DNV GL © SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL ©

OFFSHORE LNG

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A Technical Safety Perspective

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SYNOPSIS

The presentation will outline potential safety issues with floating FSRU and FLNG

installations, and how they are addressed in current DNVGL rules and best

practices

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DEFINITIONS

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Offshore LNG

In this presentation, ‘Offshore LNG’ covers Floating Storage and Regasification

Units (FSRU) and Floating Natural Gas Liquefaction Units (FLNG or LNG FPSO)

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Petronas PFLNG-1 – in production 4/2017

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Technical Risk

In this presentation, ‘Technical Risk’ covers operational hazards which can be

addressed by proper design of the unit and its systems

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FSRU BW Singapore

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Technical Risk – the Starting Points

CONVERSIONS

LNG Carrier

All types of tanks

Significant space constraint

Conversions are always compromises

Age of LNGC is not automatically a factor – less surprises

NEWBUILDINGS

Tanks which allow a flat top

Less space constraint

From-the-beginning-design

More common for FLNG than FSRU

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THE RISK PICTURE

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The Risk Picture

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Human Impact

Asset Impact

Environmental Impact +

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The Risk Picture

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Mechanical Damage

Fire and Explosion Damage

Cryogenic Damage

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The Risk Picture

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NG and LNG Transfer

Integrity

LNG Storage Integrity

Platform Integrity

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PLATFORM INTEGRITY

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Platform Integrity

1. Navigational Hazards

Collision between LNG Carrier and Offshore LNG Unit or between LNG Carrier and

Jetty

Collision of either with other traffic

Grounding.

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Platform Integrity

2. Mooring Hazards

Two vessels connected not only one – complicated hydrodynamics

Where is overall coordinated mooring and mooring release control? The Offshore

LNG Unit or LNGC?

Fairly complex control and communication system with several interfaces

Lots of data; metocean, line loads, GPS, separation detection, ESD…

‘Smart’ system required.

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Remora Trelleborg

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Platform Integrity

2. Loss of Gas Containment Related Hazards

Cryogenic release causing fracture of hull or

other important components

Explosion causing fracture of hull or other

important components

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Platform Integrity

3. Hull Degradation

Hull girder fatigue due to sea conditions and fixed orientation vs predominant

wave patterns

Hull corrosion due to limited maintenance (minimised shut downs and challenging

logistics) and no dry docking

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NG AND LNG TRANSFER INTEGRITY

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NG and LNG Transfer Integrity

Spillage or leakage due to hose, coupling or piping failure or operational error

– Cryogenic hazards

– High pressure (NG import/export)

– Evaporation and ignition

Venting/Flaring

– Heat Flux

Process failures

24/7 automatic software-dependent operation

SIMOPS.

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NG and LNG Transfer Integrity

Ship-to-ship transfer, especially in unsheltered

offshore locations, is sensitive to sea induced

motion or sudden large displacement, such as

caused by mooring failure

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LNG STORAGE INTEGRITY

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LNG Storage Integrity

Tank sloshing due to sea conditions and partial filling, causing dynamic pressure

peaks within the tanks, which may damage internals or rupture membranes.

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DNV GL OFFSHORE LNG RULES & STANDARDS

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

This section will describe the relevant DNV GL Offshore Rules and Standards and

give some examples of how they address the risks outlined in the preceding

sections

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OFFSHORE STANDARDS

DNVGL-OS

DNVGL Rule System

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High level,

classification process,

referring to OS or

even Ship Rules

OS contain technical

requirements which are

possible to use outside a

classification context

RULES

DNVGL-RU

DNVGL-RU-OU-0103

Floating LNG

DNVGL-OS-A101

Safety Principles & Arr’ts

DNVGL-OS-E201

Oil & Gas Processing

DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

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FIXED

REQUIREMENTS

’PRESCRIPTIVE’

VARIABLE

REQUIREMENTS

’SAFETY

ASSESSMENT’

Challenging

Requires a process

Project Specific

Cook Book

Generic and therefore

well understood

Experience based

Enables new solutions

More confidence in

end performance

Generally acceptable safety

for standard applications

‘Sedative’

Predictable

Negotiable with some effort

Typical Rule Make-Up

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

FSRU The Offshore Way

OI notation possible, with limitations to class scope

Field specific design possible

REGAS same as ships.

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Off shore

LNG carrier

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

FLNG

OI notation possible, with limitations to class scope

Field specific design possible

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Off shore

LNG carrier

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

The Bow Tie Analysis

Barrier Management as approach

Addresses both prevention (technical and procedural barriers) and recovery

(mitigation and prevention of escalation)

Uses the hazard identification results as input

Conventional hazards and technical barriers are covered by the class rules

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

Navigation Hazards

Side impact protection

Exclusion zone (operational measure)

POSMOOR class notation; site specific mooring analysis, system component

certification.

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

NG/LNG Handling Hazards

No-spill QCDC couplings

Emergency release System (ERS)

Protection against brittle fracture of primary structure

Extended Hazardous Areas and protection against ignition of gas

Fire and gas detection and protection of ventilation inlets to accommodation

Process Shut-Down (PSD) and Emergency Shut Down (ESD)

Process Blow Down

Protection against heat flux from flaring

SIL-2 requirement on control systems, optional software systems assurance

SIMOPS procedures.

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Comprehensive requirements

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

Hull and Tank Containment Integrity Hazards

Site specific fatigue analysis

Sloshing analysis and tank configurations designed for sloshing limitation

Corrosion prevention and mitigation (DNVGL RP exist).

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

Mooring Hazards – monitoring and control

Philosophy, data acquisition and system integrity

ERS for one or two vessels

POSMOOR class notation for offshore locations.

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Rules and Standards

Environmental Hazards – spillage and ambient sea cooling

Structural requirements to different types of tanks

Transfer systems technology qualification and certification

Vessel separation detection system

Closed loop evaporation options.

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DNV GL OFFSHORE LNG CAPABILITIES

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This section will briefly trace DNV GL history in marine LNG and describe its

general capabilities in supporting offshore LNG design and operations

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DNV GL Offshore LNG Capabilities

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1962 20171979 2017

DNV GL has been

part of defining the

LNG industry

First

classification

society to

publish rules for

gas carriers in

1962

First newbuild FLNG – DNVGL

classed PFLNG Satu

First conversion FLNG –DNVGL

classed Golar Hilli

Development of Rules for

Barge Mounted LNG Plant

Guidelines and criteria for floating

LNG FPSO and terminals

20041991

Latest

revision

of FLNG

rules

Spadeadam test facility

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DNVGL has been at the forefront of LNG technology since before the 1960’s

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Strategy FeasibilityConcept / preFEED FEED EPCI

Installation & Commissioning

Operations & Life Extension

Decommis-sioning

Environmental impact assessment

Safety risk management (Hazid, Hazop, QRA, safety case)

Project risk management

Due Diligence

Technology qualification

Verification

Inspection

PSID

Owners engineer

RAM

Concept/pre FEED Studies

Debottle.

AIM

AiP Classification

Validation/Verification/Certification

Consultancy

Regula

tory

Com

pliance

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DNV GL Forms of Engagement with Floating LNG Projects

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DNVGL have reviewed all

the major liquefaction

systems

DNVGL have reviewed/qualified all the

major LNG transfer systems

DNVGL have approved all the major LNG

containment system designs and

configurations

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DNV GL Review of LNG Related Technologies

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HAZID

HAZOP

SIL / LOPA

SRS And SIL

Verification

RAM Study

QRA

EERA

Ship Collision Study

Dropped Object

Study

Vibration and Noise

Study

Fire Analysis

Structural Fire

Response

PFP Optimization

Flare & Vent Study

Dispersion and Gas

Detector Analysis

Explosion Analysis

Fire/blast Walls

Hot Exhaust Gas

Study

Wind Turbulence

Study

Dimensioning

Accident Load

Cryogenic Spill

ProtectionPCP Optimization

DNV GL Capability in LNG Related Safety Studies

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What about novel technology?

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DNV RP A203 – Qualification of Technology

Trelleborg Floating Hose

Technip ALLS

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