OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION...

OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LIMITED

Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Installation of Dual

Sub-sea Pipeline and Umbilical for Odalarevu Facility, East Godavari

District, Andhra Pradesh

EIA Report

MAY 2013

Asian Consulting Engineers Private Limited, New Delhi

EIA Report for installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical for Odalarevu facility

Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND …………………………………………………………………………………... 1-1

1.1.1 Project Benefits and Objectives …………………………………………………………. 1-3

1.1.2 Project Proponent ………………………………………………………………………... 1-3

1.1.3 EIA Consultant …………………………………………………………………………... 1-3

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DUAL SUBSEA PIPELINES ……..…………………………………… 1-4

1.3 LEGAL AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS …………………..…………………………………… 1-4

1.4 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY ……………………………………………………….……………. 1-5

1.5 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY OF EIA STUDY …………………………………………….. 1-8

1.5.1 Approach of the EIA Study ……………………………………...………………………. 1-8

1.5.2 Establishment of Baseline Environmental Status …………………..……………………. 1-8

1.5.3 Field Study/Monitoring for Generation of Primary Data ………………………………... 1-8

1.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment ……………………………………………………… 1-8

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT …………………………………………………………………. 1-12

CHAPTER-2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 KEY BLOCK INFORMATION …………………………………………………………………… 2-1

2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ………………………………………………………………………...... 2-1

2.3 PIPELINE AND SUBSEA STRUCTURES …………………………….......................................... 2-1

2.3.1 Subsea Structures and their Arrangement ……………………………………………….. 2-3

2.4 DESIGN DETAILS OF VASHISHTA AND S-1 PRODUCTION PIPELINES ………………….. 2-4

2.5 PIPELINE MATERIAL DETAILS ………………………………………………………………... 2-4

2.6 STAFFING ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-5

2.7 RESOURCE REQUIREMENT ….…………………...…….………………………..……………. 2-5

2.8 NOISE, AIR EMISSIONS, EFFLUENTS, AND SOLID WASTE GENERATION ………........... 2-5

CHAPTER-3: DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………..……………………………………... 3-1

3.2 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ……….………………………………………………………. 3-3

3.2.1 Seismic Considerations…………………………………………………………………... 3-3

3.2.2 Climate and Meteorology ……….……………………………………………………..... 3-4

3.2.3 Micro-Meteorology ……………...………………………………………………………. 3-4

3.2.4 Bathymetry and Seabed Topography…………………………………………………….. 3-5

3.2.5 Waves and Tides.…………………………………………………………………….…... 3-6

3.2.6 Cyclones………….……………………………………………………………………..... 3-6

3.2.7 Circulation……….. …………………………………………………………………….... 3-7

3.2.8 Land Use………...……………………………………………………………………...... 3-8

3.3 MARINE ENVIRONMENT ………………………..…………………………............................... 3-9

3.3.1 Marine Water Quality ….………………………………………………………………… 3-9

3.3.1.1 Physico-chemical characteristic...………….………….………........................ 3-11

3.3.1.2 BOD and COD ………….………….………….………….………................... 3-11

3.3.1.3 Heavy Metals ……..….………….………….………….………….………...... 3-11

3.3.1.4 PAHs 3-12

3.3.2 Sediments Quality ……………………………………………………………………...... 3-12

3.3.2.1 Sediments quality monitoring results…..…….………….………..................... 3-13

3.3.3 Biological

Characteristics……………………………………………………………........ 3-14

3.3.3.1 Primary productivity and phytoplankton…….………….………..................... 3-15

3.3.3.2 Zooplankton… ………….………….………….………….………................... 3-20

3.3.3.3 Benthos……. ……..….………….………….………….………….………...... 3-23

3.3.3.4 Fisheries ……………………………………………………………………… 3-24

3.4 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT ……………………………………………………………...... 3-24

3.4.1 Soil Characteristics … ………………………………………………………………........ 3-24


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3.4.2 Water Environment ……. ……………………………………………………………….. 3-29

3.4.3 Air Environment ……………………………………………………………………........ 3-35

3.4.4 Noise Environment…………………….. ………………………………………….......... 3-39

3.4.5 Biological Characteristics……….……………………………………………….............. 3-43

3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ………………………………………………………...... 3-46

3.5.1 Demography………………………...………………………………………………......... 3-48

3.5.2 Occupation ………………………………………………………………………………. 3-49

3.5.3 Livestock ………………………………………………………………………………… 3-54

3.5.4 Educational Facilities ……………………………………………………………………. 3-54

3.5.5 Health Care Facilities ……………………………………………………………………. 3-55

3.5.6 Drinking Water Facility …………………………………………………………………. 3-56

3.5.7 Communication Facility …………………………………………………………………. 3-56

3.5.8 Post, Telephone & Electricity Facilities …………………………………………………. 3-56

3.5.9 Architectural Monuments ………………………………………………………………... 3-57

3.5.10 Environmental Concern ………………………………………………………………….. 3-58

3.5.11 Man Animal Conflict ……………………………………………………………………. 3-58

CHAPTER-4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….…….………….………….. 4-1

4.2 IMPACT PREDICTION …………………………….…….………….……………….……............ 4-2

4.2.1 Air Environment ….………….………….………….………….………….………........... 4-2

4.2.2 Impact on Noise Quality …….………….………….………….………….……..…......... 4-3

4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality ….………….………….………….……………..……..……… 4-3

4.2.4 Impact on Sediment and Soil Quality ……….………….……………..……..…….......... 4-4

4.2.5 Ecological Impacts ……………………….……………..……..……..……..……........... 4-4

4.2.6 Impact on CRZ ………………….………….………….……………..……..…………. 4-5

4.2.7 Socio-Economic Environment ...….………….………….……………..……..…………. 4-7

4.3 IMPACT EVALUATION …….………….………….………….………….…………..……..…… 4-8

4.4 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE …….………….………….……………..….………………..…..…...... 4-9

4.5 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES …….………….………….……………..……………........ 4-10

4.5.1 Air Environment …………………………………………………………………………. 4-10

4.5.2 Water Environment ……………………………………………………………………… 4-10

4.5.3 Noise Quality ……………………..…….………………………………………………... 4-10

4.5.4 Subsea Infrastructure………………………………..………………………………...... 4-11

4.5.5 Impact on Ecological Environment …………………………………………………….. 4-11

4.5.6 Waste Generation and Management …………………………………………………….. 4-11

CHAPTER-5: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

5.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….…….………….………….. 5-1

CHAPTER-6: ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………..……………….……...... 6-1

6.2 SUBSEA PIPELINE AND ONSHORE PIPELINE ………………………..……………….…… 6-2

6.3 RISK ASSESSMENT …………………………………………..……………….…………………. 6-3

6.3.1 Hazards --Nature and sensitivity of impact zones ……………………………………….. 6-3

6.3.2 Failure Scenarios (Likely) ……….………….……………………………………............ 6-5

6.3.3 Sensitive Receptors and Impact ……….………….……………………………………... 6-11

6.3.4 Subsea Pipeline layout impacts…… ….…………………………………………………. 6-11

6.3.5 Onshore Pipeline Installation Impact Zone ……………………………………………... 6-11

6.3.6 Control Measures for Major Hazards …………..……….………….………………….. 6-11

6.3.7 Fire Fighting Facility …….………….………………………………………………...... 6-11

6.3.8 Occupational Health …….………….………………………………………………...... 6-12

6.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN AND EERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN …………………... 6-13

6.4.1 Emergency Classification ………………………………………………………………... 6-14

6.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN ……………………………………………………………...... 6-15

6.5.1 On Scene Coordinator ………………………………………………………………….... 6-16

6.5.2 Site Control Room ………………………………………………………………….......... 6-17


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6.5.3 Communication ………………………………………………………………….............. 6-17

6.5.4 Communicating with Employees ………………………………………………………... 6-19

6.5.5 Communicating with Media ……………………………………………………………... 6-20

6.5.6 Warning System …………………………………………………………………………. 6-20

6.5.7 Emergency Procedures …………………………………………………………………... 6-20

6.5.8 Accident site cleanup ……………………………………………………………………. 6-21

6.5.9 Emergency response personal safety …………………………………………………….. 6-21

6.5.10 All Clear Signal and Public Statement …………………………………………………... 6-21

CHAPTER-7: PROJECT BENEFITS

7.1 PROJECT BENEFITS …………………………………………………………............................... 7-1

CHAPTER-8: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EMP …………………………………………….…...... 8-1

8.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN …………………………………….………………………….. 8-5

8.3 CAPITAL AND RECURRING COST FOR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES ……........... 8-6

8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS TRAINING ………………………………………………... 8-7

CHAPTER-9: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

9.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………….......... 9-1

CHAPTER 10: DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

10.1 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………………. 10-1

10.2 QUALITY OF SERVICES …………………………………….…………………………………... 10-1

10.3 AREA OF SPECIALIZATION …………………………………………………………….……… 10-1

10.4 RESOURCES …………………………………………………………………………….………... 10-2

ANNEXURE - I……………………………………………………………………………………………..……….

ANNEXURE - II…………………………………………………………………………………………….……….

ANNEXURE - III…………………………………………………………………………………………...……….

ANNEXURE - IV…………………………………………………………………………………………...………..

ANNEXURE - V…………………………………………………………………………………………….……….

ANNEXURE - VI…………………………………………………………………………………………...………..

ANNEXURE - VII……………………………………………………………………………………….....………..

ANNEXURE - VIII………………………………………………………………………………………………….

ANNEXURE - IX…………………………………………………………………………………………...………..

ANNEXURE - X…………………………………………………………………………………………….……….

ANNEXURE - XI…………………………………………………………………………………………...………..

ANNEXURE - XII…………………………………………………………………………………………..……….

ANNEXURE – XIII………………………………………………………………………………………...………..

ANNEXURE – XIV...………………………………………………………………………………………………..


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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

Table 1.1 Applicable Acts and Guidelines ………………………………………………........ 1-4

Table 1.2 TOR Compliance Status …………………………………………………………… 1-8

Table 3.1 Key Location Distances …………………………….……………………………… 3-2

Table 3.2 Major Earthquakes Recorded ……………………………………………………… 3-3

Table 3.3 Meteorological Data of Area of Proposed Onshore Pipeline ……………………… 3-4

Table 3.4 Historical records of severe Cyclones/Tsunami which formed in the Bay of

Bengal ……………………………………………………………………………… 3-7

Table 3.5 Land Use Distribution of the Onshore Pipeline Section ………………………….. 3-8

Table 3.6 Water Quality Monitoring Results……..…………………………………………... 3-10

Table 3.7 Depth of Sampling Locations………………………………………….…………... 3-12

Table 3.8 Sediments Quality Monitoring Results……………..……………………………... 3-13

Table 3.9 Concentration of Chlorophyll from 2002 to 2011…………………………………. 3-15

Table 3.10 Observed Values of Chlorophyll……….………..…………………......................... 3-27

Table 3.11 Identified phyto-planktons in Offshore Pipeline Section ……………….…………. 3-28

Table 3.12 Identified Zooplanktons in Offshore Pipeline Section …………………………...... 3-20

Table 3.13 Identified Benthos in Offshore Pipeline Section ……………………………......... 3-23

Table 3.14 Soil Quality Sampling Locations………..……………………….......................... 3-25

Table 3.15 Standards Soil Classification……………………………………………………… 3-26

Table 3.16 Analysis Results of Soil Sampling………………………………............................ 3-27

Table 3.17 Location of the Sampling Stations for Surface Water & Ground Water.................... 3-31

Table 3.18

(a) Surface Water Quality in the Study Area…………………………........................... 3-32

Table 3.18

(b) Ground Water Quality in the Study Area………….……………………….............. 3-32

Table 3.19 Summary of PM10 Levels Monitored in the Study Area………………………....... 3-37

Table 3.20 Summary of PM2.5 Levels Monitored in the Study Area.....………………………... 3-37

Table 3.21 Summary of SO2 Levels Monitored in the Study Area……….……………………. 3-38

Table 3.22 Summary of NOx Levels in the Study Area…………….………………………...... 3-38

Table 3.23 Summary of HC Levels in the Study Area…………………………………….…… 3-39

Table 3.24 Summary of VOC Levels in the Study Area……….………………………………. 3-39

Table 3.25 Locations of the Noise Monitoring Stations….………………….............................. 3-40

Table 3.26 Ambient Noise Quality Standards………………..………………………................ 3-42

Table 3.27 Summary of Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area............................ 3-42

Table 3.28 Fauna Species Existing within the Surrounding Study Area…………………....... 3-45

Table 3.29 Mandals with the number of habitations under the Study Area................................. 3-46

Table 3.30 Revenue Villages and habitations under the Study Area........................................... 3-47

Table 3.31 Summary of Demographic Profile of Revenue Villages under the Study Area........ 3-49

Table 3.32 Area under Crops of the Study Area (Mandal-wise)................................................. 3-50

Table 3.33 Inland Fish Production of East Godavari.........……………...................................... 3-51

Table 3.34 Marine Fish Production of East Godavari District..................................................... 3-51

Table 3.35 Area under Fish & Prawn Culture…..………............................................................ 3-53

Table 3.36 Mandal-Wise Livestock and Poultry Population – 2007…………………………… 3-54

Table 3.37 Schools in Mandals………………………………………………………………… 3-54

Table 3.38 Medical Facilities in Mandals……………………………………………………… 3-55

Table 3.39 Drinking Water Facilities in Mandals…………………………………………….... 3-56

Table 3.40 Post Offices in Mandals……………………………………………………………. 3-57

Table 3.41 Telephone Connections in Mandals………………………………………………... 3-57

Table 3.42 Environmental Concerns………….………………………………………………... 3-58

Table 3.43 Man-Animal Conflict…………….………………………………………………... 3-58

Table 4.1 Identification of Potential Impacts: Activities – Impacts/Risks Interaction ……… 4-1

Table 4.2 Shoreline shift near Project Site from 1977 to 2009……………………………….. 4-6

Table 4.3 Impact Significance Criteria ……………………………………………………….. 4-9

Table 4.4 Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project Activity (Without

Mitigation Measures) ……………………………………………………………… 4-10

Table 4.5 Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project Activity (With Mitigation

Measures) ………………………………………………………………………….. 4-11

Table 5.1 Recommended Environmental Monitoring/Audit Protocol During site preparation

and Installation of Pipeline……………….............................................................. 5-1


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Table 6.1 Occupational Health Hazards and Mitigating Measures …………………………... 6-13

Table 8.1 Environmental Management Plan - Mitigation Management Matrix (onshore and

offshore pipeline installation and operation) …………………............................ 8-1

Table 8.2 Waste Management Plan …………………………………………………………... 8-6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page No.

Figure 1.1 Project Location of Proposed Peipeline ……………................................................ 1-2

Figure 2.1 Pipeline Layout Map ………………………………..………………....................... 2-2

Figure 3.1 Location Map of Project Site …………………………………................................ 3-1

Figure 3.2 Layout Map of Pipeline Route …………………………………………………… 3-2

Figure 3.3 Seismic Zoning Map of India ………………………………………………........... 3-3

Figure 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature………………. …………………………………………. 3-4

Figure 3.5 Wind-Rose Diagram …………………………….................................................... 3-5

Figure 3.6 Bathymetry Map with proposed pipeline route………………………….............. 3-6

Figure 3.7 Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map – Andhra Pradesh.................................................. 3-7

Figure 3.8 Land Use and Land Cover of the Study Area ……………………………………... 3-8

Figure 3.9 Pipeline route with sampling locations.................................................................... 3-9

Figure 3.10 Sampling Locations of Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons and Benthos …………….. 3-14

Figure 3.11 Concentration of chlorophyll in study area from 2002 to 2011 …………………… 3-16

Figure 3.12 Sampling Locations in the Study Area ……………………………………………. 3-25

Figure 3.13 Triangular Classification of Soil …..………………………………………………. 3-28

Figure 3.14 Water Sampling Locations ……………………………………..………………….. 3-31

Figure 3.15 Air Monitoring Location Map……………………………………………………... 3-35

Figure 3.16 Noise Sample Location Map……………………………………………………….. 3-40

Figure 3.17 Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area (Day Time)............................ 3-42

Figure 3.18 Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area (Night Time)......................... 3-43

Figure 3.19 Aerial distance between Odalarevu facility and Coringa National Park.......……… 3-44

Figure 3.20 Location of Villages in the Study Area..................................................................... 3-47

Figure 3.21 Fish Landing Centres in the study region.................................................................. 3-53

Figure 3.22 Aerial distance between Buddha Stupa and Odalarevu facility ...................……… 3-57

Figure 4.1 Stallite Images Showing the Shoreline of the Project Site in 1977-1989, 1989-

2000 and 2000-2009 ……………………………………………..……….............. 4-7

Figure 6.1 Layout of the Proposed Pipeline Route ……………………………….................... 6-1

Figure 6.2 Actions taken during Emergencies ………………………………………............... 6-15

Figure 6.3 Communication Flow Chart (First Information) …………………………............... 6-18

Figure 6.4 Offshore communication flow chart……………..………………………............... 6-19

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AAS Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ACE Asian Consulting Engineers

BBL Barrels

BCM Billion Cubic Meter

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BWPD Barrel Water Per Day

CEC Chief Executive Coordinator

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

DG Diesel Generators

DMP Disaster Management Plan

ECR Emergency Control Room

EQ Earthquake

ERP Emergency Response Plan

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HC Hydrocarbon


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Hmax Maximum Wave Height

Hs Significant Wave Height

HSD High Speed Diesel

HSE Health, Safety and Environment

IS Indian Standard

KG Krishna-Godavari

KLD Kilo Litres Per Day

LFP Land Fall Point

MEQ Milliequivalent

MMSCM Million Standards Cubic Meter

MMSCMD Million Standards Cubic Meter Per Day

MODU Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit

MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest

MPN Most Probable Number

NGL Natural Gas Liquid

NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

OISD Oil Industry Safety Directorate

ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation

OSC On-Scene Commander/Coordinate

PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon

PLEM Pipeline End Manifold

PLET Pipeline End Termination

PM Particulate Matter

PPM Parts Per Million

QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment

SCR Site Control Room

SITREPS Situation Reports

STEL Short Term Exposure Limit

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

TSS Total Suspended Solids

TUTU Terminal Umbilical Termination Unit

VOC Volatile Organic Compound


Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. 1-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Krishna Godavari Basin is a proven petroliferous basin of continental margin located on

the east coast of India. The basin area covers an area of 15000 sq.km and the offshore part

covers an area of 25,000 sq.km up to 1000 m isobath. ONGC is currently involved with the

exploration in several deep sea fields off the East Coast of India in water depth from 250

meters and up to 3000 meters. Exploration of area to the east and south of G-1 filed in KG

offshore had resulted in discovery of hydro-carbons (natural gas) bearing sands in Vashishta

and S-1 prospects in the year 2005 and 2006 respectively.

Vashishta field is located at a distance of 35 km off Amalapuram Coast in water depth

ranging between 500-700m on the southern plunge of the rollover structure and located south

of G-1 field and comprises a vertically stacked channel system. The well VA-DA and VA-DB

have encountered the gas reservoir developed in Godavari clay of Pliocene age. The survey

shows different gas water contacts for VA-DA and VA-DB wells suggesting both the wells

are in different blocks.

S-1 field, located in Bay of Bengal at a water depth of approximately 250m - 600m, is 26

kilometers from onshore terminal and East of G-1 field.

Geological & Geophysical studies (G&G studies) were carried out and static/dynamic models

were generated. Based on the models, in-place hydrocarbon volumes have been estimated to

the tune of 23.29 BCM and production profiles generated. Based on these GIIP, the envisaged

cumulative gas production from both the fields at the end of nine years, works out to 15.8

BCM with a peak gas rate of 5.75 MMSCMD for a period of first five years and overall

recovery factor envisaged as around 68%.

As the development of these fields entails the entire spectrum of activities from drilling to

production and setting up of facilities, various options were analyzed by internationally

reputed integrated consultant (M/s Pegasus International) for each of the major components of

the facilities i.e. Drilling & Completion, Subsea System & Controls, Well Fluid Pipelines

(offshore & onshore) up to Onshore Terminal at Odalarevu and Onshore Terminal Facilities

and the development scheme was firmed up.

The salient features of the proposed development scheme are as under:

1. Expansion of onshore terminal at Odalarevu to handle VA and S-1 well fluids.

2. Drilling, re-entry and completion of 4 wells in Vashishta and S-1 fields.

3. Sub-sea tie back of these four wells to onshore terminal with 14 inch dual pipeline

through a daisy chain architecture.

Based on above development strategy EIA and RA studies were carried out in three volumes

(Vol-I, Vol-II & Vol-III). Present studies (Vol-III) are for installation for dual 14 inch sub-sea

pipelines, which are used to evacuate production fluids from VA and S-1 fields to proposed

onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The length of the pipeline (Onshore and Offshore section) is

approximately 45 km. Figure 1.1 shows the project location map.

1



Figure 1: Project Location and Proposed Pipeline

Based on the details of the CAPEX (accuracy +25%) indicated by the Integrated Consultant in

its report, the total capital cost of the project (including marine survey, consultancy, PMC,

TPI, service tax, etc.) for the integrated development of Vashishta and S-1 fields works out to

be USD 724.93 million (including the costs associated with the expansion of onshore terminal

at Odalarevu and offshore drilling works).

Based on the aggregated OPEX per annum estimated by Integrated Consultant, the operating

expenditure including service tax has been worked out to USD 18.03 million per annum.

Design of all facilities required for the Vashishta and S-1 development shall be carried out in

accordance with all recognised applicable international industry codes, standards &

guidelines, local regulations, safety and environmental stipulations.



1.1.1 Project Benefits and Objectives

As per International Energy Outlook 2010, the GDP of India will grow from 2918 Billion

USD in 2007 to 4847 Billion USD in 2015. To sustain the growth, the consumption of

petroleum products will also increase. As per the estimate by the same agency, the demand of

Natural Gas in India will increase from 116 MMSCMD in 2007 to 240 MMSCMD in 2015.

However, the current indigenous production of gas is 140 MMSCMD.

Petroleum, especially gas, being a swing fuel, any shortfall in production of other energy

resources like coal, hydro or nuclear power could increase the demand for petroleum

products.

In view of above, there will be a gap between domestic production of gas and actual

requirement of natural gas. To reduce this gap, production from some discovered oil/gas fields

and through additional development of existing fields are being contemplated. On this

backdrop, the present proposal for the integrated development of VA & S-1 fields is being

contemplated.

India is net importer of oil and is energy deficient country. As natural gas is relatively clean

fuel, so production of gas from VA & S-1 fields will reduce the dependence on imports to the

extent of such production.

The implementation of the project will also benefit the area around Odalarevu by way of

creation of attendant infrastructure facilities like roads, drainage, etc and also by providing

direct/indirect employment to the local population.

1.1.2 Project Proponent

Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), a premier Govt. of India Undertaking and

the major National Oil Company, is a vertically integrated company producing crude oil,

natural gas and value added products like LPG, NGL, Petrol, HSD etc. Operations of ONGC

extend over both onshore as well as offshore within India and outside India. ONGC has a

strong and experienced management and technical expertise and has already built a portfolio

of onshore, offshore and international assets (through ONGC Videsh Ltd.).

ONGC’s domestic production stands at 26.92 MMT of crude and 25.51 BCM of gas during

FY 2011-12 with an annual turnover of Rs. 76130 crore with a net profit of Rs. 25123 crore.

1.1.3 EIA Consultant

ONGC now proposes for development of Vashishta and S-1 field of KG Offshore and

Expansion of Odalarevu Onshore Terminal. In line with the industry’s best practices and the

regulatory obligations on environmental protection, ONGC has proposed to conduct

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed project, for which it has engaged

Asian Consulting Engineers Private Limited to carry out Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) studies.

This report pertains to the EIA study for Installation of Dual 14” Subsea Pipelines from

Vashishta and S-1 development to the new onshore gas processing facility at Odalarevu.

Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. (ACE) is QCI-NABET accredited EIA consulting

organization (Certificate No.: NABET/EI/1013/012) for varied sectors including offshore and

onshore oil and gas exploration, development, production & oil and gas transportation



pipelines. The Quality Management system of ACE is ISO 9001:2008 Certified. ACE has

provided its consulting services and has successfully completed projects in India and other

countries including Mongolia, U.A.E., Vietnam, etc. ACE has carried out EIA and EMP

studies for Oil & Gas, infrastructure and industrial developmental sectors; HSE compliance

audits; and has also been involved in design of water supply, wastewater management,

industrial waste treatment, solid wastes and hazardous wastes management systems.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DUAL SUBSEA PIPELINES

Sub-sea tieback to onshore Odalarevu Terminal has been proposed by installation of dual

pipelines (2x14” pipelines of approximately 45 km), designed to transport 10 MMSCMD of

gas with suitable infield sub-sea architecture including subsea umbilical. The current field

architecture provides suitable tie-in locations at both S-1 and Vashishta locations.

The pipeline has been split into two sections for determination of wall thickness: subsea

(355.6mm OD x 20.6mm WT) and landfall (365.2mm OD x 25.4mm WT). The landfall

section of pipe has higher integrity requirements and therefore higher wall thickness.

Maintaining a constant bore throughout the pipeline is preferable to allow for pigging. Hence,

pipe with non-standard outer diameter is selected for the landfall sections, with bore matched

to the subsea section.

1.3 LEGAL AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS

ONGC activities will conform to all National and International legislations, regulations,

conventions, etc., relating to aspects of hydrocarbon operations in India. The project shall

abide by the Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) guidelines and standards.

Recognizing the need of environmental safety, operator has established an HSE Policy

towards environmental protection. A list of applicable Acts and Rules is described in Table

1.1.

Table 1.1: Applicable Acts and Guidelines

Issues Applicable Legislation

Hazardous

Substances &

Wastes

1) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rules there under -

a) Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary

Movement) Rules, 2008 and amendments thereafter;

b) Guidelines for disposal of solid wastes by Oil Drilling and Gas

Extraction industry as notified, vide notification dated GSR 546

(E) August2005;

c) Manufacture Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals 1989

and amendments thereafter.

2) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and Rules 1991

Water 3) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and

amendments thereafter

4) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 - Standards for liquid

discharge by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry as notified

vide notification dated GSR 176 (E) April 1996.

Air 5) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and

amendments thereafter.

6) The Environment Protection Act, 1986 – Guidelines for discharge



Issues Applicable Legislation

for gaseous emissions by Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction industry

as notified vide notification dated GSR 176 (E) April 1996

7) The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2002 –

Emission Standards for New Generator Sets.

8) The Factories Act, 1948 and amendments thereafter.

Noise 9) The Environment (Protection) Second Amendment Rules, 2002

(Noise Limits for New Generator Sets).

10) The Noise (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000.

Safety and

Protection

against Pollution

of Environment

11) Oil Mines Regulations, 1984.

12) Oil Field (Regulation and Development) Act 1948 and The

Petroleum & Natural Gas Rules, 1959 and amendments thereafter.

The EIA process has been undertaken to meet the requirements of Ministry of Environment

and Forests, Government of India.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY

The scope of the EIA study includes detailed characterization of the existing status of the

water and biological environment within the block area, identification of the potential

environmental impacts of the project and formulation of an effective Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) to prevent, control & mitigate the adverse environmental impacts,

and ensuring environmental compliance. The terms of reference for this project were

approved by MOEF vide J-11011/591/2012-IA II (I) dated 4th June, 2012 as given below:

The Committee prescribed the following TORs for the preparation of EIA/EMP report:

1. Executive summary of the project.

2. Details of existing and proposed activities in tabulated form including drilling

wells/Pipeline subsea/Onshore Gas Terminal.

3. No. of development wells for which environmental clearance is accorded and No. of new

wells proposed during expansion. Status and No. of the wells which are completed and

closed.

4. Compliance to the conditions stipulated in environmental clearance accorded for existing

project along with point-wise compliance report.

5. Point-wise compliance reports to the ‘Consent to Establish’, ‘Consent to Operate’ and

‘Authorization’ for the existing units along with all the necessary annexure.

6. Project description for all the on-shore and off-shore activities proposed and Project

Benefits.

7. Site details including satellite imagery for 10 km area. Details of National Park/Wildlife

Sanctuary/ Eco-sensitive area/ Reserve forests.

8. Permission and recommendation for National Board of wildlife and Chief Wildlife

Warden regarding Coringa Forest should be included.

9. Forest Clearance in case the forest land is involved.

10. CRZ Clearance for subsea pipelines from offshore to onshore terminal.

11. Land-use along with maps and cropping pattern, vegetation ecology, Flora& Fauna.

12. Demography and Socio-economics of the area.



13. Design details of well head platform, PLQP, Offshore pipeline from PLQP to landfall

point (LFP), onshore pipeline for LFP to onshore gas terminal and Onshore Gas terminal

including process flow diagram.

14. Baseline data for land subsidence measurement should be incorporated.

15. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for one season leaving the monsoon

season in an area of 10 km radius from onshore and offshore activity.

Action Plan to control ambient air quality as per NAAQES Standards notified by the

ministry on 16th September, 2009 at various locations.

Ambient air quality monitoring at 8 locations for PM10, SO2, NOX.

Background levels of hydrocarbons as HC (Methane and Non Methane) and VOC (5

Samples).

Soil Sample analysis at 10 locations.

Baseline underground and surface water quality in the vicinity of 10 km area.

Climatology & Meteorology including wind speed, wind direction, temperature,

rainfall etc.

Measurement of noise levels at 10 locations in the Block

16. Quantity and source of water supply. Permission for the drawl of water from the

competent authority. Detailed water balance, wastewater generation, treatment and

discharge. Details of treatment scheme for process effluent, utility wastewater, sewage

etc along with process flow diagram and characteristics of influent and effluent.

17. Treatment and utilization of produced water.

18. Detailed solid waste generation, collection, segregations, its recycling and reuse,

treatment and disposal

19. Estimation and computation of air emissions resulting out of offshore, OGT etc.

20. Assessment of impact on air, water, soil, solid/hazardous waste and noise levels.

21. Evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed pollution control measures to meet the air

quality emission standards, water discharge norms, solid/ hazardous waste generation

and disposal.

22. Estimation of noise level due to operation of drilling, process machine, its associated

equipments and vehicular movement & prediction and evaluation of impacts due to

increase in noise levels arising out of the proposed activities on the surrounding

environment. Proposed mitigation measures for noise pollution

23. Storage of chemicals at the site, proposed preventive measures for spillage and

accidents

24. Environmental Management Plan

25. Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan

Identification of Hazards

Consequence Analysis

Risk Presentation and proposed mitigation measures for risk reduction

Disaster Management Plan (DMP)

Oil Spill Contingency Plan and Emergency Response Plan

26. H2S emissions control plans.

27. Details of all environment and safety related documentation within the company in the

form of guidelines, manuals, monitoring programmes including Occupational Health

Surveillance Programme etc.



28. Restoration plans and measures to be taken for decommissioning of the rig and

restoration of on-shore support facilities on land. Measures for decommissioning of the

rigs and projects.

29. Post project closure and Monitoring Programme.

30. Documentary proof for membership of TSDS for disposal of Hazardous waste, if any.

31. Details of proposed occupational Health Surveillance program for the employees and

other labour.

32. Environmental Monitoring program while operation is undertaken.

33. Any issue related to land subsidence.

34. Total Capital and recurring cost/ annum for environmental pollution control measures.

35. Any litigation pending against the project or any directions/order passed by any Court of

Law against the project. If so, details thereof.

36. Public hearing issues raised and commitments made by the project proponent on the

same should be included separately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of Tabular Chart

with financial budget for complying with the commitments made.

The following general points should be noted:

(i) All documents should be properly indexed, page numbered.

(ii) Period/date of data collection should be clearly indicated.

(iii) Authenticated English translation of all material provided in Regional languages.

(iv) The letter/application for EC should quote the MOEF file No. and also attach a copy

of the letter.

(v) A copy of the letter received from the Ministry should be also attached as an

annexure to the final EIA-EMP Report.

(vi) The final EIA-EMP report submitted to the Ministry must incorporate the issues in

this letter. The index of the final EIA-EMP report must indicate the specific chapter

and page no. of the EIA-EMP Report where the above issues have been incorporated.

(vii) Certificate of Accreditation issued by the QCI to the environmental consultant should

be included.

The present scope of the EIA will describe various components of the environment of the

area(s) to be affected or created by the alternatives under consideration. The studies carried

out within 10 km study area of onshore pipeline and also along the proposed offshore pipeline

route. The onshore section studies include collection of soil, surface & ground water samples

and air & noise quality monitoring and stakeholder consultations at different places within 10

km study area.

The offshore section studies include samples of sea water, sediments, phytoplanktons,

zooplanktons and benthos collection along the proposed offshore pipeline route. Also, the

analysis of chlorophyll concentration at different sampling points of proposed pipeline route.

Based on the collection of baseline data and analyses in the EIA will be commensurate with

significance of the impact. The EIA will include discussions of direct effects and their

significance; indirect effects and their significance and conservation potential of alternatives

and mitigation measures. For each significant adverse impact, the studies will identify

proposed mitigation measures and suggest required management and monitoring plan.

1.5 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY OF EIA STUDY

1.5.1 Approach of the EIA Study



The EIA study basically includes establishment of the present environmental scenario within

the study area. EIA report consists of study of the specific activities related to the project and

evaluation of the probable environmental impacts, thus, leading to the recommendations of

necessary environmental pollution control measures. The entire EIA study has been carried

out on the basis of the applicable environmental legislation, regulations and guidelines of

MoEF.

1.5.2 Establishment of Baseline Environmental Status

A comprehensive database on the baseline environmental status/conditions of the study area has

been established through review, compilation & analysis of:

Existing published secondary data/ literature/ information collected, and

Primary data generated/ collected through field study, survey and monitoring.

1.5.3 Field Study/Monitoring for Generation of Primary Data

The collected secondary data has been appropriately supplemented by conducting the

necessary primary data generation/ collection through field study/monitoring. The field

monitoring has been carried out as per the guidelines of CPCB & BIS and requirement of the

MoEF.

Water Quality Monitoring: For drawing up the baseline data on water quality, water quality

monitoring has been conducted at representative locations in the study area. Water samples

have been collected and analyzed for important relevant physical and chemical parameters.

Ecological survey: Survey which will includes terrestrial flora and fauna and following

marine classes of organisms: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Macro benthos and Marine

mammals including fishes.

1.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment

This will include collection of primary data through field investigations, environmental

monitoring and secondary data from sources like maps, reports, scientific literatures etc. The

collected data will be then analyzed for identification of impacts and to arrive at cost effective

mitigation measures. The environmental impact assessment has been conducted in accordance

with the norms and guidelines of the Govt. of India.

Table 1.2: TOR Compliance Status

S. No Terms of Reference Status

1. Executive Summary of the Project Prepared

2. Details of existing and proposed activities in

tabulated form including drilling wells/Pipeline

subsea/Onshore Gas Terminal.

Chapter 2, section 2.1

3. No. of development wells for which

environmental clearance is accorded and No. of

new wells proposed during expansion. Status and

No. of the wells which are completed and closed.

Covered in EIA report of

drilling and completion

operations (Vol-II); Chapter 2,

section 2.1.

4. Compliance to the conditions stipulated in

environmental clearance accorded for existing

project along with point-wise compliance report.

Environment Clearance for

existing G-1 and GS-15

facilities are attached as

Annexure-VII.




5. Point-wise compliance reports to the ‘Consent to

Establish’, ‘Consent to Operate’ and

‘Authorization’ for the existing units along with

all the necessary annexures.

CFE, CFE extension and CFO

copies for existing G-1 and GS-

15 facilities are attached as

Annexure-VI (a), VI (b) and VI

(c) respectively.

6. Project description for all the on-shore and off-

shore activities proposed and Project Benefits.

Chapter 2, section 2.3; Chapter

7, section 7.1.

7. Site details including satellite imagery for 10 km

area. Details of National Park/Wildlife Sanctuary/

Eco-sensitive area/ Reserve forests.

Chapter 3, section 3.1. There are

no national park/wildlife

sanctuary/ eco-sensitive area/

reserve forests within 10 km

study area.

8. Permission and recommendation for National

Board of wildlife and Chief Wildlife Warden

regarding Coringa Forest should be included

Chapter 3, section 3.4.5. The

aerial distance between Coringa

Forest and Project Site is

approximately 51 km.

9. Forest Clearance in case the forest land is

involved.

Chapter 3, section 3.2.8. Copy

of proof of application for

diversion of forest land for

pipeline is attached as

Annexure-V.

10. CRZ Clearance for subsea pipelines from

offshore to onshore terminal.

Chapter 4, section 4.2.6

11. Land-use along with maps and cropping pattern,

vegetation ecology, Flora & Fauna.

Chapter 3, section 3.2.8; section

3.4.5.

12. Demography and Socio-economics of the area. Chapter 3, section 3.5

13. Design details of well head platform, PLQP,

Offshore pipeline from PLQP to landfall point

(LFP), Onshore pipeline for LFP to onshore gas

terminal and Onshore Gas terminal including

process flow diagram.

Chapter 2, section 2.3 and 2.4

14. Baseline data for land subsidence measurement

should be incorporated.


onshore terminal (Vol-I);

Chapter 3, section 3.3.7.

15. Baseline data collection for air, water and soil for

one season leaving the monsoon season in an area

of 10 km radius from onshore and offshore

activity.

Action Plan to control ambient air quality as

per NAAQES Standards notified by the ministry

on 16th September, 2009 at various locations.

Ambient air quality monitoring at 8

locations for PM10, SO2, NOx.

Background levels of hydrocarbons as HC

(Methane and Non Methane) and VOC (5

Chapter 3, section 3.2.2 &

section 3.2.3 and section 3.4.1,

3.4.2, 3.4.3, 3.4.4.




Samples).

Soil Sample analysis at 10 locations.

Baseline underground and surface water

quality in the vicinity of 10 km area.

Climatology & Meteorology including wind

speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall etc.

Measurement of noise levels at 10 locations

in the Block.

16. Quantity and source of water supply. Permission

for the drawl of water from the competent

authority. Detailed water balance, wastewater

generation, treatment and discharge. Details of

treatment scheme for process effluent, utility

wastewater, sewage etc. along with process flow

diagram and characteristics of influent and

effluent.

Chapter 2, section 2.8. Chapter

4, section 4.5.2.

17. Treatment and utilization of produced water. Covered in expansion of


Chapter 2, section 2.3.2; section

2.3.4.7; section 2.5.

18. Detailed solid waste generation, collection,

segregations, its recycling and reuse, treatment

and disposal

Chapter 2, section 2.8.

No hazardous solid waste is

envisaged to be generated.

Small quantity of used papers,

cartons, etc shall be generated

which will be disposed off

through proper recyclers.

19. Estimation and computation of air emissions

resulting out of offshore, OGT etc.

Chapter 4, section 4.2.1

20. Assessment of impact on air, water, soil,

solid/hazardous waste and noise levels.


21. Evaluation of the adequacy of the proposed

pollution control measures to meet the air quality

emission standards, water discharge norms, solid/

hazardous waste generation and disposal.


22. Estimation of noise level due to operation of

drilling, process machine, its associated

equipment and vehicular movement & prediction

and evaluation of impacts due to increase in noise

levels arising out of the proposed activities on the

surrounding environment. Proposed mitigation

measures for noise pollution.

Chapter 4. Section 4.2.2.

23. Storage of chemicals at the site, proposed

preventive measures for spillage and accidents.

Chapter 2, section 2.7; Chapter

8, section 8.1.

24. Environmental Management Plan Chapter 8




25. Assessment and Disaster Management Plan

Identification of Hazards

Consequence Analysis

Risk Presentation and proposed mitigation

measures for risk reduction.

Disaster Management Plan (DMP)

Oil Spill Contingency Plan and Emergency

Response Plan

Chapter 6, section 6.3; section

6.4; section 6.5.

26. H2S emissions control plans. Covered in EIA report of

drilling and completion


section 6.3.5.4.

27. Details of all environment and safety related

documentation within the company in the form of

guidelines, manuals, monitoring programmes

including Occupational Health Surveillance

Programme etc.

HSE guideline given in Chapter

8, section 8.4. ONGC policy for

periodic medical examination is

attached as Annexure-XI.

28. Restoration plans and measures to be taken for

decommissioning of the rig and restoration of on-

shore support facilities on land. Measures for

decommissioning of the rigs and projects.


drilling and completions


section 8.5.

29. Post project closure and Monitoring Programme. Chapter 5, Section 5.1.

30. Documentary proof for membership of TSDS for

disposal of Hazardous waste, if any.

As no solid waste is being

generated in the Odalarevu

Plant, TSDF membership is not

required at this moment.

31. Details of proposed occupational Health

Surveillance program for the employees and other

labor.


32. Environmental Monitoring program while

operation is undertaken.

Chapter 5

33. Any issue related to land subsidence. Covered in EIA report of



34. Total Capital and recurring cost/ annum for

environmental pollution control measures.

Chapter 8. Section 8.3

35. Any litigation pending against the project or any

directions/order passed by any Court of Law

against the project. If so, details thereof.

No litigation or court case is

pending against this particular

proposal as on date. However,

there is a separate writ petition

filed by an NGO in the High

Court of Andhra Pradesh on the

problem of land subsidence and

other hazards due to large scale

exploitation in KG Basin.




36. Public hearing issues raised and commitments

made by the project proponent on the same

should be included separately in EIA/EMP

Report in the form of Tabular Chart with

financial budget for complying with the

commitments made.

Public hearing report for

existing G-1 and GS-15

facilities at Odalarevu is

attached as Annexure–XII.

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Chapter 1 : Introduction - Provides a background to the project, the project

proponent and environmental legislations /

permits applicable to the project; TOR for the

EIA study - provides the terms of reference for

the Environmental Impact Assessment study for

the proposed project.

Chapter 2 : Project Description - Describes the operations associated with the

project.

Chapter 3 Description of the

Environment

- Describes the background environmental

characteristics and the other economic activities

in the area.

Chapter 4 : Anticipated

Environmental

Impacts &

Mitigation Measures

- Identifies potential environmental impacts due to

the Proposed Project and applicable mitigation

measures.

Chapter 5 : Environmental

Monitoring

Programme

- Describes the mechanism to address the adverse

environmental impacts during different phases

of the project.

Chapter 6 : Additional Studies - This chapter includes Risk assessment and

Disaster Management Plan. Risk assessment

section will accentuate the types of risks

associated with exploratory drilling operations

and their assessment. Disaster management

section illustrates about the emergency

preparedness and disaster management plan.

Chapter 7 : Project Benefits - This chapter details the benefits associated with

the project to the local community as well as to

the nation.

Chapter 8 : Environment

Management Plan

- Provides delivery mechanism to address the

potential environmental impacts.



Chapter 9 : Summary &

Conclusion

- This chapter summarizes justification for

implementation of the project with mitigation

measures.

Chapter 10 : Disclosure of

Consultants engaged

- The name of the Consultants engaged with their

brief resume and nature of consultancy engaged.



PROJECT

DESCRIPTION

2.1 KEY PIPELINE INFORMATION

Name of the Project : Installation of dual 14” sub-sea pipeline and umbilical

for Odalarevu facility

Location : Odalarevu, Andhra Pradesh

Size of the project : Proposed sub-seapipeline length is approx 45 km.

Onshore section of pipeline is approx. 4km

Existing Pipeline Facility : Dual 10 inch sub-sea pipeline to evacuate production

fluid from G-1 and GS-15 fields to existing onshore

terminal.

Length: 25 km approx.

Proposed Pipeline Facility : Dual 14 inch sub-sea pipeline to evacuate production

fluid from Vashishta and S-1 Fields to Proposed

Onshore Terminal.

Length: 45 km approx.

Expected Cost of the Project : USD 354.57 million (INR 1666Crores @ Rs 47/$)

2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

ONGC plans to develop Vashishta& S1 gas fields for which dual 14 inch subsea pipelines are

to be laid to evacuate production fluid from Vashishta and S-1 fields to proposed onshore

terminal at Odalarevu. A control umbilical also needs to be laid for injection of chemicals for

inhibition of hydrates, scale & corrosion in the pipelines and to exercise control over the

subsea production system.

2.3 PIPELINE AND SUBSEA STRUCTURES

The proposed project of Vashishta and S1 development comprises of four production wells:

VA-DA and VA-DB at the Vashishta field and S1-A and S1-B at the S1 development.

Production fluids shall be evacuated to the onshore processing facilities via dual14 inch

nominal bore (NB) production pipelines in a daisy chain arrangement between the onshore

terminal and the four wells. The dual pipeline shall tie-in to the new onshore terminal at the

South side and will be routed to the East at a location that will allow them to cross and run

parallel (on the Northward side) to the existing G1 and GS-15 pipelines and follow the

existing route to the landfall location. The pipeline layout map is shown in Figure 2.1.

2



Figure 2.1: Pipeline Layout Map

The approximate length of the pipeline between the VA-DA well (approx. 550 m depth) and

landfall is 38.7km. The onshore section of pipeline betweenlandfall and the terminal ESDVs

is approximately 4km. The pipelines shall extend between VA-DA and the VA-DB well

location, approximately 4.4km distant in 700m water depth. At the S1 field location, within

each of the dual pipelines, inline tees shall be installed to facilitate tie-in of the S1-A and S1-

B wells and to provide for potential future expansion of the S1 field.

The proposed pipeline has been split into two sections for determination of wall thickness:

subsea (355.6mm OD x 20.6mm WT) and landfall (365.2mm OD x 25.4mm WT). The

landfall section of pipe has higher integrity requirements and therefore higher wall thickness.

Constant bore has been maintained through the pipeline to allow pigging. Pipe with non-



standard outer diameter is selected for the landfall sections, with bore matched to the subsea

section.

2.3.1 Subsea Structures and their Arrangement

The major subsea equipment/facilities, other than the pipeline include: Subsea tees, On

tree flow meters (multiphase), Subsea Controls (comprising of Subsea Distribution Unit

(SDU’s), Umbilical Termination Assemblies (UTA’s),Onshore ENS, HDU, Master

Control System (MCS)/Electric Power Unit (EPU) and Topside Umbilical Termination

Unit (TUTU), Main and infield umbilical and Diver less connectors.

Inline tees shall be installed as part of the pipeline, at the S1-A and S1-B locations and

shall facilitate tie-in of the S1 wells. Spare inline tees between S1-A and S1-B wells will

be provided to allow future expansion.

At VA-DA location the main dual pipelines shall terminate with Pipeline End

Terminations (PLETs), 14 inch NB spools shall facilitate connection between the PLETs

on the main dual pipelines and PLETs on dual extension pipelines to the VA-DB location.

The PLETs at VA-DA shall also facilitate tie-in of the VA-DA well.

At VA-DB location the 14 inch dual extension pipelines shall terminate at PLETs, which

are connected by 14 inch tie-in spools to a Pipeline End Manifold (PLEM). The PLEM

will provide a means of round trip-pigging of the pipelines and allow for potential future

expansion of the pipeline system. Provision will be made in PLEM at VA-DB for adding

any future well in the area through an infield pipeline. The PLETs at VA-DB shall

facilitate tie-in of the VA-DB.

The tie-back distance between landfall and the VA-DA location is approximately 38.7km.

The tie-back distance between VA-DA and VA-DB is approximately 4.4km. There is also

an approximately 4km onshore section of pipeline between landfall and ESDVs.

All tees and PLEM shall allow for the production fluids from the associated well to be

diverted to either, or both of the dual pipelines. All infield jumper spools between PLETs,

PLEM, tees and wells shall be rigid 6 inch pipe, with the exception of the VA-DA spools

where 8 inch NB pipe shall be required. All connections shall be via vertical diverless

connectors.

Master control system (MCS), Hydraulic Power Units (HPU), Electrical Power Unit

(EPU) and Chemical Injection System shall be provided at the onshore terminal. These

components shall be connected to the subsea system via a static umbilical, approximately

33 km long, and terminated in an Umbilical Termination Distribution Assembly (UTDA)

at Vashishta well cluster.

A main umbilical shall be installed from the onshore terminal at Odalarevu to an SDU

located at the S1 field centre, approximately 28.3km. A further umbilical shallextend

from the S1 SDU to a second SDU located at the VA field centre,approximately 9.8km.

Infield umbilicals (each approximately 2.3km) shall connect the VA SDU to the VA-DA

and VA-DB Xmas trees. Hydraulic flying leads shall connect the VA-DA wellhead to the

VA-DA PLETs and VA-DB wellhead to the VA-DB PLETs, and from VA-DB to PLEM.

Infield umbilicals and flying leads for connection of the S1 wells aredetailed.

All subsea umbilical and flying lead connections shall be diverless make-up.



2.4 Design Detailsof Vashishta and S-1 Production pipelines

Vashishta and S-1shall be produced via 14 inch NB dual pipelines routed from VA- DA

to terminal.

Pipeline Design Conditions- The pipelines shall be designed according the following

parameters:

Parameter Vashishta/S-1

Water Depth Max (m) 689

Water Depth Min (m) 0

Pipeline Length (m) 42,700

Maximum Design Temperature ( C) 65

Minimum Design Temperature ( C) -75

Design Pressure (barg) 255

Pre-trenching; burial along with concrete weight coatingfor protection of pipeline shall be

done as follows:

- 2.5 metres burial for the onshore section.

- 2.5 metres burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 27 metres water depth. This will be

approximately up to two thirds of the way along the first leg of the pipeline.

- 1.0 metre burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 79 metres water depth. This shall be

just after the first deviation away from the G-1 pipelines.

- 30mm concrete coating up to 200 metres water depth.

- Three layer polypropylene (3LPP) coating and surfaced laid for the remainder of the

development.

The pipelines shall be protected from external corrosion by a combination of coatings and

cathodic protection via bracelet anodes, fitted along the length of the pipeline. A 3LPP is

the recommended anti-corrosion coating for the gas production pipeline.

The corrosion inhibitor selected shall achieve a minimum of 95% inhibitorefficiency for

the basic process condition of Vashishta and S1 produced fluids andcompatibility with

MEG injection shall be ensured.

Vashishta and S1 pipelines shall be designed to permit the use of pigs, with

dueconsideration to be taken of transitions in bore between the flowline, pipelines and

manifold piping. Any tees within the main production flowline system shall be piggable

with the inclusion of pigging bars and any bends shall have a minimum radius of 5D.

2.5 Pipeline Material Details

Item Material

Gas Production

Flowline

Linepipe- Seamless carbon steel line pipe API 5L X52/ X56 with 3.0

mm corrosion allowance.

Tie-in spools Linepipe/Bends- UNS S32760 or equivalent super dulex with 1.0 mm

corrosion allowance.

PLEM Piping System- Seamless carbon steel line pipe API 5L X52/ X56 with

6.0 mm corrosion allowance or corrosion resistance alloy (duplex/super

duplex stainless steel) if any uncertainties over inhibitor efficiency in the

PLEM System.



Item Material

PLET Piping- Seamless carbon steel line pipe API 5L X52/ X56 with 6.0 mm

corrosion allowance or corrosion resistance alloy (CRA) (duplex/super

duplex stainless steel) if any uncertainties over inhibitor efficiency in the

PLET System.

Valve The valve body system shall match the piping material: 25% Cr Duplex/

Carbon Steel body with UNS N06625 overlay. The valves internals from

all valves shall be manufactured from CRA ad comply with BS EN ISO

15156. Seat and ball/gate faces shall be hard faced with tungsten carbide

Connectors The connector hubs shall match the piping material

Structural Steel Primary Members- BS EN 10225 grade 355 minimum or equivalent

Secondary Steel- BS EN 10025 grade 275 minimum or equivalent.

2.6 STAFFING

The total number of personnel involved during the pipeline laying works is expected to be 65

(approximately). Accommodation shall be provided at onshore base.

2.7 Resource requirement

i) Construction Material

Construction materials such as Sand, Stone and cement shall be required during

construction activities.

ii) Fuel

Fuel requirements will be mainly for the purpose of electricity generation during

construction and operational activities of the pipeline shall be met from supply of 8869

m3/day of natural gas required for operating Gas Turbine Generators. Approximately one

month will be required for installation of the pipeline.

iii) Water

Water requirement during construction activities shall be met through 120 KLD of water

supply from surface and canal water.

iv) Chemicals

Chemicals such as Corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors and degreasing agents shall be

required during pre-commissioning phase of the pipeline and shall be stored at existing

onshore Odalarevu Terminal.

2.8 Noise, Air Emissions, Effluents, and Solid Waste Generation

i) Noise

Noise is likely to be generated from the operation of generator sets, construction

machinery, earthing equipment etc during construction and installation of onshore and

offshore pipeline. Underwater sound is likely to be generated due to usage of equipments

(such as flowlines, subsea valves etc) during pipeline installation. Transportation

activitiesmayalso contributeto onshore and offshore noise levels.

ii) Air

Emission of air pollutants is likely to occur due to usage of construction vehicles and

equipments during construction, commissioning and operation of the pipelines.



iii) Effluent and Solid Waste

Water generated from hydraulic testing of pipelines shall be reused for multiple tests.

In case of discharged into sea, discharge of water shall be ensured at a suitable

location to minimise adverse impacts.

Sewage- Sewage generated shall be treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP).

The treated effluent shall be reused for the purpose of irrigation within and around the

plant area.

Construction waste- Solid waste consisting of recyclable waste and non recyclable

generated from construction activities, shall be segregated in appropriated bins and

shall be disposed off to approved contractors for their final disposal.

Solid waste including domestic waste (from kitchen, gallery, laundries etc),

combustible and recyclable waste generated shall be collected, segregated and stored

in specified containers and shall be transferred to authorized contractors for its

disposal.

Hazardous wastes such as waste lube/system oil from machinery, used oil from D.G

set (in case of operation) are likely to be generated. The waste shall be handled as per

Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules,

2008. The waste will be carefully stored in drums and transported to MoEF approved

recyclers for its final disposal. All precautions will be taken to avoid spillage from the

storage.



DESCRIPTION OF THE

ENVIRONMENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents an overview of the aspects of the environment related to the proposed

dual subsea pipeline route from Vashishta and S-1 field to proposed onshore terminal at

Odalarevu in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh (India). Knowledge of the

characteristics of the local biological environment allows an understanding of the potential for

the operations to interact with the flora and fauna so that appropriate controls can be adopted

to mitigate negative impacts. Figure 3.1 shows the location map of dual sub-sea pipelines

from Vashishta and S-1 fields to Odalarevu onshore facility.

Figure 3.1: Location Map of Proposed Project

The baseline description includes collection of primary and secondary data through field

investigations, environmental monitoring and secondary sources viz. maps, reports, scientific

literatures, etc. The obtained data has been analyzed for identification of impacts and arrive at

3



mitigation measures for minimizing any environmental impact due to the project activities.

The activities that are likely to be studied for each environmental component are described in

subsequent sections.

The proposed dual 14 inch subsea pipelines are used to evacuate hydrocarbons from wells in

VA and S-1 field to proposed onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The sub-sea pipeline length is

approximately 43 km. The length of pipeline from landfall point to onshore terminal is 4 km

approximately. The aerial distance of the key locations of the pipelines are given in Table 3.1.

The layout map of proposed pipeline route is given in Figure 3.2.

Table 3:1 Key Location Distances

S.

No. From To

Approximate

Distances (in km)

1 Odalarevu Facility Landfall Point 3

2 Landfall Point VA 31

3 Landfall Point S-1 26

4 VA-DA VA-DB 4.5

5 S-1-A S-1-B 1.4

6 S-1 VA 9

Figure 3.2: Layout Map of Pipeline Route



3.2 STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The environmental status of the proposed project includes the studies of both onshore and

offshore section of environment (Terrestrial and Marine Environment) and has been studied

during the months of September, October and November 2012 and the details are given in the

following sub-sections:

3.2.1 Seismic Considerations

According to the Seismic-zoning Map of India [IS 1893: 2002], the state of Andhra Pradesh

lies in Zones II and III. The onshore section of pipeline falls in Zone III of the seismic zoning

map of India. The Seismic Zoning Map is shown in Figure 3.3.

Study of Historical records of the Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh shows that it is a

continuous board of mild earthquakes. The major earthquakes that affected Andhra Pradesh in

the past are listed in Table 3.2 below.

Source: http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/disaster/earthquake/eq-india.pdf)

Figure 3.3: Seismic Zoning Map of India

Table 3.2: Major Earthquakes recorded

S.

No.

Name of the

Earthquake Magnitude Occurrence

1. Vizianagaram EQ 5.5 17 April, 1917

2. Ongole, Prakasam EQ 5.4 27 March, 1967

3. Bhadrachalam EQ 5.7 13 April, 1969

Source: http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/100yrs%20eq.htm



3.2.2 Climate and Meteorology

The climate is mainly governed by the presence of Bay of Bengal. The climate of the area is

hot and humid.

Presence of sea also plays a significant role resulting diurnal variation of climatic condition.

The landward sea breeze in the evening keeps the temperature at a pleasant range. The

meteorological data during the study period is given in Table 3.3. Sea surface temperature

along the Indian coastline is given in Figure 3.4.

Table 3.3: Meteorological Data of the Area of Proposed Onshore Pipeline

S.

No Month Year

Mean

Temperature

(°C)

Max.

Temperature

(°C)

Min.

Temperature

(°C)

Precipitation

(mm)

1 September 2012 29.06 38 25 0.40

2 October 2012 28.44 36 24 0.18

3 November 2012 26.64 34 21 0.92

Source: Amalapuram, worldweatheronline.com

Figure 3.4: Sea Surface Temperature

3.2.3 Micro-Meteorology

The meteorological data of Amalapuram town, which is approx. 10 km far from onshore

pipeline section is used for interpretation of the baseline information as well as input for air

quality simulation models. The hourly based meteorological data during the study period is

given in Annexure-I.

The wind rose diagram for the study area of onshore pipeline section is shown in Figure 3.5.

The analysis of the average wind pattern shows predominant winds blowing from SW to NE.

The calm wind (wind speed < 3.39 m/s) conditions prevailed for 3.80 % of the total time.



Figure 3.5: Wind rose Diagram

3.2.4 Bathymetry and Seabed Topography

The proposed dual sub-sea pipeline route off the river of Godavari-Vashistha having a

maximum bathymetry up to 700 m. Geologically, the area is characterized by major NE-SW

running fault. The northern boundary of the fault is same extension of Ponnamanda-

Adavipalem fault.

The pipeline route falls in the Bay of Bengal off the east coast of India in East Godavari

district of Andhra Pradesh State. The approximately length of pipelines between the VA-DA

is 38.7 km distant in approx. 550 m water depth. The pipeline shall extend between VA-DA

to VA-DB well location, approximately 4.4 km (approx. 700m water depth). The detailed

bathymetry of study area with the pipeline route is shown in Figure 3.6.



Source: Rao, B.R (2010) Ramaypatnam to Sacramento Shoal, Dehradun: National Hydrographic office

Figure 3.6: Bathymetry Map with proposed pipeline route

3.2.5 Waves and Tides

The maximum wave height (Hmax) in the area varied between 0.45 m to 4.40 m and the

significant wave height (Hs) varied between 0.3 to 2.8 m at 90 m of water depth. During the

Months of June, July and August the Hmax exceeded 4 m and Hs exceeded 2.5 m. The

directional distribution of waves in the form of wave power is relatively high during June,

July and August months and is predominantly contributed from the sector between South

West (SSW) and West South West (WSW).

As per the Kakinada port authorities, during the October-December the wave Height exceeds

2 m for 32% of the time and 58% of the waves approach from North-Northwest direction.

The tides in this region are characterized as predominantly semi-diurnal. Based on the

Kakinada port tidal data for the year 2000 the spring tidal range is about 1.34 m and the neap

tidal range is about 0.53 m.

(Source: N. S. N. Raju, K. Ashok Kumar, R. Gowthaman, V. Sanil Kumar & S. Jaya Kumar,

2004, Coastal Processes Along North Kakinada Coast, Andhra Pradesh Based on Short-

Term Study, NIO-Goa, Technical Report: NIO/TR- 02/2004)

3.2.6 Cyclones

The region of proposed project is one of the most disaster prone areas of the Andhra Pradesh

due to its physio-graphic and climatic conditions. It is the one of the most vulnerable region to



windstorms and frequent severe cyclonic storms, which originates in the Bay of Bengal as

low pressure zones. Table 3.4 below gives the historical records of Severe Cyclones which

formed in the study region, Bay of Bengal and made landfall at the eastern coast of India

during the period from 1964-1996. The wind and cyclone hazard map of Andhra Pradesh is

shown in Figure 3.7.

Table 3.4: Historical records of Severe Cyclones/Tsunami which formed in the Bay of

Bengal

S. No. Name of

the Event

Year of

Occurrence

1. Severe Cyclonic Storm Crossed Andhra Pradesh coast near

Machilipatnam 1964

2. Super Cyclone, Andhra Pradesh November,1977

3. Super Cyclone, Crossed Andhra coast at about 40 km south west

of Machilipatnam May, 1990

4. Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, Crossed Andhra coast near

Kakinada November, 1996

5. Tsunami December 2004

6. Cyclone Nilam, covered few districts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu October, 2012

Source: 1. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP), 2005

2. Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre Incois Hyderabad (ITEWC), NTWC- INCOIS-20120411

1408-04 (TYPE - III Supplementary 01), Wednesday 11 April

2012(http://www.incois.gov.in/DSSProducts/Product_NTWC/Web/dss120411083800_Bulletin4_box_p

ub_M.htm)

Source: http://disastermanagement.ap.gov.in/website/cyclone.htm

Figure 3.7: Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map – Andhra Pradesh

3.2.7 Circulation

The dynamics of circulation nearby the study area is plain and even. During high tide the sea

water enters the coastal plain and thereby the salinity level increases on the adjacent area. The



hinterland is protected with the recently laid tar road from the waves during monsoon. Some

tidal creeks are also present. Casurina plantations are present for certain stretch of this

coastline. During the spring at low tide time the bay is exposed, the continental shelf off the

bay area is dominantly silted till 1.8 m depth.

3.2.8 Land Use

The 10 km study area of proposed onshore pipeline section is dominated by agricultural fields

and plantation. The proposed pipeline (Onshore Section) passes through forest area in

Odalarevu for a stretch of only 245m, on the south western fringe. ONGC has applied to the

state forest department for diversion of 0.44 hectares of forest land for laying of pipeline.

Copy of application is given in Annexure V.

The land use within the study area of proposed pipeline route (onshore section) have been

studied and it can be broadly classified into seven major categories viz., plantation, mangrove,

water, agriculture, aquaculture, fallow land and built up using IRS LISS III satellite image .

The land use distribution in the study area is as follows in Table 3.5 and Figure 3.8.

Table 3.5: Land Use Distribution of the Onshore Pipeline Section

S. No. Land Use Area (sq km) Percentage

1 Plantation 59.68 31.11

2 Mangrove 1.03 0.54

3 Water 13.61 7.09

4 Agriculture 52.93 27.59

5 Aquaculture 56.65 29.53

6 Built Up 3.36 1.75

7 Fallow Land 4.57 2.38

Total 191.81 100

Figure 3.8: Land Use Land Cover of the Onshore Pipeline Section



3.3 MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Sea Water and Sediments quality sampling was carried out to study the water and sediment

quality at proposed sub-sea pipeline route, which are shown in Figure 3.9.

Figure 3.9: Pipeline route with sampling locations

3.3.1 Marine water quality

The area of the pipeline is largely oceanic and therefore not expected to undergo significant

changes in water quality, temporally as well as spatially. The sampling points at offshore

pipeline route as surveyed by ACE are considered to represent the baseline for the offshore

section. The sea water quality data is given in Table 3.6. Photo Plate 3.1 shows the water and

sediments collection along the proposed pipeline route.

Photo Plate 3.1: Sea water collection at different points of proposed pipeline route



Table 3.6: Sea Water Quality Monitoring Results

S.

No. Parameter Unit

Sampling Points Minimum

Detection

Limit

Instrument

Used

Methods

for

Analysis SWS

-1

SWS

-2

SWS

-3

SWS

-4

SWS

-5

SWS

-6

SWS

-7

SWS

-8

SWS

-9

SWS

-10

SWS

-11

SWS

-12

SWS

-13

1. Turbidity NTU <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 2.0 Turbidity Meter IS:3025

(P-47)

2. pH - 7.8 7.36 7.81 7.92 7.81 7.66 7.86 7.24 7.9 7.16 7.69 6.83 7.86 - pH meter IS:3025

(P-49)

3.

Total

Hardness

(as CaCO3)

mg/l 5852 6297 6489 5935 6421 6515 6119 6672 5978 6316 6076 5921 5883 1.0 Titration apparatus IS:3025

(P-52)

4. Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.30 0.21 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.19 2.56 0.18 0.24 0.23 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.1 AAS IS:3025

(P-55)

5. Chloride

(as CI) mg/l 16596 17794 18396 19796 9547 13195 11196 11396 14994 16194 10596 11646 12396 1.0

Titration

apparatus

IS:3025

(P-23)

6. Fluoride (as

F-) mg/l 2.74 2.01 2.16 2.14 2.59 2.71 2.56 2.89 1.76 2 2.74 2.68 2.38 0.6 Spectrophotometer

IS:3025

(P-54)

7. Copper (as

Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 AAS

IS:3025

(P-41)

8. Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 AAS IS:3025

(P-58)

9. Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 AAS IS:3025

(P-44)

10.

Chromium

Total

(asCr+6)

mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 AAS IS:3025

(P-39)

11. Aluminium

(as Al) mg/l <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 0.03 AAS

APHA -

2520 B

12. Alkalinity(as

CaCO3) mg/l 315 375 281 351 389 392 373 384 379 311 361 377 383 1.0 Titration apparatus

IS:3025

(P-48)

13. Nickel (as

Ni) mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.0 AAS

APHA -

6440 B

14. Cadmium

(as Cd) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 AAS

IS:3025

(P-47)

15. COD (as 02) mg/l 12.5 11.8 10.7 13.5 9.1 10.7 13.3 11.5 13.2 11.9 13.2 12.5 9.9 0.2 Titration apparatus IS:3025

(P-49)

16.

BOD (3

days at 27

deg. C)

mg/l 6.2 5.2 4.9 5.2 5.2 4.9 5 5.3 4.6 4.1 3.7 4.8 4.6 0.2

Titration

apparatus,

BOD incubator

IS:3025

(P-52)

17. Oil &Grease mg/l <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 4.0 Gravimetry IS:3025



S.

No. Parameter Unit

Sampling Points Minimum

Detection

Limit

Instrument

Used

Methods

for

Analysis SWS

-1

SWS

-2

SWS

-3

SWS

-4

SWS

-5

SWS

-6

SWS

-7

SWS

-8

SWS

-9

SWS

-10

SWS

-11

SWS

-12

SWS

-13

(P-55)

18. Salinity mg/l 36530 36518 36390 36250 37160 36460 36670 37440 39510 37860 37650 37930 35890 - Salinometre IS:3025

(P-23)

19. Mercury (as

Hg) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 AAS

IS:3025

(P-54)

20. PAH mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 Gas

Chromatography

IS:3025

(P-41)

3.3.1.1 Physico-chemical characteristic

The observed pH value in the along the proposed offshore pipeline route during the period of study is in the range of 6.83 to 7.92. The changes in pH are

marginal as expected for natural marine waters sustaining low primary productivity. The total hardness of water in all the sample is in the range of 5852 to

6672 mg/L. The turbidity of water were below detectable limit in all the samples. The observed salinity in the range of 35890 to 39510 mg/L. The observed

values showed that all the sampling locations revealed narrow variation in the level of salinity content. The value of alkalinity (as CaCO3) was in the range

of 281 to 392 mg/l.

The concentrations of Chloride and Fluoride in all the sample were in the range of 9547 to 19796 mg/L and 1.76 to 2.89 mg/L respectively. The contents of

oil & grease in all sample was below the detectable limit in all the sampling locations.

3.3.1.2 BOD and COD

The BOD and COD were in the range of were in the range of 3.7 to 6.2 and 9.1to 13.3 mg/L.

3.3.1.3 Heavy Metals

Heavy metals namely mercury, chromium, lead, cadmium, aluminum, copper and chromium were below the detectable range in all the

sampling locations. The concentration of iron was detectable in all the sampling locations, which was in the range of 0.18 to 2.56 mg/L.



3.3.1.4 PAHs

Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) namely, acenaphthylene, bromo-naphthalene,

acenaphthene, fluorene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and indeno (1,2,3)

pyrene were found to be below detectable range in the water collected from all the sampled

locations.

3.3.2 Sediments Quality

Sediment Sample were collected using van-veen grab sampler. The grab is lowered vertically

from the stationary boat till it touches the bottom. Sediment sample were collected and

preserved for sediment texture analysis and physico-chemical analysis. Photo Plate 3.2

shows the collection of sediment at different locations of pipeline route. Table 3.7 shows the

depth of sampling locations. Sediments Quality Monitoring Results is given in Table 3.8.

Photo Plate 3.2: Sediments sample collections at different sampling locations

Table 3.7: Depth of Sampling Locations

S.No. Sampling Locations Depth (in meters)

1 SSS-1 9.9

2 SSS-2 8.5

3 SSS-3 11

4 SSS-4 19

5 SSS-5 29.5

6 SSS-6 49

7 SSS-7 99

8 SSS-8 175

9 SSS-9 205

10 SSS-10 243



Table 3.8: Sediments Quality Monitoring Results

S.No. Parameter Unit SSS-1 SSS-2 SSS-3 SSS-4 SSS-5 SSS-6 SSS-7 SSS-8 SSS-9 SSS-10 Test Method

1 pH - 8.10 8.12 8.08 7.76 7.24 7.86 7.28 7.18 7.24 7.31 IS-2720 (Part 26)

2 EC µS/cm 1121 1075 989 653 547 672 608 515 535 621 IS-2720 (Part 21)

3 Phosphorous (as P) mg/100gm 6.64 8.29 6.46 6.67 6.08 7.43 7.30 7.11 7.34 7.83 Lab SOP-SOIL-S/41

4 Total Khejdal Nitrogen % by Mass 0.67 0.1 0.84 0.74 0.68 0.66 0.74 0.92 0.81 0.76 Lab SOP-SOIL-S/36

5 Potassium (as K) mg/100gm 4.1 6.1 4.2 3.8 4.6 4.9 4.51 4.62 4.18 5.72 Lab SOP-SOIL-S/38

6 Texture

Sand %by Mass 14 74 13 12 44 27 35 41 38 48 TM-S/32

Clay %by Mass 10 16 11.2 11 29 43 47 24 19 14 TM-S/32

Silt %by Mass 76 10 75.8 77 27 30 18 35 43 38 TM-S/32

7 Particle Size (<0.002mm) % by Weight 10 16 11.2 11 29 43 47 24 19 14 TM-S/49

8 Particle Size (2.0-0.05) mm % by Weight 14 74 13 12 44 27 35 41 38 48 TM-S/49

9 Particle Size (0.005-0.002 mm) % by Weight 76 10 75.8 77 27 30 18 35 43 38 TM-S/49

10 Iron (as Fe) mg/Kg 10.4 11.7 8.5 7.6 12.7 8.3 11.44 9.35 8.36 12.87 USEPA-SW-846

11 Zinc (as Zn) mg/Kg 8.48 7.6 6.8 5.9 8.1 8 9.33 7.48 6.49 8.36 USEPA-SW-846

12 Lead (as Pb) mg/Kg <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 <10.0 USEPA-SW-846

13 Nickel (as Ni) mg/Kg <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 USEPA-SW-846

14 Chromium Total (as Cr) mg/Kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 USEPA-SW-846

15 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/Kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 USEPA-SW-846

16 Aluminum (as Al) mg/Kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 TM-S/25

3.3.2.1 Sediments quality monitoring results

The sediments are loam in nature along the sampling locations, which is evident from textural analysis.

The value of pH is in the range of 7.18 to 8.12.

The value of EC is in the range of 515 to 1121 µS/cm.

The content of total phosphorous and potassium were in the range of 6.08 to 8.29 and 3.8 to 6.1 mg/100g respectively.



The concentration of total khejdal nitrogen was in the range of 0.1 to 0.92 %.

The concentrations of heavy metals namely, Cadmium, Chromium, lead, Nickel and

Aluminum is found to be below detectable limit in all sampling locations. The content of

Iron and Zinc were in the range of 7.6 to 12.87 and 5.9 to 9.33 mg/Kg of soil respectively.

3.3.3 Biological Characteristics

The occurrence of marine species - both plants and animals has largely been controlled by the

physico-chemical properties of ocean water. Water discharges from the surrounding river

catchments carry huge influx of sediments full of nutrients to the Bay, particularly along the

near shore region. This has turned the Bay into a fertile marine fishing ground of the region.

The near-shore up-welling zone not only has a high yield of nutrients, but also is a high

primary production area for the phytoplankton and related zooplankton zones. The Bay of

Bengal, harbour a variety of ecosystems and habitats, such as estuaries; intertidal foreshore-

rocky, sandy and muddy areas; coastal lagoons and backwaters; coral reefs and patchy corals;

seagrass beds; continental and deltic islands; neritic and oceanic regions extending through

bathyal, abyssal and hadal depths.

In view of wide variations in biological production in a marine ecosystem, the biological

parameters considered for the present evaluation are phytoplankton (pigments, population and

dominant genera), zooplankton (biomass, population and faunal groups), macro benthos

(biomass, population and faunal groups), status of mangroves, seaweeds and sea grasses,

corals, fishery, marine reptiles, mammals and birds. Figure 3.10 shows the sampling

locations of phytoplanktons, zooplanktons and benthos along the proposed offshore pipeline

route.

Figure 3.10: Sampling Locations of Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons and Benthos



3.3.3.1 Primary productivity and phytoplankton

Primary productivity, which involves conversion of inorganic materials into living biomass, is the foundation block of all the processes in the biosphere. The

eastern part of the Bay of Bengal including the area of sub-sea pipeline route is one of the high productive zones. Table 3.9 presents a annual average of

chlorophyll concentration in the surface layer of the offshore pipeline route from 2002 to 2010, which are also shown in Figure 3.11.

Table 3.9: Concentration of Chlorophyll (mg/m3) in Offshore Pipeline Section from 2002 to 2011

Sampling Locations

Chlorophyll Content (mg/m3)

Year

2002

Year

2003

Year

2004

Year

2005

Year

2006

Year

2007

Year

2008

Year

2009

Year

2010

Year

2011

1 3.80438 4.38197 2.82293 3.35177 4.13524 4.11238 3.89812 3.34586 4.05393 3.91478

2 3.00267 3.79827 2.33132 2.67459 3.40499 3.55239 3.19306 2.56419 3.48609 3.44298

3 2.47991 3.05362 1.54919 2.13829 2.81668 3.33558 2.40975 1.78892 2.65707 2.57136

4 1.7513 2.5381 1.23481 1.63834 2.44364 2.82044 1.98888 1.49944 2.78956 1.96244

5 0.87348 1.59369 0.75903 0.86664 1.39436 1.648 0.96432 0.96672 2.78956 0.87359

6 1.06773 1.70081 0.75903 0.71914 1.22831 1.19235 0.91618 0.83694 2.21391 0.63338

7 1.06773 1.70081 0.57379 0.71914 1.22831 1.14244 0.66235 0.74238 1.86564 0.4983

8 0.62903 1.0051 0.4824 0.81078 1.08204 0.96155 0.66235 0.73523 1.52538 0.49602

9 0.62903 1.0051 0.4307 0.76126 0.94488 0.96155 0.52488 0.73523 1.25563 0.49602

10 0.62903 1.0051 0.4307 0.76126 0.94488 0.96155 0.52488 0.73523 1.25563 0.49602

11 0.5349 0.79367 0.41101 0.74946 0.78533 0.89634 0.5124 0.53436 1.02939 0.48481

12 0.42625 0.67373 0.41341 0.56405 1.11567 0.46462 0.40802 0.43787 0.6448 0.36166

13 0.38926 0.64206 0.40523 0.45972 0.76646 0.44356 0.40819 0.41768 0.4927 0.25122



Figure 3.11: Concentration of chlorophyll in Offshore Pipeline Section from 2002 to 2011



MODIS Data products of chlorophyll-a concentration [CHL, mg/m3] in the surface layer of

the global ocean have been obtained for the period of 2002 to 2011 (annual composite) from

the Ocean Color Web of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the

United States.

Spatial resolution of the MODIS instruments is 4km. Of the 36 spectral bands, 9 were

customized for the ocean, with higher sensitivity and digitization bits and a narrow band at

678-nm is used to detect chlorophyll fluorescence. Band ratios between 443, 488, and 551-nm

are used to derive CHL empirically.

The observed Chlorophyll a content varies along the proposed offshore pipeline route from

range of 0.310-5.146 mg/m3 (given in Table 3.10).

The analysis of diversity of species is based on Shannon‟s Diversity Index. The Shannon

diversity index (H) that is commonly used to characterize species diversity in a community.

s

H = ∑ - (Pi * ln Pi)

i=1 where:

H = the Shannon diversity index

Pi = fraction of the entire population made up of species i

S = numbers of species encountered

∑ = sum from species 1 to species S

To calculate the index:

1. Divide the number of individuals of species #1 you found in your sample by the

total number of individuals of all species. This is Pi.

2. Multiply the fraction by its natural log (P1 * ln P1)

3. Repeat this for all of the different species that you have. The last species is

species “s”

4. Sum all the - (Pi * ln Pi) products to get the value of H

Phyto-Planktons

The diversity index value of phytoplankton varies in the range of 3.1 to 4.7. The

phytoplankton density (i.e. individual / litre) varied widely from 194 to 410 individual /litre.

Observed detail values are in the Table 3.11 along with identified phytoplankton along the

proposed offshore pipeline route.



Table: 3.10: Observed Values of Chlorophyll

Observed Values

Parameters Sampling Points

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Chl (mg/m3) 5.034 5.146 5.089 4.787 4.125 3.325 2.458 1.896 1.065 0.894 0.674 0.310 0.489

Table: 3.11: Identified Phyto-Planktons in Offshore Pipeline Section

S.

No.

Name of the

Phyto-Planktons

Observed Values of Phyto-Planktons

PP-1 PP-2 PP-3 PP-4 PP-5 PP-6 PP-7 PP-8 PP-9 PP-10 PP-11 PP-12 PP-13

1 Spermatophyta

(i) Azolla Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x

(ii) Spirodela Sp. y y y x y y x x y y y y x

(iii) Wolffia Sp. x y y y x x y y y y x x y

2 Chlorophyta

(i) Westella x y y y x x y x y x x x y

(ii) Selenastrum x x x x x y x x y x x x x

(iii) Zygnema Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x x x

(iv) Chlorella Sp. x x x x x x x x y y x x x

(v) Clostrium Sp x x x x x x x x y y x x x

(vi) Mougeotia Sp y x x x x x x y x x x x x

(vii) Oocystis Sp. y x x x x x x y x x x x x

(viii) Sitchococcos Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x y

(ix) Tetrastrum Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x y

(x) Crucigenia Sp. x y y y x y y x x x x x y

(xi) Pithopora Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x y

(xii) Chalamydomonas Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y y x

(xiii) Pediastrum Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y y x

(xiv) Volvox Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y x x



S.

No.

Name of the

Phyto-Planktons



(xv) Zygnema Sp. x x x x y x x x x y y x x

(xvi) Ulothrix Sp. x x x x y x x x x x y y x

(xvii) Dictyosphaerium Sp. x x x x x y x x x x x y x

(xviii) Schizomeris Sp. x x x x x y x x x x x x x

(xix) Euastrum Sp. x x x x x x x x x y x x x

(xx) Actinastrum Sp. x x x x x x x x x y x x x

(xxi) Nitella Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x y x

3 Cyanophyta

(i) Gloetrichia Sp. x x x x x y x x y x y x x

(ii) Phormidium Sp. y y y y y x y y y y x y y

(iii) Lingbya Sp. x y y y y x y x y y x y y

(iv) Oscillatoria Sp. y y y y y x y y y y y y y

(v) Fragelira Sp. y x x x x x x y x x x x x

(vi) Althrospira Sp. y x x x y x x y x x x y x

(v) Cylindrospermum Sp. x y y y x x y x x y x x y

(vi) Anabena Sp. x x x x x x x x x x y x x

(vii) Anacystis Sp. x x x x x x x x x x y x x

4 Diatoms (Bacillareophyceae)

(i) Tabellaria Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

(ii) Synedra Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

5 Chrysophyta

(i) Cocconeis Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

(ii) Achnanthes Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

(iii) Cyclotella Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

(iv) Rhizosolenia Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

6 Xanthothytea



S.

No.

Name of the

Phyto-Planktons



(i) Botryococcus Sp. y y y y y y y y y y y y y

7 Rhobophyta

(i) Gracilaria Sp. x y y x x x y x x y x x x

(ii) Champia Sp. x y y x x x y x x y x x x

Diversity Index 3.1 3.2 4.4 3.9 3.2 3.4 4.2 4.2 4.6 3.1 4.2 4.7 3.5

Density (individual/litre) 194 210 310 282 210 286 300 298 310 195 264 410 235

Note: x denotes species not found in area and y denotes species present in area.

3.3.3.2 Zooplankton

The observed values of zooplankton diversity index and their density along the proposed offshore pipeline route are in range of 1.74 to 4.6 and 101 to 302

individual /litre respectively, given in Table 3.12 along with identified zooplankton.

Table: 3.12: Identified Zooplanktons in Offshore Pipeline Section

S.

No.

Name of the

Zooplanktons

Observed Value of Zooplanktons

ZP-1 ZP-2 ZP-3 ZP-4 ZP-5 ZP-6 ZP-7 ZP-8 ZP-9 ZP-10 ZP-11 ZP-12 ZP-13

1 Amoebas

(i) Naegleria Sp. y x x x x y x x x x y x x

(ii) Actinophrys Sp. x y y y x x y x x x x x x

(iii) Acanthamoeba Sp. x x y x x x y x x x x x y

2 Coelenterates

(i) Hydra Sp. y x x x x y y x x y y x x

(ii) Anthopleura Sp. y x x x y y x y x y y x x

(iii) Obelia Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x

3 Rotifers

(i) Philodina Sp. y x y x x y x y y y y y x



S.

No.

Name of the

Zooplanktons



(ii) Euchlanis Sp. y x x x x y y y y y y y y

(iii) Proales Sp. y x x x x y x y x y y x x

(iv) Flagellates Sp. y x x x x y x y x y y x x

(a) Ceratium y x x x x y x y x y y x x

(b) Peridinium y x x x x y x y x y y x x

(v) Filinia Sp. x x y x x x x x x x x x x

(vi) Keratella Sp. x x y x x x x x x x x x x

(vii) Epiphanas x x x x x x y x x x x x y

(viii) Monostyla x x x x x x y x y x x y y

(ix) Kellicottia Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x

(x) Brachionus Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x

4 Cladocera

(i) Daphnia Sp. y y y y y y y y x x y x y

(ii) Alona x x x x x x x x x y x x x

5 Ostracoda

(i) Ostracod Sp. y x x x y y x y y y y y x

6 Mysidacea

(i) Holmesimysia Sp. y y y y y y y y x y y x y

7 Cirripedia

(i) Balanus Sp. y y y y y y y y x y y x y

8 Flagellaes

(i) Haematococcus Sp. x y x y x x x x x x x x x

(ii) Chromulina Sp. x y y y x x x x x x x x x

(iii) Ochromonas Sp. x y x y x x x x x x x x x

(iv) Astasia Sp. x y x y x x x x x x x x x



S.

No.

Name of the

Zooplanktons



(v) Lobomonas Sp. x x y x x x x x x x x x x

(vi) Petromonas Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x

(vii) Non Pigmented Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x

(a) Dinomonas Sp. x x x x x x x x x x x x x

9 Leptostraca

(i) Epinebalia Sp. x y x y y x x y x x x x y

10 Cumacea

(i) Oxyurostylis Sp. x y y y y x y y x x x x y

11 Ciliates

(i) Lionotus Sp. x y x y y x x x y x x y y

(ii) Pleuronenema Sp. x y x y y x x x y x x y y

(iii) Colpoda Sp. x y x y y x x x x x x x y

(iv) Aspidisca Sp. x y x y y x x x x x x x y

12 Cladophora x x x x x x x x y x x y x

13 Copepoda

(i) Diaptomus y x x x x x x x y x x y x

14 Crustacea

(i) Daphnia Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x

(ii) Cyclops Sp. x x x x x x x x y x x y x

Diversity Index 3.4 2.93 3.46 2.93 4.6 3.24 4.46 2.74 2.68 3.1 3.24 2.74 1.74

Density (individual/litre) 291 101 302 101 468 276 459 176 168 280 276 194 206

Note: x denote species not found in area and y denote species present in area



3.3.3.3 Benthos

Benthos, the seafloor biota, contributes substantially to the secondary production as also to the potential and sustainability of demersal or near bottom living

fishable resources. The sub tidal benthic standing stock in terms of diversity index and density varied from 1.02 to 1.57 and 95 to 253 individual /litre

respectively, given in Table 3.13 along with identified benthos along the proposed offshore pipeline route.

Table: 3.13: Identified Benthos in Offshore Pipeline Section

S.

No.

Name of the

Benthos

Observed Values of Benthos

BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-4 BS-5 BS-6 BS-7 BS-8 BS-9 BS-10

1 Decapods y y x y x y y y x y

2 Bivalvos y x x y y y y x x y

3 Polychaetos

(i) Nameneris quadraticeps Sp. y x y y y y y y y x

(ii) Nephthys oigobranchia Sp. y x y y y x x x x x

(iii) Nereis lamellose Sp. x x x x x y y y x x

4 Amphipods y x y y y y y y y y

5 Gastopods

(i) Bellamya Crassa Sp. y y y y y x y x y y

(ii) Bellamya bengalensis Sp. x x x x y y y x y y

6 Prionospio y y y x y x x x x x

7 Ostrecods y y y y y y y x y y

8 Cermaceans y y y y y y y y x x

9 Microbenthos

(i) Nitzschia Sp. y x y y x y x y y y

(ii) Navicula Sp. y x x y y y y x x y

(iii) Thalassiosira Sp. x x y x y x x y y x

(iv) Pleurosigma Sp. x x y y x y y y y x

10 Macrobenthos

(i) Tonne Sp. y x x y x y x x x y



S.

No.

Name of the

Benthos

Observed Values of Benthos

BS-1 BS-2 BS-3 BS-4 BS-5 BS-6 BS-7 BS-8 BS-9 BS-10

(ii) Turritella Sp. y x x x x x x y x x

(iii) Catelysica Sp. x y y x x x x x x y

(iv) Amussium Sp. x x x y x y y x x x

11 Codentrates x y x x x x x y x y

12 Diaparta naepolitane x x x y x x x x x x

Diversity Index 1.57 1.02 1.5 1.4 1.17 1.42 1.56 1.45 1.38 1.52

Density (individual/litre) 222 95 173 186 147 230 253 205 190 207

Note: x denote species not found in area and y denote species present in area

3.3.3.4 Fisheries

The region of offshore pipeline route is endowed with rich Marine inland and Brackish Water Fishery Resources. Apart from this, in these areas prawn seed

resources in general and those of P. monodon and P. indlcus in particular are abundantly available. Post-larvae of these species are commercially exploited

in various places such as Ichapuram (Srikakulam District), Vakapadu (Visakhapatnam District), Kakinada and adjacent mangrove areas of Godavari estuary

(East Godavari District), Perumpalom (West Godavari District), Kruthivenu and Machilipatnam (Krishna District) and Repalle (Guntur District). The marine

species in KG basin coastal stretch listed in Annexure – IV.

3.4 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

Soil, Water, Air and Noise quality sampling was carried out with 10 km study area of proposed onshore pipeline. Also, the status of existing flora and fauna

and stakeholder consultations were also be done.

3.4.1 Soil Characteristics

Soil samples were collected from the field to assess its physico-chemical characteristics in the study area of onshore pipeline section. The sampling locations

are given in Table 3.14 which can also be seen in Figure 3.12. Table 3.15 shows the standard classification of soil by Indian Council of Agricultural

Research (ICAR). The monitoring results in Table 3.16. Photo Plates 3.3 to 3.6 shows the soil sample collections at different locations.



Figure 3.12: Soil Quality Sampling Locations

Methodology

The soil samples at all location were collected at the depth of 0.5 to 1.0 meters. A number of

parameters were determined which are indicative of physical, chemical and fertility

characteristics. The soil samples were analysis as per established standards and procedure

prescribed in IS: 2720.

The soil samples were collected from following places and labeled accordingly:

Table 3.14: Soil Quality Sampling Locations

S.No. Sampling Locations Code

1 Odalarevu SS-1

2 Existing Pipeline Route SS-2

3 Proposed Facility Expansion Area SS-3

4 Komaragiripatnam SS-4

5 Makanapalem SS-5

6 Turupalem SS-6

7 Karavaka SS-7

8 Allavaram SS-8

9 Challapalle SS-9

10 Godilanka SS-10



Table 3.15: Standard Soil Classification

S.No. Soil Test Classification

1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic

4.51-5.50 Very strongly acidic

5.51-6.00 Moderately acidic

6.01-6.50 Slightly acidic

6.51-7.30 Neutral

7.31-7.80 Slightly alkaline

7.81-8.50 Moderately alkaline

8.51-9.00 Strongly alkaline

>9.00 Very strongly alkaline

2 Salinity Electrical

Conductivity (ppm)

(1 ppm = 640 µS/cm)

Upto 1.00 Average

1.01-2.00 Harmful to germination

2.01-3.00 Harmful to crops (sensitive to salts)

3 Organic Carbon Upto 0.20 Very less

0.21-0.40 Less

0.41-0.50 Medium

0.51-0.80 On an avg. sufficient

0.81-1.00 Sufficient

>1.00 More than sufficient

4 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) Upto 50 Very less

51-100 Less

101-150 Good

151-300 Better

>300 Sufficient

5 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) Upto 15 Very less

16-30 Less

31-50 Medium

51-65 On an avg. sufficient

66-80 Sufficient

>80 More than sufficient

6 Potash (Kg/ha) 0-120 Very less

120-180 Less

181-240 Medium

241-300 Average

301-360 Better

>360 More than sufficient

Source: Handbook of Agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi



Table 3.16: Analysis Results of Soil Quality Sampling

S. No. Parameter Unit SS-1 SS-2 SS-3 SS-4 SS-5 SS-6 SS-7 SS-8 SS-9 SS-10 Test Method

1 pH - 8.0 8.24 8.23 7.28 7.34 7.88 7.32 7.86 6.94 7.1 IS-2720 (Part

26)

2 Color - Light

Brown

Light

Brown

Light

Brown Brown Brown Brown Brown

Light

Brown Brown

Dark

Brown TM-S/23

3 EC µS/cm 945 1070 1015 545 643 683 579 665 495 527 IS-2720 (Part

21)

4 Organic

Carbon % by Mass 0.64 0.78 0.64 0.84 1.06 0.94 1.04 0.92 0.87 1.14

IS-2720 (Part

22)

5 Phosphorous mg/100gm 6 5.92 5.65 8 7.1 6.46 5.22 6.89 7.43 8.02 Lab SOP-

SOIL-S/41

6 Total Khejdal

Nitrogen % by Mass 0.94 0.90 0.84 0.89 0.96 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.97 0.91

Lab SOP-

SOIL-S/36

7 Calcium mg/100gm 164 181 176.8 154 201.6 194 256.7 230.4 216.8 269.7 Lab SOP-

SOIL-S/39

8 Magnesium mg/100gm 31.8 32.6 31 27.8 41 38 43.7 52.3 41 39.4 Lab SOP-

SOIL-S/40

9 Potassium

(as K) mg/100gm 6.4 6.3 5.8 4.6 5.8 5.2 7.4 8 7.1 7.2

Lab SOP-

SOIL-S/38

10 Sodium mg/100gm 18.6 18.4 18.9 11.8 15 17.4 14.6 17.3 18.9 15.9 Lab SOP-

SOIL-S/37

11

Cation-

Exchanged

capacity (CEC)

meq/100g 0.89 0.83 0.75 0.73 0.99 0.94 0.88 0.85 0.93 0.76 TM-S/14

12 Texture

Sand % by Mass 74 88 82 30 64 60 71.2 82 79 74 TM-S/32

Clay % by Mass 18 8 10 16 12 30 12.4 10 13 15 TM-S/32

Silt % by Mass 8 4 8 54 24 10 16.4 8 8 11 TM-S/32

13 Particle Size

(2.0-0.05) mm % by Weight 74 88 82 30 64 60 71.2 82 79 74 TM-S/49

14 Particle Size

(0.005-0.002 mm) % by Weight 8 4 8 54 24 10 16.4 8 8 11 TM-S/49

15 Particle Size

(<0.002mm) % by Weight 18 8 10 16 12 30 12.4 10 13 15 TM-S/49



Photo Plate 3.5: Soil Sample Collection at

Komarigipatnam Village

Photo Plate 3.6: Soil Sample collection at

Proposed Facility Expansion Area

Figure 3.13: Triangular Classification of Soil

The soil samples collected from the study area reveal sandy loam characteristics which can be

determined by correlating the results of soil samples (as given in Table 3.16) with the given

„Triangular Classification of Soil‟ (as depicted in Figure 3.13). It has neutral pH and

brownish appearance. The following conclusions could be made from the data generated

above.


Turupalem Village


Odalarevu Village



Soil pH varied in the range 6.94 to 8.24, which was neutral in the nature. The soil of the

study area is sandy loam. The soil sample collection from location near the shoreline,

namely SS-1, SS-2 and SS-3 were slightly alkaline in nature. This might be due to

proximity to the marine water, which is saline in nature.

Electrical conductivity was in the range of 495 to 1070 µS/cm. Soil collected from SS-

1(945 µS/cm), SS-2 (1070 µS/cm) and SS-3 (1015 µS/cm) locations had high range of

EC, due to its saline nature.

The organic carbon and total khejdal nitrogen in the soil of study area was in the range of

0.64 to 1.14% and 0.84 to 0.94 % respectively.

The available phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sodium in the range of

5.22 to 8.02, 4.6 to 7.4, 27.8 to 52.3, 154 to 269.7 and 11.8 to 18.6 mg/100 gm

respectively.

The cation exchanged ration (CEC) was in the range of 8.3 to 14.2 meq/100g and was

found to be high in SS-1, SS-2 and SS-3 locations, which denote the saline nature of the

soil.

3.4.2 Water Environment

The water resources, both surface and groundwater plays an important role in the

development of an area. Likewise, the water resources of the area have been studied to

establish the current status of water quality in the area.

Surface Water

River Vainateya, one of the branches of Godavari River is present within the study area. The

river discharges their silt into the Bay of Bengal. Several irrigation and drainage canals flow

through study area, which are used for irrigating the agriculture fields. Five surface water

samples were collected from different places within the study area. Photo Plates 3.7 to 3.10

shows the surface water collections at different locations.

Photo Plate 3.7: Water Sample Collection

from drain at Komaragiripatnam Village


from drain at T. Challapalle Village


from drain at Makanapalem Village


from drain at Kesanapalli Village



Ground Water

Ground water is an important source of water for the villages in the study area. It is utilized

by the villagers for cooking, washing and other purpose. The ground water is seldom used for

drinking purpose owing to its saline nature. However, there are a few villages in the study

area which consume ground water for drinking purpose. Generally, every village has hand

pumps and few open wells to draw water for domestic use. The villages receive water from

the Panchayat supply and in case of non-availability of water; tankers are sent by the

corporation to fulfill the water demand. Ground water samples were collected from seven

locations. Photo Plates 3.11 to 3.14 shows the ground water sample collections at different

locations.

Photo Plate 3.11: Ground water sample

collection at Odalarevu village


collection at Karavaka village

Water Quality Assessment & Methodology

Water samples were collected from ground and surface waters within the study area as shown

in Figure 3.14. A total of eleven samples were taken from different locations including

surface and ground water bodies. The samples were analyzed for physio-chemical parameters.

The sampling and analysis of water were carried out as per standard methods of water and

waste water analysis in IS: 3025. The results of water analysis have been compared with IS:

10500-1993 drinking water standard to assess their suitability for drinking purpose. Sampling

locations for water samples are detailed in Table 3.17 below and the analytical results of the

water samples are shown in Table 3.18 (a) & Table 3.18 (b).


collection at Adurru village


collection at Kesanapalli village



Figure 3.14: Water Quality Sampling Locations

Table 3.17: Water Quality Sampling Locations

Station No Name of the Sampling Location

Surface Water Samples

SW1 Vainateya River

SW2 Komaragiripatnam

SW3 Challapalle

SW4 Makanapalem

SW5 Kesanapalli

Ground Water Samples

GW1 Odalarevu

GW2 Karavaka

GW3 Kesanapalli

GW4 Mulkipalli

GW5 Adurru

GW6 Komaragiripatnam

GW7 Allavaram



Table 3.18 (a): Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results

S.No. Parameter Unit SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 SW-5 Test

Method

Desirable Limits as

per IS:10500

1 Color Hazen <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 IS:3025 (P-4) 5.0-25

2 pH - 7.81 6.93 6.84 7.29 6.86 IS:3025 (P-11) 6.5 – 8.5

3 Total Hardness (as

CaCO3)

mg/L 304 172 102 132 156 IS:3025 (P-21) 300-600

4 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 48.1 30.5 22.4 28.9 34.5 IS:3025 (P-40) 75-200

5 Chloride (as CI-) mg/L 419.85 234.9 76.0 92.5 147.8 IS:3025 (P-32) 250-1000

6 Fluoride (as F-) mg/L <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 IS:3025 (P-60) 0.6-1.2

7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 920 482 242 180 123 IS:3025 (P-16) 500-1000

8 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 (P-59) 0.10-0.30

9 Nitrate (as NO3-) mg/L 1.16 0.64 0.94 1.16 1.08 IS:3025 (P-34) 45

10 Phenoic Compounds mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-43) 0.001-0.002

11 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-48) 0.001

12 Alkalinity(as CaCO3) mg/L 170.4 136 108 112.4 132.8 IS:3025 (P-23) 200-600

13 Potassium (as K) mg/L 9.98 7.5 2.9 1.94 4.75 IS:3025 (P-45) --

14 Sodium (as Na) mg/L 112.9 41.8 20.5 19.35 33.2 IS:3025 (P-45) --

15 BOD (3 days at 27 deg. C) mg/L 8.8 7.1 7.4 8.0 8.2 IS:3025 (P-45) --

16 Oil & Grease mg/L <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 IS:3025 (P-39) --

17 Total Suspended Solids mg/L 14.6 13.2 9.8 11.4 13.8 IS:3025 ﴾P-17﴿ --

18 Coliforms MPN/100 ml 73 20 15 17 22 IS:5401 (P-2) --

Table 3.18 (b): Ground Water Quality Monitoring Results

S.No. Parameter Unit GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 Test Method Desirable Limits

as per IS:10500

1 Color Hazen <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 IS:3025 (P-4) 5.0-25

2 pH - 8.28 7.92 8.19 7.76 7.68 7.84 7.76 IS:3025 (P-11) 6.5 – 8.5



S.No. Parameter Unit GW-1 GW-2 GW-3 GW-4 GW-5 GW-6 GW-7 Test Method Desirable Limits

as per IS:10500

3 Total Hardness (as

CaCO3)

mg/L 712 682 641 372 412 743 380 IS:3025 (P-21) 300-600

4 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 124.2 148.1 136.3 78.9 82.1 140.9 70.9 IS:3025 (P-40) 75-200

5 Chloride (as CI-) mg/L 439.9 409 599.8 219.9 177.9 339.9 163.9 IS:3025 (P-32) 250-1000

6 Fluoride (as F-) mg/L <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 <0.6 IS:3025 (P-60) 0.6-1.2

7 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 1480 806 1580 1360 1508 640 668 IS:3025 (P-16) 500-1000

8 Manganese (as Mn) mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 (P-59) 0.10-0.30

9 Nitrate (as NO3-) mg/L 0.98 0.84 0.81 0.74 0.46 0.38 0.39 IS:3025 (P-34) 45

10 Phenoic Compounds mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-43) 0.001-0.002

11 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 (P-48) 0.001

12 Alkalinity(as CaCO3) mg/L 415 480 428 246 280 348 236 IS:3025 (P-23) 200-600

13 Potassium (as K) mg/L 52.7 60.7 40.1 11.1 12.6 60.8 14.6 IS:3025 (P-45) --

14 Sodium (as Na) mg/L 468.5 380 365.2 130.8 154 310 168 IS:3025 (P-45) --

15 BOD (3 days at 27 deg. C) mg/L <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 IS:3025 (P-45) --

16 Oil & Grease mg/L <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 IS:3025 (P-39) --

17 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 7.1 5.3 6.6 5.4 4.2 5.1 6.4 IS:3025 ﴾P-17﴿ --

18 Coliforms MPN/100 ml Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent IS:5401 (P-2) --



Monitoring Results

Surface water quality in the Study Area- The data can be summarized as follows:

The samples of surface water shall be taken from Vaniteya River and drains flows

through the study area. The surface water is commonly used for irrigation purpose.

All the water samples had less than 5 Hazen units, which is within the desirable limit.

pH of all samples was in the range of 6.84 to 7.81, which is within the desirable limit.

SW-1 is located near the mouth of Vaniteya River and SW-2 is located near the coast,

hence the TDS, Chloride, Potassium and Sodium values were higher in these stations,

when compared with other locations.

Hardness of the samples is found in the range of 132 to 304 mg/L, which is also

within the desirable limit.

Chloride values of the samples range from 76.0 to 419.85 mg/L, which are under the

desirable limit.

Calcium values varied in a significantly wide range of 22.4 to 48.1 mg/L.

Total Dissolved Solids in the samples vary from 123 to 920 mg/L. which are under

the desirable limit.

Total Suspended Solids values were in the range of 9.8 to 14.6 mg/L.

The value of Coliforms varied in the range of 15 to 73 MPN/100ml.

Alkalinity of the samples is found in the range of 108 to 170.4 mg/L, which is within

the desirable limit.

Fluoride, Phenloic compounds, Manganese, Mercury and Oil & Grease content of all

samples was in below detection limit.

Sodium, Potassium and Nitrate is found to be in the range of 19.35 to 112.9, 1.94 to

9.98 and 0.64 to 1.16 mg/l respectively.

BOD was in the range of 7.1 to 8.8 mg/l.

Ground Water Quality Monitoring: The data can be summarized as follows:

The water samples have less than 5 Hazen units, which is within the desirable limit.

GW-1, GW-2, GW-3 and GW-6 are located on the coastal area, hence the value of

pH, TDS, Chloride, Sodium and Potassium were higher in these stations, when

compared with other stations.

pH of the samples was in the range of 7.68 to 8.28, which is within the desirable

limit.

Hardness of the samples is found in the range of 372 to 743 mg/l. The TDS value is

above the desirable limits at the locations of GW-1 (712 mg/l), GW-2 (682 mg/l),

GW-3 (641 mg/l) and GW-6 (743 mg/l), due to the coastal region.

Total dissolved solids and Alkalinity of the samples also found to be above the

desirable limits in Odalarevu, Kesanapalli, Mulkipalli and Adurru village.

Total Suspended Solids values were in the range of 4.2 to 7.1 mg/L.

The Coliforms were found to be absent in all the samples.

Chloride and Calcium are also under the desirable limit.

Fluoride, Manganese, Phenloic compounds, Mercury, BOD and Oil & Grease content

of all samples are below detection limit.

Nitrate, Potassium and Sodium are in the range of 0.38 to 0.98, 11.1 to 60.8 and 130.8

to 468.5 mg/L.



3.4.3 Air Environment

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Eight monitoring stations were set up for this purpose to monitor ambient air quality. In

selecting the monitoring stations, the main considerations were the ready accessibility,

topography, security, availability of reliable power supply, dominant wind direction and even

distribution of sampling locations in the Study Area. The main sources of air pollution in the

study area are vehicular emission, fuel burning for domestic requirements and burning of

agriculture fields for next crop. Based on the above, eight (8) sampling locations were

selected which are Odalarevu, Allavaram, Makanapalem, Murgmullu, Adurru, Karavaka,

Challapalle and Kesanapalli. The AAQM sampling locations are shown in Figure 3.15.

Photo Plates 3.15 to 3.22 show the air quality monitoring at different locations.

Figure 3.15: Air Quality Monitoring Location Map

Photo Plate 3.15: Installation of Air monitoring

sampler at Allavaram village

Photo Plate 3.16: RDS sampler reading noted

at Adurru Village



Photo Plate 3.17: Filter paper for monitoring

the PM10 at T.Challapalle village

Photo Plate 3.18: Collection of PM10 filter

paper sample at Odalarevu Village

Photo Plate 3.19: Installation of Air Sampler at

Makanapalem village

Photo Plate 3.20: On site measurement of

temperature at Karavaka village

Photo Plate 3.21: Solution for monitoring the

NOx at Mogallamuru village

Photo Plate 3.22: Filter paper for monitoring

the PM 2.5 at Kesanapalli village

Parameters, Frequency and Monitoring Methodology

The following parameters were measured for the duration of 5 weeks.

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)



Ambient air quality monitoring for the above parameters was conducted over five weeks

(September 2012 to October 2012) at a frequency of twice a week at each station adopting a

24-hours schedule. Methods suggested by CPCB, New Delhi, were used (IS: 5182,

Gravimetric and Digital Gas analyzer) for sample collection and analysis. Respirable dust

samplers and impingers with absorbing solution were used to collect samples.

Monitoring and analysis of hydrocarbons (methane and non-methane) and VOC were

conducted for five samples as per the TOR approved by the MoEF.

Monitoring Results

The monitoring results of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NOx are presented in Annexure-II.

Monitoring station-wise statistical analysis (minimum, maximum, average) for measured

level of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx , HC (Methane & Non-Methane) and VOC in the study area

are tabulated in Table 3.19 to 3.24.

Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area

Particulate Matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5)

The 24-hourly average of PM10 and PM2.5 levels varied station wise between 48.4 µg/m3

-

95.3 µg/m3

and 24.5 µg/m3

– 46.0 µg/m3

respectively. The overall ranges of values for the

entire period of measurement are well within the prescribed limits. The summary of PM10 and

PM2.5 levels monitored in the study area has been given in Table 3.19 and 3.20.

Table 3.19: Summary of PM10 Levels Monitored in the Study Area

Location

Code Station Location

Area

Category

24-hourly Average PM10 (μg/m3)

Min Max Average Limit as per

NAAQS

AS1 Odalarevu Residential 54.3 110.3 82.3 100

AS2 Allavaram Residential 62.3 128.3 95.3 100

AS3 Makanapalem Residential 39.5 84.3 62 100

AS4 Murgmullu Residential 57.8 119.3 88.5 100

AS5 Adurru Residential 34.5 62.3 48.4 100

AS6 Karavaka Residential 44.3 117.5 76 100

AS7 Challapalle Residential 54.3 107.8 81 100

AS8 Kesanapalli Residential 41.3 113.5 77.4 100

Table 3.20: Summary of PM2.5 Levels Monitored in the Study Area

Location


Area

Category

24-hourly Average PM2.5 (μg/m3)


NAAQS



AS3 Makanapalem Residential 29.8 62.3 46.05 60



AS6 Karavaka Residential 16.8 31.5 24.5 60

AS7 Challapalle

Residential 21.4 48.7 35.0 60



Location


Area

Category

24-hourly Average PM2.5 (μg/m3)


NAAQS

AS8 Kesanapalli

Residential 23.5 43.2 33.3 60

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

The 24-hourly average values of SO2 varied between 2.8 µg/m3

and 3.9 µg/m3. The SO2

concentration levels were found within the prescribed standard limits for rural & residential

area. The summary of SO2 levels monitored in the study area has been shown below in Table

3.21.

Table 3.21: Summary of SO2 Levels Monitored in the Study Area

Location


Area

Category

24-hourly Average SO2 (μg/m3)


NAAQS







AS7 Challapalle Residential 1.7 3.5 2.8 80


Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

The 24-hourly average NOx level measured in the study area ranged between 4.3 µg/m3 and

6.2 µg/m3. The concentration levels were found well within the prescribed limits for

residential area. The summary of NOx levels monitored in the study area has been shown in

Table 3.22.

Table 3.22: Summary of NOx Levels in the Study Area

Location


Area

Category

24-hourly Average NOX (μg/m3)


NAAQS





AS5 Adurru Residential 3 6.4 4.3 80


AS7 Challapalle Residential 3.5 5.4 4.4 80


Hydrocarbons (HC)

The samplings of HC were carried out at 5 locations. The concentration of methane, non

methane hydrocarbons in the study area varied between 0.32 to 1.20 and 0.25 to 0.95



respectively, which is depicted in Table 3.23 below. The detection limit of the instrument

used for analyzing the samples has 1.0 ppm as its lowest detection limit.

Table 3.23: Summary of HC Levels in the Study Area

Location

Code

Area

Category

HC (in PPM)

Methane Non-Methane

AS1 Residential 1.20 0.95





VOC

The samplings for VOC were carried out at 5 locations. The concentration observed was

below 0.1 µg/m3 level in all the sampling stations which is depicted in Table 3.24 below. The

detection limit of the instrument used for analyzing the samples has 0.1 µg/m3 as its lowest

detection limit

Table 3.24: Summary of VOC Levels in the Study Area

Location

Code

Area

Category

VOC

(μg/m3)

AS1 Residential <0.1





BDL: Below Detection Limit

3.4.4 Noise Environment

Major sources of noise in the study area:

Noise made by normal human activities;

Noise made by vehicles, carts, etc.;

Noise made by occasional movement of machineries, operation of pumps, etc; and

Natural noise, consisting of sounds made by birds, animals and insects.

The purpose of noise monitoring at different locations is to obtain baseline noise levels for

future reference.

Ambient Noise Monitoring

Ambient noise monitoring was conducted to assess the background noise levels in the study

area. A total of 13 locations within the study were selected for the measurement of ambient

noise levels. Noise monitoring was carried out on a 24-hour basis to assess the baseline noise-

levels and to evaluate the impact, if any. The locations selected for the study are given in

Table 3.25 and Figure 3.16. Photo Plate 3.23 to Photo Plate 3.26 shows the noise

monitoring at different locations. The national ambient air quality standards in respect of

noise are given in Table 3.26. The monitoring results are given in Table 3.27, followed with

the graphical representation in Figure 3.17 and 3.18.



Table 3.25: Location of the Noise Quality Monitoring Stations

Monitoring

Location Name of the Location

Project w.r.t Project Site

Direction Distance (km)

NS-1 Odalarevu N 0.809

NS-2 Allavaram N 9.74

NS-3 Mogallamuru WSW 6.06

NS-4 Kesanapalli N 7.20

NS-5 Makanapalem NW 8.90

NS-6 Mulkipalli NW 8.80

NS-7 Adurru NW 7.29

NS-8 Turupalem WSW 8.56

NS-9 T.Challapalle NNE 11.73

NS-10 Komaragiripatnam NNE 3.65

NS-11 Godilanka N 6.65

NS-12 Entrance Gate of Existing facility - 0

NS-13 Existing Pipeline Route E 2.40

Figure 3.16: Noise Quality Sampling Locations



Photo Plate 3.23: On site noise monitoring at

Makanapalem Village


Mulkipalli Village

Photo Plate 3.25: On site noise monitoring T.

Challapalle Village


Kesanapalli Village

Methodology

Ambient noise level or sound pressure levels (SPL) were measured by a portable sound level

meter having built in facilities to read noise level directly in dB (A). A-weighted equivalent

continuous sound pressure level (Leq) values were computed from the values of A-weighted

SPL measured with the help of noise meter. Noise Measurement was carried as per IS: 4954

standards as given by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). At each location, noise

monitoring was conducted continuously over a period of twenty-four hours to obtain Leq

values at uniform time intervals of one hour.

Day time Leq has been computed from the hourly Leq values between 6.00 a.m. and 10.00 p.m.

and night time Leq from the hourly Leq values between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. using the

following formula:

Where, Li = Leq value of the ith hourly time interval

Area category: I-Industrial, C-Commercial, R-Residential, S-Silence zone

Day time: 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. Night time: 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.

Permissible Ambient noise standards in dB (A):

16

1

101016

1log10

i

L

eq

i

dayL

8

1

10108

1log10

i

L

eq

i

nightL



Table 3.26 : Ambient Noise Quality Standards

Area

Code

Category of

Area/Zone

Limits in dB (A) Leq

Day Time Night Time

A Industrial 75 70

B Commercial 65 55

C Residential 55 45

D Silence 50 40

Table 3.27: Summary of Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area

Location

Code

Station

Location

Area

Category

Day Night

Leq Limit Leq Limit

N1 Odalarevu Residential 54.5 55 46.2 45

N2 Allavaram Residential 53.8 55 45.8 45

N3 Mogallamuru Residential 51.0 55 39.2 45

N4 Kesanapalli Residential 53.2 55 44.3 45

N5 Makanapalem Residential 48.6 55 38.1 45

N6 Mulkipalli Residential 51.1 55 42.4 45

N7 Adurru Residential 52.6 55 39.7 45

N8 Turupalem Residential 53.3 55 42.1 45

N9 T.Challapalle Residential 50.7 55 43.5 45

N10 Komaragiripatnam Residential 52.4 55 45.9 45

N11 Godilanka Residential 52.1 55 39.5 45

N12 Existing Facility Entrance Gate Industrial 56.1 75 48.5 70

N13 Existing Pipeline Route Silence 43.6 50 36.5 40

Figure 3.17: Ambient Noise Levels monitored in the Study Area (Day time)



Figure 3.18: Ambient Noise Levels Monitored in the Study Area (Night time)

The minimum and maximum sound levels at the existing site and the existing pipeline route

were recorded on a hand held sound level meter for five minutes during day time. The sound

level meter was held 1.2 to 1.5 m above ground level and at least 3m away from sound

reflecting sources like trees in the surrounding environment. Given below are the readings

observed:

Location

Code Location

Day time

Min. Max.

N12 Entrance gate of existing facility 42.3 67.8

N13 Existing pipeline route 31.5 52.3

Analysis of the Data

Assessment of noise level was carried out at various places to evaluate the ambient noise level

in the residential area as well as possible impact due to project activities. The values of noise

level, which are recorded lies between 48.6-54.5 dB (A) at day time and 38.1-46.2 (A) at

night time. The noise level in the day time as well as in night time within the permissible limit

except for the noise levels at N1, N2 and N-10 are slightly high in the night because of

cultural programme were taken place in the area.

The marine (sea-water, sediments and biological parameters) and terrestrial (air, noise, water

and soil) environment sample testing and analysis was carried out by EKO Pro Engineers Pvt.

Ltd. laboratory as per regulatory standards and norms. EKO Pro is QCI-NABET Accredited

laboratory located at Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh.

3.4.5 Biological Characteristics

There are no eco-sensitive or forest or wildlife sanctuaries within the 10km study area. The

Coringa Forest/National Park which is near to Kakinada is approximately 51 km (aerial

distance) far from Odalarevu onshore facility. The aerial distance of Coringa national park

and Odalarevu onshore terminal is shown in Figure 3.19.



Figure 3.19: Aerial distance between Odalarevu facility and Coringa national park

Flora

A floral enlistment of trees, shrubs and climbers with their scientific names, common names

and the family to which they belong is presented in Annexure -III. Also floral species

observed through quadrate sampling during field visit has been depicted under the Photo

Plate 3.27 to 3.29. A total of 272 plants species have been observed in the area. This includes

184 species of trees, 47 species of shrubs and 41 species of climbers. From all the species

observed in the area, Casuarina equisetifolia, Rhizophora mucronata and Grewia

populifolia are very common (Source: 1. Kakinada Forest Division, Forest Range Office, Wharf

Road.2. Local Enquiry and field investigation).

Photo Plate 3.27 : Quadrate study at

Odalarevu

Photo Plate 3.28 : Palm and Coconut Tree at

Bendamurulanka village



Photo plate 3.29 : Identification of floral species

Fauna

The area supports varied habitats viz. open space, agricultural fields, and human settlements.

The information on the fauna, which are present in and around the study area, is gathered

from various sources like interview with forest officials, local villagers, as well as by detail

survey of these areas by EIA study team. During the field survey fauna species were recorded

by direct observation as well as indirect evidences such as calls, nests, burrows, droppings,

scats, tracks etc., which confirms the presence of the animals in the area. A faunal enlisting of

invertebrates, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians with their scientific prepared from

various secondary sources as well as direct and indirect evidences by EIA team is presented in

Table 3.28.

Table 3.28: Fauna Species Existing Within the Surrounding Study Area

Sl. No. Common Name Scientific Name

1. Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata

2. Common langur Semnopithecus

3. Common mongoose Herpestes edwardsii

4. Five striped palm squirrel Funambulus pennantii

5. Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis

6. Indian Bison/Gaur Bos gaurus

7. Mouse deer Tragulus meminna

8. Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta

9. Three striped squirrel Funambulus palmarum

10. House Sparrow Passer domesticus

11. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis

12. House Crow Corvus splendens

13. Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus

14. Black Headed Cuckoo Coracina melanoptera

15. Pigeon Columbidae

16. Crane Gruidae

17. Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis

18. Cobra Ophiophagus Hannah

19. Rat Snake Elaphe obsoleta

Source: 1. Kakinada Forest Division, Forest Range Office, Wharf Road.

2. Local Enquiry and field investigation



3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The socio-economic profile of the study area is based on 2001 Census of India (As 2011

Census not available at the time of report preparation). The study of socio-economic

components of environment incorporates various features viz., demographic structure,

availability of basic amenities such as housing, education, medical facilities, drinking water

facilities, post, telegraph and telephone facilities, communication facilities, recreational,

cultural facilities, approach to villages etc. The study of these parameters helps in identifying,

predicting and evaluating the likely impacts due to the proposed project activity in that region.

The study area includes five mandals namely, Allavaram, Mamidikuduru, Malikipuram,

Razole and Uppalaguptam. The geographical area of mandals and the number of habitations

under the study area is given in Table 3.29. Mandals and their revenue villages with their

habitations found in the study area are as shown in Figure 3.20 and listed in Table 3.30.

Table 3.29: Mandals with the number of habitations under the Study Area

S. No. Mandals Geographical Area (Sq.Kms) Habitations under study area

1 Allavaram 105 25

2 Mamidikuduru 80 6

3 Malikipuram 90 2

4 Razole 77 4

5 Uppalaguptam 118 1

Total 470 38

Source: Hand Book of Statistics, East Godavari District, 2012

Figure 3.20: Locations of Villages in the Study Area



Table 3.30: Revenue Villages and habitations under the Study Area

Mandals Revenue Villages Habitations

Allavaram

Allavaram 1. Allavaram

Bendamurulanka

2. Rebbanapalli

3. Vodalarevu

4. Bendamurlanka

Devaguptam

5. D.Ravulapalem

6. Gundipudi

7. Devaguptam

Godi

8. Godipalem

9. Godithippa

10. Gopailanka

11. Godi

Godilanka 12. Godilanka

Komaragiripatnam

13. Lakshmaneswaram

14. Rameswaram

15. Thummalapalle

16. Komaragiripatnam

Mogallamuru

17. Rebabanapalli Peta

18. Sirigatlapalle

19. Mogallamuru

Rellugadda 20. Veluvalalanka

21. Rellugadda

Samanthakuru

22. Adiandhra Peta

23. Pallipalem

24. Samanthakuru

Thurupulanka 25. Thurupulanka

Mamidikuduru

Adurru 26. Adurru

27. Moripalem

Gogannamattam 28. Karavaka

Lutukurru 29. Lutukurru

Magatapalle 30. Magatapalle

Makanapalem 31. Makanapalem

Malikipuram Kesanapalle 32. Kesanapalli

33. Turpupalem

Razole

Mulikipalle 34. Mulikipalle

Ponnamanda

35. Giduguvaripalem

36. Merkapalem

37. Ponnamanda

Uppalaguptam T.Challapalle 38. T. Challapalle

Source: http://www.apagri.gov.in/villagedetails.htm

It is envisaged that the proposed project will have certain positive impacts and insignificant

negative impact as activities will be temporary on the surrounding areas with reference to

socio-economic environment due to influx of population and strain on existing infrastructure

for a short period of time. The data on baseline status of the study and basic information about

the socio-economic profile has also been collected during the site visit and from secondary

sources. Baseline information was collected to define the socio-economic profile of the study

area. The database, thus generated in the process includes:

Demographic structure;

Infrastructure base in the study area;



Economic attributes;

Health status; and

Socio-economic status with reference to Quality of Life

3.5.1 Demography

The summary of the demography profile of mandals with their habitations surveyed in and around the proposed project site is given in Table 3.31.

Table 3.31: Summary of Demographic Profile of Revenue Villages under the Study Area

S.

No. Mandals

Revenue

Villages

As per Census 2001 Total

Population,

2011

(Projected)

Total

Household

s

Population Literates Working Population

Male Femal

e Total Male Female Total Male Female Total

1

Allavaram

Allavaram 2484 5020 5006 10026 3449 2857 6306 2817 1219 4036 11,138

2 Godilanka 448 853 859 1712 644 577 1221 519 221 740 1,902

3 Godi 1002 1986 2036 4022 1372 1169 2541 1168 559 1727 4,468

4 Mogallamuru 631 1350 1383 2733 976 800 1776 769 486 1255 3,036

5 Devaguptam 2079 4317 4016 8333 2916 2201 5117 2426 1160 3586 9,258

6 Bendamurulanka 1975 4413 4297 8710 3020 2364 5384 2381 1023 3404 9,676

7 Komaragiripatnam 3236 6876 6861 13737 4821 4034 8855 3915 1586 5501 15,261

8 Samanthakurru 867 1794 1839 3633 1000 855 1855 1137 442 1579 4,036

9 Rellugadda 239 463 471 934 331 318 649 267 165 432 1038

10 Thurupurlanka 396 741 773 1514 589 524 1113 421 216 637 1628

11

Mamidikuduru

Adurru 940 1918 1878 3796 1491 1225 2716 1050 480 1530 4,217

12 Makanapalem 372 720 713 1433 552 475 1027 418 261 679 1,592

13 Lutukurru 798 1594 1556 3150 1184 1024 2208 960 360 1320 3,499

14 Magatapalle 1017 2043 2061 4104 1495 1311 2806 1229 508 1737 4,559

15 Gogannamattam 1391 3216 3112 6328 2178 1693 3871 1799 570 2369 7030

16 Malikipuram Kesanapalle 3299 7173 7047 14220 5305 4458 9763 4069 1786 5855 15,798

17 Razole

Mulikipalle 613 1156 1232 2388 874 781 1655 687 497 1184 2,653

18 Ponnamanda 1994 3878 3821 7699 2828 2356 5184 2145 1076 3221 8,553

19 Uppalaguptam T.Challapalle 2207 4719 4687 9406 2786 2180 4966 2918 1899 4817 10,450

Total 25,988 54,230 53,648 1,07,878 37,811 31,202 69,013 31,095 14,514 45,609 1,19,792

*Census2001



3.5.2 Occupation

The major occupation of surveyed population was involved in agriculture. The main crops of the area are Coconut and Paddy. Some people also work as

labourers in the agricultural field. The residents in the coastal villages were mainly occupied with fishing related activities, which was their main source of

income. Their main catch was white promfrets, prawns, crabs, ribbon fishes etc. Aquacultures are also prominent occupation in the survey area apart from

fishing and agriculture. Some of them involved in other activities like businesses (shop owners), service job, labour work etc.

a) Agriculture

The study area is dominated by agricultural fields. Main crops of the study area are paddy, coconut, food grains, food crops, pulses, black gram, non-food

crops, fresh & Dry Fruits. The mandal-wise area under the crops of the study area is given in Table 3.32. Photo Plate 3.30 and 3.31shows the agricultural

field in the study area.

Table 3.32: Area under Crops of the Study Area (Mandal-Wise)

S.

No. Crops

Area (In Hectares)

Mamidikuduru Razole Malikipuram Allavaram Uppalaguptam

Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total

1 Rice 1799 493 2292 3413 1301 4714 1314 1070 2384 3859 2844 6703 5834 5429 11263

2 Green gram 0 110 110 0 150 150 0 146 146 0 161 161 0 120 120

3 Black gram 0 1236 1236 0 1210 1210 0 293 293 0 527 527 0 138 138

4 Red gram 0 62 62 0 18 18 0 50 50 0 1 1 0 75 75

5 Pulses 0 1408 1408 0 1378 1378 0 489 489 0 689 689 0 333 333

6 Total Food Grains 1799 1901 3700 3413 2679 6092 1314 1559 2873 3859 3533 7392 5834 5762 11596

7 Condiments and spices 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8 Sugarcane 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 Fresh and Dry Fruits 232 0 232 117 0 117 364 0 364 151 82 233 1 0 1

10 Food Crops 2545 1901 4446 3566 2685 6251 1678 1559 3237 4010 3615 7625 5835 5762 11597

11 Groundnut 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

12 Coconut 4045 0 4045 2807 0 2807 3328 0 3328 2538 0 2538 994 0 994

13 Oil Seeds 4045 0 4045 2807 0 2807 3328 3 3331 2538 0 2538 994 0 994

14 Fodder Crops 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 457 457 0 110 110 0 0 0

15 Green Manure Crop 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28 28 0 45 45 0 0 0

16 Non Food Crops 4050 0 4050 2808 0 2808 3438 488 3926 2647 155 2802 994 0 994

Total 18515 7111 25626 18939 9421 28360 14764 6145 20909 19602 11762 31364 20486 17619 38105




Photo Plate 3.30: Paddy field at

Bendamurulanka village

Photo Plate 3.31: Coconut farm at

Kesanapalli village

b) Fishing activities

Fishermen of the study area were engaged in inland and marine fishing activity. Inland

Fisheries cover the river (Vaniteya), drains and village ponds. Marine Fisheries cover the

entire coastal area of Bay of Bengal. Fish landing centers in the study area are Odalarevu,

Karavaka and Turupalem. ACE team also cover the Antervedipali palem fish landing center

in Sakhinetipalle Mandal, which is out of the study area. The inland and marine fish

productions of East Godavari district are given in Table 3.33 and 3.34. Photo Plate 3.32 and

3.33 shows the fishing activities at different locations. The fish landing centres covered by

ACE Team during the stakeholder‟s consultation are shown in Figure 3.21.

Table 3.33: Inland Fish Production of East Godavari

S.

No.

Name of the

Species

Quantity (Tonnes)

2008-09 2009-10

1 Barbus 750.00 367.00

2 Carps (Catla/Rohu/Mrigal) 8800.50 8887.00

3 Cat Fishes 25.60 15.00

4 Common Carbs 0.00 0.00

5 Murrel 110.00 476.00

6 Mullets 1413.00 1475.00

7 Prawns 8889.11 6793.30

8 Hilsa 1029.00 195.00

9 Miscellaneous 3051.45 8354.00

Total 24068.66 26562.30


Table 3.34: Marine Fish Production of East Godavari District

S.

No.

Name of the

Species

Production (in Tonnes)

2008-09 2009-10

1 Elasmorbranches

a) Sharks 2456.00 100.00

b) Skates 634.00 75.00

c) Rays 1640.00 110.00

2 Eels 2016.00 140.00

3 Cat Fish 2272.00 275.00

4 Clupeidaeis

a) Wolf Herrings 0.00 0.00

b) Sardines 2157.00 1428.00

c) Hilsa Shades 0.00 1857.00



S.

No.

Name of the

Species

Production (in Tonnes)

2008-09 2009-10

d) Anchovies 3096.00 1695.00

e) Other Clupeidaeis 1447.00 0.00

5 Bombay Duck 0.00 0.00

6 Half & Full Beaks 0.00 0.00

7 Flying Fish 0.00 0.00

8 Perches 2516.00 1250.00

9 Goat Fish 2362.00 0.00

10 Thread Fins 2237.00 0.00

11 Ribbon Fish 2081.00 2560.00

12 Carangids 2552.00 840.00

13 Silver Bellies 2253.00 0.00

14 Big Jawed Jumpet 0.00 0.00

15 Promfrets 4225.00 650.00

16 Mackerel

a) Kanagurta 2162.00 620.00

b) Other Mackerles 2169.00 850.00

17 Seer Fish 2253.00 1470.00

18 Tunnies 0.00 0.00

19 Baracudas 0.00 0.00

20 Mullets 2643.00 0.00

21 Flat Fish 0.00 300.00

22 Miscellaneous 9746.00 37937.00

Total 52914.00 52157.00

23 Shrimp

a) Panaeid Shrimp 9952.00 5445.00

b) Non-Panaeid Shrimp 2104.70 2756.00

Marine Shrimp 12056.70 8201.00

Marine Fish 52844.00 52157.00

Total 129871.40 120716.00


Photo Plate 3.32: Fishing activities at

Karavaka village

Photo Plate 3.33: Odalarevu fish landing

centre



Figure 3.21: Fish Landing Centres in the study region

c) Fish & Prawn Culture

The local fishermen of the study area are also engaged in aquaculture. They have aquaculture

ponds which are being used for fish or prawn culture. Table 3.35 shows the mandal wise area

under the fish & prawn culture. Photo Plate 3.34 and 3.35 shows the aquaculture fields at

different locations.

Table 3.35: Area under Fish & Prawn Culture

S.

No. Mandals

Fish & Prawn

Culture

% to Geographical

Area

1 Mamidikuduru 251 3.10

2 Razole 0 0

3 Malikipuram 249 2.80

4 Allavaram 812 7.70

5 Uppalaguptam 767 6.50

Total 2079




Photo Plate 3.34: Aquaculture farm at

Adurru Village

Photo Plate 3.35: Aquaculture farm at

Rameshwaram village

3.5.3 Livestock

The study area is dominated by domestic animals. Cattles, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Pigs, and

Dogs are dominating animals at various places in study area. The livestock and poultry

population of mandals are given in Table 3.36.

Table 3.36: Mandal-Wise Livestock and Poultry Population – 2007

S.

No. Mandals Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Horses Pigs Dogs Poultry Total

1 Mamidikuduru 3774 5509 2354 1593 1 428 225 23338 37222

2 Razole 3580 32096 3512 91 0 330 184 39207 79000

3 Malikipuram 6127 26166 2324 4015 0 161 446 69373 108612

4 Allavaram 3764 7197 5789 825 0 306 368 44276 62525

5 Uppalaguptam 4112 10669 2997 581 2 744 488 73971 93564

Total 21357 81637 16976 7105 03 1969 1711 250165 380923


3.5.4 Educational Facilities

All the villages within the study area have primary educational facilities. Most of them have

the educational facilities upto primary. Within the study area, there is one engineer collage,

BVC Engineering Collage located in Odalarevu village. The management wise schools in

mandals are given in Table 3.37. Photo Plate 3.36 to 3.38 shows the educational institutes at

different locations.

Table 3.37: Schools in Mandals

S.

No. Mandals

Management Wise Schools

Mandal Parishad Private Aided Private Unaided State Govt. Total

P U.P H P U.P H P U.P H P U.P H

1 Mamidikuduru 61 1 12 1 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 81

2 Razole 64 5 9 0 0 0 3 6 4 0 0 1 92

3 Malikipuram 63 7 10 0 0 1 5 1 4 0 0 0 91

4 Allavaram 71 7 9 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 92

5 Uppalaguptam 74 5 7 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 90

Total 333 25 47 1 0 2 12 14 11 0 0 1 446

*P=Primary School, U.P=Upper Primary School, H=High School




Photo Plate 3.36: BVC Engineering College at

Odalarevu village

Photo Plate 3.37: Primary School at

Makanapalem village

Photo Plate 3.38: High School at Poonamada village

3.5.5 Health Care Facilities

All the Revenue Villages have primary health care centre under National Rural Health

Mission (NRHM). Komarigipatnam village have homeopathy medical facility and there is one

animal hospital in Allavaram village. General ailments prevailing in the area are malaria, lung

infection, joints pain, fever, diarrhea etc. The medical facilities in mandals are given in Table

3.38.

Table 3.42: Medical facilities in Mandals

S.

No. Mandal

Medical Facilities

Hospitals P.H.Cs Govt.

Dispensaries Others Total Doctors Beds

1 Mamidikuduru 0 1 1 0 2 3 6

2 Razole 0 1 0 0 1 1 6

3 Malikipuram 0 1 0 0 1 2 6

4 Allavaram 0 1 1 0 2 6 6

5 Uppalaguptam 0 2 0 0 2 3 6

Total 0 6 2 0 8 15 30




3.5.6 Drinking Water Facility

Drinking water facility provided by Municipal Corporation under the Rural Water Scheme

(RWS) and Panchayat Water Scheme (PWS). Some of the villages have ponds and open

wells, which are used for drinking water purpose. Kesanapalli village have RO plant, “Suzala

Jeevdhara” for providing safe drinking water within the village and their habitations. Drinking

water facilities in mandals is given in Table 3.39.

Table 3.39: Drinking Water Facility in Mandals

S.No. Mandal Drinking water facility

P.W.S Bore Wells Open Wells Others

1 Mamidikuduru 8 0 0 0

2 Razole 7 60 0 0

3 Malikipuram 0 0 0 0

4 Allavaram 5 17 2 0

5 Uppalaguptam 7 30 0 0

Total 27 107 2 0


3.5.7 Communication Facilities

All the villages are accessible through roads, either pakka or kachha. Given below in Photo

Plate 3.43 is the usual construction of bus stops in the region while Photo plate 3.39 to 3.40

depicts the condition of majority of road condition in the area.

Photo Plate 3.39: Allavaram to Bendamurlanka

Village

Photo Plate 3.40: Road Conditions in

Mamidikuduru Mandal

3.5.8 Post, Telephone & Electricity Facilities

Most of the villages in the study area are connected with landline telecommunication facilities

and also they have the accessibility to cell phones. Post offices are available in almost every

village. Almost all the villages have the electricity. Every village in the study area face 50 to

60% power cut problem. The post offices and telephone connections in study area (mandal-

wise) is given in Table 3.40 and 3.41.



Table 3.40: Post Offices in Mandals

S.

No. Mandal

Post Offices

Head

Post Offices

Sub-

Offices

Branch

Office Total

1 Mamidikuduru 0 1 14 15

2 Razole 1 4 11 16

3 Malikipuram 0 2 12 14

4 Allavaram 0 3 13 16

5 Uppalaguptam 0 0 13 13

Total 1 10 63 74


Table 3.41: Telephone Connections in Mandals

S.

No. Mandal

Telephones

Telephone

Connections

No. of

Exchange

1 Mamidikuduru 2562 3

2 Razole 3701 2

3 Malikipuram 3712 4

4 Allavaram 2197 3

5 Uppalaguptam 1912 4

Total 14084 16


3.5.9 Architectural Monuments

The study area has one archaeological site, Buddha Stupa in Adurru Village. The stupa was

constructed during the time of Emperor Ashoka. In 1955, Buddha Stupa was declared as a

protected monument by Archaeological Department of India. The aerial distance between the

stupa and Odalarevu onshore facility is approximately 7 km which is shown in Figure 3.22.

Photo Plate 3.41 shows the Buddha Stupa in Adurru Village.

Figure 3.22: Aerial distance between the Buddha Stupa and Odalarevu onshore facility



Photo Plate 3.41: Buddha Stupa in Adurru Village

3.5.10 Environmental Concern

The ACE team through their field observations and public interactions found few minor

environmental concerns in the study area. It was observed that these concerns are more in the

coastal villages. They are listed in Table 3.42 below:

Table 3.42: Environmental Concerns

Comments Village Name

Degradation of air quality Mogallamuru, Odalarevu

Degradation of drinking water quality Karvaka, Antervedipalipalem, Mogallamuru, Odalarevu

Ground water is salty Makanapalem, Karavaka, Komaragiripatnam, Odalarevu

Soil Quality Degradation Karvaka, Komarigipatnam, Odalarevu

Decrease in fish catch Karvaka, Antervedipalipalem, Odalarevu

Source: Local Enquiry and field investigation

Based on the analytical results of air, soil, surface and ground water quality, it is observed that

the values of PM10, PM2.5, SOX and NOx) are within the prescribed standards, Hence, the

quality of air is better in the study area due to the absence of major emission source and the

area is well covered with plantation. The soil is moderately alkaline at coastal villages due to

proximity to the marine water. Similarly, the water quality in respect of total dissolved solids

and hardness is higher in those villages, which are located near to river & sea confluence

point and near to coast.

3.5.11 Man animal conflict

There is no such major incident of man-animal conflicts. Some instances of man-animal

conflict were discovered during the public interactions during the field visit. They are listed

below in Table 3.43.

Table 3.43: Man-Animal Conflict

Comments Village Name

Snake and scorpion bites during work in field Allavaram, Odalarevu, Mogallamuru, Adurru,

Turupalem, Komaragiripatnam, T.Challapalle,

Mulkipalli

Photo Plate 3.42 to 3.55 picturises the field surveys carried out in and around the study area

to assess and understand the baseline environment and socio-economic profile.



Photo Plate 3.42: Interaction with Fishermans

in Odalarevu Fish Landing Centre

Photo Plate 3.43: Discussion with Villagers in

Odalarevu Village

Photo Plate 3.44: Discussion with villagers in

Mogallamuru Village

Photo Plate 3.45: Interaction with

Fishermans in Antaravedi Pallipalem Village

Photo Plate 3.48: Discussion with

T.Challapalle Panchayat Members


Komarigipatnam Panchayat Members

Photo Plate 3.46: Discussion with villagers in

Karavaka Village

Photo Plate 3.47: Interaction with villagers in

Turupalem Village



Photo Plate 3.50: Discussion with canal fishing

fishermen

Photo Plate 3.51: Discussion with Villagers in

N.Rameshwaram Village

Photo Plate 3.52: Interaction with villagers in

Mulkipalli Village

Photo Plate 3.53: Discussion with Kesanapalli

Panchayat Members

Photo Plate 3.54: Discussion with Villagers and

Village Revenue officer in Adurru Village


Amalapuram revenue division office members



ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS & MITIGATION

MEASURES

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This section presents the likely impacts identified and recommends mitigation measures based

on the analysis of the information collected from the following:

Project information provided by ONGC (described in Section 2)

Baseline information and reconnaissance visits of the area (described in Section 3)

ACE’s past experience in similar projects; and

Standard international environmental protection and management practices in Oil and

Gas sector.

Actual and foreseeable events, including operational events and typical events are discussed

in this section. Processes that may create risks to the natural environment are considered first

and are analysed in terms of key potential environmental impacts which are covered in this

chapter. Information is also provided on proven existing management techniques for

minimising the impact due to project activities.

The anticipated qualitative potential impacts related to the proposed project activities and risk

interaction based on the environmental sensitivities/ resources available in the project area

and surroundings has been provided in interactive matrices in this chapter.

The impact analysis performed is intended to cover the impacts due to installation and

operation of sub-sea and onshore pipeline for evacuation of gas from Vashishta and S-1 fields

to Odalarevu Terminal.

Based on the proposed project activities and the baseline information provided in Chapter 3,

the activities have potential to impact the following environmental resources:

Table 4.1: Identification of Potential Impacts: Activities –Impacts/Risks Interaction

Environmental Sensitivities

Physical Biological Socio-Economic

Impacts/ Risks

Activities

Air

Q

ual

ity

No

ise

Wat

er Q

ual

ity

So

il Q

ual

ity

Sed

imen

t Q

ual

ity

Ter

rest

rial

Flo

ra a

nd

Fau

na

Aq

uat

ic F

lora

an

d F

aun

a

Fis

her

y

Occ

up

atio

nal

Exp

osu

re &

Gen

eral

Saf

ety

Eco

no

my

Site Preparation & Pipeline Installation

Pipeline Operation

Atmospheric emissions

Noise levels

4



Environmental Sensitivities

Physical Biological Socio-Economic

Impacts/ Risks

Activities

Air

Q

ual

ity

No

ise

Wat

er Q

ual

ity

So

il Q

ual

ity

Sed

imen

t Q

ual

ity

Ter

rest

rial

Flo

ra a

nd

Fau

na

Aq

uat

ic F

lora

an

d F

aun

a

Fis

her

y

Occ

up

atio

nal

Exp

osu

re &

Gen

eral

Saf

ety

Eco

no

my

Wastewater generation Solid/Hazardous waste generation Transportation of personnel and material

Socio-economic impacts

Note: denotes likely impact denotes positive impact

Based upon the above interaction matrices following potential impacts have been identified:

A. Physical

Air Quality

Noise

Water Quality

Sediment and Soil Quality

B. Biological

Terrestrial Flora and Fauna

Aquatic Flora and Fauna

C. Socio-economic

Fishery

Occupational Exposure & General Safety

Economy

4.2 IMPACT PREDICTION


Construction Phase

The air environment is likely to get affected due to emission of particulate matter during pipe-

laying works (involving activities such as earth moving, excavation etc) on land, generator

sets and vehicles operating. However, the impacts due to construction phase shall be

temporary, marginal and shall be restricted to the construction site and immediate environs.

With increase in distance, these impacts shall be considered insignificant due to dilution of

finer particles and settlement of larger particulate matter.

Operation Phase

Air quality is likely to get affected due to emissions from generator sets and vehicles

operating during the maintenance period of the operational phase. Impact to the air quality

during operational phase of the pipeline may also be attributed to gas leakages from onshore



pipelines. However, adoption of good design, construction and operational practices shall

minimize the risk of gas leakages and reduction of air pollution.

4.2.2 Impact on Noise Quality

Construction Phase

Noise generated from the operation of generator sets, construction machinery, earth work

equipments, digging, pipe handling, vehicles movement etc during construction and

installation phase of onshore and offshore pipeline may affect the land environment.

However, impacts due to these activities have been envisaged to be local, marginal and shall

last for shorter duration of time. Impacts on marine fauna due to these sources shall be

insignificant. However, marine fauna has been envisaged to be temporarily and marginally

affected due to under water sound generated from the equipments such as flowlines and

subsea valves during installation phase of the offshore pipeline.

Operation Phase

Noise impacts due to movement of heavy vehicles, medium vehicles and automobiles during

operational phase of the pipeline shall be marginal to be considered for their impacts on

nearby human settlement. However, good conditions of road shall minimize the impact of

transportation generated noise.

Marine fauna is also likely to get affected due to noise generated from the transportation

vessels and ships. However, these impacts shall not cause any physical damage to the marine

organisms as the propagation of sound through water is generally affected by spreading

(distance) losses and attenuation (absorption) losses with sound energy decreasing with

increasing distance from the source. Moreover, it is also evident that marine organisms get

gradually accustomed to the predictable noise levels from ships and transportation vessels that

follow a constant source. Therefore, the impacts on the marine fauna shall be temporary and

low.

4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality

Construction Phase

Sources of surface and ground water contamination due to onshore pipeline installation and

operation may be attributed to discharge of construction wastewater, domestic wastewater

(sewage water, wastewater from kitchen, laundries, etc), surface run-off from construction

site and discharge of hydro test water utilized during precommissioning phase of pipeline.

However, it has been envisaged that water quality degradation due to these sources shall be

negligible as wastewater generated from construction activities; kitchen and toilets shall be

subjected to appropriate treatment to meet the stipulated standards prior to its final disposal.

The treated wastewater shall be used for irrigation purpose to the maximum extent.

Precautionary measures shall be adopted to mitigate the risk of water contamination due to

run off. Apart from this, hydro test water shall be collected and reused for multiple tests.

Offshore installation of pipeline has been envisaged to cause short term and local increase in

turbidity levels due to disturbance of seabed sediments. Displacement of sea bed sediments

may lead to oxidation of anoxic intertidal and offshore mud. This shall lead to local chemical

changes in water quality by a subsequent decrease in pH (due to oxidation of sulphides to

sulphate) and increase in BOD levels. However, these impacts have been envisaged to be

local and temporary and water is expected to regain its original characteristics.



Operation Phase

The potential impacts on water quality during operational phase of the pipeline may be

attributed to usage of maintenance and cleaning chemicals such as corrosion inhibitor, scale

inhibitors and mono-ethylene glyol, which shall be subjected into the pipeline at the platform

and will be discharged at the produced water discharge point from the gas terminal. The

anticipated extent of water pollution level in marine water through this discharge will be very

less. However, this risk shall be mitigated by formulation of waste management plan, wherein

wastewater generated from operational activities of the project shall be subjected to suitable

treatment prior to its final disposal.

4.2.4 Impact on Sediment and Soil Quality

Construction Phase

Temporary and short term disturbance to soil ecology and top soil loss may occur during land

clearance, earth works, site grading and other construction activities for onshore pipeline

installation. However, these impacts shall be minimized by separate stockpiling of top soil

layer, which shall be utilized in backfilling of the trench to restore the original soil conditions.

Contamination of soil environment may also result from release of hazardous wastes such as

leakage of diesel oil from generator sets and vehicular movement. However, suitable safety

and control measures shall be adopted to mitigate the risk of soil contamination from these

sources.

Impacts on marine sediments will be largely during installation of sub-sea pipeline.

Installation of pipeline shall cause localized disturbance to sea bed sediments. Physical

obstruction owing to installation of pipeline shall lead to local change in hydrology and sea

bed morphology.

Operation Phase

Operation phase of the pipeline is likely to cause contamination of soil and sediments due to

discharge of chemicals such as cleaning agents and degreasing solvents. However, these

impacts shall be reduced to minimal by ensuring appropriate collection and disposal methods.

4.2.5 4.2.5 Ecological Impacts

Construction Phase

Impact on terrestrial flora and fauna may occur due to changes in habitat or habitat

modification during land clearance activity in construction phase. However, this activity shall

be restricted to limited land area and therefore the impact shall be local and minimal.

Moreover, it was found during the survey that owing to be an expansion project, the site is

already clear from any type of wildlife habitation. Hence, reducing the possible impact on the

local environs. Emission of particulate matter during onshore construction activity is also

likely to impact terrestrial ecological environment. However, these impacts have been

envisaged to be low as the construction phase is a temporary phase. Impacts on terrestrial

environment due to emissions from operating generator sets and vehicles have been envisaged

to be negligible as suitable mitigation measures shall be adopted to minimize the impacts

from these sources.

Noise generated from construction activities, operation of equipments, machinery and

vehicles shall have negligible impacts on terrestrial fauna.



Significant impacts on terrestrial flora and fauna shall also occur due to dumping of solid

waste and wastewater discharges from construction and operation of the pipeline. However,

these impacts shall be minimized by adoption of waste management plan, wherein solid waste

and wastewater generated shall be subjected to appropriate treatment prior to their final

disposal.

Impacts to marine ecology are likely to occur during installation phase of the subsea pipeline.

Installation of the sub sea pipeline shall cause physical obstruction to marine organisms and

displacement of marine species in immediate vicinity leading to direct habitat loss and

modification of regional species. It may also affect the benthos in the vicinity leading to their

destruction, smothering or displacement. Although, impacts during initial phase of pipeline

installation have been envisaged to be significant but owing to adaptable nature of marine

organisms, the region is likely to regain its ecological stability within short span of time.

Marine fauna is also likely to get affected due to noise generated from the transportation

vessels and ships during installation and operational phase of the pipeline. However, it has

been envisaged that these impacts shall not cause any physical damage to the marine

organisms as the propagation of sound through water is generally affected by spreading

(distance) losses and attenuation (absorption) losses with sound energy decreasing with

increasing distance from the source. Moreover, it is also evident that marine organisms get

gradually accustomed to the predictable noise levels from ships and transportation vessels that

follow a constant source. Therefore, the impacts on the marine fauna shall be temporary and

low.

Operation Phase

Impacts on terrestrial environment due to emissions from operating generator sets and

vehicles during maintenance period have been envisaged to be negligible as these are

temporary and suitable mitigation measures shall be adopted to minimize the impacts from

these sources.

Gas leakages during pipeline operation may impose adverse impacts to the marine

environment. However, adoption of good design, construction and operation practices shall

mitigate the risk of gas leakages.

4.2.6 Impact on CRZ

The proposed pipeline route at Odalarevu, East Godavari District is near to shoreline and

comes under Coastal Regulation Zone. The project area is characterized by different coastal

geomorphological features like smaller spits, shoals, offshore bars etc. Shoreline is not a fixed

line and its position is dynamic as the change in the shoreline is a natural phenomenon

because of the suspension of sediment and transportation of the same due to current (littoral

drift) during the monsoon season and deposition in calm non-monsoon season. If this natural

cycle is disturbed by anthropogenic intervention, an unbalanced sediment transport cycle will

occur, which may lead to an unusual and irreversible shoreline dynamic.

Cyclones and storm surges frequently affect the district coastline accompiying with high rate

of erosion. Considering the total of 757 km coastline of AP is under accretion and out of 344

km of coastline is under erosion, 239 km is under low erosion and 105 km of the coastline

under high erosion.

[Source: 1. Ministry of Earth Sciences, ICMAM Project Directorate, Chennai and Indian

National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad (October 2009) Report



on use of Satellite data for detection of violation of land use along the Coastal Regulation

Zone and Impact of Port structures on Shoreline changes

2. Kumari P. Dr. (2012) Shoreline morphometric change analysis using Remote sensing and

GIS in the coastal part of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India. International

Journal of Civil Engineering applications Research Volume 03 (Issue 02) 129-136]

The satellite imagery in the coastal stretch of study area was carried out for detailed analysis

of shoreline changes Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. for a period of 32 years (1977 to

2009). Objective was to assess the condition and nature of the shoreline in the project stretch.

The Shorelines are extracted using satellite imageries dated 1977 (LANDSAT MSS), 1989 &

2000(LANDSAT TM 4-5) and 2009 (LISS III). The comparative analysis of the

chronological study of shorelines reflects that the changes is inward i.e. erosion effect is

dominant for this area. After 1989, Accretion Effect is observed to the west of the river. But

the shoreline near the project site has been eroded and shoreline is shifted about 450-480 m

during the 32 years as shown in Figure 4.1. Table 4.2 shows the changes in shoreline for a

span of 32 years (1977 to 2009).

Figure 4.1: Satellite Images Showing the Shoreline of the Project Site

In 1977-1989, 1989-2000 and 2000-2009



Table 4.2: Shoreline shift (in Meters) near project site from 1977 to 2009

Year 1977 1989 2000 2009

1977 0 (+) 200 to

(+) 230 m

(+) 220 to

(+) 250 m

(+) 450 to

(+) 480 m

1989 0 (+)20 to

(+)25 m

(+) 220 to

(+) 250 m

2000 0 (+) 250 to

(+) 270 m

2009 0

*Erosion (+), Accretion (-)

4.2.7 Socio-Economic Environment

The proposed project is likely to have the following impacts on the existing socio-economic

profile of the area:

The proposed activity shall generate employment in the region due to the requirement of

workers for supply and transport of equipment, auxiliary and ancillary works etc. This

shall give temporary relief to the people of the locality and their socio-economic

conditions shall improve.

The activities shall also result in enhancement of the local skill levels through exposure to

project activities and technology and shall help in capacity building for future

employment opportunities.

The project shall facilitate infrastructure development, improvement of transportation and

communication facilities in the area, which will further improve the standard of living.

The project activities shall negatively affect the fish catch and fish quality of the region.

However, the impacts have been envisaged to be temporary and shall not irreversibly

hamper fish activity and fish quality of the region.

4.3 IMPACT EVALUATION

Emissions from the construction phase of proposed project shall be minimal and temporary

and therefore the impacts on air quality during this phase will not be of much significance.

Also, the net impacts of fugitive emissions from the generator sets and vehicular movement

has been anticipated to be marginal due to the adoption of suitable mitigation measures.

Moreover, the impacts due to secondary pollutants in the region have been envisaged to be

negligible as the terrain is plain and sufficient amount of atmospheric mixing is available in

the region. Thus, the point and fugitive emissions are not likely to affect human health and

vegetation.

The impact of noise on nearby villages due to proposed project activities shall be

insignificant as the nearest habitation is about 1km away from the site. Noise level during

construction activities has been envisaged to increase in and around the onshore project site

but the impacts shall be considered low as the construction phase is a temporary phase, which

shall last for shorter duration of time. Underwater noise is likely to be generated due to the

usage of equipments (such as flowlines and subsea valves) and movement of transportation

vessels and ships. However, the impact of noise on marine fauna is expected to be marginal

and local as the noise levels is likely decay with increasing distance from the source.

Moreover, the marine organisms show avoidance reaction to larger vessels and high noise



generating sources and therefore, are unlikely to intentionally approach towards them. Hence,

no physical damage has been anticipated on the marine organisms.

Impacts on surface and groundwater quality has been envisaged to be insignificant as the

wastewater and solid waste generated from the project activities shall be treated to meet

requirements of stipulated standards prior to its disposal. The treated water shall be reused to

maximum extent. It has also been envisaged that there will be no changes in groundwater

quality due to proposed facility as the ground water is already saline and not fit for drinking

purpose. Offshore installation of pipeline shall temporarily increase the turbidity levels of the

local marine environment. However, the region is expected to regain its original

characteristics in short span of time.

The proposed project shall temporarily affect the soil environment due to minimal land

clearance and other construction activities during onshore pipeline construction and

installation. However, suitable measures shall be adopted to restore the original site

conditions. Disturbance to sea bed sediments is also likely to occur during installation of

offshore pipeline. However, these impacts shall be temporary and the sea bed is likely to

regain its original stability in short span of time.

The net impacts on terrestrial ecology shall be minimal and of shorter duration, mainly likely

to result from habitat loss or modifications in habitat during onshore construction activities.

Initial impacts on local marine ecology due to offshore pipeline installation are likely to be

significant. However, owing to adaptable nature of marine organisms the affected region shall

regain its original stability.

The proposed project shall have limited and temporary effect on the fishing activity and

fishermen community. However, in long term it shall prove to be beneficial in terms of

generating employment opportunities and overall development of the area.

4.4 IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE

Evaluation of impacts signifies the potential impacts in terms of its likelihood nature as per

the following criteria:

a. The impacts are further classified based on their spatial distribution, i.e. local, when

impacting an area of approximately 1 km radius from the project area, moderate spread,

when impacting an area of 1 to 2 km radius and regional beyond 2 km;

b. The impacts are classified as short term, moderate term and long term in terms of their

existence in temporal scale. Impacts less than 1 year existence as short term, while those

with 1 to 3 years as moderate term and more than 3 years as long term;

c. The negative impacts are termed as adverse impacts while positive impacts as beneficial;

The significance of environmental impacts of various involved activities has been

evaluated based on the criteria outlined in Table 4.3.

Table 4.3: Impact Significance Criteria

Impact Significance Criteria

Major Adverse When the impact is of high intensity with high spread and high

duration or of high intensity with medium spread and medium

duration.

Moderate Adverse When the impact is of moderate intensity with high spread and high



Impact Significance Criteria

duration or of high intensity with low/ moderate spread and low

duration

Minor Adverse When the impact is of low intensity but with moderate spread and

moderate duration or of moderate intensity

Insignificant Adverse When the impact is of low intensity, low spread and low duration

Beneficial When the impacts are positive

Based on the above-specified criteria, Tables 4.4 and 4.5 describes potential environmental

impacts due to proposed expansion, with or without mitigation measures respectively. It is

important to note that one activity may have varying impacts on different receptors i.e.

different components of the environment. To avoid repetitions, this section describes various

activities, which may have wide impacts on many receptors. For example, waste generation

and disposal will have impacts on land, water bodies, odour nuisance etc, therefore, the

impacts of waste generation and disposal have been considered as one of the key areas of

impacts. Similarly, gaseous emissions may be adverse to air quality; which on exposure may

impact upon health of individuals and ecology in the surroundings.

Table 4.4: Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project activity

(Without Mitigation Measures)

Environmental

Sensitivities

Nature of Likely Impacts Impact

Significance

Low

Inte

nsi

ty

Moder

ate

Inte

nsi

ty

Hig

h

Inte

nsi

ty

Loca

l

Moder

ate

Spre

ad

Reg

ional

Short

Ter

m

Moder

ate

Ter

m

Long T

erm

Adver

se

Ben

efic

ial

Insi

gnif

ican

t

Min

or

Moder

ate

Maj

or

Air Quality

Noise

Water Quality

Soil Quality

Sediment Quality

Terrestrial Flora& Fauna

Aquatic Flora and Fauna

Local Economy

Note: For colour coding refer Table 4.3

4.5 IMPACT MITIGATION MEASURES


Good operational controls and high level of monitoring shall be built into the design

operational aspects of the project.

Regular maintenance of engines and generators shall be done to keep the environment

impact minimum.

Dry and dusty materials shall be stored in the containers.

Emissions during transportation shall be minimized by ensuring regular maintenance of

vehicles and marine vessels.



4.5.2 Water Environment

Wastewater generated from the construction sites shall be treated as per industry norms.

Sewage generated from onshore facility shall be treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant

(ETP). The treated effluent shall be reused for the purpose of irrigation within and around

the plant area for green belt.

Water generated from hydraulic testing of pipelines shall be discharged into sea at a

suitable location to minimise adverse impacts.

4.5.3 Noise Quality

Good working practices shall be implemented to minimize the noise levels.

Generator sets, construction machinery and other equipments shall be provided with

acoustic enclosures.

Vehicles involved in transportation of personnel and material shall be maintained

regularly.

Mobile noise sources such vessels shall be routed in such a way that there is minimum

disturbance to receptors.

Vessels to be well maintained and idling of vessels or equipment shall be avoided when

not in use.

4.5.4 Subsea infrastructure

The layout of the subsea infrastructure shall be designed to avoid sea bed features

considered to be geo-hazards. This will also protect areas with potentially more diverse

habitats and species.

Most subsea flowlines shall be laid directly on the sea bed and flowline burial using

methods such as dredging and jetting shall be avoided.

4.5.5 Impact on Ecological Environment

All precautionary measures shall be adopted to minimize the disturbance to terrestrial and

aquatic flora and fauna due to construction and installation of onshore and offshore pipeline.

The baseline information on terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna shall be obtained from

state/district/regional level authorities in an effort to reduce the potential adverse impacts of

the project and future activities on marine mammals.

4.5.6 Waste Generation and Management

The site would develop and adopt proper system for the management, storage and disposal of

the hazardous and non-hazardous waste, including measures such as:

Solid waste consisting of recyclable waste and non recyclable generated from

construction activities, shall be segregated in appropriate bins and shall be disposed off.

Solid waste including domestic waste (from kitchen, gallery, laundries etc), combustible

and recyclable waste generated shall be collected, segregated and stored in specified

containers and shall be transferred for its disposal.

Hazardous waste such as waste lube/system oil from machinery, used oil from D.G set (in

case of operation) is likely to be generated. The waste shall be handled as per Hazardous

Wastes (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008. The waste



will be carefully stored in drums and transported to MoEF approved recyclers for its final

disposal. All precautions will be taken to avoid spillage from the storage.

Table 4.5: Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project activity

(With Mitigation Measures)

Environmental

Sensitivities Nature of Likely Impacts

Impact

Significance

Lo

w

Inte

nsi

ty

Mo

der

ate

Inte

nsi

ty

Hig

h

Inte

nsi

ty

Lo

cal

Mo

der

ate

Sp

read

Reg

ion

al

Sho

rt T

erm

Mo

der

ate

Ter

m

Lo

ng

Ter

m

Ad

ver

se

Ben

efic

ial

Insi

gn

ific

an

t

Min

or

Mo

der

ate

Maj

or

Air Quality

Noise

Water Quality

Soil Quality

Sediment Quality

Terrestrial Flora &

Fauna

Aquatic Flora & Fauna

Local Economy

Note: For colour coding refer Table 4.3



ENVIRONMENT

MONITORING PROGRAM

5.1 INTRODUCTION

An environmental monitoring program provides a delivery mechanism to monitor any adverse

environmental impacts of a project during its execution/operation, to enhance project benefits,

and to introduce standards of good practices to be adopted for all project works. An

environmental monitoring program is important as it provides useful information and helps

to:

Assist in detecting the development of any unwanted environmental situation, and thus,

provides opportunities for adopting appropriate control measures;

Define the responsibilities of the project proponents, contractors and environmental

monitors and provides means of effectively communicating environmental issues among

them;

Define monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters;

Evaluate the performance and effectiveness of mitigation measures proposed in the

Environment Management Plan (EMP) and suggest improvements, if required; and

Identify training requirement at various levels.

An environmental monitoring program is suggested to monitor environmental parameters

during the project period Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1: Recommended Environmental Monitoring/Audit Protocol-During Site

Preparation and Installation of Pipeline

Receptor Location Monitoring

Mechanism

Monitoring and

Reporting

Frequency

Water

Quality Surface water and

ground water sources at

and nearby onshore

project site.

Marine water Quality at

every 3 km stretch along

the offshore pipeline

and locations within

1km radius of the

pipeline.

pH, conductivity, TSS,

TDS, heavy metals,

BOD, COD, Oil &

Grease etc.

Monthly

Noise

Levels

At project site and three

locations within 500 m of

the project site

Noise level

monitoring;

Machineries

maintenance;

Use of ear plug by

workforce

At hourly interval

for 24 hrs. Machine

maintenance may

be done once in a

week

5



Receptor Location Monitoring

Mechanism

Monitoring and

Reporting

Frequency

Soil

Quality

At Onshore project site pH, , moisture content,

Texture, oil & grease and

Organic matter

Monthly

Sediment

Quality

At offshore project site Texture, Organic matter,

Nitrogen, Phosphorous,

oil & grease and Heavy

metal concentration

Monthly

The post operational monitoring programme will be under the supervision of the ONGC and

the monitoring shall be get carried out by recognized laboratories/ institutions/by ONGC.

EIA Report for installation of dual 14‖ sub-sea pipeline

and umbilical for Odalarevu facility


ADDITIONAL STUDIES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

As discussed is earlier chapters, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is currently

involved with the exploration in several deep sea fields off the east coast of India. As a part of

the overall development plan, ONGC intends to develop the Vashishta and S-1 fields off the

east coast of India through development activity on an integrated basis to produce gas within

the shortest feasible time in the Krishna–Godavari (KG) Offshore Basin.

The gas from Vashishta and S-1 fields shall be transported through dual 14‖ subsea pipelines

to the new onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The new onshore processing terminal at Odalarevu

will be located adjacent to the existing onshore processing terminals. The layout of the

proposed pipeline route is given in Figure 6.1.

This chapter includes the studies of risk assessment, disaster management plan and

emergency response plan in following sections.

Figure 6.1: Layout of the proposed pipeline route

6




6.2 Subsea Pipeline and Onshore Pipeline

a) Subsea pipe line for transfer of NG product from Wells to ‘landfall point’

Pipeline routing will follow the existing G1 pipeline system as much as possible and therefore

has a minimal impact on the seabed and surrounding environment. The system has been

designed so that pigging can be undertaken fromonshore; this negates the need to for offshore

intervention and therefore reduces the overall operating carbon footprint of the asset.

The use of horizontal trees means that a light intervention vessel is required for any well work

over rather than a drill rig. This saves on vessel mobilization and therefore assists in

maintaining a minimal carbon footprint.

Daisy chain development with midline tees and crossovers located at S1 wells, VA-DB and

PLETs at VA-DA. PLEM at VA-DB will allow pigging for future expansion.

The pipeline has been split into two sections for determination of wall thickness: subsea and

landfall. The landfall section of pipe has higher integrity requirements and therefore higher

wall thickness. Maintaining a constant bore through the pipeline (to allow for pigging) is

preferable. Hence, pipe with non-standard outer diameter is selected for the Subsea pipeline

(2 X 14‖ pipelines of 45 km long; including infield sub-sea architecture –subsea umbilical).

Subsea Pipeline details:

Pipeline Length (m) : ~43,000

Design Capacity : 6 MMSCMD

Maximum Design Temperature (oC) :65

Minimum Design Temperature (oC) : -75

Design Pressure (barg) : 255

Operating Pressure : ~ 60 bar G

b) Onshore Pipeline details:

Pipeline Length (m) : ~4,200

Pipeline Length (Dia. ’’) : 14

Design Capacity : 6 MMSCMD

Maximum Design Temperature (oC) : 30

Minimum Design Temperature (oC) : 15

Operating Pressure (Receiving) : ~ 9 to 24 bar G

Operating Pressure (Discharge) : ~ 67.5 bar G

2.5 meters burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 27 meters water depth. This

will be approximately up to two thirds of the way along the first leg of the

pipeline.

2.5 meter burial and 60mm concrete coating up to 79 meters water depth. This is

just after the first deviation away from the G-1 pipelines

30mm concrete coating up to 200 meters water depth.

3LPP coating and surfaced laid for the remainder of the development.

2.5 meters burial for the onshore section. [Additional precautions may be taken if

any railway or road crossings are involved.]




For the first two stages, the pipeline is protected against the likely forms of risk (on shore-

surface movement of man/ vehicle; off shore- Coastal movement of crafts/fishing vessels). As

the water depth increases the protection provided is mainly against mechanical risks such as

fishing gear and dropped objects. Once the water depth is greater than 200metres the overall

risk to the field is as low as reasonably practicable and therefore no additional protection is

provided.

6.3 RISK ASSESSMENT

Hydrocarbon operations are generally hazardous in nature by virtue of intrinsic chemical

properties of hydrocarbons or their temperature or pressure of operation or a combination of

them. Fire, explosion, hazardous release or a combination of these are the hazardous

associated with hydrocarbon operations. These have resulted in the development of more

comprehensive, systematic and sophisticated methods of safety engineering such as

identification and analysis of hazards and Risk assessment to improve upon the integrity,

reliability and safety of hydrocarbon operations.

The RA studies are based on Quantative Risk assessment Analysis (QRA). The analysis based

on ALOHA (Aerial locations of Hazardous Atmosphere), which is developed jointly by

NOAA and the environment protection agency (EPA), US. ALOHA is a program designed to

model chemical release for emergency responders and planners. It can estimate how a toxic

cloud might disperse after a chemical release & also features served fires & explosions

scenarios. A sample sheet of QRA modeling analysis of S-1 and VA is given in Annexure-

XIV.

6.3.1 Hazards - Nature and sensitivity of impact zones

Subsea Pipeline:

1) Natural hazards - Landslides

The generation of landslides that could potentially affect the pipeline integrity has

beenqualitatively evaluated at the outset of the project for the entire pipeline route. It was

concluded that the pipelines are not threatened by landslide. The occurrence of a landslide is

due to the coexistence of various conditions such as:

Thick layers of very soft sediments lying on steep slopes

Slope angles able to trigger the development of soil instability

Triggering mechanisms causing the landslides (e.g. seismic loads, wave loads, rapid

accumulation of soft sediments)

No such conditions have been found along the pipeline routes. In addition the proposed

pipeline support system is designed after conducting on-bottom stability tests and maximum

free span lengths totake care of the subsea soil erosion (if any) and regular inspection of

pipeline route will caution of any likely damage.

2) Natural hazards - Extreme Storm

The following met ocean design conditions are used for the detailed design of the system

Seasonal and whole year directional extremes of wind, waves and currents

Directional significant wave height

Wave and current climate for fatigue analysis




Air temperature extremes and climate at landfall locations

Persistence of storm and calm conditions for onsite operations

Variability of the sea level

Hydrological sea water parameters (temperature, salinity and density)

Bay of Bengal is known for rough weather; since the production operational system and

Subsea pipeline will be near the sea bottom, it is unlikely to be affected much with rough

weather.

3) Heavy Impact and Damage to pipeline due to dropping of heavy objects

A situation is considered for the risk assessment for the impacts on ―Subsea Pipeline‖ by

heavy falling objectsfrom otherdrill ships or other marine vessels working nearby or passing

by it.

The following possibilities have been taken into consideration:

Vessels which passes through the pipeline route may accidently release some heavy

objects/ anchors and it hits the Pipeline.

Consequences and Effects

The analysis of consequences is generally based on the principle of conservation ofenergy.

The impact of a complete contact with the object may however be more severe and may lead

to damage to the pipeline such as rupture or leak from the pipeline resulting in a process leak.

Risk Ranking

Likelihood Ranking - C

Consequence Ranking - 3

Risk Ranking - 3C (Medium)

KG Basin Operations:

Any heavy pipeline leakage (if occurs) at a depth of ~ 250 - 600 m and at maximum pressure

(nonoperation; design) of 3242 psia (220 atm.). This will cause tremendous stirring/ agitation

at sea bottom/may result in shock waves causing damage to adjoining (pipeline) installations

and also to nearby installations. The high pressure gas will be directed as jet in the direction

of leaky point and rise to the surface and will blow out as gas / water shower combination. It

may catch fire also (less likely as it is with sea water and cool) and burn. The gas rate can be

very large (depending well pressure and other pipeline /operational conditions)

Onshore Pipeline:

Onshore pipeline will be laid at a depth of ~ 2.5 m. The line may pass through inhabited areas

(uninhabited now but may get inhabited after some period) and also some road / railway

crossings may come later. Any opening in the operating pipe line (due to any damage or any

other cause) will result in gas leakage.

Leaking gas will come out at pressure from underground and disperse to surface in a wide

area. The area of dispersion will depend upon depth of pipeline and weather etc. If ignition

source is found it may catch fire.




6.3.2 Failure Scenarios (Likely)

Subsea Pipeline

Subsea pipeline will be laid at sea surface at a depth varying from > 600 m to shore. The sea

water will exert pressure on the line which can be as high as 60 bars. Any opening in the

operating pipe line (due to any damage or any other cause) will result in gas leakage.

Leaking gas will disperse (to some extent) due to wave motion and come to surface in a wide

area. The area of dispersion will depend upon depth of pipeline, current / sea roughness,

weather etc. However for modeling (60 %) part of the leakage have been considered as

concentrated at one place and catch fire,

The rate of leakage will depend upon pipe line pressure, depth and opening size. Considering

these key parameters four scenarios /cases are envisaged.

Onshore Pipeline

Onshore pipeline will be 2.5 m buried. Additional precautions may be taken if any railway or

road crossings are involved. Any leakage in the pipeline (if small) will seep through soil and

come out and catch fire if any source of ignition is there. It may start domino effect if any

other inflammable material is there (dry grass or else). In case of major damage and

consequential fire the heat radiation zone can be large as given below.

For modeling purpose worst possible conditions (line pressure 220 atm. and 60 atm. is taken)

which may occur due to major system failure.

Scenario 1.

a. Pipe Line opening (Leakage source)~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical

b. Depth ~ 500 m

c. Line Pressure ~ 220 bar

Scenario 2.

a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section; Vertical

b. Depth ~ 500 m


Scenario 3.


b. Depth ~ 500 m


Scenario 4.


b. Depth ~ 300 m


Scenario 5.


b. Depth ~ 200 m





Scenario 6.


b. Depth ~ 50 m


Scenario 7.

a. Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross section

b. Line Pressure ~ 25 bar

Scenario

No Scenario Impact Zone Remarks

1 Pipe Line opening ~ 50% of inlet cross

section Line Pressure ~ 220 bar [Release

Pressure—170 bar

Jet fire

96 m

1st degree

burn


section Line Pressure ~ 220 bar [Release

Pressure—190 bar

Jet fire

101 m

1st degree

burn


sectionLine Pressure ~ 60 bar [Release

Pressure—10 bar

Jet fire

26 m

1st degree

burn



Pressure—30 bar

Jet fire

42 m 1st degree

burn



Pressure—40 bar

Jet fire

48 m 1st degree

burn



Pressure—55 bar

Jet fire

56 m 1st degree

burn


section; Line Pressure ~ 25 bar

Jet fire

38 m

1st degree

burn




Scenario - 1

Scenario - 2




Scenario – 3

Scenario - 4




Scenario – 5

Scenario - 6




Scenario – 7

6.3.3 Sensitive Receptors and Impact

Any adverse incident in the proposed Subsea and Onshore pipeline can have minor or major

damage to permanent receptors if the same are coming within the impact zone. Both subsea

pipeline and Onshore pipelines are coming in ―Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)‖ classified as

sensitive zone as per Environment Protection Act (1986).

6.3.4 Subsea Pipeline layout impacts

The fire may occur if gas comes in contact with source of ignition.Subsea pipeline do not

have any installation nearby. Coastal movement of small vessels/ fishing will be affected.

Any off shore equipment/structure or vessel is likely affected by the fire if happened to be

within impact zone. There can be domino effect if any sensitive system (fuel transporter or

any explosive/inflammable laden vessel) gets trapped in impact zone.

6.3.5 Onshore Pipeline installation Impact Zone

The impact due to accident in the pipeline will be restricted to 56 m (1st degree burn).

Terminal may be affected if the incident occurs near the terminal and may initiate a domino

effect. However accidents resulting due to domino effect can be more serious. Since the

terminal does not have any large storage of inflammable and explosive material there cannot

be any major incident. The inhabited areas are far away (> 500 m). Existing ONGC terminal

can also be adversely affected. Nearest village isOdalarevu at a distance of 630 m from

facility.

6.3.6 Control Measures for Major Hazards

The preventive control measures to prevent/avoid occurrence of hazardous stance are given

below:




A Management Plan will be formulated and implemented to reduce

contactriskforconsequential fall of heavy objects,vessel–vessel contactand will address the

following:

Mandatory 500 m safety zone around well location;

Operational restrictions on visiting vessels in bad weather;

Defined vessel no-go areas within safety zone; and agreed approach procedures by

supply and safety vessels during laying of pipeline.

6.3.7 Fire Fighting Facility

Marine firefighting and medical facilities may be created and stationed at nearest port so as to

be available during emergency for offshore pipeline and other installations.

For onshore pipeline, fire engines with other safety devices like fire suits and breathing

apparatus/first aid etc. should be stationed at onshore terminal.

6.3.8 Occupational Health

The installation and operational activities of proposed pipeline and umbilical for onshore

facility at onshore and offshore section involves many occupational health hazards to the

workers at site. Work in offshore can involve exposure to hazardous substances, noise,

vibrations, hot or cold conditions, heavy manual handling activities (both at onshore and

offshore during the handling and laying of pipes) etc. Installations especially in deep water

drilling are isolated, workforce travels to work by helicopter/vessels and perform shift duties.

Extended long distance travelling, psychologicalstress resulting from physical isolation due to

remoteness of site and shift duty pattern, seasickness and exposure to extreme weather

conditions is other hazards. Harsh climate, parasitic diseases and infections may result in

respiratory tract diseases.

ONGC will take all health and safety measures in compliance with following rules and

procedures:

Storage and handling of Hazardous Materials

TAC 1998 – Fire Protection Manual (Internal Appliances, Fire Engines, Trailer

Pumps and Hydrant Systems)

Chief Controller of Explosive Guidelines

Static & Mobile Pressure Vessels Rules

Indian Factories Act 1948 / State Factories Regulations

Gas Cylinder Rules

Indian Electricity Act / Rules

Safety Code for Transportation of Hazardous Substances

Provincial Fire Codes for Buildings

Fire Protection Manual of Tariff Advisory Committee

Petroleum and Natural Gas Rules ( Safety in Offshore operations)

Rules 2008 and OISD 233 and 118 for fire and explosion risk assessment and fire

protection/fighting systems




Health Hazard Control is done by adopting following measures:

Prioritize the health hazards based on their risk potential.

Identify specific work groups affected by each hazard.

Determine the controls required to manage these identified hazards. The cost of each

identified control versus benefits of its implementation may be evaluated.

Develop an action plan identifying work to be done.

On board qualified doctor is available 24 hrs on the vesselsduring laying period for the

immediate treatment and first aid. For serious injuries and diseases, patient is evacuated by

the emergency helicopter, exclusively meant for emergencies to the nearest base.

The health and hygiene of the personnel working at the vesselsfor long period will be

monitored through periodic health checks of the persons. All employees undergo a periodic

medical examination. The record of the health check-up will be maintained centrally off site

in confidential file by the medical section. The medical officer at base recommends

appropriate treatment for the persons found to be having any health problems requiring

attention.

Majority of the employees on the vessels are trained in first aid. Regular drills and lectures on

first aid are carried out at the vessels. Occupational Health Surveillance Program is

summarized in Table6.6.

Table 6.1: Occupational Health hazards and mitigating measures

Cause of health hazard Risk Mitigation Measures

Noise (Generators, Cranes,

Fire Water pump) Hearing loss

Use of PPEs in high noise area

and written operational

procedures to be followed.

Procedures to be followed as per

MSDS of all hazardous chemicals

for safe handling.

ERP/DMP to be followed. Ensure

the availability of medical

treatment on site and off site and

written procedure to be followed.

Handling of heavy equipment

and material (Manual handling

of material)

Back problem

Handling of lubricants and oils

Eye problems and

chemical ingestion,

Dermal effect

Process Leaks/Fire and

Explosion

Serious

Injuries/damage to

health

Occupational Health surveillance of workers shall be done on regular basis and records

maintained as per the Factory Act.

6.4 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

For meeting the emergencies caused by major accidents, planning response strategies are

termed as Disaster Management Plans (DMPs). DMPs cannot be considered in isolation or

act as a substitute for maintaining good safety standards in a plant. The best way to protect

against major accidents occurrence is by maintaining very high levels of safety standards.

Generally, the following five phases are involved in an emergency:




Discovery and Notification: An event with an imminent threat of turning into an

accident must first be discovered and the discoverer quickly notifies the same to the plant

safety officer and also Duty Officer on shore.

Evaluation and Accident Control Initiation: Based on the evaluation of available

information, the safety officer makes a rapid assessment of the severity of the likely

accident and initiates the best course of action. If required alert the personnel at shore

and Coast Guard.

Containment and Counter Measures: Action is first taken to contain and control the

accident by eliminating the causes which may lead to the spread of accident. Measures

are also taken to minimize the damage to personnel, property and environment.

Cleanup and Disposal: After the accident is effectively contained and controlled, the

cleanup of the site of the accident and safe disposal of waste generated due to the

accident are undertaken.

Documentation: All aspects of accidents, including the way it started and progressed as well

as the steps taken to contain and the extent of the damage and injury, must be documented for

subsequent analysis of accident for prevention in future, damage estimation, insurance

recovery and compensation payment. It may be noted that some aspects of documentation,

such as, photographs of the site of accident and main objects involved in the accident, survey

for damage estimation, etc. may have to be carried out before the cleanup and disposal phase.

However, the effort in all cases is to recommence the production as soon as possible.

6.4.1 Emergency Classification

Severity of accident and its likely impact area will determine the level of emergency and the

disaster management plan required for appropriate handling of an emergency. Emergency

levels and the action needed for each level are indicated below:

Level 1 Emergency

A local accident with a likely impact only to immediate surroundings of accident site, such as,

local fires and limited release of inflammable material. The impact distance may not be more

than 15 m from the site of primary accident and may require evacuation of the site area where

accident occurred and utmost the adjacent areas.

Level 2 Emergency

A major accident with potential threats to life and property up to 500 m distance requiring the

evacuation of all personnel from the threatened area except the emergency response

personnel. Larger fires, release of large quantities of inflammable materials may belong to

emergency level 2.

Level 3 Emergency

An accident involving a very serious hazard and with likely impact area is extending beyond

the operational area of ―off-shore and onshore pipeline‖, such as, major fire, very large

release of inflammable material and big explosion. Major fires will usually have the triggering

effect resulting in the propagation of explosion. In a level 3 emergency, evacuation

populations near the site area.




On-site Disaster Management Plan (DMP) will meet the hazards created due to all Level 1

emergencies and most of the Level 2 emergencies. In addition to on-site DMP, off-site DMP

may also have to be put into operation for some Level 2 and all Level 3 emergencies.

6.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

In case of emergencies (fire/leakage/failure/other offshore exigencies), the Shift

Field/Plant Operator shall immediately inform Shift Console Operator and the Control

Room. The shift Console Operator shall inform Well Head Team Leader/ Shift-in-

Charge, Shift Maintenance Engineer and Fire Station and act on the basis information

received from Shift Operator. The Well Head Team Leader/Resident Engineer acts as On-

Scene Coordinator till the Head Operation reach the site.

If the emergencies requires shut down the platform/plant and activate Disaster Management

Plan (DMP)/Oil Spill Contingency Plan (OSCP). The Shift-in-Charge (Odalarevu) provides

all necessary information regarding safe shutdown of platform/platform and ensure the

availability of vessel/helicopter/fire fighting vessel/fire tender/ambulance depending on the

situation. Shift in Charge follow duties as per fire order and other requirements under the

direction of On Scene Coordinator. Shift Security officer inform central first aid facility and

control traffic. OSC shall coordinate with the Shift Security Supervisor and Resident Medical

Officer and coordinate the aid within ONGC and from outside agencies as per requirements.

Resident Medical officer ensure first aid facility and inform local doctors/hospitals to remain

in readiness for attending to serious burns and gas poisoning case.

The On-Scene Coordinator/Commander (OSC) shall maintain communication with Asset

Manager, which shall be the Chief Emergency Officer (CEC) and coordinates with I/C of

Safety, Fire and Security. The CEC coordinate with On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) and other

ECR (Emergency Control Room) members and inform the CMD, Director (HR)-CCEC,

Director-Concerned and Director-I/C HSE on the situation. If requires, CEC activate off-site

DMP and shall request the intervention of corporate crisis management group for activation

of corporate level DMP. The CEC give technical and management advice to other

coordinators and take the decision on partial or total evacuation of the site. The actions to be

taken during emergency are given in Figure 6.2.




Figure 6.2: Actions taken during Emergencies

6.5.1 On Scene Coordinator

Initial Phase: In the initial phase someone close to the scene of emergency can exercise

emergency coordination. Accordingly Well head team leader or Resident Engineer will

assume the role of on scene Coordinator (OSC) till On Scene Commander takes over.

Intermediate Phase: The Chief Emergency Co-ordinator (CEC) at Asset level may

appoint a person, normally stationed at base to take over the task of OSC at Site Control

Room (SCR).

Shift Maintenance

Engineers

I/C Maintenance

Fire/Leakage/Failure/Other Offshore

Exigencies

Shift Field

Operator/Person Noticing

First

Shift-In-Charge/Well

Head Team Leader

Resident Engineer

Head Operations/On-

Scene Coordinator

Chief Emergency Coordinator-

Asset Manager

I/C Safety

I/C Security

Muster In charge

Shift-In-Charge

(Fire)

On Escalation – Offsite DMP will be

activated by CEC-AM

ECR (Offsite)

ECR (Onsite)

Medical Officer

Shift-In-Charge

(Security)

Actuate Platform

Shutdown, if

require




Function: The OSC will make an assessment of the situation; the type and quantity of

assistance required and communicate the same to the Asset ECR. The OSC will mobilize

the resources available at scene, deal with the situation and take such actions as directed

by the Chief Emergency Coordinator at the Asset/ Basin/ Plant. He will transmit

situation reports (SITREPS) at regular interval prefixing a numerical sequence to each

message.

6.5.2 Site Control Room

This temporary centre shall be established at a suitable location at offshore on a nearby rig or

a vessel stationed nearby or in any building at the base by the Head operations, with the

assistance and advice from the Emergency Control Room. Head operations will be the on-

scene coordinator. Other Coordinators at the location will be the Fire Fighting, Safety,

Security and Maintenance Coordinators who will assist the On Scene Co Coordinator in

discharging his duties at the site of emergency.

6.5.3 Communication

As effective communication is crucial for the overall success of the operation, a

communication flow-chart for such scenario is outlined herewith. In the event of a terrorist

act, timely, accurate communications will be critical for the success and survival. Timely

response during emergency is extremely important. Flow chart for first information regarding

an emergency is given in the Figure 6.3 and 6.4.




Figure 6.3: Communication Flow Chart (First Information)




Figure 6.4: Offshore communication flow chart.

CEC at the work center must communicate immediately as per the flow chart for first

information in case any emergency is likely to come to the notice of media. This is to ensure

that the management has an authentic update of the emergency to reply to the media.

6.5.4 Communicating With Employees

The following shall be followed for internal communications Head Corporate Communication

shall on behalf of CCEC communicate with ONGC employees through intranet or any other

communication channel to apprise all ONGC employees on the status of the incident. Chief

ER on behalf of CCEC shall establish communication with the family members of the

affected employees and contractors.




6.5.5 Communicating With Media

The following shall be followed while communicating with the media

CMD, CCEC or Head CC on their behalf shall interact with print/ electronic media.

Head CC with the approval of CCEC shall brief the press/ give press release.

No other official at corporate office will interact with Media/ Press unless approved

by CMD/ CCEC.

The main purpose of Crisis communication with the media will be

o Positive messages with a focus on action taking place

o Clarity in all messages delivered

o Consistency in all messages repeated

o Bias-free messages

o Correct any misinformation

6.5.6 Warning System

A high pitch warning system is available at site for announcing the emergency and giving the

all clear signals. SMC will declare the emergency level and operational personnel and, if

necessary, public in surrounding villages will be notified about the nature of the emergency

by using alarm system in the following manner:

Level 1 Emergency – Single beep every five seconds

Level 2 Emergency – Double beep every five seconds

Level 3 Emergency – Continuous wailing of alarm

6.5.7 Emergency Procedures

Level 1 Emergencies

Accident is small and isolated and does not require the shutdown of evacuation of production

fluids. Effort shall be made to arrest its propagation. Level 1 fire may be extinguished with

water, sand or fire extinguishers. Level 1 hazardous chemical release, if any, can be contained

and controlled quickly without requiring shut down the operation or the evacuation of persons

working in the affected area.

Level 2 Emergencies

The affected unit will be brought to a safe shut down while continuing emergency supplies of

water and power. Level 2 fires will be extinguished by mobilizing water and foam

extinguishers. Level 2 hazardous chemical release, if any, will require evacuation of

personnel including those working in downwind direction towards upwind or cross wind

direction to minimize the injurious effect of hazardous gas release.

Level 3 Emergencies

Level 3 emergencies are not applicable to off-shore and onshore pipeline.

6.5.8 Accident Site Clean Up

While cleaning the site after explosion and fire accidents, care shall be taken against the

probability of leaving any hazardous / or any other materials (which may be dangerous to

terrestrial and marine life or obstacle to terrestrial and marine operation) lying buried in the




land and sea-bed. Information regarding the cleaning up of spills of hazardous materials, if

used, is available in material safety data sheets.

6.5.9 Emergency Response Personnel Safety

All emergency response personnel from the ONGC and outside agencies shall enter the

accident site under instruction of SIC. These persons shall invariably wear appropriate

protective gear, such as, fire suits, helmets, boots, respirators and gas masks, before entering

the accident site.

6.5.10 All Clear Signal and Public Statement

For Level 1 and 2 emergencies Site Main Controller will authorize an all clear signal in the

form of long high pitched alarm with intermittent pauses, say, two minutes alarm followed by

one minute pause repeatedly. Public statements regarding the emergency will be issued only

by SMC.



PROJECT BENEFITS

7.1 PROJECT BENEFITS

The proposed project for installation of dual sub-sea pipeline at Odalarevu will lead to the

following benefits:

The Project will enhance reliable gas supplies, which will inturn contribute to country’s

economy by enhancing energy security and reducing foreign exchange expenditure.

The project will reduce the gap between domestic production of natural gas and actual

requirement of natural gas.

The Project will result in the indirect employment opportunities to the unskilled/skilled

local people as well as increase in business opportunities.

The project will benefit the area around Odalarevu by way of creation and improvement

of infrastructure facilities like roads.

More assistance from ONGC towards corporate social responsibility (CSR).

7



ENVIRONMENT

MANAGEMENT PLAN

8.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF EMP

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) provides a delivery mechanism to address the

adverse environmental impact of a project during its execution, to enhance project benefits,

and to introduce standards of good practice to be adopted for all projects works.

The primary objectives of the EMP are to:

Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation measures for the identified adverse

impacts;

Define the responsibilities of the project proponents and contractors in order to effectively

implement the environmental management plan;

Define a monitoring mechanism and identify monitoring parameters in order to:

o Ensure the complete implementation of all mitigation measures;

o Ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measure;

o Provide a mechanism for taking timely action in the face of unanticipated

environmental situations;

Identify training requirements at various levels.

The Environmental management plan for the installation and operationof onshore and

offshore pipeline has beenoutlinedas follows:

Table 8.1: Environmental Management Plan - Mitigation Management Matrix

(Onshore and Offshore Pipeline Installationand Operation)

Hazard &

Effect(s) Proposed Mitigation Required Actions

Onshore Site

Acquisition

Ensure that all necessary protocols

are followed and legal

requirements implemented.

Adequate compensation will be

ensured to the affected

landowners.

Vessel

Mobilization

for offshore

Sea bed profile assessment in

will be conducted prior to

mobilization and installation.

Adequate training will be

provided to the operating

personnel.

Assessment of any aquatic

species migratory route or

feeding/ breeding ground.

Sea bed assessment will be

ensured prior to mobilization.

Adequate training sessions

will be ensured for personnel

prior to rig operations.

Consult with the fisheries

department and local NGO

working for the conservation of

aquatic species. Also to consult

the Navy, Coast guard officials

for sighting of any endangered

8



Hazard &


species in that area.

Wastewater

and Effluent

Management

Wastewater including wastewater

generated from construction sites

and sewage wastewater will be

treated in treatment plant prior to

its disposal.

Hydro test water will be reused for

multiple tests. In case of offshore

discharge, it will be ensured at a

suitable location so as to minimize

adverse impacts.

Wastewater generated from

construction activities will be

treated in existing ETP of G-1

and GS-15 onshore terminal.

The treated wastewater will be

reused for the purpose of

watering green belt in the plant

area.

Reuse of the hydro test water

will be ensured to maximum

extent.

Maximum dilution and

dispersion will be ensured

during discharge of hydro test

water.

Hydro-test chemical cocktail

will be selected on the basis of

low ecotoxicity and within the

constraints of the function for

which they are required.

Chemicals,

lubricants

and fuel

management

All fuels, lubricants and chemicals

will be kept in a well-designed

storage facility with regular

inventory checking.

Delivery of fuel and chemicals will

be executed under strict

supervision and refueling

operations will be carried out in an

area with impervious flooring and

surface drainage with oil

interceptor.

Checklist of all drums and

containers located within

footprint of the storage area will

be ensured.

It will be ensured that storage of

chemicals required in the

facility will be below the

specified threshold for specified

storage permitted under the

Manufacture, Storage and

Import of Hazardous Chemical

rule.

An inventory of all fueling and

refueling operations will be

maintained.



Hazard &


Air

Emissions

All equipments will be operated

within the specified design

parameters.

Good design, construction and

operational practices will be

adopted to minimize risk of gas

leakage during operation of

pipelines.

High efficiency generator sets will

be provided with adequate stack

height and modern emission

control equipments. Emission can

be minimized further by use of low

sulfur diesel (i.e. present sulphur

content of HSD utilized is 150

ppm) and Diesel gen sets are

operated only during emergency

phase as normal power generation

is through gas gensets. The H2S

content in the fuel gas is nil.

Measures will be taken to

minimize the dust rise during

construction activities.

Measures will be taken to reduce

emissions during transportation of

construction materials.

Personal protective equipments

Follow up of preventive and

scheduled maintenance of all

the equipments as per the

procedures given by OEM will

be ensured.

Use of standard materials and

equipments will be ensured.

Regular maintenance of pipeline

will be ensured.

Installation of Efficient gas

detection devices will be

ensured.

It will be ensured that

stacks/vents height will be

provided as per CPCB/APPCB

norms.

It will be ensured that dry and

dusty material will be stored in

containers.

Water sprinklers will be used to

minimize dust rise.

Transportation of raw material

and other resources will be

ensured from nearby local

sources to minimize

transportation impacts and

overall carbon footprint.

Vehicles will be properly

maintained to minimize exhaust

emissions.

Transportation routes will be

selected such that movement of

vehicles through inhabited

villages is reduced.

Sufficient quantities of PPEs



Hazard &


(PPEs) will be provided to workers

at the construction site.

will be made available.

Noise and

Vibration

Regular maintenance of all

equipments and vehicles will be

ensured.

Good working practices will be

implemented to minimize noise

levels.

Noise mitigation measures such as

acoustic enclosure will be

provided to operating machines

and engines will be fitted with

mufflers.

PPEs will be provided to the

workers exposed to prolonged

noise levels.

Equipment log books will be

maintained.

It will be ensured that no

machinery is working when not

in use.

Enclosures will be ensured

around the noise generating

sources where the noise levels

exceed permissible admissible

limits.

Installation of generator sets

will be ensured in compliance

to the norms notified by MoEF.

Sufficient quantity of PPEs will

be made available.

Solid Wastes

Non-

Hazardous

Wastes

includes

organic

wastes from

kitchen,

construction

waste

Proper documentation and

manifestation of all wastes

generated will be ensured.

Recyclable construction waste

such as bricks, stone slabs, timber,

conduits, plastics, broken glass,

rubble, brick bats, broken

plaster/concrete and fine material

(sand and dust) will be segregated

from non recyclable waste and will

be disposed off to approved

contractors for their recycle and

reuse.

Biodegradable waste from kitchen,

laundries, galleries etc will be

collected in separate bins prior to

its disposal.

Pre-operation inspections will

be conducted to ensure that

waste disposal facilities are in

place.

No dumping of construction

waste at and around the project

site will be ensured.

Provision for on-site waste

segregation and storage will be

made by providing appropriate

bins for different waste

categories.

Biodegradable can be used for

composting.



Hazard &


Soil and

Sediment

Quality

The top soil recovered during land

clearance will be stockpiled

separately and will be used for

backfilling the trench in order to

restore the original soil condition.

Wastewater discharges and solid

waste will be subjected to

appropriate treatment prior to the

disposal.


minimize soil and sediment

contamination due to usage of

pipeline commissioning

chemicals.

Measures will be implemented

to minimize soil erosion and top

soil losses during construction

phase.

Implementation of waste

management plan (as described

in section 8.2) will be ensured.

Use of pipeline commissioning

chemicals will be minimized to

the extent possible.

Disposal of the chemical will be

ensured as per the engineering

package specifications for

contractors.

Ecological

Impacts


minimize ecological impacts due

to air emissions and noise from

operation of machineries,

equipments and transportation

vehicles during construction and

operational phase of onshore and

offshore pipelines.

Waste management plan will be

implemented to mitigate adverse

impacts on the land and marine

environment.

Intimation to the Fisheries

Department in case of any unusual

phenomenon observed.

Intimation to the Fisheries

Department and/or Forest

Department in case any deceased

aquatic species is observed on the

sea surface or any behavioral

change observed in the avi-fauna.

Implementation of suitable

measures will be ensured.

Formulation and

implementation of waste

management plan (as described

in section 8.2) will be ensured.

Visual observations of the

aquatic flora & fauna will be

done in routine through the rig

and surveillance vessels on

round.

Same as above.

Socio-

Economic

Environment

Local people will be recruited

indirectly during project activities.

Record of all jobs will be

maintained. Monthly feedback

on jobs will be given to locals



Hazard &


Vocational trainings will be

provided to local people to

enhance their skill and

employment opportunities.

Safety measures will be adopted to

minimize Occupation Health

Hazards during project activities.

Measures will be adopted to

minimize effects on fish catch of

the area.

Undertake social welfare projects

for the local communities through

well throughout CSR strategy.

reporting on job profile.

Provision for vocational

training programs will be

ensured.

Implementation of stringent

Health, Safety and

Environmental practices will be

ensured.

Installation of pipeline will be

ensured during non-fishing

season.

Implement social welfare project

as per Company’s CSR Policy.

8.2 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

To facilitate field level implementation, a waste management plan is framed which will

be subject to fine tuning depending on site conditions. This Waste management plan is as

presented below in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2: Waste Management Plan

Waste

Category Waste Type Proposed Action

Construction

wastes

Recyclable waste (such

as bricks, stone slabs,

timber, conduits,

plastics, broken glass,

rubble, brick bats,

broken plaster / concrete

and fine material (sand

and dust), non recyclable

waste and wastewater

from construction

activities

Recyclable construction waste will be

segregated and stored in separate bins

from non recyclable waste and will be

disposed off to approved contractors for

its final disposal.

Wastewater generated from

construction activities will be treated in

existing ETP of G-1 and GS-15 facility.

The treated effluent will be reused for

the purpose of watering green belt in

the plant area.

Domestic

Wastes

Sewage

Sewage will be treated in effluent

treatment plant and the treated effluent

will be used for irrigation purpose

within and around the plant.



Waste

Category Waste Type Proposed Action

Combustible Waste

(Paper, Rags, Packing

material)

Waste will be properly segregated (no

plastics, metal, glass in it) and

transported to approved recycling

contractor.

Recyclable waste such as

Tin packs, plastic and

glass bottles etc.

Waste will be properly segregated and

stored for its transportation to approved

recycling contractor.

Hazardous

wastes

Waste lube/ system oil

from construction and

operational machineries,

used oil from D.G sets

Hazardous waste will be carefully

stored in drums and transported to

MoEF approved recyclers for its final

disposal. The handling, storage and

transportation of the waste will be in

accordance to Hazardous Wastes

(Management, Handling and Trans-

boundary Movement) Rules, 2008.

Pre-

Commissioni

ng Wastes

Hydro test water Hydro test water will be reused for

multiple tests. In case of offshore

discharge, it should be ensured at a

suitable location so as to minimize

adverse impacts.

8.3 CAPITALAND RECURRING COST FOR POLLUTIONCONTROL

MEASURES

Pollution control measures Total Capital

Cost

Recurring

Cost

Wastewater and Effluent Management

Water Quality Monitoring

8,00,000

Fuel, Lubricant and Chemical Management 2,50,00,000 25,00,000

Noise and Vibration Mitigation

Acoustic enclosure and Personal Protective equipments

Noise Monitoring

Maintenance cost of equipments

87,00,000

5,00,000

40,85,000

Solid Waste management 1,25,00,000

Air emission mitigation

Maintenance of D.G. sets

31,50,000

Flora & Fauna survey (both marine and terrestrial) 3,00,000

Soil & Sediment Quality 8,00,000

Training to staff 2,50,000

General awareness in local public 2,50,000

Total 4,62,00,000 1,26,35,000

The costs are calculated based on the current charges of an accredited

laboratory/consultant/ contractor to perform the above said work.



8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS TRAINING

Environmental Awareness training will help to ensure that the requirements of the EMP

are clearly understood and followed by all project personnel throughout the project period.

The primary responsibility for providing training as per HSE policy to all project

personnel will be that of the HSE Officer. The HSE policy includes following guidelines:

We are committed to maintain highest standards of occupational health, safety and

environment protection.

We will comply with all applicable codes and requirements to promote occupational

health, safety and environment protection.

We will be always alert, equipped and ready to respond to emergencies.

We will take all actions necessary to protect the integrity of the system in order to

avoid accidental release of hazardous substances.

We will enhance awareness and involvement in promotion of Occupational health,

safety and environment protection wherever we work and reside.

The HSE Officer will train the site staff, the drilling contractor, and other staff engaged

by ONGC for the project. Training will cover all staff levels, ranging from the

management and supervisory to the skilled and unskilled categories. The scope of the

training will cover the requirements of the EIA and the EMP, with special emphasis on

sensitizing the project staff to environmental, social, ethnic, and tribal context of the area.

The HSE Officer will conduct on-job live risk assessment trainings to the staff (including

HSE coordinator & Company man) and the contractor staff to better appreciate

environmental risks and their mitigation measures. This will be undertaken after

conducting audits on the operations.



SUMMARY AND

CONCLUSION

9.1 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

ONGC plan to develop Vashishta and S-1 gas field in the eastern offshore for which dual 14

inch sub-sea pipelines are to be laid to evacuate production fluid from Vashishta and S-1 field

to the onshore terminal at Odalarevu. The length of pipeline on land and sub-sea is about 4

km and 43 km approx. respectively.

The environment status of 10km study area of the onshore pipeline route and along the sub-

sea pipeline route is delineated with respect to air, noise, water, biological environment and

socio-economic. The different project activities in the construction and operation phase are

identified and evaluated on the basis of primary and secondary data collection through field

investigation, environment monitoring and from secondary sources viz. maps, reports,

scientific literatures etc. A summary of the identified impacts are given in the following

paragraphs.

In the construction phase the vehicular & vessel movement, pipe-laying works and operating

of generators will have maximum impact, especially on air, noise, vibration and ecological

environment. Water quality and geology/soil will be affected due to the discharge of

wastewater (construction and domestic) and leakage of oil etc; from generators and other

equipments. On the other hand, during the operation phase; usage of maintenance & cleaning

chemicals and risk of gas leakages will affect the water, air, noise and biological environment.

With respect to occupational health, impacts are anticipated on the health of the employees

during operation phase. Personnel working near the noise generating machines, DG sets and

handling of chemicals and lubricants are more susceptible of getting health hazards.

However, all these impacts can be overcome with the proposed mitigation measures proposed

in Chapter 4 and EMP. Overall, this project will bring economic benefits, increase energy

security of the country and generate employment opportunities.

9



DISCLOSURE OF

CONSULTANTS ENGAGED

10.1 INTRODUCTION

Asian Consulting Engineers Pvt. Ltd. (ACE) is an independent consulting company in the

field of water and environment engineering with its headquarters located in New Delhi, India.

ACE provides consulting services and sustainable solutions for infrastructure projects (roads,

railways, ports, hydropower, water resources and other urban infrastructural plan outs),

industrial projects (refineries, petrochemicals, gas pipelines, offshore and onshore oil & gas

exploration, fertilizers, steel plants, power plants, textiles, hotels, distilleries and tanneries)

and social development projects.

ACE is committed to provide consultancy services of international quality at local costs to

suit its client’s requirements. ACE believes that the key to success is the ability to work

effectively with clients to understand, define, and resolve their environmental concerns. ACE

offers technical talent, specialized expertise, physical resources, and requisite facilities that

are important in responding to water and environmental issues, the world faces today. The

quality of work and timely completion of project are of paramount importance in each

assignment that ACE undertakes.

We, at ACE, know what makes for a successful project. Clients turn to ACE because

We understand the issue at hand

Have the required experience and expertise to develop unique solutions

Complete work on time and within budget

Work towards client satisfaction as our ultimate goal

ACE offers this combination of quality and performance through its professionals, managers

and support personnel. Our people are equipped with state-of-the-art technologies and they

are motivated to implement the project to the satisfaction of the client.

10.2 QUALITY OF SERVICES

ACE is committed to providing a high quality consultancy service. As a recognition of same,

ACE has been awarded ISO 9001: 2008 certified (Certificate no: 22340/10/S) by RINA, to

provide consultancy services for water supply, waste water treatment, municipal solid waste

management, environment and social impact assessment, environment impact and audit,

remote sensing and geographical information systems. In addition to this, ACE is also

accredited with Quality Council of India for preparation of EIA of Onshore and offshore oil

and gas exploration and development and transportation of oil and gas through pipelines

(Category A).

10.3 AREA OF SPECIALIZATION

Water Resources Engineering

Water Supply

10



Wastewater Management

Urban Environment Improvement

Environmental Management

Social Development

GIS and Remote Sensing

10.4 RESOURCES

Panel of Experts

ACE has experts in the following specialized areas:

Water supply engineering

Water resources engineering

Wastewater engineering

Solid waste management

Public Health and Sanitation

Environmental Management

Forestry and Wildlife

Environmental modeling

Fisheries

Aquaculture

Social development

Infrastructural Resources

Following facilities are available with ACE:

Air quality models

Noise quality models

Water quality models

Water distribution analysis software

Sewer network analysis software

Software Availability

AERMODE

CALINE 4

Erdas Imagine

Arc GIS

AutoCAD

Map Info

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