Presentation by Chris J. Landau

Fossils that we see today are preserved in a matrix that they become.

Biogenic theory states that the leaves and the fossil tree trunks are the source for the coal, when really all that the carbon or coal is, is the preservative material, the matrix in which the fossils are preserved.

Fossils preserved in coal

Dinosaur bones that are now preserved in coal or sand turned to sandstone, mud turned to mudstone, or lime turned to limestone, are the remains of that animal fossilized in that preserving medium.

THE BONES DID NOT CREATE THE FORMATION

• We see evidence today of ancient algal domes turned to dolomite, a calcium magnesium carbonate.

• These features are convex shaped hard laminated rocks or impressions of the algal domes that were once part of an intertidal zone.

ALGAE DO NOT CREATE DOLOMITE. NO GEOLOGIST OR BOTANIST WOULD SUGGEST IT.

PETRIFIED FORESTS: • Tree trunks made of silica today or preserved

as such do not mean that ancient trees were made of silica.

• The wooden trees were simply replaced by silica in a siliceous environment.

• We see the tree rings now made of stone.

• We can even count them.

• We look around at the trees today.

• We see that they are made of wood.

• We deductively reason that trees were made of wood 240 million years ago.

• Most geologists would find this acceptable.

• The silica is the preservative.

6• Seashells (calcareous) preserved in limestone, do not mean that the seashells created the limestone.

• Conditions vary, so that sometimes the whole animal is preserved as well as its shell. At other times the shell is filled with limestone or sand.

• The soft body parts do not build the formations but are replaced by the calcium rich waters to form the fossils we see. Basic conditions prevail to preserve the shells.

• Sea Shells can be preserved in sandstone or mudstone. Their shells would then be silica or silica and clay minerals.

• One CANNOT say that because seashells are calcareous, they make all the limestone beds of the world.

• As we all know, there were limestone and dolomite beds over a kilometer in depth forming a billion years before any sea or land shelled animals were preserved or known to exist.

La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles• Wooly Mammoths and Saber

Tooth Tigers preserved in tar pits do not make the tar.

• The tar is the preservative. The animals are the fossils. Plants and plankton can be fossils too.

• Just because fossil animals are small or fossil plants plentiful, it does not make them the preserving material.

1) Carbon Dioxide

2) Carbon Monoxide

LAND IS MUCH BETTER AT PRESERVING COAL THAN THE SEA BECAUSE:

Carbon dioxide IS TRAPPED BY CALCIUM AND PRODUCES OUR HUGE BEDS OF DOLOMITE AND LIMESTONE AROUND THE WORLD.

Carbon is preserved as coal on land by:

Reducing Conditions(without oxygen)

Carbon Dioxide

Forms…

…reduced to…

Carbon or Coal

• Leaves and tree trunks do not make coal

Animals with soft body parts are less likely to be preserved compared to leaves, bushes and tree stems, because of the cellulose structure that make them more resistant to acid digestion and better at being preserved in coal bed formation.(acid conditions are created by hydrogen sulphide gases and carbonic acids in water)

Therefore, coal beds on land do not preserve the animal bones that often but do preserve the more abundant leaves and tree stems.

• Plankton does not produce oil.

Microorganisms preserved in oil are just that, animals preserved in oil. They DO NOT create the oil.

My ideas are as follows:• I have emphasized that coal is

inorganic• I believe we are forming coal, oil and

gas today and replenishing the natural reserves.

• Active fault zones and regions of tectonic activity increase all natural hydrocarbon production.

• Dolomite and limestone are being converted to natural gas, oil and coal today at 1-2 miles in depth.

• I accept that natural gas and oil are being made at 150 kilometers in depth as well.

• Hydrogen sulfide is a major reducing chemical to calcareous formations, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

 

•  I came to these conclusions after logging about 70 miles of calcareous sediments in the 7000’-11500’ wells that were drilled in California’s central valley.

• I sought equations to explain the hundreds of feet of coal that I logged in the gas wells between 6000 and 8000 feet.

• This is an area that has actively been investigated for more than 50 years and been contemplated by academics for more than 200 years. 

•  Natural gas is found within, below and above limestone or calcium rich sandstone layers.

•  These layers are the source of methane.• They are not the traps for natural gas.• In a reducing environment, limestone is changed to methane. • The starting reactants are on the left side of the equation.• The final reactants are on the right. • I have included the change in delta G (Gibbs free energy

equation). When these values are negative the equation reaction favours the products on the right.

• When the value is positive the reverse reaction is favoured. Most reactions are reversible depending on heat and pressure.

• The values are calculated for the reactions occurring at standard temperature (25 degrees Celsius) and pressure and at 1 atmosphere.

In the presence of water and hydrogen sulphide, a reducing and hydrating environment, methane and gypsum are produced if temperatures and pressures are raised. 

CaCO3+3H20 + H2S = CH4 + CaSO4 (Gypsum) G = + 28kJ/mol 

CaCO3 + 4H2S + 2Fe =Ca (OH) 2 + CH4 + H20 + 2FeS2

(limestone) + (hydrogen sulphide) + (iron) = (hydrated lime) + (methane) + (water) + (Pyrite)

G = - 90kJ/mol 

Coal and methane may form by carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide bubbling out of volcanic vents. in the presence of hydrogen sulphide (black smokers). The presence of water and hydrogen will form other reactions. No limestone is necessary. The reactions are well known in chemistry synthesis. I therefore include their names. 

The Water Gas Shift Reaction

CO (carbon monoxide) + H2O (water) = CO2 + H2 (hydrogen) G = - 20kJ/mol

 Sabatier Reaction with Al2O3 as the catalyst (corundum)

CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 4H2 (hydrogen) = CH4 +2H20 G = - 131kJ/mol 

MAKING GASOLINE FROM COAL BY THE FISCHER-TROPSCH REACTION

The Fischer-Tropsch process transforms gas derived from coal (or other substances) into liquid gas. The Fischer-Tropsch Reaction was invented in Germany in the 1920’s

This Syngas process was perfected by SASOL, over the last 50 years, where gasoline and diesel are extracted from coal.

30% of South Africa’s fuel needs are supplied.  

(2n+1) H2 + n CO = CnH(2n+2) + nH2O

 

3H2 + CO = CH4 + H2O If n=1, Methane is produced G = - 151kJ/mol

5H2 + 2CO = C2H6 + 2H2O If n=2, Ethane is produced G = - 216kJ/mol

                    

MAKING GASOLINE FROM METHANE BY THE WURTZ SYNTHESIS

Where methane bubbles through salt water brines, methane combines with chlorine to form methyl chloride. 2 Methyl chloride molecules are bound together by the action of a sodium ion from salt to form ethane. Longer chain alkanes are simply created by adding ethane to methane to form propane. 2 ethyl chlorides can form butane. This may be one of the chief mechanisms for creating hydrocarbons around underground salt domes.

CH3Cl + 2Na+ + CH3Cl = C2H6 + 2NaCl G = - 195kJ/mol 

Methyl Chloride + Sodium ions + Methyl Chloride = Ethane + Salt

Longer chain hydrocarbon creation is a simple addition of alkyl chlorides to form alkanes.

Hydrogen Sulphide will react with iron to form pyrite. It will also react with carbon to form pyrite bands in coal and emit methane gas. The carbon is further reduced to methane gas.

 Fe (iron) + 2H2S + C = FeS2 (pyrite) + CH4 G = - 149kJ/mol

 

Water will combine with Sulphur trioxide gas to form sulphuric acid

 H2O + SO3 = H2SO4 G = - 82kJ/mol

Sulphuric acid and limestone combine to form gypsum and give off water and carbon dioxide

H2SO4 + CaCO3 = CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O G = - 134kJ/mol

Sulphur trioxide converts limestone to gypsum or anhydrite and carbon dioxide.

SO3 + CaCO3 = CaSO4 + CO2 G = - 213kJ/mol

In the presence of hydrogen sulphide, the following reactions are possible. 

3CO + H2S = 3C (coal/graphite) + SO2 + H2O G = - 94kJ/mol

 

The reduction of carbon monoxide by hydrogen sulphide gas with the release of sulphur dioxide and water.

Coal is of course a more complex structure with nitrogen, sulfur and hydrogen atoms in its molecular structure.

Graphite or solid carbon can also be created by the pyrolysis (heating) of methane in the absence of air.

This would be possible in fault zones at depths where heat and reducing conditions are the norm.

Alexander von Humboldt(1769-1859)

Dr. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev(1834-1907)

Dr. Nikolai AlexandrovichKudryavtsev(1893-1971)

Dr. Emmanuil Bogdanovych Chekaliuk

(1909-1990)

Dr. Thomas Gold(1920-2004)

Dr. J.F. Kenney

Picture not available

because still alive! No fossil record found!

October 2009