992): 97-158.

Miller, Robert E. "The War That Never Came: Civilian Defense in Cincinnati, Ohio, During World War II." Queen City Heritage 49 (Winter 1991): 3-22.

Milton, Sybil. "Gypsies and the Holocaust." History Teacher 24 (August 1991): 375-87.

Milton, Sybil. "Nazi Policies Toward Roma and Sinti, 1933-1945." Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 5 (1992): 1-18.

50

Milton, Sybil. "The Racial Context of the Holocaust." Social Education 55 (February 1991): 106-110.

Murray, Williamson. "Barbarossa." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 4 (Spring 1992): 8-17.

Platt, Rorin M. "The Triumph of Interventionism: Virginia's Political Elite and Aid to Britain, 1939-1941." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 343­64.

Polenberg, Richard. "The Good War? A Reappraisal of How World War II Affected American Society." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 295­322.

Tsouras, Peter G. "As the Soviets Saw It: Stalingrad." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 5 (Winter 1993): 62-67.

Wagoner, Jennings L., Jr., and Robert L. Baxter, Jr. "Higher Education Goes to War: The University of Virginia's Response to World War II." Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 399-428.

Weiller, Karen H., and Catriona T. Higgs. "Living the Dream: A Historical Analysis of Professional Women Baseball Players, 1943-1954." Canadian Journal of History of Sport(Revue Canadienne d'Histoire Des Sports) 23 (May 1992): 46-54.

Weinberg, Gerhard L. "Some Thoughts on World War 11." Journal of Military History 56 (October 1992): 659-68.

Weinberg, Gerhard L. "Why Hitler Declared War on the United States." MHO: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 4 (Spring 1992): 18-23.

Weingartner, James 1. "Otto Skorzeny and the Laws of War." Journal of Military History 55 (April 1991): 207-23.

Weingartner, James 1. "Trophies of War: U.S. Troops and the Mutilation of Japanese War Dead, 1941-1945." Pacific Historical Review 61 (February 1994): 53-67.

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