of the Florida Mosquito Control...

of the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Vol 22, No 4 Winter 2011

An Official Publication of the

THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION

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Wing BeatsEditor-in-Chief Stephen L Sickerman 850-814-2610 [email protected]

Managing Editor Jack Petersen 850-866-9895 [email protected]

Director of Advertising Dennis Moore 727-376-4568 [email protected]

Circulation Editor Marin Brouillard 239-436-1000 [email protected]

Associate Editors Dave Dame, Gainesville, FL CDR Eric Hoffman, Jacksonville, FL Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford, MI

Regional Editors Glenn Collett, Salt Lake City, UT Timothy D Deschamps, Northborough, MA William C Reinert, Northfield, NJ Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford, MI

Editorial Review Board Doug Carlson, Indian River, FL C Roxanne Connelly, Vero Beach, FL Mustapha Debboun, Fort Sam Houston, TX Wayne Kramer, Baton Rouge, LA L Philip Lounibos, Vero Beach, FL Dennis Moore, Odessa, FL Steve Mulligan, Selma, CA John J Smith, Norwood, MA

Florida Mosquito Control Association FMCA President Larry Hribar, Marathon, FL [email protected]

FMCA Executive Director Shelly Redovan PO Box 61598 Fort Myers, FL 33906 1-855-OUR-FMCA [email protected]

American Mosquito Control Association AMCA President William Meredith, Dover, DE [email protected]

AMCA Executive Director Sarah B Gazi 15000 Commerce Parkway, Suite C Mount Laurel, NJ 08054 856-439-9222 [email protected]

Florida Mosquito Control Association • PO Box 61598 • Fort Myers, FL 33906-1598

Wing Beats: An official publication of the American Mosquito Control Association, published quarterly by the Florida Mosquito Control Association. This magazine is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control. All rights reserved. Reproduction, in whole or part, for educational purposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation. The FMCA and the AMCA have not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication, nor have they verified any of the statements made in any of the advertisements or articles. The FMCA and the AMCA do not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein. Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the FMCA or the AMCA.

Subscriptions: Wing Beats is sent free of charge to anyone within the continental United States. Subscriptions are available for the cost of first class postage to any foreign address at the following rates: Europe, UK and Australia US$20; Canada, US$6; South America US$10. Make checks and purchase orders payable to the Florida Mosquito Control Association.

Correspondence: Address all correspondence regarding Wing Beats to the Editor-in-Chief, Stephen Sickerman, 200 Derby Woods Drive, Lynn Haven, FL 32444-3318. Readers are invited to submit articles related to mosquito and biting fly biology and control, or letters to the Managing Editor, Jack Petersen. There is no charge if your article or letter is printed. Authors, photographers and artists are invited to submit high quality original artwork in electronic format for possible use in the magazine or on the cover; $100 will be paid for each cover photo. Businesses are invited to place advertisements through the Director of Advertising, Dennis Moore.

Methods for Artificial Blood Feeding of Mosquitoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5by Jamie Coughlin

The Insectic ide Resistance Action Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14by Jack Petersen

A Customer Satisfaction Survey Analysisof Anastasia Mosquito Control District . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17by J Adam Holt, Rui-De Xue, Jeanne Moeller and Gina LeBlanc

Ground and Aerial Application of Pesticides for Mosquito Control in Florida, FY 1998-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25by Yongxing (Peter) Jiang, Angela Weeks-Samanie, Joe Claborn and Michael J Page

From Where I Sit : Notes from the AMCA Technical Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39by Joe Conlon

About the Cover: The cover image was contributed by Katie Heggemeier,Mosquito Control Manager, Lee County Mosquito Control District, Lehigh Acres, FL. The photograph, showing newly emerged Aedes taeniorhynchus adults clinging to vegetation, was taken in June 2010, near the Orange River in Buckingham, FL.

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of the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Winter 2011Wing Beats 5

INTRODUCTION

When mosquito research turns from an emphasis on field work to laboratory testing, the need for a dependable source of test subjects becomes essential. To raise mosquitoes in the lab in suf f icient numbers for test ing and propagation requires a reli-able source of protein, ie, blood, fo r t hem to p roduce v ia b le eggs. Fo rmer l y, lab an ima l s served this function, including rats, mice, rabbits and birds.

The chicken proved to be the best choice for ease of care and use and expense relative

Methods for Artificial Blood Feeding of Mosquitoesby Jamie Coughlin

Figure 1: A chicken is injected with ketaset to anesthetize it for about 2 hours for mosquitoes to feed.

to the other animals. There are pros and cons to chicken use. P ros i nc lude cons i s tent egg production and acceptabi l i t y by most species. Cons include the expense of chicken feed, ketaset (used to anesthetize lab animals), alcohol, syringes and time and labor, general care, cleaning and ultimate humane d i sposa l . Concerns ove r the humane treatment of animals have led to ever increasing costs in housing and maintenance, prompting the need for an al-ternative source of blood. Some people who are keeping only a small number of female mosqui-toes might be tempted to use

their own arm to feed the cage. Unless the mosquitoes are from an absolutely proven disease-f ree sou rce th i s i s r i s k y when other methods are available. It is also very uncomfortable!

ARTIFICIAL DELIVERY METHODS

Although using live anesthetized chickens for blood meals result in optimal mosquito egg produc-tion, for financial and humane reasons, ar t i f icial methods of del ivering purchased chicken blood are now used by most that rear mosquitoes; see Figure 1. A few of these methods wil l be discussed in this article.

Winter 2011 Wing Beats6 Winter 2011

Figure 3: Blood is poured on the cotton and extra pieces are added to soak up any pools of blood left to avoid loss by drowning.

Figure 2: Supplies for cotton-based feeding: blood warming in beaker, disposable bowls filled with cotton.

species, require a blood-fi l ledlambskin condom suspended in the cage and kept warmed for adequate feeding levels. While some mosquitoes wil l feed off latex condoms, natural mem-branes have been p refe r red by mos t o f PHEREC ’s co lony mosquitoes.

Culex quinquefasciatus is one species that wi l l feed readi ly on cotton soaked in blood and p laced in a bow l . A l l tha t i s needed is a beaker to hold the blood, a beaker of hot water to warm it, a bowl for each cage to be fed and cotton to act as a sponge; see Figures 2-4. The blood is poured over the cotton until it is soaked but not pooling. If any blood pools in the bowl, cot ton can be added to soak it up. The bowl is then placed in the cage for 24 hours. The drawback to this method is that as the blood dries it gets sticky and many mosquitoes can be caught in it. However, observa-t ions a t PHEREC have shown these to be mostly males.

M a n y n ew e r ca g e s h a ve a screen “trough” in the top where a b lood - f i l l ed condom can be p laced and the mosqu i -toes will feed on it from below; see Figu re 5. Th i s e l im inates t he p ro b l em o f mosq u i toes escaping into the room when in-troducing blood or removing old blood from cages. It also elimi-nates the need for a “spacer” to save on blood as the condom will lie on its side maximizing the amount of blood always avail-able to the mosquitoes below. The condom only needs to be fi l led, tied off and heated. The date of each feeding i s wr i t-ten on a tag on the front of the cage. Culex species shou ld not be “egged” until they have been fed at least 3 times or they may try to lay before their eggs are ready and drown.

Suppliers of chicken blood offer a variety of anti-coagulants in a range of doses. Past in-house research at the Publ ic Health Entomology, Research and Edu-cation Center (PHEREC), Panama City FL, showed EDTA (ethylene-

d i a m i n e - te t ra - a ce t i c a c i d ) provided sufficient and econom-ical anticoagulation without any noticeable effect on the mos-quitoes. Some species feed well on blood-soaked-cot ton, but others, like all of PHEREC’s Aedes

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Figure 4: Inside the cage, Culex quinquefasciatus swarm the blood cottons.

Figure 5: A blood-filled condom is placed in a screen trough for easy access by mosquitoes without having to open the cage.

F o r c a g e s w i t h o u t s c r e e n troughs the “tower” method may be used; see Figure 6. A small tower i s made f rom a plast ic refr igerator dish with the s ides cut out for mosqui to access. The condom is filled with blood and a “ space r ” tes t tube of hot water is inserted to take up space inside and decrease the amount of blood used. This is tied off and warmed in a beaker of hot water. Once warm, the end of the condom is inserted u p th roug h the ho le on top and is wrapped around a thin stick (chop sticks cut up in short lengths work best) and a metal clip holds it in place. This helps prevent the condom from fall-ing from the tower and breaking on the bottom of the cage. The whole tower is then put ins ide the colony cage. Care must be taken to minimize mosquitoes f rom escaping when put t ing the tower in or tak ing it out of the cage.


Figure 7: Bottom to top - a roll of sausage casing; a section of casing cut out and tied off; and a section with funnel added ready to be filled.

Figure 6: Materials for the “tower” method are shown: a bottle of blood, lambskin condom, hot water filled test tube and a plastic tower ready to go into a cage.

A less expensive alternative to the lambskin condoms is natural sausage casing; see Figures 7-9. It is more delicate than lambskin and must be handled with care. Prior to use, it should be stored in a humid a rea o r i t w i l l d r y out and break when used. One end is tied with a double knot, a funnel is fit ted into the open end and the blood is poured in. The open end is tied off and the blood fil led casing is put in hot water to warm up the blood. When it is heated it is carefully patted dry and either placed in the trough or hung from the plas-t ic tower. I t can be re-heated several times but risk of breakage increases with more handling. Except for Culex quinquefas-ciatus, most of the mosqui to species at PHEREC prefer blood to be warm for vigorous feeding. Whichever method is chosen for del ivery, the use of the blood may be maximized by e i ther reheating or keeping it warm to approximate the body tempera-ture of humans or animals. For a single cage with a trough net, a heating pad may be placed over the condom or casing to keep it warm all day. For many cages this may be impractical, but hot water bottles could sub-stitute for heating pads. To warm from underneath, heated “rep-ti le rocks” or hot water bot t les could be used. Simply dropping loose condoms into a beaker of hot water to soak for several minutes wi l l reheat the blood and can be done several times a day. For the tower method, a t tach ing the condom to a support whi le submerged in a beaker of hot water will work. If the condom is too short to be submerged putting something under the beaker will raise it up enough to heat al l the blood. The condoms o r cas ings w i l l need to be carefully patted dry after each warming.


Figure 8: Two blood casings being warmed.

Figure 9: Two blood casings heated and ready to put in cage or trough.

Jamie CoughlinSenior Laboratory Technician

Public Health EntomologyResearch & Education Center

Vocational InstructorCorrections Corporation

of America Panama City, Florida

[email protected]

to feed cages around the clock if necessary. It is also possible to feed a larger number of cages than most would want to feed w i th l i ve b i rds . Mate r ia l s a re relatively inexpensive and easy to dispose of, and blood may be stored frozen for months or years. Discontinuing live animal use is now possible with these easy-to-use artificial methods of blood feeding mosquitoes. Humane concerns about an imal care and treatment are no longer an issue.

CONCLUSION

The use of artificial methods of blood delivery can seem time consuming and expensive com-pared to the reliable chicken in the cage. However, the costs

are usually less in the long run and free the employees from chicken care and euthanasia. Although the rate of blood intake and the egg production may be less in mosquitoes fed with artificial methods, it is possible

My customers can trust they are getting unbiased expert advice from a dedicated partner when they need it. I follow the Golden Rule: I treat my customers the way I would want to be treated.

I make sure my customers’ equipment is up and running with unique service programs to ensure little or no downtime. I also help them access technology for a more efficient and compliant operations.

I listen to my customer’s needs in order to develop real-life, innovative solutions that ensure their compliance with regulations, reduce liability exposure and improve the efficiency of their operation.

Wendy Decorah,Customer Service & Inside Sales

Chris Pederson,Outside Sales Consultant

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Derek Wright,National Technology Manager

ADAPCO is the name you trust in the moquito control industry. Contact us toll free: 800 367-0659 or on the web: www.MyADAPCO.com

Why is ADAPCO the name you trust ?

A best-in-class customer service team to support all of your mosquito control needs.

My customers always come first. We work together as a team to accomplish the same end goal: to deliver a quality product when you need it. It’s a good feeling to know that I play a part in keeping customers’ operations running smoothly.

Is not getting products on time causing delays in your operation?

Have you ever been forced to shut down a mission because you lacked immediate support with chemicals or equipment?

Has a down piece of equipment hampered your ability to protect the public?

Do you fear you don’t have sufficient documentation in the event your operation was sued?

My customers can trust they are getting unbiased expert advice from a dedicated partner when they need it. I follow the Golden Rule: I treat my customers the way I would want to be treated.

I make sure my customers’ equipment is up and running with unique service programs to ensure little or no downtime. I also help them access technology for a more efficient and compliant operations.

I listen to my customer’s needs in order to develop real-life, innovative solutions that ensure their compliance with regulations, reduce liability exposure and improve the efficiency of their operation.

Wendy Decorah,Customer Service & Inside Sales

Chris Pederson,Outside Sales Consultant

TJ Leibee,Service Team Member

Derek Wright,National Technology Manager

ADAPCO is the name you trust in the moquito control industry. Contact us toll free: 800 367-0659 or on the web: www.MyADAPCO.com

Why is ADAPCO the name you trust ?

A best-in-class customer service team to support all of your mosquito control needs.

My customers always come first. We work together as a team to accomplish the same end goal: to deliver a quality product when you need it. It’s a good feeling to know that I play a part in keeping customers’ operations running smoothly.

Is not getting products on time causing delays in your operation?

Have you ever been forced to shut down a mission because you lacked immediate support with chemicals or equipment?

Has a down piece of equipment hampered your ability to protect the public?

Do you fear you don’t have sufficient documentation in the event your operation was sued?


The Insecticide Resistance Action Committeeby Jack Petersen

Jack PetersenExtension Medical Entomologist

[email protected] University

Center for Vector Biology 180 Jones Avenue

New Brunswick, NJ 08901850-866-9895

Effective insecticide resistance management is essential to all integrated mosquito manage-ment programs. The Insecticide Resistance Action Commit tee (IRAC) was established to make this a reality.

IRAC i s an inter-company or-ganization that operates as a Specialist Technical group within the industry association Crop-Life International. IRAC is also recognized by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organiza-tion (WHO) of the United Nations as an advisor y body on mat-ters per ta in ing to insect icide resistance.

I R AC was fo rmed i n 1984 to p rov ide a coo rd inated crop protection industry response to prevent or delay the develop-ment of res i s tance in insects a n d m i t e s ( M c C a f fe r y a n d Nauen, 2006). Essential ly, the goal of IRAC is stewardship of agricultural and public health pesticides.

I n 2011 I R AC p u b l i s h e d t h e second edit ion of “Prevention and Management of Insect i -cide Res is tance in Vectors of Pub l ic Heal th Impor tance” a manual targeted at managers of

mosquito control programs, op-erational staff, and policy makers. The manual clearly presents the importance of insecticide resis-tance, why avoiding it is essential and provides tools to do so. Dr Bill Brogdon and Dr Bob Wirtz of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) contributed to the second edition.

The objectives of the manual are:

• To offer basic information on in-secticide resistance mechanisms;

• To provide a better understand-ing of the factors that may lead to the development of resistance in insect vectors;

• To present the basic principles for maintaining susceptibility and avoiding the development of resistance;

• To ef fect i ve l y manage re -sistance where i t has already developed.

The IRAC manual is available athttp://www.irac-online.org/news/new-irac-operational-irm-vector-manual/.

The IRAC web s i te ht tp://www.irac-online.org provides resources on the mode of act ion of a l l

currently used pesticides. The document http://www.irac-online.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/MoA _ Classification.pdf is par-ticularly useful. Understanding mode of act ion and rotat ing active ingredients is one of the basic principles of effective insec-ticide resistance management.

We encourage Wing Beats read-ers to become familiar with IRAC and its useful resources.

REFERENCES CITED

McCaffery A and Nauen R. 2006. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): Public respon-sibility and enlightened industrial sel f interest. Out looks on Pest Management. 17(1): 11-14.


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Figure 1: The Anastasia Mosquito Control District survey return rate has averaged approximately 30% over a 5 year period.

S t Augus t ine, F lo r ida i s con-s idered the o ldest ci t y in the nation and one of the top tour-i s t des t inat ions in the wor ld. This reinforces the fact that the residents require constant sat-isfaction of their intense desire to l ive in an envi ronment free of vectors and nuisance pests. Although it is virtually impossible to eliminate nuisance pests, St Johns County has been free of any human cases of mosquito-borne arboviruses such as West N i le v i rus and Eastern Equine Encephal i t i s s ince 2003. The goal of the Anastasia Mosquito Control District (AMCD) is to pro-tect the res idents of S t Johns County f rom mosquitoes and the diseases they t ransmit. In early 2006, AMCD decided to begin an annual customer sat-isfaction survey in hopes to gain invaluable knowledge on how the local residents viewed the serv ices they were receiv ing. The purpose of the survey was to improve the district ’s customer service program.

Geographically, St Johns County covers 631 square miles. AMCD services and protects approxi-mately 185,000 residents.

In 2006 and 2007, AMCD ran-d o m l y ch o s e 5 0 0 re s i d e n t s from the local St Johns County phonebook to survey.

In 2008, AMCD randomly chose 250 residents from the local St Johns County phonebook and 250 res idents f rom the VCMS (Vector Control Management Sys tem) database to su r vey.

In 2009 and 2010, AMCD ran-domly chose 500 residents from the VCMS database to survey. The reason for change in the su r vey d i s t r ibut ion method i s b e ca u s e t he re s i d e n t s ra n -domly chosen from the VCMS database a re res idents who previously submitted customer service requests. The information was more per t inent i f i t came from residents who were actually receiving the mosquito control service versus residents chosen from the phonebook who might not have received any service, much les s even known what mosqu i to cont ro l operat ions include, ie, inspection, monitor-ing, adulticiding and larviciding, arbovi rus survei l lance, publ ic education, etc.

The cost for each sur vey was about $1,000 per year, includ-ing stamps, envelops, copies, and labor. The average cost per individual survey was about $2.

During the period 2006-2010:

The survey return rate averaged approx imate l y 30% and the respondent rate from residents chosen from the local phone-book (22.7%) was less than the response from residents chosen from the VCMS database (37%); see Figure 1.

About 78% of the populat ion surveyed agreed that the goal of AMCD is to protect the com-muni t y f rom mosqui toes and mosqu i to -borne d i seases by

A Customer Satisfaction Survey Analysisof Anastasia Mosquito Control District

by J Adam Holt, Rui-De Xue, Jeanne Moeller and Gina LeBlanc

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Figure 2: Approximately 78% of the returned surveys agreed or strongly agreed that the goal of AMCD is to preserve and protect the community from mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases by reducing nuisance and disease spreading mosquito populations.

Figure 3: Approximately 79% of the returned surveys agreed or strongly agreed that AMCD staff is informative and professional.

reducing nuisance and disease spreading mosqui to popula-tions; see Figure 2.

About 79% agreed that AMCD staff is informative and profes-sional; see Figure 3.

About 77% agreed that AMCD’s s ta f f responds to se r v ice re -quests within 1-2 business days; see Figure 4.

About 96% agreed they were aware of the measu res they could take to protect themselves from mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases by practicing the 5 D’s of Prevention; see Figure 5.

• Do not go outdoors at DUSK & DAWN when mosquitoes are most active;

• Protect against bites, DRESS so your skin is covered with clothing;

• Apply mosquito repellent con-taining DEET to bare skin and clothing;

• Empty containers and DRAIN s tagnant wa ter so mosqu i to larvae do not grow up to be-come biters.

Public opinion regarding mos-quito problems and the need for control l ing these insects in an organized mosquito control district is a very complex social issue to assess. John, Stoll and Olson (1987) received 40.5% re-sponses through a mail survey of randomly-selected property owners and renters. Farmer et al. (1989) observed 88% of their re-sponses were received through a random sample of 600 resi-dents by telephone. Those that responded to the survey varied based on if they had directly re-ceived service in the past (Morris and Clanton, 1992; Read et al, 1994). People who requested m o s q u i t o c o n t r o l s e r v i c e s

before usual ly provided more responses. Survey methodology must still be considered even if most responses originated from the residents chosen from the VCMS database.

Over the past five years, AMCD

h a s d eve l o p e d n ew s u r vey methods, using a new techno-logically advanced website to include online service requests and up-to-the-minute fogging information integrat ing VCMS and MapVision, a real-time data-base management program.

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FFAST® Bti reaches the mosquito larvae that others don’t.Introducing FFAST Bti, a new larvicide that uses Bayer’s exclusive FFAST technology to control larvae up to 300 feet from your spray vehicle. Now you no longer need customer permission to reach backyard pools, birdbaths and gutters. FFAST Bti controls container-breeding mosquitoes including Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti. It works day or night and saves time and labor each time you spray. So if you want to help protect your community, go the distance with FFAST Bti.

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Bayer CropScience LP, Environmental Science Division, 2 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. 1-800-331-2867. www.BackedbyBayer.com. Bayer, the Bayer Cross and FFAST are registered trademarks of Bayer. Not all products are registered in all states. Always read and follow label instructions carefully. © 2011 Bayer CropScience LP.

S:7.5”S:9.5”

T:8.5”T:11”

B:8.75”B:11.25”

AMCA-12-Austin-theme-Poster-22x28 1 3/4/11 10:22 AM


Figure 4: Approximately 77% of the returned surveys agreed or strongly agreed that AMCD staff responds to service requests with the standard 1-2 business days.

Figure 5: Approximately 96% of the returned surveys agreed or strongly agreed that they are aware of the measures they can take to protect themselves from mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases by practicing the 5 D’s of Prevention.

J Adam HoltEducation [email protected]

Rui-De XueDirector

[email protected]

Jeanne MoellerCommissioner

[email protected]

Anastasia MosquitoControl District

500 Old Beach RoadSt Augustine, FL 32080

904-471-3107

Gina LeBlancRetention Specialist

[email protected] Johns River State College

St Augustine, FL 32033

With the addition of ZIP codes to the survey this year, AMCD has captured demographic informa-tion which will allow the district to better serve the community. By narrowing the results even fur-ther, the district can realize how to focus control and education efforts, aligning with our goal of becoming one of the leading

mosquito control programs in Florida.

REFERENCES CITED

Farmer F L, Redfern J M, Meisch M V, and Inman A. 1989. An eval-uation of a community based mosquito abatement program: resident’s satisfaction, economic

benefits and correlates of sup-port. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 5(3): 335-8.

John K H, Stoll J R, and Olson J K. 19 87. T h e p u b l i c ’ s v i e w o f mosqu i to p rob lems in an o r-ganized control dis t r ict. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(1): 1-7.

Mo r r i s C D and Clanton K B . 1992. Compar i son of people who request mosquito control services and their non-request-i n g n e i g h b o r s . J A m M o s q Control Assoc. 8(1): 65-68.

R e a d N R , R o o k e r J R a n d Gathman J. 1994. Publ ic per-ception of mosquito annoyance measured by a survey and s i -multaneous mosquito sampling. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 10(1): 79-87.P

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or visit us on Facebook www.clarke.com

NOTHING REMAINS THE SAME….EVEN IN MOSQUITO CONTROL

From an idea to reality – evolution is happening.

WHERE WOULD WE BE WITHOUT CHANGE?We don’t have to look far— either in our daily lives or in our industry— to answer that question. Whether change comes from an idea, a vision or need, new products and practices are improving mosquito control.

PUTTING IDEAS INTO ACTIONProduct innovation isn’t just about researching new products and new actives. It’s also about improving upon what we have…and willingly shelving products or practices that are outmoded by comparison. It’s striving to make sure everything we do is better than what preceded. A few examples:

Natular™, fi ve OMRI-listed larvicide formulations and the 2010 U.S. EPA Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award winner

Duet™, two unique active ingredients achieving new adulticide performance levels

AquaAnvil™ & AquaHalt™, water-based adulticide formulations that use Droplet Optimization Technology to maximize performance

PEOPLE …SPARKING CHANGE AND COMMITMENTOur greatest resource has always been the people of Clarke. And while we may have evolved in the way we work, our commitment to serving the needs of our customers is unwavering.

GIVING BACK …CHANGING FOR GOODClarke has long supported community e� orts and student scholarship opportunities. But even in giving back, we’ve discovered new ways to touch more lives around the world. For example, thanks to your help, thousands of bed nets have been donated to areas in Nigeria that are stricken with mosquito-borne disease.

Clarke: Changing today for a better tomorrow.

Wingbeats_11-10_finalB.indd 2-3 12/3/10 2:04 PM

Extend the effectiveness of your mosquito control program with

Ultra Low Volume Concentrate Insecticide

• A proven adulticide that can significantly delay pyrethroid resistance development

• Approved for use on rangeland and pastureland, unlike most adulticides

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For use only by Federal, state, tribal or local government officials responsible for public health or vector control, or by persons certified in the appropriate category or otherwise authorized by the state or tribal lead pesticide regulatory agency to perform adult mosquito control applications, or by persons under their direct supervision. Not for application to people. Fyfanon ULV is registered for use by ground or air and can be used in both rural and urban areas.

© 2011 CHEMINOVA, INC. Always read and follow label directions. FYFANON is a registered trademark of Cheminova. Contact your local distributor for complete information


ground and aerial application. In this paper, ground and aerial appl icat ions of pest icides for mosquito contro l in the State have been compiled and ana-lyzed for the years 1998 through 2010.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OFMOSQUITOES IN FLORIDA

When large numbers of imma-ture mosquitoes are detected in the areas where source reduc-tion or biological control is not avai lable, larvicide treatment of fers the best opt ion in pre-venting the emergence of adult mosquitoes. Three categories of larvicides have been registered and used extensively in Florida. These include contact pesticides (organophosphates, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators, and chit in-synthesis inhibitors), sur-face control agents (larviciding o i l s, monomolecular su r face fi lms), and stomach toxins (Ba-cillus thuringiensis israelensis [Bti] and Bacillus sphaericus [Bs]). In-secticide applications directed

against mosquito larvae is an impor tant component of an IMM program. Larviciding is the most efficient t ype of tempo-rary control. An important part of the mission is to prevent, or significantly reduce, adult mos-qui to annoyance to humans, pets, and domestic l ivestock, as wel l as mit igate mosquito-borne d i sease outbreak. I t i s eas ier and more economical to cont ro l o r substant ia l l y d i -minish a brood of mosquitoes while they are concentrated as larvae in an aquat ic habitat, than to control them as adults. La r v ic ides a re appl ied us ing manual l y car r ied or veh icle -mounted spraying equipment o r f rom s pec ia l l y equ ipped aircraft. Ground equipment ap-p l icat ion i s economica l and has the advantage of be ing a b l e t o s p e c i f i c a l l y a p p l y insecticides to larval develop-ment sites only. In contrast, with ae r ia l app l ica t ion an ent i re a r e a i s t r e a t e d a n d m u c h in sect ic ide can fa l l on non-a q u a t i c h a b i t a t . H o w e v e r , aerial applications are needed w h e n l a r g e a r e a s m u s t b e t rea ted w i th in the ava i lab le t r e a t m e n t w i n d o w. A i rc ra f t are able to apply insect icide even ly over la rge a reas that wou ld be d i f f i cu l t o r impos -sible to traverse on the ground.

The disadvantage to the use of larvicides is the requirement for extensive logistical preparation, trained personnel, relatively high product cost, and special ized

INTRODUCTION

Florida’s warm subtropical and t ro p ica l c l i ma te, a bu nda nt rainfal l, and ex tended coast-l ine support an extraordinari ly rich fauna, including at least 80 species of mosquitoes. Chemi-cal control, one of the principal components of Integrated Mos-qu i to Management ( IMM) i n Florida, is frequently conducted, either by ground or aerial ap-plications, in highly populated areas which may be adjacent to water bodies and wetlands. In o rder to enforce the label app l icat ion ra te and ensu re the proper usage of pesticides for mosquito control in Florida, the Florida Department of Agri-culture and Consumer Services (FDACS) mosquito control sec-tion, the leading state agency responsible for regulating and superv i s ing mosqui to cont ro l act iv i t ies, and enfo rcing the Flor ida Mosqui to Contro l Law (Chapter 388, Florida Statutes), inst ituted a program requir ing about 60 state-approved mos-quito control programs to submit monthly pesticide use records to the Depar tment. Th i s was mandated so that the chemical usage in the State for mosquito control could be t racked sys-tematically. The resulting FDACS database contains information including the pesticide product name, active ingredient, total amount of product and active i ng red ient u sed, tota l acres treated, appl ication rate (lbs/acre) and frequency of use by

Ground and Aerial Pesticide Applications forMosquito Control in Florida, FY 1998-2010

by Yongxing (Peter) Jiang, Angela Weeks-Samanie,Joe Claborn and Michael J Page


all

APPLICATION DATA ANALYSIS: LARVICIDING vs ADULTICIDING

Figure 1 shows the total acre-age treated by mosquitocides (both larvicides and adulticides) in Flo r ida f rom FY98 to FY10. Dur ing th i s per iod, a tota l of 366 million acres were treated, a n a ve ra g e o f 28 .2 m i l l i o n acres annually, with a range of 18.5 (FY07) to 35.7 (FY03) mi l -l ion acres. The total acreage

Figure 2: Total acres treated by aerial and ground application of larvicides during the reporting period FY98 - FY10.

Figure 1: Acres treated with larvicides and adulticides during the reporting period FY98 - FY10. The number on the top of the each bar indicates the percentage of total acres treated with larvicides.

equ ipment needed to make these applications. As a result, not a l l mosqu i to cont ro l d i s -t r icts (MCDs) have larv icid ing programs. This is especially true of small MCDs with l imited re-sources. Despite this, in recent years, the number of MCDs with la r v ic id ing act iv i t y has been growing. For example, dur ing Fiscal Year 1998, October 1, 1997 th rough September 30, 1998 (FY98), a total of 428,784 acres were treated with larvicides from 41 of the 51 reporting MCDs; 10 MCDs indicated no larviciding activity. By FY07, the number of districts reporting larviciding in-creased to 45, although the total acreage treated (424,523) was about the same.

Efforts to prevent large flights or swarms of mosquitoes in Florida are impacted by a var iet y of factors including local heavy p recip i ta t ion, f lood ing, h igh tides, hurricanes, inaccessible or missed larval habitats, or human disease outbreaks. Adulticiding is the most effective technique to control large adult mosquito populations, resulting from these conditions, particularly when the population is localized or when spraying is carried out uniformly over a large area to prevent re-infestation of treated areas. It is also one of the most vis ible forms of mosquito control and can contribute to public appre-hension. Both ground and aerial application of adult icides are common methods to combat these pestiferous and disease vectoring mosquitoes in Florida. Typ ica l l y, the t reatments a re either through ultra low volume (ULV) or, less frequently, thermal fog spraying.

Adulticides registered and used in Florida include two classes of pesticides: organophosphates (malathion, fenthion, naled and ch lo rpy r i fos) and py reth ro ids

(natural pyrethrins, permethrin, re s meth r i n a nd o the r s ) . Re -ports indicate that as of FY08, 100% of MCDs have adulticid-ing programs that uti l ize either ground or aerial application of pest icides. In te rms of aer ia l adulticiding, it may be the only means of qu ick ly cont ro l l ing severe mosquito outbreaks in a large area following a hurricane or during an outbreak of mos-quito-borne diseases.

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PROVEN ACTIVES

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treated by mosquitocides varied annual ly, presumably due to fluctuation in mosquito density, risk of mosquito-borne diseases, meteorological conditions and mosquito control budgets. The total acreage treated peaked in FY03 with a total of 35,658,990 acres. The highest occurrence of West Nile virus (WNV) activity in the State was repor ted that year, with a total of 122 human cases, 119 equine cases and 1,194 pos i t i ve sent i ne l b i rd s (http://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/). Large areas were treated in FY03 (32,479,004 acres) and FY04 (31,316,988 acres) as the result of successive hurricanes directly h i t t i ng Flo r ida. The resu l tant f looding caused widespread mosqu i to popu lat ions in the State. The acreage treated de-clined in FY06 and FY07 due to severe drought and decreasing incidence of WNV: 3 human and no equine cases in 2006, and 3 human and 7 equine cases in 2007. Mosquito control ac-tivities increased moderately in FY08 and FY09, partially due to natural disasters such as Tropi-cal Storm Fay in 2008 and spring flooding in 2009.

Despite the fact that larvicide use in Flor ida has never con-tributed significantly to the total acreage treated with mosquito-cides each year (no more than 2%), larviciding is sti l l believed to be one of mos t e f fect i ve mosquito control strategies and has p layed a s ign i f icant ro le in preventing a larger number of la r vae f rom emerging into adults. Choosing an appropriate larvicide control product and for-mulation, timing of application and application rate are crucial for a successful larviciding pro-gram. Larviciding is particularly ef fect ive agains t f loodwater mosquito species, such as Aedes taeniorhynchus, Ae sollicitans, Pso rophora co lumbiae and


Culex nigripalpus, when highly concentrated broods of larvae exist. Figure 2 shows the acre-age treated by larvicides during this period. Records indicate that the total larviciding acreage has never exceeded 450,000 acres, with an average of 378,943 acres

Figure 3: Acres treated by aerial and ground application of larvicides to control mosquitoes in Florida during the reporting period FY01 - FY10. The number on top of each bar indicates the percentage treated by air.

Figure 4: Acres treated (combined aerial and ground) by individual larvicides to control of mosquitoes in Florida during the reporting period FY98 - FY10. The number on the top of each bar indicates the percentage of total acres treated with an individual larvicide.

annually. The peak larvicide ac-tivity was recorded in FY01, with a total of 428,784 acres, over 60% being treated by ground appl icat ions. Inte res t ing ly, a steady increase of both actual acres and percentage treated by aerial larviciding has been

noticed in the last 5 years. This is presumably due to a r ise in the aerial larviciding capacity in some MCDs.

Figure 3 shows only FY01-10 data because the da ta we re not separated between aerial and ground pr ior to FY01. Clear ly, aerial larvicide applications can be accompl i shed on a large scale with in a shor t per iod of time, and overcome unsuitable and /o r i nacces s ib le g roundconditions where ground appli-cation is not a viable alternative. In terms of the choice of larvi-cides, temephos and Bti are the two most popular choices for MCDs, as over 80% of the total acreage was treated by these two combined; see Figure 4. In terms of formulation and prod-ucts, emulsifiable concentrate (Abate 4E) and aqueous sus-pension (VectoBac 12AS) were the top choices, respectively. In terms of percentage of treated

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acreage, temephos was the g rea te s t u s ed p r i o r to F Y0 0 when compared with Bti (46% vs 25% in FY98, and 52% vs 27% in FY99). The use of Bti surpassed temephos for the f i rs t t ime in FY00 and thereafter except FY01. Bt i ’s greatest use was in FY04, accounting for over 74% of total larvicide treated acreage. Even though total acres t reated by temephos has rebounded mod-erately between FY06 and FY08, Bti is still the larvicide of choice, accounting for an average of 45% of the total area treated, due to its low mammalian toxic-ity and favorable environmental profile. In contrast, only 41% of the area was treated with the la r v icide temephos between FY06 and FY08.

Between FY98 and FY10, adul-t i c id i ng rema ined the mos t common and accepted method of mosquito control in Florida, with over 97% of treated areas using adulticides; see Figure 1. Synthetic pyrethroids, such as permethrin, have replaced or-ganophosphates (OPs) as the adult icide of choice for mos-quito control in recent years; see Figure 5. Pyrethroids are being more widely used by MCDs due to less odor and less impact on vehicle finishes. They are easier to handle in terms of required personal protective equipment, and cost less than other prod-ucts. However, most notable is the public perception that py-rethroid active ingredients are “natural” chemicals, and there-fore more acceptable. The most common product formulations used contain ing a pyrethro idwere Biomist and Kontrol 30-30 and Biomist and Kontrol 4-4.

In contrast, because OPs have been used for mosquito control since the 1950s, the incidence of mosquito resistance to mala-thion, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion

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Figure 6: Acres treated by aerial and ground application of adulticides in Florida during the reporting period FY98 - FY10.

Figure 5: Adulticide-treated acres treated by chemical class during the reporting period FY98 - FY10.

have been reported in localized areas. Therefore, thei r usage d ropped f rom a peak o f 20 mil l ion acres in FY99 to only 5 mil l ion acres in FY07. Notably, fenthion, frequently used from FY98 to FY03, was phased out completely from the State’s mos-quito control arsenal in 2003, due to concerns over impact on non-target wi ldl i fe and the environment. In terms of adul-t icides, naled and permethrin were most commonly chosen for aerial and ground applications, respectively.

ADULTICIDING DATA ANALYSIS: AERIAL VS GROUND TREATMENTS

Aerial application of pesticides t o c o n t r o l m o s q u i t o e s h a s proven to be an extremely ef-fective and flexible alternative to treat areas partial ly acces-sible or inaccessible by ground equipment. Another advantage of aer ia l appl icat ion i s when large areas need to be treated i n a s ho r t pe r i od o f t ime to achieve optimum control. This i s commonly the case when mosquito outbreaks occur after

hurricanes or if there is a serious threat of vector-borne disease in an area. In some cases, up to five times the amount of active ingredient is permitted by aerial appl icat ion as compared to ground. However, aerial appli-cation also possesses some of disadvantages over ground ap-plications. For example, aerial application is expensive when comparing cost per acre and maintaining the aircraft. There also safety concerns that must be addressed with aer ia l ap-pl icat ions at n ight, as wel l as publ ic concerns of pest icide exposure due to the spray drift.

Aerial adulticiding can be ad-ministrated through low volume spraying, thermal fogging and ULV aerosols. The most common technique is ULV, using fixed wing and rotary aircraft as platforms. Figure 6 shows acres treated by aerial and ground applications of adulticides during FY98-FY10. During this period, aerial appli-cations reached a maximum of 9.74 mil l ion acres in FY04, and the lowest acreage treated oc-cur red in FY07 wi th on ly 4.25 million. The percentage of acre-age treated by air ranged from 20.2% (FY01) to 35.5% (FY06). Aerial adulticiding has never ac-counted for the majority of total area t reated, s ince less than one-third of the MCDs have the capacity. In terms of choice of adulticide, naled was the primary adulticide for aerial programs, because of its efficacy and envi-ronmentally friendly profile. Figure 7 indicates that naled treatments covered from 63% (FY98) to 97% (FY05) of total area treated aeri-ally with an adulticide. Fenthion was the nex t mos t common aerially applied adulticide during the earl ier par t of this period, from FY98 to FY02. Malathion, natural pyrethrins and other adul-ticides are minor-use products in terms of acres. Etofenprox, a

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Figure 7. Acres treated by aerial applications of individual adulticides for the control of mosquitoes in Florida during the reporting period FY98 - FY10.

Figure 8: Acres treated by ground applications of individual adulticides for the control of mosquitoes in Florida during the reporting period FY98 - FY10.

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non-polar synthetic “pyrethroid-like” new active ingredient and mosquito adulticide was regis-tered and used in Florida for the first time in FY09. When perme-thrin fi rst became available in the late 1980s, concerns over possible toxic effects on non-tar-get aquatic organisms led State regulators to prohibit its aerial ap-plication, by requiring labels to state: “In Florida: Do not apply by aircraft unless approved by the Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services.” However, FDACS-funded research into the non-target impact of aerial ap-plications eased those concerns, a n d by 20 09 FDAC S b e g a n giving conditional approval for permethrin use by air. Ground application of pesticides st i l l remains the most popular method fo r cont ro l l ing adu l t mosquitoes in Florida, averaging 73% of the total area treated; see Figure 6. All Florida MCDs have

ground appl ication capacity, possessing at least one vehicle-mounted ULV sprayer. T iming, meteorological conditions, dose and pesticide type are a few fac-tors that can significantly affect the outcome of an application. S ince dif ferent mosquito spe-cies are active at different time periods, timing the application is one of the keys to successfully target actively flying mosquitoes. Unfavo rab le meteoro log ica l conditions such as wind speed, heavy precipitation and temper-ature at the time of application may significantly reduce treat-ment efficacy. Depending on the target mosquito species, habitat and behavior, the adulticides to be applied and the dose rate must be well planned. Data col-lected from this period indicate that permethrin and malathion are two pr incipal adul t icides used in ground applications; see Figure 8. These two compounds were used to t reat f rom 56%

Figure 9: Acres treated by aerial application of individual larvicides for the control of mosquitoes in Florida during the reporting period FY01 - FY10.

(FY98) to 99% (FY09) of total area treated with adulticides. As Figure 8 shows, malathion and fenthion, two OPs, were two adult icides favored early in the repor t ing period. However, with constantly increasing use of pyrethroids, es-pecially permethrin, pyrethroids surpassed OPs as the top choice in adulticides starting in FY01. For instance, in FY09, permethrin was used to treat 18 mil l ion acres, accounting for 90% of the total area. In contrast, the acreage treated by malathion was down to 1.3 million acres, constituting only 6.5% of the total. Naled, py-rethrum, resmethrin and sumithrin were the minor use products used fo r g round appl icat ion during this period.

LARVICIDING DATA ANALYSIS: AERIAL VS GROUND TREATMENTS

Knowledge of the target mos-quito, properties of the larvicides and t iming of the appl ication

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Public Health professionals rely on Univar PP&S for the answers to their pest management questions. From complementary program consultation and equipment certification to making sure your product order is delivered on time, our expert staff fully supports your mosquito control efforts. Plus, we stock a complete arsenal of products, from larvacides and adulticides to barriers and equipment, including MasterLine® Kontrol and Aqua-Kontrol mosquito control products. With opportunities to learn at your location, at a Univar PP&S Pro Center, or online, Univar PP&S is your one stop shop for all your vector control needs.

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Public Health professionals rely on Univar PP&S for the answers to their pest management questions. From complementary program consultation and equipment certification to making sure your product order is delivered on time, our expert staff fully supports your mosquito control efforts. Plus, we stock a complete arsenal of products, from larvacides and adulticides to barriers and equipment, including MasterLine® Kontrol and Aqua-Kontrol mosquito control products. With opportunities to learn at your location, at a Univar PP&S Pro Center, or online, Univar PP&S is your one stop shop for all your vector control needs.

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are the basic requirements for a successful larviciding program. An ef fect i ve la r v ic ide t rea t -ment should result in reducing the number of adults and risk of disease transmission. However, though it is one of the most de-s i rable methods for mosquito control, not al l MCDs have re-ported any larviciding activity during this period. A larviciding program is more complex than adulticiding because the pro-gram must possess a thorough knowledge of target species bi-ology, and be able to conduct f ie ld su r veys, ident i f y la r vae, map breeding sites, select the appropriate control agent and formulation, and conduct follow-up efficacy checks. Therefore, MCDs with l imited budget and manpower would not be able to effectively execute this strat-egy. Figure 3 shows the acres t reated by aer ia l and ground applications of larvicides during the period FY01 - FY10. With the exception of FY04, the acreage

treated by air has been steadily increasing. It appears that aerial larvicide application has played an important role in many mos-quito control programs due to the ab i l i t y to access remote areas and ease of equipment calibration. In terms of choice of larvicide, Bti and temephos were the first and second most used. Fo r example, u se of B t i p lu s temephos covered 90% of the total acres treated by air in FY06; Bti alone covered 55% of total area. The most common prod-ucts being used in this period were 4.95% Bt i and Abate 4E; see Figure 9. Methoprene and Bs accounted for less than 5% over the entire reporting period. There was also limited use of oil and film products in this period.

Bti and temephos were also the most commonly used ground-applied larvicides; see Figure 10. Peak Bti applications occurred in FY04 and FY05, and to a lesser degree in FY06 and FY07. The

peak in appl icat ion of teme-phos occurred in FY01, covering almost 45% of total area treated. The lowest application occurred in FY05, where temephos was applied to only 3% of total area treated. Methoprene, Bs, oil and fi lm have contributed insignifi-cantly in terms of total acreage. For the first t ime in 50 years, a new active ingredient, spinosad, was reg i s te red and used fo r larval control in Florida during 2009; a total of 957 acres was treated with spinosad in FY10.

DISCUSSION

Historically speaking, mosquito control has played a prominent role in shaping the State of Flor-ida. Chemical control, as one key IMM strategy component, must combine with others such as source reduction, biological cont ro l , and pub l i c educa -tion to accomplish long-term, sustainable and envi ronmen-tal ly sound mosquito contro l.

Figure 10: Acres treated by ground application of individual larvicides for the control of mosquitoes in Florida during the reporting period FY01 - FY10.

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FY01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10


Yongxing (Peter) Jiang Environmental Specialist III

[email protected]

850-617-7929

Angela Weeks-Samanie Environmental Specialist IIIAngela.WeeksSamanie@

freshfromflorida.com850-617-7995

Joe Claborn Environmental Specialist

Michael J PageBureau Chief

[email protected]

850-617-7997

Mosquito Control SectionBureau of Entomology

and Pest ControlFlorida Department of

Agriculture andConsumer Services

3125 Conner BoulevardTallahassee, FL 32399

Present ly, chemical control i s facing numerous chal lenges includ ing s ign i f icant gaps in novel control tools/chemicals, re-emerging and introduction o f new mosqu i to -bo rne d i s -eases, growing environmental concerns, and new government regulations. A perfect example is the new requirement imposed by the US Environmental Protec-t ion Agency (EPA) to obtain a Nat ional Po l lu tant D i scharge E l i m i n a t i o n S y s te m (N PD ES ) permit for mosquito control pes-t icides d ischarged to or over waters of the US. In addit ion, there is potential for mosquito control programs to lose two of the more important adulticides, malathion and resmethrin. The EPA is planning to revoke cer-tain tolerances for malathion, wh ich i s used in many MCDs throughout the country as both a f ront l ine adul t ic ide and as an integral component of resis-tance management programs. The action to eliminate use will severely compromise vector-borne disease contro l ef for ts with respect to mosquito control in addition to resistance man-agement. In 2010, EPA issued a notice of receipt of requests by registrants (including Bayer, which manufactures Scourge) to voluntarily cancel all remaining registrat ions of products con-taining the pesticide resmethrin due to the high cost of re-reg-i s t ra t ion. The reques ts wou ld terminate resmethrin products registered for use as a wide area mosquito abatement adulticide in the United States.

The recent outbreak of dengue fever in the Florida Keys provides more challenges for mosquito co n t ro l . D e n g u e h a d b e e n eradicated from Florida s ince the 1940s, but re-emerged in Key West in 2009. Despite these chal lenges, Flor ida ’s compl i -c a t e d e co s y s t e m p rov i d e s

countless habitats conducive to producing large populations of nuisance and disease-vectoring mosquitoes. Therefore, chemi-cal mosquito control will remain essent ia l for the prosper i t y of Florida for a long time.

Several impor tant changes in mosqu i to cont ro l operat ions have been noted dur ing th i s period: (1) pyrethroids have re-placed OPs as the adulticide of choice and permethrin became the single most used adulticide for ground adult mosquito con-trol; (2) fenthion was eliminated from the mosquito control ar-senal, but etofenprox, the fi rst new chemistry in decades, was added; (3) FDACS relaxation of the permethr in label prohib i -t ion of aer ial appl icat ion has increased its use in Florida; (4) an effort has been made to in-crease larviciding in most MCDs, particularly aerial applications; (5) a new mosquito larvicide, spi-nosad, was recently registered and used. These changes have brought about both challenges a n d g re a t s t r i d e s fo r f u t u re chemica l cont ro l i n F lo r ida. For example, ground applica-t ion of adul t icides has re l ied almost exclus ively on perme-thrin. Over-dependency on this product could eventually lead to resistance despite absence of documented repor ts f rom Flor ida. Etofenprox, a l though considered a new active ingre-dient for adult mosquito control, shares a similar mode of action with pyrethroids. Therefore, there is a potential that an increase i n app l ica t ion f requency o f etofenprox may result in cross-resistance between permethrin and etofenprox. In add i t ion, FDACS policy changes allowing for conditional approval of aerial application of permethrin have already resulted in increasing its use, consequently putting more pressure on the development of

resistance to permethrin. Thus, regular monitoring for insecticide resistance is a critical part of an IMM program and can provide early warning so that corrective measures can be taken. Use of alternative classes of active in-gredient, and increased larval contro l, combined with other cont ro l techn iques, such as source reduction and rotation of chemical classes, wil l result in sustainable maintenance of successful mosquito control in Florida.

We thank Dr Davis Daiker, Envi-ronmental Administrator, Bureau of Pes t ic ides, FDACS, fo r h i s review of this paper.


ANASTASIA MOSQUITOCONTROL DISTRICT500 Old Beach Road

St Augustine, FL 32080

MARCH 27 - 29, 2012

T h e 9 t h A n n u a l A r b o v i r u s S u r v e i l l a n c e a n d M o s q u i t o Control Workshop will be held at the Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St Johns County, at t h e A M C D m a i n o f f i c e i n S t Augustine, FL, from March 27 to March 29, 2012.

For more information, please contact Jessica Phillips at 904-4 7 1 - 3 1 0 7 o r v i s i t t h e A M C D website at www.amcdsjc.org.

MICHIGAN MOSQUITOCONTROL ASSOCIATION

PO Box 366Bay City, MI 48707

FEBRUARY 1 - 2, 2012

The Michigan Mosquito Control Association will be hosting its 26th Annual Meeting in 2012.

The meeting will be held at the Thomas Edison Inn, located at 500 Thomas Edison Parkway, Port Huron, MI 48060.

For more information, please contact Planning Chairman Pat Hallahan at [email protected] or visit the MMCA website at www.mimosq.org.

PASCO COUNTY MOSQUITO CONTROL DISTRICTPOSITION OPENING: OPERATIONS SUPERVISOR

Application Process: Interested individuals should submit a cover letter and a current resume that includes three verifiable references.

Please direct all correspondence to: Pasco County Mosquito Control District, Attn: Dennis Moore, Director, 2308 Marathon Rd, Odessa, FL 33556. Or electronically: [email protected]

Starting Salary: $55,000Closing Date: March 6, 2012 • Anticipated Start Date: April 2, 2012

Minimum Re quirement s: BS in the B io lo gic al S c iences /Entomology is highly preferred, plus 3 years of experience in a mosquito control program or related field. Must be legally permitted to work in the United States. Must obtain a Florida drivers License and a Public Health Pest Control License issued by the state of Florida within 3 months of employment.

Nature of Work: Employee supervises and coordinates the adult surveillance and ground/aerial adulticiding programs and is responsible for monitoring the larval inspection findings with the adult surveillance results. Duties include oversight of all field staff and direct supervision of any employees while on adulticiding assignments. Technical direction is provided by the Director, but the employee is expected to exercise considerable independent judgment and to accomplish all work with minimal supervision.

Job Description: The position entails very specialized work involving all phases of mosquito control operations with super-visory responsibilities. The operations supervisor will:

• Help to coordinate evaluation of pesticides and calibration of application equipment.

• Manage personnel operating ground adulticiding equipment.

• Plan field operations involving the ground and aerial adulticid-ing program. Assigns the areas to be treated, schedules and maps the ground/aerial missions, monitor weather conditions and adjust missions as needed.

• Check the application equipment for compliance with the reg-istered labels.

• Manage the adult surveillance program, including ID work and data entry as needed.

• Handle most of the service requests which are beyond the scope of the receptionist.

• Record and maintain records of the monthly inventory of all pesticides and vehicle usage.

• Manage the sentinel virus surveillance program, including the weekly bleeding of sentinel chickens.

• Initiate or participate in mosquito related research projects.

Experience desired in the use of office software such as Excel, Word, Power Point, and GIS software such as MapInfo or ArcGIS, as well as the ability to prepare reports, graphs, charts, or other visual data.


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New Product AnnouncementFROMMER UPDRAFT GRAVID TRAP

This new trap (Model 1719) has a collection chamber below the aspirator andrainshield so that the specimens do not go through the fan. Trap is supplied withtwo collection chambers and black media pan. See web for additional details.

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From Where I Sit: Notes from the AMCATechnical Advisor by Joe Conlon

By the t ime you read this, the Nat ional Po l lu tant D i scharge E l i m i n a t i o n P e r m i t S y s t e m (NPDES) general permit will have taken effect and mosquito con-trol agencies wi l l have begun to feel its effects. I have sworn (a t leas t fo r the t ime be ing) to fo rego fu r the r comment, as i t ’s been a painful process and has involved some of the worst aspects of regulatory and judicia l over reach. The pet t y politics, partisan intransigence,

d is ingenuous demagoguer y, and complete disregard for the citizenry by some parties have been truly sickening to observe. To be sure the present battle to f ix the process has been lost, despite the herculean efforts by Dave Brown and myriad others. But we must now reformulate strategies, remobilize resources and p repare to w in the wa r. ‘Nuff said.

I’ll admit that the day the NPDES

went in to effect was a particu-larly sad one for me because o f the eno rmous amount o f energy expended in our fut i le attempt to stave off this shining example of superfluous regula-tion. Yet, as luck would have it, November 1st was made even worse by the following e-mail I received (copied verbatim), for it demonstrates the mindset of the forces arrayed against us that brought about the Clean Water Act (CWA) debacle:

Are you aware that the use of the Vector Mosquito Control products is the cause of bumble-bee deaths here in North Carolina? Due to the current crisis of Colony Collapse Disorder, we as a society cannot afford to poison our bees any further. Though my county sprayed mosquitocide at least one a month I was constantly bothered by the pests, bitten hundreds of times throughout the summer. Clearly, the products are not effective in their intended use but are effective in the slaughter of other insects. This is unnacceptable and immoral. I ask you, as the leading informational site on mosquitocide, to include scientif ic sur-veys and articles on the damage done to other insects that may be important to our food sources, to the environment. I could find no such information on your webpage thus far.

Sincerely,

concerned citizen of the US and of this planet


Dear Concerned Citizen,

I share your concern about the potential devastating effects of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). In fact I ’m a member of an EPA advisory committee that has investigated this phenomenon along with several scientific advisory groups consisting of the world’s preeminent experts on the subject. In all published peer-reviewed studies involving CCD to date, pesticides have been mentioned as, at most, a secondary or tertiary contributor to CCD. Be advised, though, that the insecticides of which they speak are those used to control Varroa mites and other colony invad-ers. Public health pesticides used in mosquito control have never been implicated in CCD and there are a number of reasons for this. First, the mosquitocide label (a legal document) prohibits their use when bees are active. This necessitates the district alerting beekeepers of upcoming sprays to allow the beekeepers to either move their hives or cover them. Secondly, sprays are conducted in the evening when bees are no longer foraging and back in the hive. Thus, they are not contacted by the mosquito sprays. Third, the extremely small droplet aerosols utilized in adult mosquito control are designed to impact primarily on adult mosquitoes that are on the wing at the time of the application. Degradation of these small droplets is rapid, leaving little or no residue in the target area at ground level. These special considerations are major factors that favor the use of very low application rates for these products, generally less then 4 grams active ingredient per acre, and are instrumental in minimizing adverse impacts.

This mitigation of environmental damage did not come about in a regulatory vacuum. Since its inception, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulated mosquito control through enforcement of standards instituted by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. This legislation mandated documentation of extensive testing for public health insecticides according to EPA guidelines prior to their registration and use. These data requirements are among the most stringent in the federal government and are met through research by estab-lished scientists in federal, state and private institutions. This process costs a registrant several million dollars per product, but ensures that the public health insecticides available for mosquito control do not represent health or environmental risks when used as directed. Indeed, the five or six adulticides currently available are the selected survivors of literally hundreds of products developed for these uses over the years. The dosages at which these products are legally dis-pensed are at least 100-fold and usually 1000-fold less than the point at which public health and environmental safety merit consideration. In point of fact, literature posted on the websites of the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Association of Pesticide Safety Educators and National Pesticide Telecommunications Network emphasizes that proper use of mosquitocides by established mosquito control agencies does not put the general public or the environment at unreasonable risk from runoff, leaching or drift when used according to label specifications.

For the federal government’s position on risks associated with mosquito control insecticides, visit http://www.epa.gov/pesticides.

Highest regards,

Joseph ConlonTechnical Advisor, American Mosquito Control Association

I w o u l d h a v e t h o u g h t t h a t th i s wou ld have at leas t en -g e n d e re d s o m e d e g re e o f

satisfaction on the par t of the pet i t ione r that he r concerns had been profess iona l l y ad-

d res sed, but lo, I was ove r l y optimistic. I received the follow-ing reply a few days later:

As you can imagine, I take great except ion to ou r p ro fes s i on being deemed both immoral

and incompetent. Never the-les s , i n an a t tempt to fos te r comity and promote educated

dialogue on the subject, I took a deep breath and penned the following response:


Lois

Joseph M ConlonAMCA Technical Advisor

[email protected] Millbrook Court

Fleming Island, FL 32003904-215-3008

You did in fact ignore one of the key statements I made; that the mosquitocide is not effec-tive, there are still millions of mosquitoes and trying to kill them off with insecticide is about as effective as trying to pick every tick out of every tree, it is impossible and I would rather not risk ANY poison no matter how safe the EPA may claim it to be. If it is meant to kill something its poison, there is no way around that fact. You cite the EPA like that or-ganization should hold weight with me, like their position holds some kind of respect and authority. I do not trust the EPA as I know that currently the EPA employees, BP officials and Monsanto officials, which is an obvious conflict of interest. The EPA’s minimal “protec-tion” of the environment has allowed for clear-cutting, the dumping of waste in the ocean and an “acceptable” amount of Mercury in our fish. I have no faith in the EPA’s standards.

More importantly, you claimed that the bees are no longer foraging in the evening and have returned to the hive. This statement is completely untrue as any quick research will tell you, the male bumblebees (like the ones that died at my house) do not return to the hive they actually stay in nearby brush, hiding in f lowers and under leaves through the night. Not to mention that when they “hibernate” at night they reduce their body temperature to the point of paralysis practically, it is only when they can increase their body temperature (by shivering) to 30 degrees Celsius that they can move again and f ly away. That means that the male bees that are out in the brush by the road where the spray is performed have to sit covered in this chemical until morning. I filmed the bees myself wiping furiously at their bodies, attempting to get some sort of residue off of them, they died very slowly and very painfully, twitching and appearing intoxicated for over 24 hrs.

I realize you probably think I’m just some ignorant American who saw some National Geo-graphic show about the vanishing of the bees, but I have been working in conservation my entire life and have had personal, first-hand experiences with the degradation these pesticides cause. I have participated in both the field and the lab in the scientific studies of the effects. All I am asking of your website is to include scientific articles and studies concerning the effects of pesticides so that everyday ignorant Americans actually have a choice. It is completely immoral and unfair that these taxpayers didn’t even have a choice in whether they paid for this service or not. This service is inflicted on the people and they don't even know it. I guess it is good business for the companies producing these poisons. - concerned citizen

Wel l. What a way to s ta r t the day! This is one of the more diffi-cult of my duties with the AMCA, for i t ’s wel l n igh imposs ible to carry on a reasoned discourse with critics with such limited sci-entific background. I decided to forego answering her latest diatribe.

So why do I even bring this up in light of the other pressing issues confronting our profession? I do so because the perspective of this “concerned citizen” is shared by a great many individuals who actively distort pesticide-related information and pursue political and legal avenues to ratify their ideological extremism. I meet

them ever y day on the te le -phone or via e-mail. Distortions of this type are abundant on the In-ternet, making these challenges very difficult to counteract. This is why it is so extremely important for the AMCA membership to remain fully engaged, where and when allowed, with our elected legislators. I can guarantee that “concerned citizen” would have no compunction about regaling her congressional representatives with the ill-informed perspective that she exhibited in her missives to me, for, although frequently in error – she’s never in doubt. We would do well to use this ex-ample as impetus for becoming more active in both educating

our citizenry and the legislators they elect – or be prepared to have our professional lives and the health of our const i tuents dictated by voting blocks of such “concerned citizens.”

Lois

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