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EDGEWOOD ARSENALTECHNICAL REPORT
EATR 4431
ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY.
PART 1: OSTEOLOGY
by
Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.
Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT, VC
Gary L. Leppart
September 1970
DD C
produced by the IC 117CLEARINGHOUSE
for fedoral Scientific & TechnicalInformation Springfield Va, 22151
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYEDGEWOOD ARSENAL
Research LaboratoriesBiophysics Laboratory
Edgewood Armenal, Maryland 21010
CFSTI WHITE sEeCIOl
POe IUff SECTIOI 1j
UNANOUNCED 0JUSTIFICATION .
. ...... ,,,..,... ,,.. ........ .
DaTftiSlIOR/AALAIMY cdMI
OiST. AYAIL. ad/r IPEC41L
jDistribution Statement
This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution isunlimited.
Disclaimer
The findings in this report are not to be construed a! an official Department of theArmy position unless so designated by other authorized documents.
Disposition
Destroy this report when no longer needed. Do not returrm it to the originator.
EDGEWOOD ARSENAL TECHNICAL REPORT
EATR 4431
ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I: OSTEOLOGY
by
Clarence E.. Hopkins, Sr.Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT,;VC
Gary .L. Leppart
Biomedical Department
September i970
This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.
Project 1T0621 10A027
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYEDGEWOOD ARSENAL
Research LaboratoriesBiophysics Laboratory
Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland 21010
FOREWORD
The work described in this report was authorized under Project 1T0621 10A027,Wound Ballistics (U). This work was started in September 1968 and completed in March 1970.
In conducting the research described in this report, the investigators adhered to the"Guide for Laboratory Animal Facilities and Care," as promulgated by the Committee on theGuide for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences-National ResearchCouncil.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of William J. Kelly, John J.Holter, Bernard Meyers, Joseph B. Scott, and Garnet E. Affleck, Jr., in performing thephotographic procedures.
2
DIGEST
The purpose of this investigation was to establish a reference source for the anatomlyof the angora goat (Capra hircus). This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletal anatomyof this animal.
3
CONTENTS
PageI. INTRO, ,TION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................... 7iii. SKELETAL ANATOMY .............................. 8
SELECTED REFERENCES ................... ......... 55APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
DISTRIBUTION LIST ........ .......................... 61
Figure LIST OF FIGURES
I Articulated Skeleton, Lateral Aspect ............................. 82 Skull, Dorsal Aspect ...................................... 93 Skull, Dorsolateral Aspect ................................... 104 Skull, Left Lateral Aspect .................................. 115 Skull, Caudal Aspect ..................................... 126 Skull, Veptral Aspect ..................................... 137 Mandible, Dorsal Aspect ................................... 148 Right Mandible, Lateral Aspect ................................ 159 Right Mandible, Medial Aspect ................................ 16
10 Bones of the Middle Ear (11 X) ............................... 17I1 Hyoid Bones ...... .................................... 1812 Third Cervical, Axis, and Atlas Vertebrae, Dorsal Aspect ................ 1913 Third Cervical, Axis, and Atlas Vertebrae, Ventral Aspect ............... 2014 Axis Vertebra, Right Lateral Aspect ............................ 2115 Axis Vertebra, Caudal Aspect ................................ 2216 Third Cervical Vertebra, Right Lateral Aspect ...................... 2317 Ribs and Sternum, Right Lateral Aspect .......................... 2418 Second and Eighth Thoracic Vertebrae, Caudal and Left Lateral Aspects ...... .2519 First Right Rib, Medial and Lateral Aspects ........................ 2620 Sixth Right Rib, Medial and Lateral Aspects ........................ 2721 Sternum, Dorsal Aspect ............................. 2822 Sternum, Ventral Aspect ................................... 2923 Right Scapula, Medial Aspect ................................. 30
24 Right Scapula, Lateral Aspect ................................ 3125 Right Radius and Ulna, Cranial and Lateral Aspects .................. 3226 Right Radius and Ulna, Medial and Caudal Aspects ................... 3327 Right Humerus, Lateral and Cranial Aspects ........................ 34
5 Preceding page blank
LIST OF FIGURES-ContinuedFigure Page
28 Right Humerus, Medial and Caudal Aspects ......................... 3529 Left Pectoral Foot, Cranial Aspect ............................. 3630 Left Pectoral Foot, Caudal Aspect ............................. 3731 Left Pect.ral Foot, Lateral Aspect ............................. 3832 Left Pectoral Foot, Medial Aspect ............................. 39
33 Lumbar Vertebrae, Dorsal Aspect .............................. 4034 Lumbar Vertebrae, Ventral Aspect ............................. 4135 Sixth Lumbar Vertebra, Ventral and Cranial Aspects ................... 4236 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Dorsal Aspect ........... 4337 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Left Lateral Aspect ....... .4438 Pelvis With Sacral and Caudal Vertebrae Attached, Ventral Aspect ......... .4539 Left Femur, Cranial and Lateral Aspects .......................... 4640 Left Femur, Caudal and Medial Aspects .......................... 4741 Left Tibia, Cranial and Caudal Aspects ........................... 48
42 Left Tibia, Lateral and Medial Aspects ........................... 49
43 Left Pelvic Foot, Cranial Aspect ............................... 50
44 Left Pelvic Foot, Caudal Aspect ............................... 5145 Left Pelvic Foot, Lateral Aspect ............................... 5246 Left Pelvic Foot, Medial Aspect ............................... 53
6
ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I: OSTEOLOGY
I. INTRODUCTION.
The angora goat (Capra hircus) has been the main experimental animal used by theBiophysics Laboratory, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, for many yea's. Knowledge of goatanatomy is important during both the planning and experimental stages of projects. Because noreadily usable information on goat anatomy is available, this report has been written to providea reference source for this information. This report, the first in a series, presents the skeletalanatomy of the angora goat. Part II: Serial Cross Sections, which is near completion, presentsserial 1-inch cross sections of the entire goat.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
The goats used in the Biophysics Laboratory are all castrated males, are generally over3 years old, and weigh from 30 to 50 kg. The divisions and average number of the bones of thegoat are shown in the table. The intact skeleton (figure 1) was prepared in the fall of 1954 fromone goat that weighed approximately 50 kg. "he individual bones (figures 2 through 46) wereselected from over 2000 autopsies and are typical of the average angora goat.
Beginning in 1968, these bones (already prepared by the methods described in theappendix) were photographed, drawn, and labeled. The first Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria(NAV)* was published in October 1968, too late to be used for planning this report. Theauthors have reviewed all figures, however, and attempted to bring them into agreement withthe NAV. Future sections of this atlas will be in the correct Latin nomenclature in agreementwith the NAV.
Table. Skeletal Divisions and Average Number
of Bones
Division Number
Axial skeleton:Vertebral columna 42Skullb and hyoids 35Ribs and sternum 27
Appendicular skeleton:Pectoral limbs 26Pelvic limbs 37
Total 167
aThe vertebral formula is C7 T31L6S4CY10 to Cy12.Variation is common except in the cervical regionU12 to T14 , L5 to L6).
bThe permanent dental formula is 2(l " C P M
32. 4 0 3 3
*Noniina Anatomica Veternaria. Department of Anatomy, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, NewYork, 1968.
7
II. SKELETAL ANATOMY.
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SELECTED REFERENCES
1. May, Neil. The Anatomy of the Sheep. 2d Ed. University of Queensland Press,Wilke Company, Australia. 1964.
2. Miller, M. E., Christenson, G. C., and Evans, H.E. Anatomy of the Dog. W. B.Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1964.
3. Sisson, S., and Grossman, J. D. The Anatomy of the-Domestic Animals. 4th-Ed. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Penrisylvania. 1953.
5s Preceding page blank
APPENDIX
PREPARATION OF OSTEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
By Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.
This process is patterned after that used by Dr. M..L. Washburn, who introduced it tothis laboratory. Dr. Washburn organized the osteology section of the Biophysics Laboratory in1954 to piovide autopsy support "'or projects involving the skeletal system.
The essential steps in this process are digestion of soft tissues with alkali andbleaching.
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS.
A. Equipment.
1. Alarge steel tank. For a moderate amount of work with an animal the size of agoat, a 50-gal steel drum is convenient.
2. Hot plate.
3. Wire baskets made with hardware cloth fine enough to prevent passage of smallbones.
4. Thermometer 0' to 100*C.
5. Adjustable thermoswitch 100' to 400°F range, 20 amp at 11 5.volts.
6. Indi.cator light 110 volts.
7. Miscellaneous standard electrical connections.
B. Reagents.
1. Sodium hydroxide pellets.
2. Hydrogen peroxide.
C. Method.
1. Digestion.
Mount the tank so that the hot plate contacts the bottom but does not supportweight. Connect the thermoswitch in series with the hot plate and indicator light; and insert thethermoswitch in the tank near the bottom. Lower the thermometer into the solution with awire.
57 Preceding page blank
,able A. Times-Required for-Digestion
I one Time
"- --- f . hrs
.apula 16..e'us '1,6-20
,o-ur._ 16.20J 18-24
al verlebr 24-30• ~ ~ ~ ~ -i :i e ,-36
'mnbar vartebr, 24-30Iris 24-30
.arpih 36.40oernu: 30-36TiV' 24-30
3648, ,,aa ..... 3648L , -Uc rpJ. 3638PI, , .s (uncleaned) 48.72
Fill the tank with a l%,sodium hydroxide solution and cover. Plug the hot plate andindicator light into the ther, oswitch and~adjust it to maintain the digesting solution at 45°C asindicated-by the thermo,,,cer.
Defleshall bones as much as possible with a knife or scalper blade. Then place themin labeled wire baskets and immerse in ihe heated solution. Watch the bones closely, and every 2to 3 hours remove- them from the solution, rinse with tap water and gently clean with a smallbrush.
a. Time.
The time required varies, and bones-that are left in the solution too long will scale andcrack when dry. Table A gives the approximate times required but should be used only as aguide. The time actually required for best results with any given specimen must be determinedby repeated observation.
b. Temperature.
The temperature of the alkali bath is quite important. A specimen that would requiretreatment for several weeks in a cold 1% sodium hydroxide solution can be processedcompletely in I or 2 days in a warmsolution-of the same-strength. Even a moderate elevation oftemperature (50 or 10*C) above room temperature causes marked acceleration of the process. Avery high temperature, however, is detrimental because the bones are softened before the softtissues have been digested sufficiently. For efficient work and successful-results, a temperaturebetween 450 and 480 C has proved to be very satisfactory.
Appendix 58
c. Solution.
Other factors being equal, the time required for soft-tissue removal decreases- as theconcentration of the alkali is increased. A 1% solution of sodium hydroxide was found to besatisfactory.
d. Quantity of Soft Tissue.
The bones should be cleaned fairly well of soft tissue before digestion if that ispossible without the risk of losing sm: 11 bones, and they should be processed when fresh. Ingeneral; the softer the tissue, the faster the processing. Specimens that have been removed fromthe animal for a long time with dry hard tissues adhering to the bones or embalmed specimensrequire-a longer period of processing than do fresh ones.
2. Bleaching.
olution of hydrogen peroxide serves admirably as a bleach for bones. It has nonoticeable de, orative effect-upon the bones and gives-them a nice snow-white appearance. Asolution of s.,,iuin hypochloride wastried as a-substitute for hydrogen peroxide because it ismuch more economical, but the results were disappointing. The bones had a faint yellowishtinge, and they flaked excessively.
A 28% or 30% solution of hydrogen peroxide also may be used for bleaching withvery good results, but a 3% solution conserves, material and gives equally good results. The.procedure for bleaching is is follows.
a. Transfer the-bones from the wire basket to a suitable container.
b. Cover the bones with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, and place a lidon the-container. (The-identification number of the- b,.ie should be marked on the container.)
c. Allow the bones to bleach until white; 4-to 8 hours should be sufficient forbleaching..
d. Remove the bones from the bleach, rinse them in water, and transfer themto a~table.to-dry. Paper towels under the specimens aid drying.
3. Labeling.
Each individual bone should be labeled for identification as soon as it is bleached anddried. An India-ink label is more durable than a pencil label.
Appendix 59
UNCLASSIFIEDstcurity Clzzsl(l'tlo n
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R A D(Security classification of 1ito, body of aiierc and tndsxln4 nnotat on r ust be eot-,*d when the o~oeMan report to c ltacefed)
. O ,;t,!--,'N, ACTIVITY (Corporate author) ... PO T SECURITY CLASSIIICATION
CO, Edgewood Arsenal UNCLASSIFIED
A'rTN: SMUEA-RB . 2b. GROUP
Edgcwood Arsenal, Maryland 21010 NA4. REPORT TITLE
ATLAS OF GOAT ANATOMY. PART I OSTEOLOGY
4. DEtCRIPTIVE tPOTES (7)40 of repott ^-d inclusive dstui)
This work was started in September 1968 and completed in March 1970S. AUTHORIS) (First name, middle Inttiae, last name)
Clarence E. Hopkins, Sr.; Thomas E. Hamm, Jr., CPT, VC; and Gary L. Leppart
0. REPORT OATE Its. TOTAL. NO. OF PAGES 7b. NO. or RFs
September 1970 67 455. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. fOe. ORIGIHATORG3 REPORT NUMUIERIS)
b. PROJECT NO. 1T062110A02 EATR 4431
c. 2b. OTHER REPORT NUll) (Any oter number# that may be aseiledthlS te~f'ort)
"d.
10. DISTRISUTION STATEMENT
This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is
unlimited.
Il. SU PP..EMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY
13. ABSTRACT
'The purpose of this investigation was to establish a reference source for the
normal anatomy of the angora goat (Capra hircus). This report, the first in aseries, presents the skeletal anatomy of this animal.
14. KEYWA"DSAngora goatCapra hircusSkeletal anatomyBone digestionOsteology
-- POW RISPLACE. .. 1.. 1475. 1 JAN 4 WHIICH isDD,..1473 -OLKT0 FOR ARMY USE. UNCLASSIFIED67 .s' Urtty Clesesfictaon
