SH LSHELTERI n t e r n a t I o n a l   R e c o v e r y   P l a t f o r m  

1

TODA

1. Introduction

2 Introduction to Shelter Recovery AY`S

AG

2. Introduction to Shelter Recovery

Issue 1: Shelter Recovery Transitions

Sub‐Issue: Transitional Shelter Options

GEN

DA

Sub Issue: Transitional Shelter Options

Sub‐Issue: The Existing Site: Inherent Risk

Issue 2: Site Selection

Sub‐Issue: Relocation

g

Sub‐Issue: The Benefits of Staying On Site

S b Iss e Ha ard Resistant Design

Issue 3: Project Implementation Method

Issue 4 : Building Design

Sub‐Issue: Hazard‐Resistant Design

Sub‐Issue: Appearance and Function

2

TODASub Issue: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes

Issue 5 : Legal Implications

AY`S

AG

Sub‐Issue: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes

Sub‐Issue: Land and Property Ownership

Sub‐Issue: Community Driven Adjudication

GEN

DAIssue 6 : Technical Assistance / Expertise

Issue 7 : Construction Materials

Sub Issue: Community Driven Adjudication

Sub‐Issue: Temporary Housing Materials

Sub‐Issue: Reusing or recycling materials

Issue 8 : Construction Labor

Issue 9: Maintaining Lives, Livelihoods, and Community Character

3

INTR

Introduction to Key Issues

Issue 1: Shelter Recovery Transitions

RODUCTIO

Issue 1: Shelter Recovery Transitions

• Sub‐Issue: Transitional Shelter OptionsIssue 2:  Site Selection

b h i i i h i k

ON• Sub‐Issue: The Existing Site: Inherent Risk

• Sub‐Issue: The Benefits of Staying On Site• Sub‐Issue:Relocation

Issue 3: Project Implementation Method

Issue 4 : Building Design

• Sub Issue: Hazard Resistant Design• Sub‐Issue: Hazard‐Resistant Design

• Sub‐Issue: Appearance and Function

4

INTR

Introduction to Key Issues

l li i

RODUCTIO

Issue 5 : Legal Implications

• Sub‐Issue: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes

• Sub‐Issue: Land and Property Ownership ON• Sub‐Issue: Community Driven Adjudication

Issue 6 : Technical Assistance / Expertise

Issue 7 : Construction MaterialsIssue 7 : Construction Materials

• Sub‐Issue: Temporary Housing Materials

• Sub‐Issue: Reusing or recycling materials

S f b ildi i l• Sources of building materials

Issue 8 : Construction Labor

Issue 9: Maintaining Lives, Livelihoods, and Community Character

5

SHELTER RECOVERY TRANSITIONS

6

SUB 

Sub Issue 1 : Transitional Shelter Options

h h ll k h ISSUE 1 

In the post‐emergency recovery phase, it typically takes months to years for permanent housing to be restored.

There are a number of options from which government or :TRANS

There are a number of options from which government or humanitarian organizations can choose.

Options SITIONAL

Options 

1. No Temporary Shelter Provided – family and friends, hotels, rentals (Case 1 and 2) L SH

ELTE

2. In‐Situ Temporary Shelter (Case 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

3. Congregate Temporary Shelter—Camps (Case 10)

l ( d )

ER OPTIO

4. Facility Conversion (Case 11 and 12)

ONS

7

1. In 

Case 4:  Community‐Driven Transitional Shelter ‐ Yogyakarta.

1.IFRC created conditions wherein communities could build their own transitional Situ Tem

1.IFRC created conditions wherein communities could build their own transitional shelters rather than providing them with ready‐made solutions.   

2.The project involved training volunteers and sending them to live in and work with the affected communities, and adopting a cash‐based rather than a  m

porary

commodity‐based approach to assistance.   

3.This program was successful in helping community members to learn valuable construction skills, which allowed them to resume their livelihoods much sooner.   y Shelter

Lessons

• The community‐led construction process empowered communities to  ry p ptake control of their own recovery and raised awareness of risk and safe building techniques

• Feedback from the neighborhood groups indicated that the program g g p p grestored a sense of “normality” in the community.

• The experience demonstrated that cash‐based models are no more risky or complicated than commodity‐based assistance. p y

8

2. In 

Case 6:  : Provision of Temporary Shelter ‐Marmara Earthquake 

1.Following the earthquake in Marmara, Turkey, many displaced disaster victims  Situ Tem

g q , y, y pwere provided with temporary shelter in congregate facilities while repair and construction efforts were ongoing. 

2. However, these settlements eventually took root and garnered access to i i d ili i

mporary

community services and utilities.  

3.A business infrastructure consisting of markets, stores, and other services moved in to meet the ongoing demand, and likewise became more permanent in form and function

y Shelter

Lessons

function. 

• The temporary settlements became more akin to city suburbs, leading to h h l l

r

a situation where tearing them down presented immense political ramifications. 

• The result of these developments was a retention, if not an increase, in k d h f h h h l d drisk due to the fact that the congregate shelters were never intended nor 

designed for permanence, and thus stringent hazard resistant design was not employed.  

9

Potential challenges

The positive impacts of this option on long‐term shelter recovery include:f h h l d l h h

2. I

• If the temporary housing unit is located close to the housingreconstruction effort, it will increase the likelihood that the victimparticipates in their own recovery

• Demolition debris clearance and construction are all more easily

In Situ T• Demolition, debris clearance, and construction are all more easilyperformed if the victim is not residing In‐Situ

• If the victim is able to remain close to their source of livelihood they aremore likely to transition successfully into a sustainable permanent

Tempory y p

housing option.• However, these options can also prevent a negative influence on the

long‐term shelter recovery process, including:

rary Sh

• Owner‐involvement can be more difficult to secure if victims becomegreatly dispersed over a wide geographic area

• The costs associated with hotel and motel financial support can draw offof f nding a ailable for permanent ho sing if reconstr ction efforts drag

helter

of funding available for permanent housing if reconstruction efforts dragon indefinitely

• The hotel and motel units may be more preferable than the victims’permanent housing, causing them to be dissatisfied with their recoverypermanent housing, causing them to be dissatisfied with their recoveryoutcome

10

Case 10:  Direct transition from Emergency to Permanent Housing L’Aquila Earthquake

1 The Government of Italy immediately began setting up congregate

3. Co

1.The Government of Italy immediately began setting up congregate camps using high‐quality family‐sized tents to house the displaced population

2 Rather than transition into temporary housing while permanent

ongregate

2.Rather than transition into temporary housing while permanent structures were repaired or reconstructed, the Government instead chose to support families in these emergency shelters and attempt to bring about a more rapid transition from emergency to permanent housing.

e Temporabout a more rapid transition from emergency to permanent housing.  

3.The Government of Italy had previously encountered difficulty in bringing about the transition of victims from modular temporary houses (constructed from shipping containers) into the permanent homes

rary Shel(constructed from shipping containers) into the permanent homes provided, which ultimately resulted in the creation of permanent informal settlements and slums.  

4.The tent camps were supported with field kitchens and medical clinics.

ter

4.The tent camps were supported with field kitchens and medical clinics.

11

Case 10:  Direct transition from Emergency to Permanent Housing L’Aquila Earthquake 3. Coongregatee Temporrary Shelter

Source: IRF 2010, Italia Presentation12

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

13

Land Us

Sub‐Issue 1: Land Use Ordinances and Construction Codes

Land use regulations and construction codes are one of the  se Ordinan

most effective hazard risk reduction mechanisms, yet are also one of the most difficult to apply and enforce.

nces and C

Case 14:  Banda Aceh 2004  Understanding Codes and Laws

In order to ensure more widespread understanding of and compliance with resistant construction standards and laws, the Construct

compliance with resistant construction standards and laws, the United Nations Humanitarian Information Center (UNHIC) with BRR, produced a Shelter Data Pack. The Pack included: A list of NGO ki h lt G id li it l d ion Codes

NGOs working on shelter, Guidelines on community land mapping and village planning, Building Code for Aceh, guidelines on: Pricing indicators, Options for renters and  s

squatters.

Lessons

P h ld f ilit t d t di f hi h d• Programs should facilitate understanding of which codes apply in which situations and how.

14

Sub‐I

Sub‐Issue 2: Land and Property Ownership

To address questions of land rights and property ownership Issue 2: L

To address questions of land rights and property ownership, there are three primary options that may be called upon.  These include:  Land and 

•Community‐based councils rely upon the collective memory of community members and their leadership to determine who owned which properties where and how large each plot was to Propertyowned which properties, where and how large each plot was, to where the boundaries of the plot extended, and the physical area of the plot (community‐driven adjudication) y O

wners

•Locating and reprinting deeds and other legal records, if they have been kept in a redundant fashion by the local or other government ship

government

•Making standard, equal land allotments irrespective of prior claims of ownership in order to establish eligibility

15

Sub‐I

Case 15: Earthquake and Tsunami, 2004, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Land Mapping / Titles

The December 26 tsunami destroyed not only the built environment but also l t ll d f l d hi Ei ht t f ll l d d t

Issue 3: C

almost all records of land ownership. Eighty‐percent of all land documents were lost. 

The Indonesian government set up the Reconstruction of Land Ad i i t ti S t i A h d Ni (RALAS) St ti i A t 2005

Commun

Administration Systems in Aceh and Nias (RALAS). Starting in August 2005, this involved a process of ‘community‐driven adjudication’ and land titling ‐affected communities undertook community land mapping. This included preparing inventories of landowners (and heirs) andmarking the ity D

rive

preparing inventories of landowners (and heirs) and marking the boundaries of land parcels. Agencies initially recorded this information in sketches, which were then converted to digital files. Survivors and community leaders signed the map to certify that it was correct. Once the n A

djudicLessons

community leaders signed the map to certify that it was correct. Once the community had reached agreement on land ownership and plot boundaries BPN provided professional mapping and issued land ownership certification.

cation

Lessons 

Inheritance claims became a significant issue due to the large number of fatalities and the number of family members claiming inheritance rights. 

l h d b d h h f h ld dSpecial attention had to be paid to the rights of women, children and orphans. 

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SITE SELECTION

17

Sub ISub Issue 1 : Existing Site; Inherent Risk

The first decision that must be made when determining the site of recovery i h h h i i i i i i l l i ll

ssue 1 : E

is whether the community can remain in its original location at all, or whether by doing so they would retain an unacceptable level or hazard risk.

S b I 2 B fit f St i Sit

Existing S

•Almost without exception, victims will prefer to remain in the community, and on the same property, where they lived prior to the disaster. Location is

Sub Issue 2 : Benefits of Staying on Site

Site; Inhe

and on the same property, where they lived prior to the disaster.  Location is associated not only with livelihood but also with history, culture, community, family, spirituality, and much more. 

• However, victims’ preference is not the only benefit to retaining the existing erent Risk

However, victims  preference is not the only benefit to retaining the existing location.  By staying in place, the burden of providing infrastructure and other wraparound services is almost certainly minimized.  This includes, among other things, schools, government buildings, utilities, transportation networks,  kg g g phealthcare facilities, transmission lines, sewers, and much, much more. 

•And finally, the cost of relocation almost always eclipses the cost of reconstruction.  

18

Sub‐Case 19:  Bhuj Earthquake, 2001 In‐Situ Recovery ‐Issue 2: 

In the State of Gujarat, there were approximately 344,000 houses destroyed and 888,000 damaged. A primary strategy of this project was to give the community a genuine stake and sense of ownership in their own recovery Benefit

community a genuine stake and sense of ownership in their own recoveryand rebuilding efforts in order to reduce dependency.  When presented with reconstruction guidelines, which drew upon the lessons learned of previous earthquakes in India, the recipient communities formed a wide consensus s of Stay

q , pthat preferred in‐situ reconstruction over relocation and the program moved forward in this context. 

Following the earthquake in Latur, UNDP surveys found that while 97% of in‐ ying on S

g q , ysitu housing recipients were satisfied, only 48% of relocated recipients were satisfied.  These communities were thus able to take advantage of existing transportation and energy infrastructure, existing water transmission and  Sitedrainage systems, and wells.  They were also able to retain and maintain their nearby fields.

19

Sub Is

Sub Issue 2 : Relocation

When a site assessment determines that relocation is the only sue 3 : Rel

When a site assessment determines that relocation is the only or best option, government must first identify and secure viable land, and then undertake what amounts to a comprehensive yet  ocation

accelerated (urban or rural) development‐planning effort.  

• Relocating communities must have a say in their relocation

•Assessment and programs for housing must consider the•Assessment and programs for housing must consider the communities as a whole, and not simply as individual households – Banda Aceh

• Relocation is a package – transportation, livelihoods, wrap around infrastructure – China

R t ti f l ti it t tl bl th• Reconstruction of relocation site to exactly resemble the previous settlement, through photos, maps, local knowledge, etc. – Bam Iran

20

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION METHOD

21

PROIssue 4 : Project Implementation Method

There is a growing consensus among development and recovery planners

OJECT I

There is a growing consensus among development and recovery planners that the participation of the benefactors of a recovery program, and of the communities where they reside, is vital to recovery program success.  However, the technical ability or operational capacity of these M

PLEM

However, the technical ability or operational capacity of these communities to assume all responsibilities associated with shelter recovery – including design, materials, and labor ‐ will likely fall short.  

MEN

TA•Owner/Community‐Driven Project Implementation

Options 

ATIO

N M

•Government/Donor/NGO‐Driven Project Implementation

•Contractor‐Driven Project Implementation

H b id ( i d b t ll f th b )

METH

O

•Hybrid (mixed between any or all of the above) Implementation

OD

22

Owner‐Driven Reconstruction

The primary advantages of owner inclusion include:

Ow

•Lower project costs

•Higher rates of satisfaction

Hi h

wner-D

r

•Higher occupancy rates

In owner‐driven implementation, the recipients themselves can drive the selection of building materials and design. The self‐

riven Redrive the selection of building materials and design.  The self

help nature of the approach can restore community pride and address some of the psychosocial impacts. In the case of cash for work programs it can help to keep many community

econstr

for work programs, it can help to keep many community members employed during the recovery phase.  

With adequate financial and technical assistance, self‐built 

ructionqhouses are likely to be more sustainable. People, if given an option, tend to choose building materials and techniques that are familiar to themare familiar to them. 

23

Sub‐I

Case 29 :  Bhuj Earthquake 2001 Owner‐Driven Reconstruction

In the initial weeks, the Government planned a housing reconstruction h f d l i i il d i h 1993

Issue: Ow

program that focused on relocation, similar to program used in the 1993 Maharashtra earthquake.  The citizens of Gujarat were so opposed to any form of relocation that they protested successfully to have the government change its intended course In response the government adopted an

wner‐D

riv

change its intended course.  In response, the government adopted an owner‐driven reconstruction plan.  This World Bank funded effort included the provision of financial and technical assistance and subsidized construction materials with the goal of enabling victims to rebuild their own ven

Lessons

construction materials with the goal of enabling victims to rebuild their own homes. 197,000 houses were rebuilt.  

1. Almost three‐quarters (72%) of villages took advantage of the opportunity to drive their own recovery

2 P t h i l d fi i l i t i d d i d i2. Proper technical and financial assistance is needed in owner driver programs

3. Owners should have time available for this activity – not interfere with li lih d Af h i tlivelihoods ‐ Afghanistan

24

Government/Donor/NGO‐Driven Project Implementation

Many governments have acted on the assumption that the

GovernmMany governments have acted on the assumption that the fastest and easiest means of bringing about recovery is to either take full control of implementation or to put it in the hands of a 

ment/D

o

professional construction contractor.  The accuracy of these assumptions have been mixed, but it is generally more favorable only in situations where the affected population has 

nor/NG

Oy p pvery little knowledge, ability, or motivation to take on such a project.

O-D

riven

Most instances where a government‐driven approach has been applied have incorporated some degree of community

Project applied have incorporated some degree of community participation in the planning process, in recognition of the increased likelihood of recipient satisfaction at the end of the recovery period

Implem

e

recovery period. 

entation25

Sub‐ICase 26: Indian Ocean Tsunami, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, 2004

Government of India initiated a project to reconstruct  Issue: Go

p j9714 damaged and destroyed houses.  This effort was almost entirely government led, and included very  overnm

en

little community or owner involvement in planning and implementation. Many homes and communities were relocated and communities had little nt‐D

riven

were relocated, and communities had little involvement in the selection of community and housing plot locations. Several communities nhousing plot locations.  Several communities expressed concern that their relocation sites present an extreme hardship with regard to accessing their agriculture or fishing livelihoods. Five  years after the disaster, less than 1 percent of the more than 40,000 h l i ti h d d i t th i thomeless victims had moved into their permanent structures.

26

Contractor‐Driven Project Implementation

The contractor driven approach assigns the task of managing

Contrac

The contractor‐driven approach assigns the task of managingthe overall reconstruction plan and efforts to aprofessional construction company. The company or

ctor‐Driv

companies select the housing design, constructionmaterials, and expertise and labor (which are most oftenimported from outside the target community). The

ven Projep g y)perceived benefits of such an approach are that it canbring about a very fast reconstruction with the leastamount of effort

ect Impl

amount of effort.

In Bhuj Gujarat and China it was observed that the recipientscan feel involved in a contractor‐driven reconstruction

ementat

process if they are provided with a range of housingoptions from which they may choose.

tion

27

Contractor‐Driven Project Implementation

Contracctor‐Drivven Projeect Im

plementattion

28

Hybrid Implementation

There are ways in which components of each of the above‐

Contracy pmentioned implementation methods may be combined.  In hybrid implementation, strengths may be maximized while weaknesses avoided For instance the members of a

ctor‐Driv

weaknesses avoided.  For instance, the members of a community may be willing to supervise the construction of their households but unable to do the actual work themselves.  

ven Proje

There may also exist situations where general government oversight is required to ensure that hazard resistant construction is conducted, but the owners wish to do all of the 

ect Impl,

actual design and construction themselves.  The benefits of hybrid programs are great, but most important is the existence of an opportunity for all stakeholders to feel a genuine part of

ementatof an opportunity for all stakeholders to feel a genuine part of 

the effort.

Examples: Bam Iran and Latur Maharashtra

tion

29

BUILDING DESIGN

30

BUI

Issue 5 : Building Design

Building design is one of several key components behind housing reconstruction effectiveness acceptance and sustainability Design factors must be addressed if the LD

ING 

effectiveness, acceptance, and sustainability. Design factors must be addressed if the house is to be suitable to the lifestyle of the occupants, and resilient to the hazards that are likely to impact it.   

Design can also influence the efficiency of the house, and help to improve the overall  DESIG

g y , p pnature of the household and the community in which it is built.  On the other hand, poor choices in design is likely to prevent the house from ever being used, or from surviving the next disaster event if they are in fact occupied. NSub Issue 1 : Hazard Resistant Design

Oftentimes, the anticipated hazard risk is reevaluated in the aftermath of a disaster, and building (construction) codes are correspondingly made more stringent to address these changes.  Housing design is, after all, the cornerstone of the “Build Back Better” philosophy, and as such post‐disaster recovery efforts demand ample study by qualified engineers.  

NOTE: Hazard resistant design demands construction‐related technical expertise and training that exceeds what is normally held by local laborers 

31

Sub‐I

Case 37:  Yogyakarta Hazard Resistant Design

After the earthquake, the Government of Indonesia sought to address seismic risk by increasing the prevalence of hazard resistant design in houses repaired or Issue: H

a

increasing the prevalence of hazard resistant design in houses repaired or reconstructed in Yogyakarta.  During reconstruction a government‐sponsored training program called The Community Empowerment Program was initiated, focusing on raising awareness of earthquake resistant building methods among construction  azard Res

Lessons

workers. The program’s goal was to increase the capacity of local laborers.

•The affected communities supported these training sessions and as a result sistant De

•The affected communities supported these training sessions, and as a result the pace of recovery increased and costs were minimized (mostly due to a reduction in contract labor requirements).  

•The training further helped to ensure that houses built subsequent to the esign

•The training further helped to ensure that houses built subsequent to the conclusion of recovery efforts would be done so in a manner that incorporated hazard resilient design.  

•To carry out this project community members were organized into groups of•To carry out this project, community members were organized into groups of ten to fifteen families, with each group selecting three members who would serve as leader, secretary and treasurer.  These individuals attended training sessions, and then transferred the knowledge they gained to the remainder of , g y gthe group (thereby allowing greater participation in a more limited number of training sessions).  

32

Bam Iran ‐ A housing recovery center called the“Technical Services, Materials Exhibition and HousingTechnical Services, Materials Exhibition and HousingSamples Complex” was set up in a location central tothe affected. Citizens in need of a new home couldvisit the facility and in a single facility secure grants orloans to finance their recovery, select from a range ofdiff t h i t l i thdifferent housing styles, acquire the necessaryconstruction materials, and meet with and hire acontractor to conduct the work requiredcontractor to conduct the work required.

Pakistan – Formulated a Compliance Catalogue. Thiscontains various types of non‐compliance, andcontains various types of non compliance, andmeasures needed to make the houses compliantexplained through simple language and use ofpictures and graphs.

33

ran

Ｉr

nPa

kista

P

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/drrconference/presentations/VHarris.pdf 34

SUB 

Sub Issue 2 : Appearance and Function

Building design must be cognizant of local building traditions concerning appearance  ISSUE 2 :

and culture ‐ they cannot be applied without adaptation.  

Options 

Yogyakarta - Monolithic dome houses were installed in the  Appeara

Yogyakarta - Monolithic dome houses were installed in the village of New Ngelepen. These structures were considered advantageous because: - Monolithic Domes use half as much concrete and steel as ance and

Monolithic Domes use half as much concrete and steel as traditional buildings. - The curved shape of the dome makes it resistant to wind and storm damage.  Function

- During earthquakes, Monolithic Domes move with the ground instead of collapsing. The homes cost only $1,500 to construct, making them a hi hl t ff ti ti H th diff t

n

highly cost-effective option. However, they were very different from what the local population was accustomed to, and as such they initially rejected them outright. Later, the donor worked with recipients to modify the domes such that they werewith recipients to modify the domes such that they were more acceptable, including the addition of outside gardens, an external kitchen, awnings, and other minor changes. 35

SUB 

Sub Issue 2 : Appearance and Function

ISSUE 2 : A

ppearaance and Functionn

36

SUB I

Sub Issue 3 : Engineered vs. Non‐Engineered Design

Hazard resistant design may be characterized as engineered or non‐engineered.  N i d i ll h h i f ll d b

SSUE 3 : E

Non‐engineered structures are typically those that are informally constructed by individuals lacking formal construction training.  These structures are typically built in a spontaneous, unplanned manner using traditional tools and materials and devoid of intervention from qualified architects and engineers.  Without outside technical  Engineere

q gassistance, untrained owners or local builders may have no option but to proceed in such a fashion.  

d vs. Non

Case 37:  Bhuj Earthquake Resistant Design

Mindful that reconstruction should be an owner-driven process, with people given a choice of designs and building materials the program ‐Engineer

people given a choice of designs and building materials, the program built model houses in Bhuj that were used to train people in seismically safe technology, create awareness among village communities of the options available, and enable NGOs and others to red D

esign

p ,access, learn and adapt these methods. The demonstration houses served an important public purpose in a setting where government housing assistance is in many instances being disbursed without n

engineers and masons trained in building seismically safe houses being in place in every village.

37

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE/EXPERTISE

38

TEC

Issue 6 : Technical Assistance/Expertise

In order to reduce future risk, and to ensure that houses are built in a safe and sustainable manner there must be enough access to individuals with the technical H

NICA

sustainable manner, there must be enough access to individuals with the technical knowledge, or the training to transfer that knowledge, such that every structure built is somehow affected.  

Note

AL A

SSISLebanon, July War 2006 ‐ The project sought to provide housing repair and reconstruction assistance to 1,000 affected 

Note 

STANC

p ,homeowners. Three mobile reconstruction units, which were vans converted into mobile offices, were outfitted with necessary technical equipment and staffed by engineers E/EXPE

necessary technical equipment and staffed by engineers, surveyors and architects to provide immediate reconstruction assistance to affected homeowners.  A post‐recovery 

f d h b l ll d f f

ERTISE

assessment found that mobile units allowed for faster, more efficient response.  These units also allowed for greater reach of technical experts. p

39

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

40

CON

Issue 6 : Construction Materials

There are seven principal categories through which building materials may be

NSTRU

C

There are seven principal categories through which building materials may beanalyzed for suitability, including:

• Quality

• Cost‐Case 50 CTION 

Cost Case 50

• Appropriateness‐ Case 51

• Local Knowledge of Materials‐ Case 52

• Local Availability‐ Case 53, 54 MATER

Local Availability Case 53, 54

• Impact on Local Markets‐ Case 55

• Environmental Impact of the Materials – Case 56, 57

Note RIALS

Other subissues

• Sub‐Issue: Temporary Housing Materials‐Case 58, 59, 60, 61

S b I R i li t i l C 62

Note 

• Sub‐Issue: Reusing or recycling materials‐Case 62

41

SUB ISSU

EOptions 

Case 53: Earthquake and Tsunami, 2004, Andoman and Nicobar E 1 : Sub‐I

qIslands, IndiaTopic: Appropriateness of MaterialsEven though many traditional houses in the Andaman and Nicobar ssue: Tem

Islands had successfully withstood seismicity in the past, and the communities indicated that they preferred the traditional style for their function and appearance, the Government of India elected to construct houses using pre fabricated materials

mporary 

houses using pre-fabricated materials. These structures had to be imported from mainland India, through contractors, at an apparently exorbitant average cost. Once they arrived people immediately rejected them H

ousing 

arrived, people immediately rejected them.

Imported materials often carry excessive costs that do

Lessons

Materia

-Imported materials often carry excessive costs that do not carry significant enough benefits to justify their use-Affected populations may reject imported materials if ls

they are not appropriate for their preferences, cultural or otherwise

42

When housing reconstruction in Aceh began, the cost of 

Case 57: Earthquake and Tsunami, Aceh, Indonesia, 2004: Impact on Local Markets

g g ,construction materials on the local market quickly rose.  Steel, cement, bricks, wood, sand, and stone all became scarce and thus expensivescarce, and thus expensive. 

Uplink Banda Aceh, an NGO involved in housing reconstruction, mobilized a logistics team that worked to ship construction materials from elsewhere in Indonesia (including Jakarta and Southern Sumatra), to reduce prices and help the local merchants to restock their supplies Local suppliersmerchants to restock their supplies.  Local suppliers participated by letting the organization use their warehouse space.  The organization was able to reduce the construction 

t th 3 000 h th b ilt b illi f d llcosts across the 3,000 houses they built by millions of dollars. 

1 Professional logistics technical servicesmay be required toLessons1. Professional logistics technical servicesmay be required to 

match construction materials supply and demand 43

In the Cuban coastal town Los Palacios 84% of the homes were damaged. In severalcommunities including Los Palacios a process using "eco materials" has helped

Case 58: Multiple Hurricanes, 2008, Cuba: Environmental Impact

communities, including Los Palacios, a process using "eco‐materials" has helpedshelter recovery.

Eco‐material construction uses local resources, which are turned into constructionmaterials at a low cost, using local labor and performed within the community.materials at a low cost, using local labor and performed within the community.

Eco materials use very little energy, thereby bringing costs down further. The project ismanaged by CIDEM (Cuban institute for Research and Development). To carry outthe project, program management moves in quickly following a disaster to set upmini‐factories using low‐tech machinery.

The local population is tapped to do much of the labor involved in producing thematerials. The factory produces about 1,200 blocks a day, which is enough to buildone house The Cuban government provides technical expertiseone house. The Cuban government provides technical expertise.

Lessons

• Ecologically‐friendly materials can reduce the negative toll on the environment

• Eco‐materials production programs are labor intensive ‐ providing local employment

• Eco‐materials programs can reduce transportation and energy costs44

SUB IS

Case 60: Yogyakarta Earthquake: Recycled Materials

In the housing recovery effort in Yogyakarta following the earthquake, brick SSUE 2 : Re

g y gy g q ,masonry from damaged and destroyed structures was used extensivelyto cast‐in‐place concrete for the permanent structures. In doing this,construction costs were significantly reduced. eusing or 

Crushing of the brick masonry wall rubble was performed. Through theprocess, brick rubble was crushed into fine aggregate required in themixing of mortar and concrete. Using the mechanical device, 1 stone recycling

crusher operator and 6 support workers could create 15 cubic meters ofaggregate each day, relying only on 0.6 liters of oil per cubic meter.Several stone crushers were deployed throughout the affected area, andbbl h d d l

g materia

rubble crushing was conducted extensively.

Lessons

als

• Brick masonry wall rubble is a good source of materials for use as aggregate in concrete used to build permanent replacement housing 

Lessons

gg g p p g

45

SUB IS

Case 60: Yogyakarta Earthquake: Recycled MaterialsSSU

E 2 : Reeusing or recyclingg materiaals

46

CONSTRUCTION LABOR

47

CON

Issue 7 : Construction Labor

Themost important source of labor is the affected Region

NSTRU

C

The most important source of labor is the affected Region.  

There are three mechanisms by which local labor is typically compensated:

• Food for Work: Food for work programs provide food aid for victims in h f t ti d i l b

CTION 

exchange for reconstruction and repair labor. 

• Cash for Work: Like food for work programs, cash for work programs provide financial assistance to survivors of disaster events.  

LABO

R

• Owner labor: Homeowners and residents can be provided with the materials and technical assistance required to rebuild their home, thereby significantly decreasing the construction costs of recovery housing units.   R

‐Owner Labor: Case 63,

‐Other Local Labor examples: Case 64, 66, 67, 68

Other Labor sources:

• Government and NGO Labor

• Contract Labor –Case 65• Contract Labor Case 65

48

SUB ISLessons SSU

E 1 : Lo

‐Owner labor effectively reduced costs by 4%, thereby expanding the reach of the program – El Salvador ocal Labo

expanding the reach of the program  El Salvador

‐Outsourcing of labor can strain recovery budgets – Banda Aceh r

‐When design is simple, community self help can be most appropriate – Banda Aceh

Shelter reconstruction is a good source of income‐Shelter reconstruction is a good source of income

‐Owner driven construction planning should accommodate agricultural seasons to ensure labor is not diverted ‐ India

49

MAINTAINING LIVES, LIVELIHOODS, AND COMMUNITY CHARACTER

50

MAINT

CHARA

Issue 9: Maintaining Lives, Livelihoods, and Community Character

TAINING  L

ACTERMain issues: 

Maintaining Community Character: LIVES, LIV

E

g y

Wraparound Services‐Case 67

Housing Use/Function‐Case 70, 71

Community Stabilization Case 72 LIHOODS, A

Community Stabilization‐Case 72

Community‐Level Planning‐Case 73

Respecting Community Organization‐Case 74 AND CO

MM

Maintaining Lives and Livelihoods:

Affect of Relocation on Livelihood‐Case 68

Maintaining Access to Fields‐69 MUNITY 

g

51

Maint

Case 68: Indian Ocean Tsunami Affect of Relocation on Housing Redesign on Livelihood

Following the tsunami in the Maldives, it was determined that relocation was h l i bl i f ill l d f h ll i l d

taining Liv

the only sustainable option for villages located on some of the smaller islands for which projected changes in sea level threatened to flood all buildable land.  In one particular case, an entire island fisher folk community was relocated to a larger island Beneficiary families were given suitable replacement housing ves and Li

a larger island.  Beneficiary families were given suitable replacement housing that was comparable or better than what they had previously owned.  The only major difference in the housing design was the removal of facilities suitable for processing fish The facilities were not built into the housing ivelihoods

suitable for processing fish.  The facilities were not built into the housing because the new location was very close to a major fish processing plant that alleviated the need for in‐home processing.  Fishing opportunities were otherwise comparable to the former location.  sp

Lessons

There was however an unforeseen impact from this approach in that theThere was, however, an unforeseen impact from this approach in that the women, who spent hours each day processing and cooking the fish, suddenly found their skills irrelevant because of the processing plant. 

The result was that women exhibited higher rates of depression than hadThe result was that women exhibited higher rates of depression than had existed in the former location.

52

Topic: Wraparound Services 

In the reconstruction effort that followed the December 26 tsunami inIn the reconstruction effort that followed the December 26 tsunami in Banda Aceh ‐ In those communities where reconstruction planning prioritized the provision of houses but failed to concurrently address the need for community services, livelihoods assistance, or the resumption of y , , ppublic facilities, the reconstructed and repaired houses often remained unoccupied for quite some time after completion. Many families chose rather to remain in their temporary or emergency accommodation for reasons ranging from proximity to stable employment, access to water and electricity, and working sanitation systems.  

Lessons

Reconstruction planning efforts should concurrently prioritize the provision of houses and the resumption of vital community services and livelihoods ‐p yChina

53

Topic: Community Stabilization Los Angeles

In the months following the earthquake, the municipal government estimated there t b 19 000 t d h i it L dl d d ll l k dto be 19,000 vacated housing units.  Landlords and owners generally lacked insurance or other means to secure financing. Damaged and abandoned buildings became gang hideouts and crime quickly rose.  The municipality identified 17 “Ghost Towns” having more than 100 vacated units. The primary fear was that the conditions g p yassociated with the damaged and abandoned units would cause additional flight from the neighborhoods.

The city formed a special division to monitor Ghost Town progress. Security was id d f h i hb h d d d i L l iprovided for the neighborhoods to reduce and prevent crime. Loan alternatives were 

provided to property owners who did not have insurance and/or could not secure funding on their own.  Apartment rental units were classified as businesses, allowing them access to a greater number of government and private loan programs.  g g p p g

Lessons

‐Landlords may require access to business recovery funding in addition to shelter recovery funding to address the scope of repairs and reconstruction that is required

‐Support for landlord repair can be accompanied by restrictions on rental prices

‐Security to reduce crime and illegal settlement in damaged structures can help prevent ghost towns 

Governments and donors should prioritize reconstruction to ensure that community failure is contained according to established and situation‐appropriate standards

54