OIE training workshop on OIE training workshop on Epidemiology in particular HPAIEpidemiology in particular HPAI and TADS in the Philippines in collaboration with CIRAD and

Bureau of Animal Industry

Shiro Yoshimura

Japan/OIE HPAI Special Trust Fund Programme Coordination Office

Manila, Philippines

29 January – 2 Februry 2007

SubjectsSubjectsWhat’s OIE ?What’s OIE ?Epidemiology and Disease ProgrammeEpidemiology and Disease ProgrammeWhat’s HPAI ?What’s HPAI ?HPAI outbreaks in this regionHPAI outbreaks in this regionAvian Influenza in International Animal HealtAvian Influenza in International Animal Health Code ( you can see what are important in th Code ( you can see what are important in the prevention and control of HPAI. )he prevention and control of HPAI. )Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme for Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme for Highly Pathogenic Influenza Control at SourcHighly Pathogenic Influenza Control at Source in Southeast Asiae in Southeast Asia

What’s OIE ?What’s OIE ?

The OIEThe OIE

World Organisation for Animal HealthWorld Organisation for Animal Health(Office International des Epizooties)(Office International des Epizooties)

An intergovernmental organisationAn intergovernmental organisation– operating expenses are paid by member operating expenses are paid by member

country contributionscountry contributions

Founded in 1924 Founded in 1924 167 Member Countries 167 Member Countries – Delegates are Chief Veterinary officers (CVO)Delegates are Chief Veterinary officers (CVO)

Headquarters in ParisHeadquarters in Paris

The OIE’s objectivesThe OIE’s objectives1.1. Ensure transparency in global animal health Ensure transparency in global animal health

situationsituation

2.2. Collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary Collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary informationinformation

3.3. Contribute expertise and encourage coordinated Contribute expertise and encourage coordinated approach to disease outbreaksapproach to disease outbreaks

4.4. Improve veterinary servicesImprove veterinary services

5.5. Within its WTO mandate, safeguard world trade Within its WTO mandate, safeguard world trade through animal health standardsthrough animal health standards

6.6. Animal welfare and animal production food safetyAnimal welfare and animal production food safety

Epidemiology and Epidemiology and

Disease ProgrammeDisease Programme

Epidemiology and Epidemiology and Disease ProgrammeDisease Programme

What diseasesWhat diseases infect infectWhenWhenWhere Where How many & what animals How many & what animals

( zoonoses or not ? )( zoonoses or not ? )HowHowWith what consequenceWith what consequence

Basis for prevention & controlBasis for prevention & control

TimelyNo biasPopulationGood for analysis

TADs and PhilosophyTADs and Philosophy

TADs and PhilosophyTADs and Philosophy TAD : Trans-boundary animal diseasesTAD : Trans-boundary animal diseases They cross boundaries even though they do have no They cross boundaries even though they do have no

feet. Human factors tend to be responsible for most feet. Human factors tend to be responsible for most of outbreaks.of outbreaks.

Diseases are coming into and going out of your Diseases are coming into and going out of your country.country.

PhilosophyPhilosophy There are proverbsThere are proverbs

that Be kind and sincere to others, and the that Be kind and sincere to others, and the kindness and sincerity come back to you from kindness and sincerity come back to you from others, and others, and

that Know yourself and have a good that Know yourself and have a good knowledge of an enemy, you will never lose knowledge of an enemy, you will never lose any battle.any battle.

What’s HPAI ?What’s HPAI ?

Analysis of the global AI situationAnalysis of the global AI situation

Pandemic potentialPandemic potential

There is a correlation between high viral load circulating in There is a correlation between high viral load circulating in animals and the environment and the potential for a animals and the environment and the potential for a dangerous viral re-assortment or mutation.dangerous viral re-assortment or mutation.

All countries of the world should have efficient veterinary All countries of the world should have efficient veterinary services in order to prevent entry of the disease, to allow services in order to prevent entry of the disease, to allow early detection and a rapid response, in collaboration with early detection and a rapid response, in collaboration with partners.partners.

Mechanisms set up to control AI situation are equally Mechanisms set up to control AI situation are equally applicable for the control of other emerging and re-applicable for the control of other emerging and re-emerging animal diseases.emerging animal diseases.

HPAI Disease ProfileHPAI Disease Profile

Repeated outbreaks since late 2003 and Viruses holding Repeated outbreaks since late 2003 and Viruses holding a foothold and circulating, in the Regiona foothold and circulating, in the RegionThreatening risks to human and animal healthThreatening risks to human and animal healthSocio-economic impacts and Spread to new countries Socio-economic impacts and Spread to new countries and re-emerging (including roles of migratory birds)and re-emerging (including roles of migratory birds)Impediment to tradeImpediment to tradeBio-security (animal production systems; backyard, wet-Bio-security (animal production systems; backyard, wet-markets, multi-species raising, etc.)markets, multi-species raising, etc.)Gaps between legislation and its enforcement (Needs for Gaps between legislation and its enforcement (Needs for Capacity Building and Improvement of relevant Capacity Building and Improvement of relevant infrastructures and resources of National Veterinary infrastructures and resources of National Veterinary Services)Services)Communication with producers and other stakeholdersCommunication with producers and other stakeholdersStrategic vaccination (as a supplementary tool in at-high Strategic vaccination (as a supplementary tool in at-high risk countries)risk countries)

Vaccination Vaccination Avian Influenza SmallpoxAvian Influenza Smallpox

Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza Small poxSmall pox

Range of Range of SusceptiblSusceptibl

eeAnimalsAnimals

WideWide

PoultryPoultry( domesticated or wild )( domesticated or wild )

NarrowNarrow

Only human Only human

Efficacy of Efficacy of VaccineVaccine

Not necessarily Not necessarily highhigh

High High

Disease Disease managememanageme

nt policynt policyNot easy to eradicateNot easy to eradicate

Focus on early detection Focus on early detection & control& control

EradicatedEradicated

Vaccination : supplementary measure to be supplemented with the identification system, the surveillance etc. under the appropriate strategy ( prevention or control, and in which phase to start )

Reducing the threat at source Reducing the threat at source to its minimumto its minimum

A rapid reduction of the viral load and its circulation in domestic poultry– Early detection and transparent notification– Appropriate national chain of command– Ensure surveillance in domestic poultry and wild birds– Rapid response

– rapid confirmation of suspect cases – containment– Humane slaughter– Resort to vaccination if necessary

– Good governance, legislation, policies and resources, in line with OIE international standards on quality of VS

HPAI outbreaks in this regionHPAI outbreaks in this region

UPDATE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA IN UPDATE ON AVIAN INFLUENZA IN ANIMALS (TYPE H5)ANIMALS (TYPE H5) 　　 as at 31as at 31 October 2006 October 2006

LocationLocation Virus typeVirus type Most recent reportMost recent report remarksremarks

Cambodia Cambodia H5N1H5N1 04 / 09 / 200604 / 09 / 2006China (People's Rep. of) China (People's Rep. of) H5N1H5N1 04 / 10 / 2006 04 / 10 / 2006

Hong Kong Hong Kong H5N1H5N1 17 / 01 / 200717 / 01 / 2007

Indonesia Indonesia H5N1H5N1 25 / 09 / 200625 / 09 / 2006

Laos Laos H5N1H5N1 04 / 08 / 200604 / 08 / 2006Malaysia Malaysia (peninsular) (peninsular) H5N1H5N1 18 / 06 / 200618 / 06 / 2006

Mongolia Mongolia H5N1H5N1 28 / 07 / 200628 / 07 / 2006

Myanmar Myanmar H5N1H5N1 04 / 09 / 200604 / 09 / 2006

Thailand Thailand H5N1H5N1 15 / 01 / 200715 / 01 / 2007

Vietnam Vietnam H5N1H5N1 17 / 01 / 2007 17 / 01 / 2007 Quick reliable diagnosis, transparent report !

ThailandThailand

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Dec-0

3

Jan-0

4

Feb-0

4

Mar-

04

Apr-

04

May-0

4

Jun-0

4

Jul-04

Aug-0

4

Sep-0

4

Oct-

04

Nov-0

4

Dec-0

4

Jan-0

5

Feb-0

5

Mar-

05

Apr-

05

May-0

5

Jun-0

5

Jul-05

Aug-0

5

Sep-0

5

Oct-

05

Nov-0

5

Dec-0

5

Jan-0

6

Feb-0

6

Mar-

06

Apr-

06

May-0

6

Jun-0

6

Jul-06

Aug-0

6

as low as possible No epidemic

as narrow as possibleAs long as possible

No endemic

Successful control with conventional methodswithout vaccination

Better prevention

Jan-Mar 2005 Apr-June 2005

Jul-Sep 2005 Oct-Dec 2005

Lessons to be learnt from Lessons to be learnt from

Japanese case of HPAIJapanese case of HPAI (2004 to 2007)(2004 to 2007)

Feb. 2004Kyoto

2 cases(225,000&15,000birds)

Feb. 2004Oita

1 case(14birds)

Jan. 2004Yamaguchi

1 case(35,000birds)

Jan. 2007Miyazaki

1 case(12,000birds)

Avian Influenza Avian Influenza

in International Animal Health Code in International Animal Health Code

( you can see what are important ( you can see what are important

in the prevention and control of HPAI. )in the prevention and control of HPAI. )

Avian InfluenzaAvian InfluenzaIn International Animal Health Code(1)In International Animal Health Code(1)

Definition of the disease : an infection of poultry cDefinition of the disease : an infection of poultry caused by any influenza A virus of aused by any influenza A virus of

– the H5 or H7 subtypesthe H5 or H7 subtypes

– any AI virus with an intravenous pathogenicity any AI virus with an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) greater than 1.2 or at least 75% moindex (IVPI) greater than 1.2 or at least 75% mortality in 4-to 8-week-old chickens infected intrrtality in 4-to 8-week-old chickens infected intravenouslyavenously

Avian InfluenzaAvian InfluenzaIn International Animal Health Code(2)In International Animal Health Code(2)

Criteria for the NAI (notifiable Avian Influenza )status of a Criteria for the NAI (notifiable Avian Influenza )status of a coucountryntry, a , a zonezone or a or a compartmentcompartment

the outcome of a the outcome of a risk assessmentrisk assessment identifying all potenti identifying all potential factors for NAI occurrence and their historic perspecal factors for NAI occurrence and their historic perspective;tive;

NAI is NAI is notifiablenotifiable in the whole country, an on-going NAI in the whole country, an on-going NAI awareness programmeawareness programme is in place, and all notified susp is in place, and all notified suspect occurrences of NAI are subjected to ect occurrences of NAI are subjected to field andfield and, wher, where applicable, e applicable, laboratory investigationslaboratory investigations;;

appropriate appropriate surveillancesurveillance is in place to demonstrate the is in place to demonstrate the presence of infection in the absence of clinical signs in presence of infection in the absence of clinical signs in poultry, and the risk posed by birds other than poultry; poultry, and the risk posed by birds other than poultry; this may be achieved through an NAI surveillance progthis may be achieved through an NAI surveillance programme in accordance with Appendix ramme in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9.3.8.9.

Avian InfluenzaAvian InfluenzaIn International Animal Health Code(3)In International Animal Health Code(3)

NAI free country, zone or compartmentNAI free country, zone or compartment

A A countrycountry, , zonezone or or compartmentcompartment may be considered free from may be considered free from NAI when it has been shown that NAI when it has been shown that neither HPNAI nor LPNAI neither HPNAI nor LPNAI infectioninfection has been has been presentpresent in the country, zone or in the country, zone or compartment compartment for the past 12 monthsfor the past 12 months, based on surveillance , based on surveillance in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9.in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9.

Regaining of NAI free statusRegaining of NAI free status by a previously free by a previously free country, zone or compartmentcountry, zone or compartment

In the case of HPNAI infections, In the case of HPNAI infections, 3 months after a stamping-3 months after a stamping-

out policyout policy (including disinfection of all affected (including disinfection of all affected establishments) is applied, providing that establishments) is applied, providing that surveillancesurveillance in in accordance with Appendix 3.8.9. has been carried out during accordance with Appendix 3.8.9. has been carried out during that three-month periodthat three-month period..

Importance for the prevention Importance for the prevention and control of HPAI indicated and control of HPAI indicated

by OIE Codeby OIE Code

< requirements to demonstrate past 12 month < requirements to demonstrate past 12 month freedom, or 3 month freedom after a stamping-out >freedom, or 3 month freedom after a stamping-out >

Improvement of strategies, laws / regulations Improvement of strategies, laws / regulations Diagnostic capacity buildingDiagnostic capacity buildingSurveillanceSurveillanceProvision of necessary materialsProvision of necessary materialsTraining & review for immediate responseTraining & review for immediate responseCoordination & cooperationCoordination & cooperation

＊　＊　 With Other ministries, local governments With Other ministries, local governments 　　　 ＊　　　　 ＊　 With farmers & consumers ( public awareness )With farmers & consumers ( public awareness )

DiagnosisDiagnosis

What are important ?What are important ?AccurateAccurateLess time consumingLess time consuming

Diagnosis of Avian InfluenzaDiagnosis of Avian Influenza(1) (1) Assessment of pathogenicityAssessment of pathogenicity

A HPAI virus is defined as one of the two following metA HPAI virus is defined as one of the two following methods in terms of pathogenicity in chickens.hods in terms of pathogenicity in chickens.

①① Any influenza virus that is Any influenza virus that is lethal for six (75%),lethal for six (75%), seve seven or eight of eight 4-to 8 week old susceptible chicn or eight of eight 4-to 8 week old susceptible chickens within 10 days following intravenous inoculatikens within 10 days following intravenous inoculation with 0.2ml of a 1/10dilution of a bacteria-free, infon with 0.2ml of a 1/10dilution of a bacteria-free, infective allantoic fluid.ective allantoic fluid.

②② Any virus that has an intravenous pathogenicity inAny virus that has an intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) dex (IVPI) greater than 1.2greater than 1.2 as a result of as a result of

i) intravenous injection of fresh infective allantoic i) intravenous injection of fresh infective allantoic fluid to ten 6-week-old SPF or SNA chickens, fluid to ten 6-week-old SPF or SNA chickens,

ii) clinical assessment at 24-hour intervals and scoii) clinical assessment at 24-hour intervals and scoring clinical signs of each chicken ( 1: sick, 2: severing clinical signs of each chicken ( 1: sick, 2: severely sick, 3: dead, IVPI is the mean score per bird prely sick, 3: dead, IVPI is the mean score per bird per observation over the 10-day period.) er observation over the 10-day period.)

Diagnosis of Avian InfluenzaDiagnosis of Avian Influenza(2) (2) Serological testsSerological tests

Agar gel immunodiffusion testAgar gel immunodiffusion testHaemagglutination and haemagglutination Haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition testsinhibition testsELISA testELISA test

With the entry of newly developed tests including With the entry of newly developed tests including antigen detection(Directigen), and direct RNA detectiantigen detection(Directigen), and direct RNA detection (RT-PCR)on (RT-PCR)

Importance for the prevention and Importance for the prevention and control of HPAI indicated by OIE Codecontrol of HPAI indicated by OIE Code

< requirement to demonstrate past 12 month freedom, < requirement to demonstrate past 12 month freedom, or 3 month freedom after a stamping-out >or 3 month freedom after a stamping-out >

Diagnostic capacity buildingDiagnostic capacity buildingSurveillanceSurveillanceImprovement of strategies, laws / regulationsImprovement of strategies, laws / regulationsProvision of necessary materialsProvision of necessary materialsTraining & review for immediate responseTraining & review for immediate responseCoordination & cooperationCoordination & cooperation

＊＊　　 With Other ministries, local governments With Other ministries, local governments 　　　　　　　　＊＊　　 With farmers & consumers ( public awareness )With farmers & consumers ( public awareness )

Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme

for Highly Pathogenic Influenza Control for Highly Pathogenic Influenza Control

at Source in Southeast Asiaat Source in Southeast Asia

Activities of the Programme (OIE component)Activities of the Programme (OIE component)

To encourage the improvement of To encourage the improvement of regional and national regional and national HPAI control strategiesHPAI control strategies including the development of co including the development of contingency plansntingency plans

To collect, analyse and disseminate To collect, analyse and disseminate Technical informatiTechnical informationon to further strengthen regional early warning systems to further strengthen regional early warning systems

To strengthen To strengthen diagnostic capacitydiagnostic capacity of regional collaboratin of regional collaborating laboratories and national reference/diagnostic laboratorg laboratories and national reference/diagnostic laboratories for HPAI including the holding of ies for HPAI including the holding of training coursestraining courses on on advanced HPAI diagnosisadvanced HPAI diagnosis and and installment of high perforinstallment of high performance diagnostic equipment and materialsmance diagnostic equipment and materials

To hold To hold training courses for field veterinarianstraining courses for field veterinarians and and para-para-professionalsprofessionals on HPAI strategic surveillance on HPAI strategic surveillance

BudgetBudget: About 8 million US$: About 8 million US$

Japan/OIE Special Trust Fund ProgrammJapan/OIE Special Trust Fund Programme for AI Controle for AI Control

Government of Japan OIE Paris (HQ)

National Level

Regional Level

OIE Tokyo

Capacity buildingCapacity building:

Software;Software; Support to Control Strategy Development, Capacity building of diagnosis and surveillance, etc., Training for veterinarians and para-professionals on strategic surveillance (meetings, hands-on workshops, etc.)

Hardware;Hardware; Provision of laboratory diagnostic equipment and materials for capacity building

OIE Project Coordinator in Bangkok

Development of National Strategies and Training

Development of Epidemiology Information Systems (computer software)

Development of Regional Strategies including contingency plans, information sharing for early warning

Regional Meetings with CVOs and other national officers for initiation and evaluation of activities

Thank you for your attention

World Organisation for Animal HealthWorld Organisation for Animal Health

12 rue de Prony75017 Paris, FranceTel: 33 (0)1 44 15 18 88 Fax: 33 (0)1 42 67 09 87Courriel : oie@oie.inthttp://www.oie.int

Contact for more information