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Office of Force TransformationTransformation and Network-Centric Operations:Insights for Sense & Respond Logistics
Mr. John J. GarstkaAsst. Director for Concepts and Operations
Office of Force TransformationOffice of the Secretary of Defense
(703) [email protected]
www.oft.osd.mil
Opening RemarksSense and Respond Logistics Forum
Fort Belvoir, VA21 Sep 06
This Briefing is UNCLASSIFIEDThis Briefing is UNCLASSIFIED
Office of Force Transformation
A Broad and Sustained Competitive Advantage
Transformation …U.S DoD Perspective
Continuing process Creating/anticipating the future Co-evolution of concepts,
processes, organizations and technology
Culture of Innovation New competitive areas /
competencies ; revalued attributes Fundamental shifts in underlying
principles New sources of power Broadened capabilities base
• New technology context
• Broadened threat context
• New strategic context
Office of Force Transformation
Two “Networks”
• Technical “Network”– Infrastructure for moving information– Focuses on the “M” of dotMlpf
• Social “Network”– Built on trust and habitual interaction– Facilitates information sharing and collaboration– Is a function of the “DOT” and “LPF” of DOTmLPF
Office of Force Transformation
Relevancy of Networked Forces
Major Combat Operations
Stability Operations Homeland Defense
Integrated Operations/Military Support to Crisis
Office of Force Transformation
Perspectives on Networked Forces
Capstone Conceptfor
Joint Operations
National Military Strategy
Joint Operating Concepts
Joint Functional Concepts
Joint Integrating Concepts
National Defense Strategy
Office of Force Transformation
March 2005
Network Centric Operations:An Element of National Defense Strategy
Office of Force Transformation
Page 14
Network Centric Operations: An Element of National Defense Strategy
Office of Force Transformation
2004
Networked Force:Described in the National Military Strategy
The National Military Strategy
of the
United States of America
Office of Force Transformation
National Military Strategy: Desired Attributes of the Joint Force
• Fully Integrated– Functions and capabilities focused toward a unified purpose
• Expeditionary– Rapidly deployable, employable, and sustainable throughout the global
battlespace• Networked
– Linked and synchronized in time and purpose• Decentralized
– Integrated capabilities operating in a joint matter at lower echelons• Adaptable
– Prepared to quickly respond with the appropriate capabilities mix• Decision Superiority
– Better informed decisions implemented faster than an adversary• Lethality
– Destroy an adversary and/or is systems in all conditions
Source: National Military Strategy of the United States of America – 2004
Office of Force Transformation
August 2005
Networked Force:Described in Capstone Concept for Joint Operations
Capstone Concept for
Joint Operations
Office of Force Transformation
Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Characteristics of the Future Joint Force (1 of 2)
• Knowledge Empowered: – Emphasizes better decisions made faster through all levels of command
• Networked:– All joint force elements will be connected and synchronized in time and
purpose to facilitate integrated and interdependent operations across the global battlespace
• Interoperable:– The future joint force will able to share and exchange knowledge and services
between units and commands at all levels
• Expeditionary:– An expeditionary joint force is organized, postured capable of rapid and
simultaneous deployment, employment, and sustainment.• Adaptable/Tailorable:
– An adaptable/tailorable force is versatile in handling disparate missions with equal success; scalable in applying appropriate mass and weight of effort; agile in shifting between types of missions without loss of momentum; responsive to changing conditions and environments; and whose leaders are intellectually empowered by a background of experience and education.
Source: United States Armed Forces – Capstone Concept for Joint Operations – Aug 05
Office of Force Transformation
Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Characteristics of the Future Joint Force (2 of 2)
• Enduring/Persistent: – A combination of mental will and physical staying power that enables a joint
force to sustain staying power while breaking the adversaries.
• Precise:– The ability to act directly upon key elements and processes to enable
commanders to shape situation or battlespace in order to generate the desired effects while minimizing unintended effects and contributing to the most effective use of resources.
• Fast:– Key to effectively controlling tempo is the ability to be faster than the
adversary or situational events. The speed at which forces maneuver and engage, or decisions are made or relief is provided, will largely determine operational successes or failure.
• Agile:– An agile joint force has the ability to move quickly and seamlessly to diffuse
(or help to diffuse) a crisis situation or effectively operate inside the decision loop of even the most capable adversary.
• Lethal:– This is the ability to destroy an adversary and/or his systems in all conditions
and environment when required.
Source: United States Armed Forces – Capstone Concept for Joint Operations – Aug 05
Office of Force Transformation
How a Networked Force Operates:Network Centric Warfare
Creates an Information Advantage Information Advantage and translates it into a decisive Warfighting Warfighting Advantage Advantage
Information Advantage - Information Advantage - enabled by the robust networking of well informedwell informed geographically dispersed forces
Characterized by:
- Information sharing- Information sharing - Shared situational awareness- Shared situational awareness - Knowledge of commander’s intent- Knowledge of commander’s intent
Warfighting Advantage - Warfighting Advantage - exploits behavioral change and new doctrine to enable:
- - Self-synchronization - - Speed of command - - Increased combat power
Exploits Exploits Order of MagnitudeOrder of Magnitude Improvement in Information Sharing Improvement in Information Sharing
Office of Force Transformation
• Characteristics of New Sources of Competitive Advantage– Order of magnitude change in a key dimension of warfare– Emergence of “New Warfighting Elite” – Displacement of “Existing Elite”
• Land Warfare: Sustained Rate of Fire– Rifle (1.8 x 101 rounds per minute)– Machine Gun (6 x 102 rounds per minute)
• Land Warfare: Sustained Speed Maneuver– Cavalry + Infantry– Mechanized Armor + Infantry + Air Power + Radio
• Warfare at Sea: Range of Engagement– Battleship: 1.8 x 101 miles– Carrier Aviation: 1.8 x 102 miles
• Air Warfare: Range of Engagement– Artillery: .7 x 101 miles (Standard Artillery) to 7 x 101 miles (70 Miles - Long Range German Artillery in WWI )– Long Range Bomber: 8.5 x 102 miles (Combat Radius for B-17) to 18 x 102 miles ( Combat Radius for B-29)
Order of Magnitude Change …Historical Insights
Office of Force Transformation
Shared Situational• Understanding• Awareness• Assessment
Domains of Warfare
Situational• Understanding• Awareness• Assessment
InformationDomain
CognitiveDomain
Physical Domain
LeadershipUnit CohesionMorale
StrikeManeuverProtectSupport
SocialDomain
Mind of the Warfighter
Where Information is Created , Shared …..
Office of Force Transformation
Information-Age Warfare …Sources of Advantage
Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain
Cycle
Conveyed Commander’s Intent
Physical Domain Force Advantage
Position Advantage
Information Domain
Cognitive DomainCognitive Advantage
Precision Force
Compressed Operations
Shared Awareness
Speed and Access
NetworkCentric
Operations
Social DomainCultural Awareness
Information Advantage
Office of Force Transformation
• A Robustly Networked Force Improves Information Sharing• Information Sharing And Collaboration Enhances the Quality of Information and Shared Situational
Awareness• Shared Situational Awareness Enables Collaboration and Self Synchronization and Enhances Sustainability
and Speed of Command• These in Turn Dramatically Increase Mission Effectiveness
Tenets of NCW: A Hypothesis Regarding Sources of Power
Physical Domain
Cognitive + Social Domains
Information Domain
Robustly Networked
Force
Information Sharing
Collaboration
Shared Situational Awareness
Quality of Information
Mission Effectiveness
Self Synchronization
New Processes
Tenets of Network Centric Operations …The New Value Chain – High Level
Office of Force Transformation
Collaboration
“Networked” Force
Mission Effectiveness
Shared Situational Awareness
Quality of Information
Information Domain
Cognitive & Social Domains
Physical Domain
Information Sharing
Common“Picture”
DecisionMaking
SelfSynchronization
Individual Situational Awareness
The NCO Value Chain …Expanded
Office of Force Transformation
A Tactical Picture
II
OOO
MAIN EFFORT • Follow and Attack to seize OBJ Blaze
CAV SQDN (RSTA)• Route Recon• Recon OBJ Blaze
II
OOO
II
OOO
SUPPORTING EFFORT• Attack to clear enemy forces in disruption zone• Isolate the OBJ Blaze
Office of Force Transformation
What Matters?
• Common “Picture”– Enables increased individual situational awareness
Higher level of awareness achieved faster
– Enables increased shared situational awareness
– Can be enabled by collaboration and information sharing via chat
• Increased Situational Awareness (Individual + Shared)– Contributes to increased speed of command
– Accelerates tactical actions (fires, maneuver, support)
Collaboration
Shared Situational Awareness
Quality of Information
Information Sharing
Common“Picture”
DecisionMaking
SelfSynchronization
Individual Situational Awareness
Mission Effectiveness
“Networked” Force
Office of Force Transformation
• Focus on behavior of networked military organizations– Examine exercises, combat operations, and peace keeping operations– Explore how US forces, US led coalition forces, NATO forces, and US allies
operate with varying degrees of networking capabilities– Employ a conceptual framework and a rigorous data collection and analysis
methodology– Provide insights into how organizations transform to enable network-centric
operations
• Quantify the operational impact of networking– Quantify Mission Effectiveness of Networked Forces
Increases for high intensity conflict range from 1.5 x to 10 x
– Demonstrate the value of connecting “less than perfect networks” Benefit of 10x to 100x improvement in information position
– Identify what really matters to the warfighter Improvement of situational awareness for commanders and their forces
Network Centric Operations Case Studies
Office of Force Transformation
SARS: Singapore
Military Support to Crisis
Stability Operations
Major Combat Operations
NCO in SASO UK Low Intensity Conflict
Complete – Available OnlineComplete – Under Peer ReviewOn-GoingPlanned
Complete – Available OnlineComplete – Under Peer ReviewOn-GoingPlanned
Stryker BCT (OIF)
NATO Task Force Fox
Joint Urban Operations
Military Support to Crisis: Netherlands
Networked Forces: NCO Case Studies Provide Evidence Base for
Increased Operational Effectiveness
NRF Assessment – NRF 5:Earthquake ReliefHurricane KatrinaResponse
Coalition Maritime Ops (OIF)
TF-50 (OEF) NSWG I (OEF/OIF)
Stryker BCT (JRTC) V Corps/3 ID (OIF)
Air-to-Air (JTIDS)
Air-to-Ground(DCX-I /OEF/OIF)
Air-to-Ground w/ SOF (OIF)
NATO Response Force (NRF)Assessment – NRF 4
US/UK Coalition (OIF)NATO ACE Mobile Force Land
Office of Force Transformation
Current Case Study Partners
• UK MoD– US/UK Coalition Ops during OIF Major Combat Ops (MCO)– Low Intensity Operations
• Singapore MoD– Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
• Netherlands Armed Forces– Military Support to Crisis Operations
• Allied Command Transformation– NATO Response Force Assessment
• OSD(HD)– SARS
• HQ USAF/A8XC + SAF/XCIE– Western Iraq during OIF MCO– Network Enabled Air-to-Ground Ops
• Army War College– V Corps/3rd ID during OIF MCO
Office of Force Transformation
Transformation Process: Future Vision
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Vision ofFuture Capability
“Business Case”
Office of Force Transformation
Transformation Process:Key Elements of Capability
TechnologyCommunications/Networking
Voice + Data + Video
Computing
Storage
Software Applications
Security / Information Assurance
Organization
Organizational Structure
Organizational Relationships
Organizational Incentives
Organizational Behavior
People
Leadership
Learning: Training, Rehearsal
Learning: Education
Individual Incentives
Personnel Management
Process
Doctrine
Mission
Tactics, Techniques, Procedures
Rehearsal
Lessons Learned
Office of Force Transformation
Process Innovation
Transformation Process - What Often Happens: Technology Leads
People Innovation
Organizational Innovation
Technology InnovationTechnology
Process
Organization
People
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Evolving Capability
Office of Force Transformation
Process Innovation
Transformation Process - Realizing the Benefits: Technology + Process Innovation
People Innovation
Organizational Innovation
Technology InnovationTechnology
Process
Organization
People
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Evolving Capability
Office of Force Transformation
Process Innovation
Transformation Process - Realizing the Benefits:Technology + Organization + Process + People Innovation
People Innovation
Organizational Innovation
Technology InnovationTechnology
Process
Organization
People
Technology
Process
Organization
People
Initial Capability
Evolving Capability
Office of Force Transformation
Transformation Challenge:Overcoming Impediments to Innovation
InformationDomain
Cognitive &
SocialDomains
Physical Domain
Organizational Innovation
Individual BehaviorOrganizational BehaviorOrganizational Values
Organizational Incentives Organizational Structure
Organizational Processes
Increasing Level of Difficulty for Change
TechnologyInnovation
ProcessInnovation
Platform “Technologies”Information “Technologies”
“New Concepts”
Vision and Leadership are key to overcoming Impediments to Innovation
PeopleInnovation
Office of Force Transformation
Conclusions
• Networking can have a significant positive impact on the operational effectiveness and efficiency of networked organizations across the spectrum of operations.
• Transformation requires co-evolution of people, process, organization, and technology.
Office of Force Transformation
Getting the Theory Right: Understanding the Potential Impact of
Technology on Organizational Effectiveness
TechnologyProcess(Mission)
Organization
People
ProcessPerformanceInformation
Office of Force Transformation
Tenets of Network Centric Operations
TechnologyProcess(Mission)
Organization
People
RobustlyNetworked
Force
CollaborationSelf-SynchronizationSpeed of Command
Situational Awareness
ProcessPerformanceInformation
Information SharingQuality of Information Increased
MissionEffectiveness
• A robustly networked force improves information sharing• Information sharing and collaboration enhances the quality of information and
shared situational awareness• Shared situational awareness enables collaboration and self synchronization, and
enhances sustainability and speed of command• These in turn dramatically increase mission effectiveness