Old picture: CHS (ubiquitous in plants) may be ancestral to other non-CHSs that are found in selected plants. Repeated, independent evolution of non-CHS enzymes from CHS in different species.
CHS
CHS
CHS
SPS
STS
Evolution of the CHS Superfamily
Emerging picture:
Repeated gene birth-and-death, re-invention of non-CHS enzymesCHS may not be the MRCA
Enz1 in S1
Enz1 in S3
Enz1 in S2
Gene duplicationDiversification
Speciation
Speciation
Enz2 in S3 (Gene death)
Enz2 in S2 (Gene death)
Enz2 in S1
Enz2 in S3 (Gene rebirth)Gene duplicationDiversification
Divergent Evolution of the CHS Superfamily in Plants
Synechococcus CHSL PpCHS11 Os10g34360 YY2
PrChS1 AtCHSL
AthCHSL3 SlCHSL
AthCHSL1 AthCHSL2 NsCHSLK
anther-specific
Os07g34190 WtPKS2 WtPKS3
WtPKS1 AaOKS
AaPCS PpCHS
PpCHS5.1 PpCHS6 MpSTCS2
HsPKS1 MpSTCS1 MpCHSL PnVPS
PnSTS1 PnSTS2
PiHKS PcPKS2
RpASS HaBPS
SaBIS BfBBS
PhCHS3 OGRCHS1
PhCHS4 PhBBS PhCHS1
PetuniaCHSB IpCHSB
IpCHSA Gerbera2PS
RtSTS RpBAS
HlVPS HlCHS2
HlCHS1 HlVPSL HmCTAS
RgACS2 RgACS
VvSTS2 VvSTS3
VvSTS1 CrSTS
PqSTS PetuniaCHSD
PetuniaCHSG PnCHS
EaCHS GbCHS
PstCHS PabCHS PsyCHS PdCHS
PstSTS1 PstSTS2
PsySTS2 PdSTS
GmCHS1 BvSTS
AhSTS1 AhSTS3
AhCHS CaCHS1
MsCHS2 RiPKS3 RiPKS2
RiCHS RhCHS SaCHS
HaCHS HmCHS
CsCHS1 CsCHS
IpCHSE IgCHS AthCHS
AaCHS CaCHS
BnCHSA2 RgCHS2
RgCHS3 DaCHS VvCHS
GerberaCHS1 GerberaCHS3
DcCHS PcPKS1
AcCHS Os11g32650
ZmCHS HvCHS
LsCHS BfCHS8 PhCHS5
DhCHS
534332
1000
1000935
405
50
993855
558
867
1000
255
312
9881000
993689
463276159378
47994
880
635460
1000
1000
1000
1000
664
608
455
1000964
1000
1000
377
421
139
989
936
723
990
1000
587965
1000
1000
215
1000
1000
812
1000
774
997
1000
708
520
1000
944
9991000
703732
1000
981
302
1000
480
1000994
1000712
606
687999
709
1000
996
1000
999
1000
868
379
332
144
251
439
335
60
1000
64
161
121
123
54
67
982
843176
0.05
MRCA
CHS
Non-CHS
Unknown function
PpCHS11 from the moss, Physcomitrella patens appears to be the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) to the plant CHS family.
Plants
BacteriaFungi
Evolution of the CHS Superfamily
Ancestral initiation condensing enzyme CHN
Ancestor CHS-like enzymes in (cyano)bacteria and fungi (Alkylresorcinol synthase and other non-CHSs)
Repeated gene birth-and-deathRe-invention of non-CHS enzymes
The CHS superfamily in angiosperms
Gene duplication and diversification in starter-CoA, condensation steps, cyclization type
Acquisition of cyclization ability (GFGPG Loop) KAS III, KCS, HMGS
Various non-CHSs before split of gymnosperms and angiospermsCHS in liverworts and mosses for UV protection
In plants (450 mya) Anther-specific CHS-like enzymes for reproduction
Alkylresorcinol Synthase in Alga & Lichens ??
