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Center for Transportation Safety
Older Driver Support System
Michael Manser Laura Higgins
Samantha Haynes Catie Cecil
Human Factors Program Manager
Center for Transportation Safety Texas A&M Transportation Institute
Texas A&M University
Project Sponsored by the ATLAS Center
Driving and the Lifespan
FARS, 2013
How can we help seniors drive more safety?
Understand Senior Drivers
Understand Crash
Problem
Solution Concepts
Develop and Test Solution
Older Driver Challenges
Static Visual Acuity Divided Attention
Dynamic Visual Acuity Working Memory Contrast Sensitivity Executive Function (Judgment/Decision-Making)
Visual Fields Spatial Abilities Depth and Motion Perception Knowledge
Dark Adaptation & Glare Recovery
Head/Neck/Trunk Range of Motion
Speed of Processing Arm Strength/ Range of Motion/ Speed of
Movement
Selective Attention Leg Strength/ Range of Motion/ Speed of
Movement Hearing
Staplin, L., Lococo, K. H., Martell, C., & Stutts, J. (2012). Taxonomy of Older Driver Behaviors and Crash Risk. Washington DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Center for Transportation Safety
Older Driver Crashes
Research • Turning left at an intersection with stop-sign control, where cross
traffic does not stop • Turning left at an intersection with signal control, where the
permissive (not protected) green phase was displayed during the driver’s approach
• Turning right at an intersection controlled by a yield sign, in a channelized right-turn lane, merging with traffic approaching from the left on a principal arterial with operating speeds of 40-45 mph
• Merging onto a limited access highway, in a ramp/acceleration lane controlled by a yield sign
• Changing lanes on a multilane roadway (4+ lanes).
Staplin, Lococo, Martell, & Stutts, 2012
Center for Transportation Safety
How can we help older drivers drive more safely? Potential Solutions
Driver Feedback - Real time info to driver about errors/unsafe behavior
Vehicle Adaptation - Alter some aspect of vehicle performance based on driver behavior or situation
Reporting - Record, summarize, and transmit for later review
Coaching - Intermediary interprets and provides explicit guidance
External Motivation - Formal incentives based on monitored behavior
7
Strategies for Vehicle-Based Technology (Lerner, Jenness, Singer, Klauer, Lee, Donath, Manser & Ward, 2010)
Potential Solutions
Teen Drivers Mature Drivers
Abs
ent
Pre
sent
Tech
nolo
gy
Technology and the Driving Lifespan
Feedback
Coaching
Reporting
Feedback
Coaching
Warnings
But how do we do this in an inexpensive, easy to deploy, readily available package that can be used easily by seniors?
Center for Transportation Safety
Smartphone App as a Driver Support System
Primary Variables • Participant Number • Date,Time • GPS - Lat, Long, Alt • GPS - Bearing • GPS - Velocity • IMU - g force X, Y, Z
Secondary/Calculated Variables • Distance, Elapsed Time • Lat, Long, Vert acceleration • Accel/Decel point • Accel/Decel rate • Max Accel/Decel X, Y, Z • Incline/Decline • Variability in X, Y, Z • etc
Center for Transportation Safety
How do we drive?
What speeds do drivers select?
Where do drivers begin to slow?
Decel/accel rates? Minimum speed?
Maximum speed? Time in speed zone?
Center for Transportation Safety
Speed and Speed x g, Three Trials S
traig
ht D
rivin
g B
rake
at S
top
Sig
n
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103
109
115
121
127
133
139
145
151
157
163
169
175
181
187
193
199
205
211
217
223
229
235
241
247
253
259
265
271
277
283
289
295
301
307
313
319
325
331
337
343
Spee
d (m
ph)
Distance from Start
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 101
106
111
116
121
126
131
136
141
146
151
156
161
166
171
176
181
186
191
196
201
Spee
d (m
ph)
Distance from Start
-1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2
00.20.40.60.8
1
0 10 20 30 40
Long
itudi
nal G
For
ce
Speed (mph)
1st and 2nd Brake Event Greatest braking g per event
Are drivers braking for a stop sign at an appropriate distance? Are they surprised…quick response braking?
What additional signage/sight distance/geometrics could support improved stopping profiles?
Center for Transportation Safety
G Force in a Left Curve
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Approach PC PI PT Depart
G-F
orce
(g)
Point Along the Curve
Lateral G-Force for Curve
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
Trial 6
Should curve speed be partly determined by a g force that is acceptable to a driver?
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Approach PC PI PT Depart
G-F
orce
(g)
Point Along the Curve
Average Lateral G-Force Along the Curve
Center for Transportation Safety
ODSS Development Model
Major and Minor Crash
Types
Senior Driver Limitations
Assistance Needed
Driver Support System
Information Source Information Location Type of Message Pre programmed Real Time
Und
erst
and
the
Pro
blem
P
oten
tial S
olut
ion
Previous
Research
CD
RS
CD
RS
R
esearch Team
PR
OC
ES
S
SO
UR
CE
OF
INFO
RM
ATION
Center for Transportation Safety
ODSS
Speed Subsystem Maneuver Subsystem Lane Control Subsystem Driving Context Subsystem • Stop sign, TOD, weather
Reminder Subsystem • Awareness/SA (check mirrors, check blind
spots, speed limit awareness, scan before change lanes, complex interchange)
• Technique (space between vehicles, lane position)
Center for Transportation Safety
Current Status
• Identify Crash Types • Identify Senior Driver Limitations and Capabilities • Interview CDRS • Identify Tentative System Information and Feedback • Design System • Program Older Driver Support System
• Test with Drivers • Test with CDRS • Expand System – Roadway Database
Don
e C
urre
nt
Futu
re
Center for Transportation Safety
Contact Information Michael Manser Human Factors Program Manager [email protected]