Oil

AHS Agriculture

Warm-up

• What do you know about oil?

Unit Project

• Create an energy efficient system

• Make a model

• Two page paper on why it would work

• Due: day of test, Oct 12

Essential Question

• How is oil extracted and processed?

Black Gold

• Past- petroleum pumped from ground, stored, and shipped in barrels

• Traditional barrels contained 42 gallons

Black Gold

• Still measured in barrels

• Crude oil prices vary depending on wars, hurricanes, natural disasters

Black Gold

• Takes 1 million years to form

• Plants & animals die, settle to bottom of ocean (swamp, pond), pressure exerted, oil formed

Black Gold

• Oil squeezed into rocks or reservoir rocks

• Petroleum engineers- find oil deposits

How found?

• 1. Gravimeter- principle that gravitational pull of oil-filled rocks differs from rocks containing no oil

How found?

• 2. Magnometer- measures differences in the magnetic pull of earth to find oil bearing rocks. Enables Geophysicist to locate rock layers that might contain oil

How found?

• 3. Seismograph- sound waves to identify various layers & formations under the Earth’s surface

• Offshore drilling rigs

• Video

Extraction Process

• Oil Refinery crude oil distilled into various products

• Fuels, lubricants, and petrochemicals

• Examples?

Extraction Process

• Fuels- aviation gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc

• Lubricants- greases, road oils, medicine oil

• Petrochemicals- alcohol, ink, paint, plastic, food additives, etc

Extraction Process

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk0WrtA8_T8

• Answer Questions Provided

Natural Oil and Gas Seeps

• Exploring oil seeps lab

Fossil Fuels and Their Impact

Essential Question

• How does burning fossil fuels affect us?

Warm-up

• Why is our country so developed while other countries stay undeveloped?

Coal

• Black or brown rock from plants between 1-400 million years ago

• Swamp areas

• 25% of global energy

• 40% of worlds electricity

Coal

• US: 68% production of electricity

• 13% steel production

• 9% general industries

• 1% home heating

Coal

• Top coal-producing states: West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois, Ohio, and Virgina.

• What is similar for all above states?

Coal

• Releases sulfur dioxide when burned

• Odor, irritates eyes and respiratory tract.

• Combine with oxygen- sulfur trioxide- coughing, choking, acid rain

Oil Refining

• Carbon Monoxide- incomplete combustion of any fuel

• headache, nausea, death, unconsciousness, smog

Natural Gas

• Most perfect and in-demand fuels of US

• Heats our homes, cook, production of plastic, detergents, and drugs

Natural Gas

• Gas located about oil deposit

• Problem with supplying it when needed in winter months

Particulate Matter

• Traps in air passages, reduce air capacity, severe breathing and respiratory problems.

• Asthma, Emphysema, Fog

• Smoke and Soot

Smog

• Hybrid of smoke and fog

• Obstructs vision, smells bad

• Modern-day- produced by complex sunlight-stimulated chemical reactions among auto exhaust

Smog

• Eye irritation, pulmonary diseases, lung cancer, paint and fabric deteriorate when exposed

Ground-Level Ozone

• Chlorofluorocarbons (refrigerants)

• Formed by complex reactions of primary pollutants with oxygen

• Beneficial after storm

• High concentration- irritant

Activity

• Testing Car Exhaust!

Alternative Energy Sources

Essential Question

• How can we use alternative energy in everyday life?

Warm-up

• Why is burning fossil fuels bad?

Solar Energy

• More abundant, less exhaustible, and more pollution-free than any other energy source

Solar Energy

• Sun as energy source

• Energy 100,000 times greater than electrical capacity of world

2 types: Active & Passive

• Active- capture, store and distribute energy from sun. collector, storage mechanism, distribution device needed

• Energy most needed at night

2 types: Active & Passive

• Passive- provide avenues for sun to enter but rely on natural airflow to provide distribution.

• Only has collection device, south-facing solar panel

• EX: Greenhouse, homes w/other heat source

• Can experiment

Geothermal Energy

• Involved trapping underground heat in volcanically active areas.

• Steam piped through ground to turbines that turn electric generators

Geothermal Energy

• 2 disadvantages:

• 1. energy not uniformly located around country (cheap & clean when available)

• 2. minerals in steam very hard on machinery

Hydropower

• Water power

• Dams constructed, water released in openings to drive turbines connected to electrical generators

Hydropower

• Opposed by environmental groups= when dam constructed, waters are slowed & backed up, wildnerness areas are destroyed

Nuclear, Tidal, Wind, and Wood Power

Alternative forms of energy

Warm-up

• What do you know about nuclear, tidal, wind, and wood power?

Lesson Essential Question

• Why are people concerned with nuclear, tidal, wind, and wood power?

Nuclear Power

• Using energy from a fission process for an energy source

• Fission- nuclear reaction where the nucleus splits into smaller parts when interact with another compound

Nuclear Power

• Fission gives off heat

• Once started, continues on own

• Uranium most used

Nuclear Power

• Fissioning 1 lb of uranium yields explosive force of 10,000 tons of TNT

• Release slowly, produces 12 million kilowatt hours of power

Nuclear Power

• Cadmium used to control or stop reaction by absorbing neutrons

• As reaction progresses- heat produced

Nuclear Power

• Water in tubes turns to steam to turn electrical generators

• Aux water system used to maintain core at 1,000*F

Nuclear Power Concerns

• Fear of explosion or uncontrolled heat buildup causing a meltdown

• Heating of water

Nuclear Power Concerns

• Disposal of radioactive waste• Uranium lasts 2 years• Processing removes unused • Wastes packaged stainless

steel and buried• Lasts 100 years

Nuclear Power Concerns

• Better technique??

• Containers in above ground concrete bunkers

• Care to make sure not broken open

Tidal Power

• Tides like clockwork Huge forces

• Small basins constructed, collect water during high tide

• Release with tide to drive electric generators

Tidal Power

• 2.9 million megawatts of power

• Inexpensive and always available

Wind Power

• New tower with propeller blades to turn generators that produce electricity

• Limits- wind not always blow, speed varies, storage in DC battery

Wood for Burning

• Advantages- widely available, renewable natural resource

• Disadvantages- less convenient to burn, bulkier, less efficient

Experiment

• Tidal Power

Energy from Biomass

Alternative Energy Sources

Warm-up

• What is in your gasoline?

Essential Question

• How are we using our grains and wastes efficiently?

Energy from Biomass

• Biomass- total dry weight of all of the living organisms in a given area at a given time

Energy from Biomass

• 2 kinds

• 1. Agricultural, municipal, and Industrial wastes used to produce energy

• 2. plants that are grown specifically to be used for energy production

Energy from Biomass

• 2004- US- 2.76 billion gallons of Ethanol from corn

• 2005- Brazil- 4.2 billion gallons of Ethanol from sugar and molasses

• 33-2 chart Cost of ethanol production varies by crop

Ethanol from Grain

• Ethanol from grain been around for a long time

• Burns cleanly and efficiently

• Alcohol less explosive and more stable

• Less pollution

Ethanol from Grain

• Grow yeasts in a grain solution, yeasts take in sugar, protein, vitamins, minerals, and give off carbon-dioxide and ethanol (alcohol)

• Produced from corn to by products of cheese

Ethanol from Grain

• Supplies never run dry

• No fancy refineries needed

Ethanol from Grain By-Products

• Carbon-dioxide- carbonation of beverages, drying grain, fertilizer production, fire extinguishers, refrigeration, dry-ice

• Residue from alcohol feed for livestock

Methane from Biowaste

• Using anaerobic bacteria to decompose waste. Methane produced as by-product

• Methane odorless gas w/heating rate of 600-700 BTUs per cubic foot

Methane from Biowaste

• Decomposing wastes produce methane and hydrogen sulfide (sewage smell)

• Scrubbers can remove the hydrogen sulfide

Methane from Biowaste

• Can be produced artificially in methane digester

• Airtight container holding wastes to be decomposed

• 50% of gas extracted first 2 weeks, up to 6 weeks

Methane from Biowaste

• Sludge used as fertilizer after

• Storage-big and bulky

• Farmers-use heat to produce alcohol from grain, get more out of livestock waste

• Lessen amount of fossil fuels used (434 diagram)

Energy Crops

• Raw sugar from sugar cane & sugar beets easy to convert to energy through fermentation

• Chemical processing to extract oils from plants then converted into refined fuel

• Vegetable oil cars

Energy Crops

• Trees potential energy crop

• Soybean & sunflower produce oil can be converted to fuel

• Algae that grow in lakes and ponds produce oil can be converted to fuel

Cellulosic Ethanol

• Plants made of lignocellulose

• Convert sunlight to sugar

• Lignocellulose broken down chemically to release sugar

• Then converted to ethanol

• Whole trees, switchgrass

Activity

• Cellulosic Ethanol Experiment

Soy Biodiesel

Alternative forms of Energy

Warm-up

• How is ethanol produced?

Lesson Essential Question

• What is soy biodiesel and how is it produced?

Soy Biodiesel

• Clean burning, non-toxic, alternative fuel made from vegetable oils

• 1 bushel soybeans= 1.5 gallons of biodiesel

• Can be used in pure form B100.

Soy Biodiesel

• Can be blended with petroleum diesel to create a blend 20:80 biodiesel to petrodiesel. B20

Advantages

• 1. Burns cleaner

• 2. Exceptional lubricating qualities

• 3. New engines=comsumption similar, old engines= better consumption

Advantages

• 4. biodegradable and non-toxic

• 5. promising as marine fuel

• 6. domestic, renewable resource

• 7. positive energy balance

Disadvantages

• 1. currently more expensive

• 2. additional land use needed

• 3. gives out nitrogen oxide

• 4. transportation and storage costs

• 5. less suitable for lower temps

Production

• 3 routes

• 1. base catalyzed transesterification

• 2. direct acid catalyzed transesterification of the oil

• 3. Conversion of oil to fatty acid then to biodiesel

Production

• Most biodiesel produced with 1st option

–Low temp and pressure

–Yields high conversion (98%) (minimal side reactions and reaction time)

Production

• Most biodiesel produced with 1st option

–Direct conversion- no intermediate compounds

–No exotic materials needed

Production

• Chemical reaction and process on reading

• Create a diagram/drawing that will explain process and reaction better for you

Activity

• Using the information in the soy products guide, choose a product & create an advertisement selling this product to an audience

• 30 minutes

Activity

• Investigate the impact of land use related to alternative & conventional energy sources

• Is there a low or high impact? Why?

Review

• Review for exam