OHMUN 2014€¦ · Web viewHandbook. Committee: GENERAL ASSEMBLY. OHMUN 2014. MAY 23. MODEL OF...

Handbook

Committee: GENERAL ASSEMBLY

OHMUN 2014MAY 23

MODEL OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Handbook


GENERAL ASSEMBLY

Support HandbookOur Hamilton Model of United Nations (OHMUN)

OHMUN 2014 represents an opportunity for students to develop leadership skills, oral and written communication in either English or Spanish, depending on the committee, as well as skills of analysis, synthesis, evaluation and critical thinking. Cooperation and teamwork are essential values to reach an agreement within the debate. For this reason, students will contribute ideas and proposals that may be heard and discussed by committee members, and finally integrated into a common solution; all of these, fostering skills that promote the mission of Hamilton Junior High.

Note: Remember to read until the very last section of this Handbook because there you will find the Topics and the example of a position paper.

May 2014Hamilton Junior High School

Asignatura HistoriaProfesora: Gezina H. van Marweijk

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Dear Delegates:

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I welcome you to the Model OHMUN 2014.

The objective of this exercise of debate is proposing viable solutions to conflicts that affect the world today. This, from a perspective of respect and tolerance that celebrates those contained in the United Nations Charter values.

The Member States, which you will represent, are committed to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person. With this in mind, you must propose actions to promote social progress and raise the living standards for the people in need.

Through research and discussion, you'll understand the different positions that exist around major world problems and learn to argue for the political, social and economic interests of its country, always in compliance with the obligations arising from international treaties.

I am available along with all the personnel that makes up the Organizing Committee to resolve any doubts you may have. Do not hesitate to approach us.

I ask you to consult the official website of Model: http://ohmun2014.weebly.com/ where you will find the necessary information on your respective committees.

I am sure you will enjoy this event and you will gain knowledge that will accompany you in all aspects of your lives.

With nothing further to mention, I say goodbye and hope to see you on May 23.

The only limits are those you set for yourself.

AttentivelyJesús Navarrete Ramírez

Secretary-General

OHMUN 2014

H O W T O P R E P A R E F O R A M O D E L

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What does it mean to prepare for a United Nations Model? Acquire knowledge about the nation

you will represent, its physical geography, general information about its population (age, pyramids, language, GDP per capita, etc.) as well as its history.

Preparation of the topics to be debated at the committee in which you will participate.

Analyze the foreign policies of the nation you will represent, recognizing alliances, enemies, blocks and organizations to which it belongs.

Study the specific position your nation adopts on the topics to debate during the model.

(THE NATION MAY NOT NECESSARILY HAVE TO BE INVOLVED IN THE CONFLICT OR ISSUE TO BE DEBATED FOR IT TO ADOPT A POSTURE).

Recommendations : a) To form a general view about the topic or topics to be debated and cite references of

previous actions taken by the UN concerning the conflict.

b) To investigate and analyze the history, structure and function of the UN.

c) To follow the rules and policies of the nation you represent, step by step. It is your responsibility to be aware of the issues the nation you were assigned to.

d) To determine the position of your nation on the topics to be treated during the model.

e) To gather detailed information and have a comprehensive knowledge about the nation you will represent. Investigate about the needs and goals of the nation, its history, geography, culture, commerce, economy, foreign relations, population, government and internal policies, among other things.

f) To visit the web-pages of the government and non-government organizations of the assigned nation.

g) You can also call the embassy or visit the embassy’s web-page to ask questions that arose during your investigation about the country that was assigned to you. It is also a

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good idea to mail the UN missions, ministries, and different national or international organizations that you think may be of help.

h) Visit the web-page of the UN. Read the resolutions your nation has taken on the topics to be debated at Our Model of the United Nations and investigate the position your nation has adopted

Investigation Process

1. Search for Information

a) What to look for?

UN Any Resolution / Document about the topic; the most recent possible. It does not matter if was sanctioned or banned by any organization.

b) Why?

These documents, in their introduction, contain a historical evolution of the topic and can be the key to all the other information that is available on it.

To find the latest Resolution on the topic is equivalent to finding them all. These documents have all the references to past resolutions in the preamble and also refer to their codes and similar documents sanctioned by the same or other organizations.

Entering the codes in a search machine simplifies the task of looking for other resolutions:

Organization/Type/Period/Number A /RES/ 58 / 344

Many resolutions enhance the work of certain delegations on a specific topic; it is therefore probable that information is available on the site of that delegation.

c) Where to look?

http://www.onu.org

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http://www.un.org/spanish

http://www.un.int

http://unbisnet.un.org

Analysis of speeches and other sources It is important to get speeches made and read by representatives of your nation

even if they are not about the same topics to be debated at the model. These speeches contain a unique way of expression that reflects the main concerns and interests of the delegate of a nation at the United Nations. It is important to pay attention to the expressions used regularly at such meetings.

There are petitions /suggestions/ claims that are asked for regularly, apart from the topic of concern. They can be included as a secondary complement in your allegations.

Certain structures repeat in different speeches and can be used as a complement of form and rhetoric of your own dialogue.

2. Other data to take into account

It is useful to have documents concerning the topics to be discussed during the Model to support your position with other delegations or the Chair.

Take a copy of the Letter from the Chair.

Be sure to read the material used to prepare the Model of the United Nations.

Search for relevant documents that concern your country and its position.

Any material that you consider could be useful

Investigation tools: The tools to be used during the investigation process have to be generated by the delegate himself, although we include some, sites that are suggested as useful investigation tools.

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Many embassies are pretty open to helping out UN model participants and are able to provide information not to be found at other sources.

Internet is a very versatile media with plenty information, but it is necessary to able to be discard unreliable sources. Remember to cite the source when used in a presentation.

It is also useful to read opinion articles or books about the topics from a personal perspective.

Information sources: At the UNESCO webpage you can search for information about issues that can complete you information.

The UN web-page contains information generated by the whole system of the United Nations. In it you can find information about the history of each of the organisms, specific documents, and other affairs. It is a good idea to navigate this page to see if you find any valuable information.

Dag Hammarskjöld Library. This library has a collection of all the resolutions, speeches, protocols, records of proceedings, etc. You can find the information from it online at:

UNBisNet http://unbisnet.un.org/

Organizing the information: As a part of the preparation process of the model we recommend you organize the information in a folder or binder. This allows you to access the information rapidly. Besides, the gathering and organizing of information forces you to process and accommodate it, this becomes very useful because it helps you create a mind map in the distribution of your information.

It is also becomes useful carry copies of the most important documents during the model (Charter of the United Nations, Human Rights Declaration, etc.) as well as your own documents.

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What is General Assembly?The General Assembly (GA) is the main deliberative organ of the UN. Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority. Decisions on other questions are by simple majority.

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RULES OF PROCEDURE FOR GENERAL ASSEMBLY

1. General considerations1.1. Scope.

The following rules apply to Our Hamilton Model United Nations. Please note that in all committees, Chairpersons are responsible for determining rules that are in order to facilitate debate and discussion. In case of conflict of interpretation, the Committee Chair has the final authority for determining the applicability of the Rules of Procedure.

1.2. Language.English is the official language of OHMUN. A Delegate wishing to speak in an official language where simultaneous interpretation is not provided will be required to provide his or her own translation. Please note that time spent in translation will be counted towards total time allotted for a given speech.

1.3. Diplomatic Courtesy.During committee session, delegates are expected to exercise diplomatic courtesy when addressing members of the committee and the Chairpersons. The Chairpersons have the authority to address diplomatic warnings to delegates who obviously violate the diplomatic courtesy. In case that the delegate’s conduct seriously hampers the process within the committee, the Chair reserves the right to request his expulsion from the conference room.

1.4. Statements by the Secretariat.The Secretary General or any member of the Secretariat may make verbal or written statements to a committee at any time during the Conference.

2. OHMUN Board2.1. Chairpersons.

The Board of the General Assembly Committees and ECOSOC shall be composed of a Chair and a vice-Chair. The Board of the General Assembly shall be composed of the President of the GA, the Secretary General and the Deputy Secretary General.

2.2. Competence of the Chairpersons.The competence of the Chairpersons may not be questioned by delegates.

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2.3. Chairpersons: Authorities and Responsibilities.2.3.1. Authority of the Chair.

The Chair shall exercise ultimate authority over his/ her respective committee proceeding in an equitable and objective manner.

2.3.2. Responsibilities of the Chair.The Chair is responsible for all procedural matters pertaining to the committee including, but not limited to, moderating debate, determining the applicability of rules and, if necessary, clarifying on the meaning of the existing rules without approval from the committee.

2.3.3. Authority of the Vice-Chair.The Vice-Chair shall have authority over all committee support staff and ensure that delegates are accurately representing the position of their countries with respect to substantive issues and topics.

2.3.4. Responsibilities of the Vice-Chair.The Vice-Chair shall also be responsible for ensuring relevancy of the content and format of the resolutions before their submission for verification by the Secretary General or the Deputy Secretary General. The Vice-Chair shall also assist the Chair with all committee proceeding matters.

2.4. Caucus of the Chairs.The Chairpersons reserve the right to halt the working process within the committee in order to take 30 seconds of Caucus.

3. Parliamentary procedure3.1. Roll Call.

Attendance shall be conducted by the Chairpersons by a Roll Call at the beginning of every committee session. Delegates shall establish their presence in the committee by raising their placards and declaring ‘‘Present’’.

3.2. Procedural Matters.Procedural matters are those matters relating to the structure of the committee session as defined in the OHMUN Rules of Procedure. They include, but are not limited to, voting on establishing a Speaker’s List, establishing speaking time, motions and adjournment of the committee session. All Delegates must vote on procedural matters and no Delegate may abstain. Roll Call vote is not in order for procedural matters.

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3.3. Substantive Matters.Substantive matters are defined as those matters relating to the specific topic at hand. Delegates that have established their presence at the initial Roll Call shall act accordingly. Roll Call vote on substantive matters is in order following voting procedure as set in section 16.1.

4. Delegations’ RightsOne voting delegate per committee shall represent a country delegation. All delegates shall have speaking and voting rights on all matters; however, Delegates representing UN Observers and NGOs shall not have voting rights on substantive issues.

4.1. Permission to Approach the Bench.Any delegate wishing to contact the Chair for a very delicate matter may ask for permission to approach the Bench. This is a last resort in case of emergency.

5. QuorumCommittee activities and debate shall start when at least one quarter (¼) of the delegates are present. If quorum is not met thirty (30) minutes after the scheduled start time of the committee session, the committee shall start its session with the number of delegates already present, unless otherwise instructed by OHMUN Secretariat. Quorum shall be assumed when committee activity begins. The total number of delegates will be determined by the attendance list from the most recent committee session. If quorum is in question in the first committee session, the list of delegations expected to attend will serve to determine the total number of delegates in attendance.

5.1. Verification of Quorum.Delegates may move to Verification of Quorum, where the Chairpersons will proceed with quorum confirmation by initiating a Roll Call. The Chair can rule the Motion dilatory without option for appeal.

6. Speakers

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The Speaker's List is opened following a Motion from a delegate and the subsequent approval by the Chair. A Delegation can add its country name to the List pending only if it is not already on the List. The delegate may either raise his/her placard when the Chair calls for Delegates to do so or send a note to the Chairpersons. When the Speaker's List is exhausted debate is automatically closed according to sections 13.9 and 13.10.

7. MajorityUnless otherwise specified, no motions are debatable and all require a simple majority vote to pass.7.1. Simple Majority.

A procedural or substantive matter requiring a simple majority to pass implies that fifty percent plus one vote (50% + 1) of the committee must vote in favour of the matter to pass. If the vote is a tie, the matter will be considered to have failed.

7.2. Two-thirds (2/3) Majority.A procedural or substantive matter requiring a two-thirds (2/3) majority to pass implies that two-thirds (2/3) of the committee must vote in favour for a matter to pass.

8. AgendaThe Agenda reflects the order in which topics will be addressed by the committee. This is the primary order of business to be considered by the committee in the first session. At this time the Chair may entertain a motion to set the speaking time as set out in section 10.1.

8.1. Only topics set on the provisional Agenda provided by OHMUN shall be considered by a committee.

8.2. Motion to set the Agenda.

Following the Motions put on the floor by delegates suggesting the order of topics on the Agenda, the Chair will consider the Motions in the order in which they were made.

The Chair will take two (2) Speakers in favour and two (2) Speakers against the Motion and proceed with a vote. The Speakers will receive the floor, in order to express their view, in rotation (in favour – against – in favour - against).

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If the Motion is accepted by simple majority, the Agenda will be set in the manner suggested by the Motion.

If the Motion fails, the Chair shall consider the next Motion and repeat the process lay forward in the above sections. If no Motion to set the Agenda receives the necessary simple majority then the Committee will discuss as first topic the one that gathered the most positive votes during the voting procedure.

Once the Agenda is set the Chair will entertain a Motion to Establish a Speaker’s List.

The order in which the Agenda is set at the beginning of the conference shall remain for the duration of OHMUN. Should delegates wish to revisit the Agenda at a later time, they can request to do so after a topic has either been completed and all substantive matters voted on or if a topic has been tabled. The relevance of such a Motion shall remain at the discretion of the Chair.

The Chair shall call for tabling of the debate if committee updates and news need to be considered immediately by the delegates. The committee shall return to the regular Agenda once the given updates and news have been addressed.

9. Debate9.1. Formal Debate.

A committee shall by default be in Formal Debate unless otherwise advised by the Chair. Delegates should refer to the Speakers’ List for the speaking order.

9.2. Informal Debate.During formal debate a motion can be made by any delegate for a Moderated Caucus or an Unmoderated Caucus both of which constitute informal debate. Informal debate can only occur on substantive issues and is out of order once a motion to close debate has been passed. Motion to enter informal debate is in order following the procedures outlined in sections 13.3 through 13.5.

9.3. Recognition.A Delegate may only address the committee if he/she has received permission from the Chair.

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9.4. Interruptions.A Speaker may not be interrupted by another Delegate unless the Delegate has risen to a Point of Personal Privilege or Point of Order. Point of order does not interrupt a speaker. Only once the Speaker has concluded and the floor is given back to the chair, a delegate may move to a Point of Order.

10. Speeches10.1. Motion to Set Speaking Time.

A Delegate may move to set a time limit on speeches. The Chair may either rule the Motion dilatory at his/her discretion or put it to vote. A Delegate exceeding the allotted time for a speech may be called to order by the Chair.

10.2. Relevance of Speech.A Chair may call a Delegate to order if his/her speech is not relevant to the subject matter being discussed.

11. YieldsOnly during substantive formal debate, a Delegate may yield any remaining time at the end of his/her speech in one of the following manners:

11.1. To Questions.The Chair will use the remaining time to entertain questions for the Speaker from the committee. Delegates wishing to ask questions shall raise their placards and wait to be recognised by the Chair. The Chair shall rule questions that are rhetorical, leading or not relevant to the Speaker's speech out of order. Only the Speaker's answer shall be subtracted from the remaining speaking time.

11.2. To Another Delegate.A Speaker wishing to give the remaining time allotted to his/her speech to another Delegate can do so. A Speaker that has been yielded to cannot yield his or her time again.

11.3. To the Chair.The Floor will automatically be given to the next speaker on the Speakers list. If a specific yield has not been established by the Speaker, the floor will

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automatically be given back to the Chair. During Moderated Caucus the floor will also automatically be given back to the Chair.

12. Motion12.1. Motion of Personal Privilege.

A Delegate may rise to a Point of Personal Privilege if a matter impairs him/her from participating fully in committee activities. The Chairpersons shall try to effectively address the source of impairment. This point may interrupt a Speaker.

12.2. Motion of Order.A Delegate may rise to a Point of Order if a rule of procedure is not properly observed by a Delegate or by Chairpersons. The Chair will rule on the validity of the point. A Delegate rising to a Point of Order may not comment on the topic of discussion. A Point of Order ruled dilatory by the Chair may not be appealed. This point may not interrupt a Speaker.

12.3. Motion of Parliamentary Inquiry.A Delegate may rise to a Point of Parliamentary Inquiry requesting an explanation from the Chair on the Rules of Procedure. This point may not interrupt a Speaker.

12.4. Right of Reply.A Delegate whose personal or national integrity has been impugned by another Delegate’s comments may rise to a Right of Reply. Disagreement with the content of a Delegate's speech is not grounds for a Right of Reply. The Chair will recognize the Right of Reply at his/her discretion. Should the Chair rule the Right of Reply out of order, his/her decision cannot be appealed. The Chair might choose to set a time limit for a Right of Reply. No delegate may call for a Right of Reply on a Right of Reply.

13. Motions13.1. Motion for the Adjournment of the Meeting.

A Delegate may move for the Adjournment of the meeting to suspend all committee activities until the next scheduled meeting time. The Chair may rule the Motion out of order without possibility of appeal or put it to vote.

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13.2. Motion for the Adjournment of the Session.A Delegate may move for the Adjournment of the Session to suspend all committee activities for the duration of the conference. The Chair may rule the Motion out of order without possibility of appeal or put it to an immediate vote. In the event that a Chair approves this, there should be two (2) speakers in favour and two (2) speakers against and the motion will require a two-thirds (2/3) majority to pass.

13.3. Motion for a Moderated Caucus.A Delegate may move for a Moderated Caucus thereby suggesting a change from formal debate to moderated informal debate. A Delegate who moves for Moderated Caucus must suggest a time length of the caucus, speaking time and justification for the Motion. The Chair may suggest a more appropriate caucus length or speaking time or may rule the Moderated Caucus out of order without possibility of appeal. If the Motion passes, the committee will enter informal debate whereby the Chair will recognize Delegates who raise their placards to speak about the issue at hand.

13.4. Motion to Extend the Moderated Caucus.A Delegate may move to extend the Moderated Caucus if he/she feels that additional time benefits committee work. The Delegate moving for an Extension of the Moderated Caucus must suggest a length for the extension, which shall not exceed the duration of the original Moderated Caucus. The Chair may suggest a more appropriate caucus length or speaking time and put it to vote or may rule the Motion out of order without possibility of appeal.

13.5. Motion for a Simple Caucus.A Delegate may move for a Simple Caucus thereby suggesting a change from formal to informal debate. The Delegate who makes this motion must suggest a length and justification for the Simple Caucus. The Chair may suggest a more appropriate caucus length and put it to vote or may rule the Simple Caucus out of order without possibility of appeal. Once the Motion has passed, the committee will depart from the Speaker's List and Delegates will carry an informal discussion on the topic specified in the Motion without leaving the conference room.

13.6. Motion to Extend the Simple Caucus.A Delegate may move to extend the Simple Caucus if he/she feels that additional time would benefit the work of the committee. The Delegate who moves for an Extension of Simple Caucus must suggest a length for the extension, which shall not exceed the duration of the original Simple Caucus.

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The Chair may suggest a more appropriate caucus length and put it to vote or may rule the Extension of the Simple Caucus out of order without the possibility of appeal.

13.7. Motion to Table Debate on a Topic.A Delegate may move to Table Debate in order to end debate on a substantive issue without voting any Draft Resolutions that may be on the floor. If the Chair rules the Motion in order, two (2) Delegates shall speak in favour and two (2) Delegates shall speak against before proceeding with a vote. If the Motion passes, the Chair shall entertain a Motion to Return to a Dismissed Topic as defined in article 13.8 or a Motion to Open Debate on an Unsettled Topic on the Agenda.

13.8. Motion to Return to a Dismissed Topic.If a Motion to Table the Debate is passed, the Chair may entertain a Motion to go back to a Dismissed Topic. In that event, the Chair will entertain one (1) Speaker in favour and one (1) Speaker against. A two-thirds majority (2/3) vote is required for the Motion to pass. If the Motion passes, debate on the dismissed topic resumes and a new Speakers’ List is established.

13.9. Motion to Close Debate / the Speakers’ List on a Resolution.A Delegate may move to Close Debate in order to end debate on a Resolution whereby the committee will enter immediate voting procedure on all amendments on the floor. If the Chair rules the Motion in order, there will be only two (2) Delegates speaking against the Motion. A two-thirds (2/3) majority vote is required to pass the Motion to close debate.

13.10. Motion to Close Debate / the Speakers’ List on the Topic Area under Discussion.A Delegate may move to Close Debate in order to end Debate on the Topic Area under Discussion whereby the committee will enter voting procedure on all Draft Resolutions on the floor. If the Chair rules the Motion in order, there will be only two (2) Delegates speaking against the Motion. A two-thirds (2/3) majority vote is required to pass the Motion to close debate.

13.11 Motion to Split the Topic Area.A Delegate may move to split the Topic Area in order for the committee to come up with more than one resolutions referring to the same Topic. The delegate who moves will have to provide sufficient justification for the proposed splitting of the Topic Area. A 2/3 majority vote is required to pass this motion.

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14. Resolutions and Amendments14.1. Motion to Question Competence.

A Motion to Question the Competence of the Body to consider a Draft Resolution is in order upon introduction of the documents. The Chair will recognise one (1) Speaker in favour and one (1) Speaker against the Motion. There will be a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote required to pass. If the Motion is approved, the document will be retracted and will not be allowed to be re-introduced.

14.2. Working Paper.A Working Paper is an informal document used by committee Delegates to work on building a Draft Resolution. A Working Paper will be distributed at the Chair's discretion if requested by a Delegate. A Working Paper can be presented by the Delegate either when it is the Delegate’s turn to speak, according to the Speakers list or when a motion for a formal debate is passed, with the purpose of discussing the working paper.

14.3. Resolutions.

14.3.1. Draft Resolutions.A Working Paper submitted to the Chair under proper Resolution format will be referred to as a Draft Resolution. Delegates may refer to a document as a "Draft Resolution" in a speech only after it has been assigned a number by the Secretary General or the Deputy Secretary General. If Draft Resolutions are complementary or fairly identical, the Chair may recommend that the Sponsor of the Draft Resolutions combine the documents prior to the end of the debate.

14.3.2. Resolution denomination.A Draft Resolution that has been put to a vote by the committee and passes may be referred to as a “Resolution”.

14.3.3. Format.Draft Resolutions must be properly formatted according to the guidelines found in the “OHMUN Resolution Writing Guidelines” paper.

14.3.4. Sponsor.Sponsor is recognized as the main writer of the Draft Resolution. There is only one Sponsor for each draft Resolution. The Sponsor must be present for a

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Working Paper to be introduced to the floor as a Draft Resolution. The Sponsor must agree to support a Resolution unless major changes have been introduced through the amendment process.

14.3.5. Signatories.Signatories are recognized as the supporters of the Draft Resolution. The required number of Signatories will be set by the Chair being equal to at least the 1/5 of the total members present at the committee. The respective number of Signatories must be present on a Working Paper to be introduced to the floor as a Draft Resolution. Amendments to the Draft Resolution are not required to be approved by Signatories. Signatories are not required to support the Draft Resolution during voting procedure; they only agree to put their names as those who are interested in seeing the Working Paper nominated as a Draft Resolution for further debate. Signatories can sign only one resolution per Topic Area. However, there is no restriction in the voting procedure.

14.3.6. Introduction of a Draft Resolution.A Delegate may move to introduce a Draft Resolution. Once the Working Paper has been assigned a Draft Resolution number by the Secretary General or the Deputy Secretary General, the Chair will entertain a motion to introduce the Draft Resolution. Once the Motion has passed, the Chair shall invite the Sponsor of the Resolution to read out only the operative clauses of the Draft Resolution to the committee. The Sponsor (or one of the Signatories) will then be recognized for five (5) minutes to speak in favour of the Draft Resolution. During this phase of the procedure, there are no questions accepted. A new debate upon this Draft Resolution shall begin and a new Speakers’ List shall be established.

14.4. Amendments.During Debate on a Draft Resolution a Delegate may move to introduce an Amendment which will add to, strike out from or revise a part of the Draft Resolution. The Amendment has to be first approved by the Chair. It is highly recommended, the amendment to be supported at least by one co-sponsor. It is in the discretion of the Chair to define (to the House) the period of time, during which the floor will be open to amendments.

14.4.1. Amendments to Pre-Ambulatory Clauses.Amendments to Pre-Ambulatory Clauses are not in order. However, the Chair may rule such an amendment in order, if serious mistakes have been noticed

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in the Pre-Ambulatory Clauses, by the Secretary General or the Deputy Secretary General.

14.4.2. Non-Substantive Amendments.Amendments correcting grammatical, spelling or formatting mistakes on Draft Resolutions will be automatically adopted without vote from the committee, at the discretion of the Chair. Following the initial reading of the Draft Resolution by its sponsor, delegates are permitted to point out any such problems to the Chairpersons.

14.4.3. Friendly Amendments.Substantive Amendments approved by the Sponsor and all the Signatories of a Draft Resolution will automatically be integrated to the Draft Resolution without vote from the committee. Amendments to Friendly Amendments are out of order.

14.4.4. Unfriendly Amendments.Substantive Amendments to a Draft Resolution not approved by the Sponsor of a Draft Resolution are considered unfriendly and require approval from the Chair to be introduced. Unfriendly Amendments will be put to a vote prior to the vote on the Draft Resolution as a whole. Amendments to Unfriendly Amendments are in order. It is, however, in the discretion of the Chair whether he will accept a plethora of such amendments. The Chair reserves the right to assign one (1) speaker for and one (1) speaker against the Unfriendly Amendment.

14.5. Withdrawal.

14.5.1. Friendly Amendments.The Sponsor and the Signatories of a Friendly Amendment may request its withdrawal at their discretion, before its adoption by the Sponsor.

14.5.2. Unfriendly Amendments.The Signatories of an Unfriendly Amendment may request its withdrawal at their discretion, before its adoption by the committee.

15. Voting ProcedureWhen the Chair announces that the committee is entering voting procedure, no entering or exiting from the room will be permitted, unless there is an emergency or

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until voting procedure has come to an end. At this time, Motions to Divide the Question or for Roll Call Voting are in order.

16. Method of VotingEach Delegate of the committee has one vote and must demonstrate his/her voting intentions by raising his/her placard at the Chair's request unless there is a Roll Call vote (see rule 16.1). Delegates must vote in favour, against or abstain. No Delegate shall vote on behalf of another Delegate.

16.1. Roll Call Vote.Roll Call Motions may only be in order for substantive matters. This Motion is automatically accepted unless the Chair rules it out of order; the decision is not subject to appeal. The Roll Call starts from a Delegate, randomly selected by the Chair.

16.2. Passing.During Roll Call, a Delegate may choose to pass. The Chair will place the Delegate at the bottom of the voting list. A Delegate who has passed once during a voting sequence may not pass again but must ascertain his vote.

16.3. Voting with Rights.A Delegate may request a right of explanation after voting. Upon completion of voting, the Delegate will be permitted to explain the reasons as to why he/she has chosen to vote a certain way. The Chair may limit the speaking time at his/her discretion.

16.4. Voting on Draft Resolutions.Draft Resolutions will be voted on, in the order that they were numbered by the Secretary General and the Deputy Secretary General.

16.5. Voting on Amendments.All Unfriendly Amendments shall be voted on in the order in which they were proposed before the committee closes debate on the Draft Resolution that they concern. If one Amendment implies the rejection of a second Amendment, the second Amendment will not been voted upon. A passed Amendment shall be automatically included in the Draft Resolution. Once all the Amendments relating to a Draft Resolution have been voted on, the committee shall vote on the Draft Resolution as a whole after Closure of the Debate on the Topic Area under discussion.

16.6 Motion to Split the House.

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The Motion to Split the House is in order when the Delegate putting the motion forward wishes that there be no abstentions during the final vote on the Resolution. The Motion shall be put to a vote, requiring a 2/3 majority to pass. Once the Motion passes, delegations shall not be allowed to abstain from voting during the vote on the resolution.

16.7. Motion to Divide the Question.Prior to the start of the voting process on a Draft Resolution, a Delegate may request through a Motion to Divide the Question to vote on an individual or group of operative clauses or clause by clause. A Delegate must specify how he/she wishes to divide the operative clauses during his/her Motion. Should there be more than one Motion to divide the question on the floor, the committee shall vote on the Motions from the least to the most splitting of the draft resolution. The Chair shall take two (2) Speakers in favour and two (2) Speakers against the first Motion to Divide the Question for a speaking time of one (1) minute each. A 2/3 majority is required to pass the Motion. If the Motion passes, subsequent Motions to Divide the Question will be ruled dilatory and the committee will proceed to voting procedure on the Draft Resolution in the manner suggested in the Motion. If the Motion fails, the remaining Motions made will be considered in accordance with the above procedure. The divided section that fails during voting will be taken out of the final Draft Resolution; only those sections that have been passed will remain. The committee will then proceed to vote on the new final Draft Resolution as a whole after all the divisions have been voted on. If all operative clauses fail or there is no meaning coming from the remained clauses, the Draft Resolution, as a whole, fails.

16.8 Motion to Retake Vote.The Motion to Retake vote is in order when the result of the vote on the resolution ends with a difference of one (1) between the number of votes for and against the resolution. The Motion is not subject to a vote and must only be seconded in order to pass. Once the Motion passes the committee shall go to a period of five (5) minimum, fifteen (15) maximum minutes of unmoderated caucus for the purpose of further discussing the content of the Resolution. After the caucus the vote shall be retaken and the result of the second vote shall be considered as final. No Motions to retake vote shall be entertained. Should the second vote end in absolute tie the results of the previous vote shall be considered final and shall not be subject to another motion to retake vote.

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O F F I C I A L P O S I T I O N D O C U M E N T

What is it?

An Official Position is a document where a Delegation presents his country’s position and work on the given topics. On this paper a State manifests in a formal and clear way the political position with relation to the themes to be discussed during the Model. Therefore each Delegation has to present a document for each of the topics.

A week before the debate each student must turn in the Official Position Paper of his country. This will present the position of the State he represents on the proposed topics, and mentions generalities and some proposals that could help find a solution to the issues presented by the topics on their assigned committee.

How to make an Official Position document?

The paper is to be presented on a minimum of two sheets. The first page must have the name of the student, committee or council in which he will participate, country which he represents, topics to be debated as well as mentioning general information about the country: inhabitants, language, geographical position, government, currency, etc.

The second page must have the student’s investigation about the posture of the nation he represents and the topic to be discussed. For example, if the topic is “Global warming,” he must explain what his country has done in regard to the topic, or give good reasons of why it has not done anything.

The document has to be written with coherent and formal language and will be used as a basis for the initial speech that will have a duration of 1 minute and 30 seconds.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Each committee presents a series of questions at the end of the handbook; these questions must be answered and turned in before the model, along with the Official Position paper to the teacher in charge. Without these documents, it will be impossible for the student to participate on the debate.

On the next page you will find an example of an Official Position document.

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EXAMPLE OF AN OFFICIAL POSITION

Committee: Human Rights Council

Country: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Delegate’s Name: Rodrigo Toledo Galván

Teacher: Inge van Marweijk

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Official Name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Localization: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a nation of Western Europe, in the British Isles, including 1/6 of the island of Ireland. It limits with the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea to the north, to the northeast with the English Channel (Canal de la Mancha) on the other side of it is France. It is the center of the Commonwealth.

Area: 244.820 km²

Population: 61.284.806 (JULIO DEL 2012)

Capital: London

Government: Institutional Monarchy

Queen: Elizabeth II

Prime Minister: David Cameron

Religion: Christianism, Islam, Hinduism, Sufism, and Judaism.

Languages: English, Wales, Scottish, Gaelic y French.

International member of: European Union, Commonwealth, NATO, UN, G-8, OCDE, OSCE, COE, Common Travel Area.

… AND GOD BLESS THE QUEEN

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____________________________________________________

RODRIGO TOLEDO GALVÁN: DELEGATE OF UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND E-MAIL: [email protected]






UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Official Name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Localization: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a nation of Western Europe, in the British Isles, including 1/6 Of the island of Ireland. It limits with the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea to the north, to the northeast with the English Channel (Canal de la Mancha) on the other side of it is France. It is the center of the Commonwealth..

Area: 244.820 km²

Population: 61.284.806 (JULIO DEL 2012)

Capital: London

Government: Institutional Monarchy

Queen: Elizabeth II

Prime Minister: David Cameron

Religion: Christianism, Islam, Hinduism, Sufism, and Judaism.

Languages: English, Wales, Scottish, Gaelic y French.

International member of: European Union, Commonwealth, NATO, UN, G-8, OCDE, OSCE, COE, Common Travel Area.


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____________________________________________________

RODRIGO TOLEDO GALVÁN: DELEGATE OF UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND E-MAIL: [email protected]


Topic B





Topic B: Violations to Human Rights as a derivation on the diamond conflicts in Africa.

The delegation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as a signing member of the Kimberley Process as well as all the nations of the European Union, respects the European ruling (CE) 2368/2002 that began to be applied on February 1st of 2003 and that certifies an imports and exports and control system on raw diamonds on the application of the INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATION ON THE KIMBERLEY PROCESS mentioned previously.

As well as the two latter rulings in which the delegations of Belgium, Germany, and United Kingdom were assigned as EU communitarian authorities on the processes of authentication and control of diamonds for which they are allowed to import or export diamonds freely and to supervise the import end export of the stones by the other EU nations.

To the delegation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is worried on how some African delegations, even though they already signed the Kimberley Process do not respect it and do not defend the Civil Rights of their citizens.

It is icredible to see how governments can oversee this issue and do not react to defend the civil rights of the members of their communities. This delegation proposes an analysis and a reformation of the Kimberley Process in order to impose sanctions on anybody who does not respect it, because if we do not do something about it thousands and thousands of people will die because of these Blood Diamonds. Maybe, at this very moment, people are suffering the inhuman conditions that the exploitation of the stones brings for bellicose purposes.


____________________________________________________

RODRIGO TOLEDO GALVÁN:DELEGATE OF UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

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Committee: GENERAL ASSEMBLYE-MAIL: [email protected]

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W O R K I N G P A P E R S

A. WORKING PAPERS

Working Papers are the result of caucusing and coordinated written efforts and represent the first step towards obtaining a Final Communiqué. A working paper provides delegates with exactly what the name suggests something to work with. It is the first attempt to place the abstract ideas from debate and position papers into written form. Working Papers are concrete because they are fairly well organized; yet, they are also flexible because they are not bound by the format of Final Communiqués. They are usually one page proposals and help to focus discussion on certain aspects of the topic at hand. Moreover, since the papers are drafts, they can be combined or altered to piece together a coherent Final Communiqué. The Director has power over the working paper process, and will strongly support all proposals which are creative and realistic; the paper must be approved by the Director before it can be copied and distributed. No delegate signatures are needed. When drafting a working paper it is necessary to specify who wrote the paper, in order to know whom to address questions about the contents of the document. On the following pages a sample working paper is included to provide an idea of its format. Note that the format for the working paper is quite informal.

B. AMENDMENTS

Since every detail cannot be worked out ahead of time, it is expected that amendments to Draft Resolutions will be presented from the floor.

Amendments allow delegates to alter parts of Draft Resolutions without scrapping the entire document, strengthening consensus on the Draft Resolution by permitting delegates to change sections with which they disagree.

Just like a Draft Resolution, an amendment requires a particular number of delegate signatures as well as the signature of the committee President before it can be formally introduced to the full committee. As it is used to refine an existing Draft Resolution, it also demonstrates a familiarity with the problem, recognition of the issues, consciousness, and correct format.

Although there can be no amendments to amendments, an amended section of a Draft Resolution can be subject to amendment again.

As outlined in the Rules of Procedure, when an amendment has been introduced, the committee will draw up a separate Speakers List to discuss it. General debate will be suspended until a vote has been held on the amendment. After a vote, the committee returns to general debate and the original Speakers List.

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The Rules of Procedure cover amendments including the number of signatures required for acceptance and discussion. The written format for an amendment is similar to that of a Draft Resolution; following is a sample for you to observe.

I. SAMPLES

A. SAMPLE WORKING PAPER

COMMITTEE: General Assembly

TOPIC: The Situation in Burundi

SPONSOR: The Kingdom of Norway

1. Coup d’état caused an abrupt and violent interruption of the democratic process

initiated in Burundi. The nation must return to the positive reforms.

2. Immediate cease-fire from the perpetrators and the return to their barracks.

3. Immediate restoration of democracy and the constitutional regime.

4. Support the efforts being made by the Secretary-General of the U.N. the O.A.U.

and the countries in the region to promote a return to constitutional order and

the protection of democratic institutions in Burundi.

5. Support the Secretary General's special envoy to Burundi.

6. Emergency humanitarian assistance for Burundi. (Members of the U.N.,

international organizations, intergovernmental organizations and non-

governmental organizations).

7. Remain the importance of the topic until a solution to the crisis is found.

8. Violence should be avoided. Active mediation and U.N. involvement will be

necessary.

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B. DRAFT RESOLUTION SAMPLE

Committee: General Assembly

Topic: The Situation in Burundi

The General Assembly

(1) Having considered the item entitled "The Situation in Burundi"(2) Deeply concerned by the military coup d'état which took place in Burundi on (3) October 21, 1993,(4) Shocked by the cowardly assassination of the President of the Republic and(5) other political leaders,(6) Seriously disturbed by the tragic consequences of the coup d'état which is(7) plunging Burundi into violence and causing loss of life and mass displacement(8) of the population,(9) Unreservedly condemns the coup which has caused an abrupt and violent (10) interruption of the democratic process initiated in Burundi;(11) Demands that the perpetrators of the push lay down their arms and return to(12) their barracks;(13) Also demands the immediate restoration of democracy and the constitutional (14) regime;(15) Supports the efforts being made by the Secretary-General of the United(16) Nations, the Organization of African Unity and the countries in the region to(17) promote a return to constitutional order and the protection of democratic institutions (18) in Burundi(19) Commends the Secretary-General of the United Nations for having sent a (20) special envoy to Burundi;(21) Requests the Member States of the United Nations, international organizations, (22) intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations to provide (23) emergency humanitarian assistance and/or any other assistance to the people of (24) Burundi;(25) Decides to remain seized of the matter until a solution to the crisis is found.

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II. DRAFT RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCTORY PHRASESA. Pre-ambulatory Phrases:

Affirming Expressing its Keeping in mindAlarmed by appreciation Noting to regretApproving Expressing its satisfaction Noting with satisfactionAware of Fulfilling Noting with deep concernBelieving Fully aware Noting furtherBearing in mind Fully alarmed Noting with approvalConfident Fully believing ObservingContemplating Further deploring RealizingConvinced Further recalling ReaffirmingDeclaring Guided by RecallingDeeply concerned Having adopted RecognizingDeeply conscious Having considered ReferringDeeply convinced Having considered further SeekingDeeply disturbed Having devoted attention Taking into accountDeeply regretting Having examined Taking noteDesiring Having studied Viewing with appreciation Emphasizing Having heard WelcomingExpecting Having received

B. Operative Phrases

Accepts Declares according Further requestsAffirms Deplores Have resolvedApproves Draws attention NotesAuthorizes Designates ProclaimsCalls Emphasizes ReaffirmsCalls upon Encourages RecommendsCondemns Endorses Solemnly affirmsCongratulates Expresses its appreciation Strongly condemnsConfirms Expresses its hope SupportsConsiders Further invites TrustsReminds Further proclaims Takes note ofRegrets Further reminds UrgesRequests Further recommends Resolves Further resolved

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General Assembly:Dear Delegate, Please be welcomed to OHMUN 2014 United Nations General Assembly. It is an honor for us to guide you in your first OHMUN.

We assure you that it will be an enriching experience. You will not only learn to debate, but you will also learn how to support opinions with authentic information. You will learn to defend your position and to confidently state your opinion to the world. You will be able to speak for yourself.

From now on, you are a delegate, a representative of a nation. The opinion, posture, beliefs, and important governmental issues of a whole nation are now your responsibility. The Chair hopes that you embrace this responsibility and represent the nation that was assigned to you with effort and respect.

This model is not only a chance for you to enrich your knowledge and widen your world but also, to develop a sense of humanity and interest for what happens in the entire world.

The Chair would be glad to help you so we can all have a delightful debate and an enriching experience. We hope you enjoy this model.

Hoping you have a good time, The Presidency of the General Assembly.

ChairPresident: Saúl Pineda Alatriste

Conference Official: Armando David Quinto Morales

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Committee: GENERAL ASSEMBLYModerator: José Antonio Lome Paulino

General Assembly (GA)

Topic A: Espionage

Topic B: Civil War in Sudan and South Sudan

Topic A: United States Espionage to the WorldOn December 7 2009, a document was posted on an internal National Security Agency (NSA) website. The document, from the agency’s division S17 for Economic and Global Issues, outlines NSA efforts to collect intelligence about the COP15, the UN climate summit in Copenhagen. Its central paragraphs are classified as 'top secret'.The document, which Information has obtained via NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden, describes how, analysts here at NSA, as well as our second party partners, will continue to provide policymakers with unique, timely, and valuable insights into key countries' preparations and goals for the conference, as well as the deliberations within countries on climate change policies and negotiation strategies.The NSA deals with signals intelligence activities, and proponents of the agency’s methods usually focus on its role in the war on terror. However, the leaked document illustrates that the NSA and its second party partners, intelligence agencies from Great Britain, Canada, Australian and New Zealand, also played a central role in promoting American strategic interests. The NSA spying scandal has thus reached a new level, becoming a serious threat to the trans-Atlantic partnership. The mere suspicion that one of Merkel's cellphones was being monitored by the NSA has led in the past week to serious tensions between Berlin and Washington. Hardly anything is as sensitive a subject to Merkel as the surveillance of her cellphone.

http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/angry-european-and-german-reactions-to-merkel-us-phone-spying-scandal-a-929725.html

http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/angry-european-and-german-reactions-to-merkel-us-phone-spying-scandal-a-929725.html

http://www.spiegel.de/international/topic/nsa_spying_scandal/

http://www.information.dk/databloggen/486321

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Unfortunately for the United States government, all eyes are on them. This is a problem that has become truly personal in all senses, mainly because the United States government is now invading the personal privacy of the functionaries.For example the case of Merkel who is the German chancellor. With the rumor that her cellphone was been monitored it is a clear invasion of the privacy because now we are not just talking about any secrets that the governments may have, which is also an enormous concern, but also because they are accessing to the intimate life of the people a problem which shall be solved immediately, not only because it is invading personal privacy but also because it threatens national security in all the spied countries. The spy could get accesses to top secret information of any delegation and maybe this could lead to an armed conflict which shall be prevented.Any information that is not given by a country´s government is for the sake of the nation´s interests. For these reasons the main discus of this topic will be the acts that will be taken against the spying countries and the proposals that would be given to solve this conflict.

Referenceshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2013/10/131031_eeuu_nsa_espionaje_tecnicas_az.shtml

http://www.deia.com/2013/10/29/mundo/los-paises-afectados-por-el-espionaje-de-estados-unidos-exigen-consecuencias

http://www.laopinion.com/internacional/espionaje-paises-Snowden

http://www.eldiario.es/turing/Espionaje-derechos-indignacion-accion_0_191781466.html

http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/cover-story-how-nsa-spied-on-merkel-cell-phone-from-berlin-embassy-a-930205.html

Questions1) What is your delegation’s position?

2) What are the reasons given by the United States government for spying other countries?

3) Is your delegation a victim of the United States espionage program or is it in favor of it?



http://www.eldiario.es/turing/Espionaje-derechos-indignacion-accion_0_191781466.html

http://www.laopinion.com/internacional/espionaje-paises-Snowden



http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2013/10/131031_eeuu_nsa_espionaje_tecnicas_az.shtml

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4) What will be a viable solution given by your country for stopping this problem?

5) What is the NSA? Explain its function.

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Topic B: Civil War in Sudan

What is the conflict?

The civil war culminates a long history in which the North has tried to spread its religion and language to the South, which has resisted these efforts.

North Background:

The North's identification with the Middle East is an ancient one, going back several thousand years, to the time when Egyptians and Arabians expanded southward in the search for slaves, gold, ivory, and taxation revenue. Christianity entered the scene in the sixth century A.D. and became the religion of three kingdoms (Nubia, Magarra, and Alwa) that survived for a thousand years. The introduction of Islam a century later, primarily by traders, then led to descent groups in Sudan tracing their genealogy back to Arabia; in the case of politically or religiously prominent families, they claim to have roots going back to the Prophet Muhammad himself. Islamization set in motion a process of gradual decline for Christianity in northern Sudan, culminating in the overthrow of the Christian kingdoms in 1504 by an alliance of Arabs and the Muslim kingdom of Funj. In due course, Islam and Arabic gained hold in the North and overshadowed the indigenous and Christian cultures. Islam in northern Sudan was later reinforced by every successive regime, from the Ottoman-Egyptian administration that invaded the country in 1821 to the Mahdist Islamic revolution that overthrew it in 1885, and even to the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium that ruled the country from 1898 until Sudanese independence in 1956.

South Background:

In sharp contrast, the identity of southern Sudan has been shaped primarily by the prolonged resistance to the imposition of Arab and Islamic culture from the North. This has had the effect of unifying the Southerners as black Africans and has geared them toward Christianity and the English language as means of combating Islam and Arabism.

The identity of southern Sudan has been shaped primarily by the prolonged resistance to the imposition of Arab and Islamic culture from the North.

In contrast to the Arabs, the British were associated with the redemption of the South from the Arab slave raids. The British sought first to suppress the trade in slaves through their influence on the Turko-Egyptian administration, then, after the re-conquest of the Sudan in 1898, to abolish it; also, British occupation meant that the North's efforts to spread Islam southwards were confined to urban centers and in the end were significantly frustrated. In sharp contrast to

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the Muslims, Christian missionaries came to southern Sudan peacefully. They arrived with the British conquest of Sudan, encouraged by London to spread the Christian gospel through pacific means, largely by providing education, health services, and other social services. To avoid sectarian competition, the British administration allotted each sect spheres of influence for its missionaries. Over the next century, Christian missionary activity came to be associated with personal well-being and socio-economic development, positive incentives which won over many new converts.

Some missionaries worried that this neutrality would in the long term benefit Islam, for the latter in many ways better accommodated the African way of life and was therefore more likely to appeal to the pagans. For example, whereas the Christian proselytizer is interested in intensive religious instruction as a prerequisite to baptism, the Islamizer is more interested in the recital by the convert of the words, "There is no divinity but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet." As Charles D'Oliver Farran observed, "No other test is necessary, and it would not matter if he had never heard of Mecca or even the Koran."

References:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019202

http://www.meforum.org/22/sudan-civil-war-and-genocide

http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/cvlw_env_sdn.html

http://www.dw.de/south-sudan-on-the-brink-of-civil-war/a-17353741

QUESTIONS1) How is your delegation involved in this topic?

2) How is your delegation contributing in the solution of the conflict?

3) Is your delegation against or in favor of the expelling of the Christians from Sudan´s territory? Give an explanation.

4) What do you think about the British intervention in Sudan?

5) Give a viable solution for the Sudanese conflict.

http://www.dw.de/south-sudan-on-the-brink-of-civil-war/a-17353741

http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/cvlw_env_sdn.html

http://www.meforum.org/22/sudan-civil-war-and-genocide

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019202

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General Assembly – Delegates List

President: Saúl Pineda Alatriste

Moderator: José Antonio Lome Paulino

Conference Official: Armando David Quinto Morales

United Sates Regina Ugalde

Germany Santiago Ventura Membrillo

United Kingdom Betsy Gutiérrez Velázquez

France Arturo Mena Jimenez

Russia Mirna Fernanda Pineda Escobedo

Brazil Samuel Daguer Campis

Saudi Arabia Galilea Gutiérrez de Pallares

Kenya Claudia Marisol Trulin Vargas

Ethiopia Andrea Tamez Ponce

Switzerland Michelle Alessandra Guzmán Navarro

South Sudan María Fernanda Coronado Alonso

Iran Alejandro Ponce Sánchez

China Claudio Samuel Delgado Ávila

Nigeria Emilio Solorio Santabalbina

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Italy Carla Pliego García

Chad Héctor San Román Caraza

Turkey Oscar Lagunas Sandoval

South Korea Edson Hakeem

India Alejandra Avilés Trujillo

Canada Rafael Urdaneta Uribe

Australia Gerardo Arturo López Guadarrama

Sudan Liliana Hernández Sotelo

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