Marshall W. [email protected]
Department of Entomology, University of California, RiversideUC Kearney Agricultural Center
Parlier, California
Olive Fly ManagementOrland 2007
Olive FlyBactrocera oleae (Gmelin)
Contributing to olive fly research efforts in California are:
Marshall Johnson, UCRKent Daane, UCBRobert Van Steenwyk, UCBSusan Opp, CSU HaywardRussell Messing, U of HawaiiAlan Kirk, USDA - ARSCharlie Pickett, CDFAFrank Zalom, UCDHannah Burrack, UCDLouise Ferguson, UCDJudy Stewart-Leslie, PMATim Ksander, Ag AdvisorsHannah Nadel, UCRKris Lynn-Patterson, UC KACMary Bianchi, UCCEPaul Vossen, UCCEJoe Connell, UCCEBill Krueger, UCCEVickie Yokoyama, USDA ARSJoe Zermeno, CSU HaywardMelanie Durbin, CSU Hayward
Adult femaleAdult female
Egg laying puncturesEgg laying punctures
Photo: R. Copeland
Olive fly biology
Olive fly egg
Puparia
3rd instar1st instar
EmergenceholeFeeding tunnels
Adult fly emerging from fruit
Green fruitGreen fruitBuds and flowersBuds and flowers
Ripe fruitRipe fruit Fallen ripe fruitFallen ripe fruit
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Ways to Monitor Olive Fly
• Visual inspection of foliage / fruit for adult flies
• Check for infested fruit within trees and on the ground
• Monitor for adults with traps hung in trees***
Aerial traps attract adult flies with
the help of food & sex
lures
ChamP TrapChamP Trap
Simple Yellow Panel Trap
Male Sex Lure
Dispensers
Ammonium bicarbonate
Packets
• Easy to assemble• Commercially available
SuppliersTrece
Suterra
Ammonium carbonate is
recommended
Olive fly on trapOlive fly on trap
MaleFemale
Walnut Husk Fly
Trap Maintenance• Check yellow panel traps
weekly• Change the ammonium
bicarbonate packets every 4 weeks. Changing the packets more often will probably not give better results
• Change the spiroketalpheromone plugs every four months
• Change traps when they become too cluttered with other insects or dust
McPhail TrapMcPhail Trap
Torula Yeast & Borax
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Placement in TreesPlacement in Trees
• Place on north side of tree in spring / summer
• Place on south side of tree in fall / winter
• Place in upper one third of tree
• Allow clear space around trap
• At least one trap per 5 -10 acres of olives
• At least 2 traps per olive block; use more if possible
• Traps should be placed in trees no later than March 1
Remember:No fruit; no flies on trap!!
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Application of Bait SprayApplication of Bait Spray
GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly BaitApproved for organic use
Section 18 presently
GF-120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly BaitApproved for organic use
Section 18 presently
Application of Bait SprayApplication of Bait Spray
• Aerial applications not recommended
• Use alternate row coverage
• Treat north or east sides of trees
• Aerial applications not recommended
• Use alternate row coverage
• Treat north or east sides of trees
• Direct spray into upper half of tree
• Use dilutions from 1: 1.5 to 1: 4 parts GF-120 to water
• 4 - 5 mm droplets are best
• Direct spray into upper half of tree
• Use dilutions from 1: 1.5 to 1: 4 parts GF-120 to water
• 4 - 5 mm droplets are best
Timing and Use of Bait SpraysAs recommended by the Olive Advisory Group / 2006
• Control of olive fly is essential because of the near-zero tolerance level established by table olive processors
• When fruit will be pressed for oil, the damage levels can be greater than in table olives, but best to keep fruit infestations below 10%
• A safe guideline is to initiate treatments near June 1 or two weeks before olive pit hardening
• If spring conditions are warm, a couple of earley sprays may be warranted in March or April to knock down the population. If populations are high, use a dilution ratio of 1 part GF-120 to 9 parts water to bring high populations down.
• GF-120 is the only sprayable bait legally available for use• It cannot be applied more than once every 7 days• Use rates vary from 10 oz. to 20 oz. active ingredient per acre• 14 oz. a.i. per acre is currently being recommended
GF-120 Residue Longevity Studies
GF-120 Residue Longevity Studies
Tags indicating field exposure
periodsBait droplets on leaf
Lab test units
Flies were exposed to aged residues for 4 hours & then held 72 hours to record mortality
0 4 7 14 210
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110 4 Water : 1 GF-1201.5 Water : 1 GF-120
Days Exposure of GF-120 Residue
Perc
ent M
orta
lity
72 h
rs A
fter T
reat
men
t9 Sept — 2 Oct 200421 Aug – 11 Sept 2004
a
b
ab
0 4 7 14 210
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110 4 Water : 1 GF-1201.5 Water : 1 GF-120
Days Exposure of GF-120 Residue
Perc
ent M
orta
lity
72 h
rs A
fter T
reat
men
t9 Sept — 2 Oct 200421 Aug – 11 Sept 2004
a
b
ab
Mean daily maximum temp = 94.4 ± 5.9 °F
Mean maximum RH = 84.1 ± 3.7 %
Days when dew formed = 0.0 %
0 4 7 14 210
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1104 Water : 1 GF-120
1.5 Water : 1 GF-120
Days Exposure of GF-120 Residue
Perc
ent M
orta
lity
72 h
rs A
fter T
reat
men
t12 Oct — 3 Nov 2003
a
b
12 Oct – 1 Nov 2004
0 4 7 14 210
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1104 Water : 1 GF-120
1.5 Water : 1 GF-120
Days Exposure of GF-120 Residue
Perc
ent M
orta
lity
72 h
rs A
fter T
reat
men
t12 Oct — 3 Nov 2003
a
b
Mean daily maximum temp = 82.0 ± 9.3°F
Mean maximum RH = 90.6 ± 1.9%
Days when dew formed = 95.2 %
12 Oct – 1 Nov 2004
Black scale, Saissetia oleae
• Black scale is common throughout the Central Valley and produces honeydew that flies may potentially use as a carbohydrate source
• Does honeydew attract OLF away from “weathered” GF-120 residues?
Does honeydew compete with GF120?When given a choice, will olive flies show a preference for feeding on GF120 vs. “artificial”honeydew?
Does the age of the substance affect feeding choice and subsequent fly mortality?
Does spatial arrangement of droplets affect feeding choice and subsequent fly mortality?
Choice Tests
xx
xx
x
xxxx
xxx
xxx
x
x
x
xx
o
oo
oo
x
x
x
x
x oo
oo
o
x
xx
x
xoo
oo
o
O = 2 ul drop of GF120 X = 2 ul drop of artificial honeydew
Separated choice test Mixed choice test
o o oo o oo o oo o oo o o
GF-120 efficacy was reduced when artificial honeydew was present and separated, regardless of residue age (F3,72 = 67.8, P < 0.001)
0102030405060708090
100
Honeydew Separatedchoice
Mixed choice GF120
% M
orta
lity
@ 4
8h
Results when residues were fresh
GF-120 efficacy was reduced when artificial honeydew was present and separated, regardless of residue age (F3,72 = 67.8, P < 0.001)
0102030405060708090
100
Honeydew Separatedchoice
Mixed choice GF120
% M
orta
lity
@ 4
8h
Results when residues were fresh
When GF-120 droplets were interspersed with honeydew droplets significantly more olive fruit flies died than when droplets were spatially separated
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Other Ways to Suppress Olive Fly• Post-harvest sanitation — Knock down fruit remaining in trees as soon
after harvest as possible. Destroy the fruit on the ground by mulching or disking. Bury fruit at least 4 inches deep. If fly densities are high in area, this method may have minimal effect.
• Mass trapping — This method may lower fly numbers in an orchard, but economically significant fruit damage may still occur. Only use where fly numbers are very low.
• Kaolin clay protectant — Fine film of clay covers plant and changes olive fly attraction or behavior towards plant host. Farm Advisor Paul Vossen reports good results with the product Surround WP®. Research is still ongoing to determine its best use.
• Attract and kill traps — One device (Magnet OL®) is available from AgriSense. It utilizes food and sex lures to attract olive fly adults and a pesticide to kill attracted adults. Not recommended as a stand-alone method. Perhaps best in non-commercial situations were convenience is a priority.
• Made by AgriSense• Device is: Magnet OL®• Registered in CA• Adult olive flies are
attracted by food and sex lures, and die after contacting insecticide impregnated material
• Active ingredient is lambda cyhalothrin
• Made by AgriSense• Device is: Magnet OL®• Registered in CA• Adult olive flies are
attracted by food and sex lures, and die after contacting insecticide impregnated material
• Active ingredient is lambda cyhalothrin
Attract & Kill Trap
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Untreated olives:• Abandoned orchards• Residential / business
landscapes • Roadside plantings• Organic orchards
Roadside Ornamental Olive Trees
Roadside Ornamental Olive Trees
Average Adult Olive Fly Trap Counts in Tulare & Fresno Counties
10 April17 April24 April1 May 8 May15 May22 May29 May5 June13 June20 June27 June4 July 11 July18 July25 July 1 Aug 8 Aug 15 Aug22 Aug29 Aug6 Sep 13 Sep20 Sep27 Sep 3 Oct 10 Oct17 Oct24 Oct31 Oct 7 Nov 14 Nov0
1
2
3
4
5
Treated Commericial OrchardsUntreated Urban Sites
Survey Date 2003
Mea
n N
o. T
otal
Flie
s / T
rap
/ Wee
k
Olive fruit presentNo olive fruit
Average Adult Olive Fly Trap Counts in Tulare & Fresno Counties
No olive fruitMust protect crop from this increase
in olive fly
10 April17 April24 April1 May 8 May15 May22 May29 May5 June13 June20 June27 June4 July 11 July18 July25 July 1 Aug 8 Aug 15 Aug22 Aug29 Aug6 Sep 13 Sep20 Sep27 Sep 3 Oct 10 Oct17 Oct24 Oct31 Oct 7 Nov 14 Nov0
1
2
3
4
5
Treated Commericial OrchardsUntreated Urban Sites
Survey Date 2003
Mea
n N
o. T
otal
Flie
s / T
rap
/ Wee
k
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
• The flies appear to alter their behavior patterns so that they are only active during cooler periods (i.e., early morning), thus less chance to be trapped.
• Extreme heat (greater than 95°F) can kill: 1) adult flies that cannot obtain enough water and sugar sources; and 2) eggs and 1st instars within the fruit. However, death may require 3 to 5 consecutive days of high temperatures.
• Flies with plenty of water and food can surive the entire summer (at least under field test conditions).
• The flies may leave the olive grove to seek out cooler, more humid places to sit out the extreme heat (e.g., citrus trees). More data is needed on this.
Why do we see a drop in trap catches?
8765432100
20
40
60
80
100
W 95°FW 100°FW 105°F
N 95°FN 100°FN 105°F
W + H 95°FW + H 100°FW + H 105°F
Days Exposure to Various Temperature Regimes
Perc
enta
ge S
urvi
val o
f OLF
Fem
ales
Tree Cage
65432100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Olive / W+H
Olive / W
Olive / Nothing
Days Exposure in Field in 9-14 Sept 2005
Perc
enta
ge S
urvi
val o
f OLF
Fem
ales
65432100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Olive / W+H
Olive / W
Olive / Nothing
Days Exposure in Field in 20-25 Sept 2005
Perc
enta
ge S
urvi
val o
f OLF
Fem
ales
65432100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Olive / W+H
Olive / W
Olive / Nothing
Days Exposure in Field in 28 Sept - 3 Oct 2005
Perc
enta
ge S
urvi
val o
f OLF
Fem
ales
65432100
20
40
60
80
100
120
Olive / W+HOlive / WOlive / Nothing
Days Exposure in Field in 15-20 Aug 2005
Perc
enta
ge S
urvi
val o
f OLF
Fem
ales 83 82 82 84 84 ºF
Olive / W+H
Olive / W
Olive / Nothing
92 97 93 92 94 ºF
95 95 93 82 76 ºF87 91 92 80 84 ºF
San
Joaq
uin
Val
ley:
Par
lier,
CA
Survival of Caged Adult Female Olive Flies in Parlier, San Joaquin Valley, California
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
FIE
LD
CA
GE
S
2/17
/200
5
3/3/
2005
3/17
/200
5
3/31
/200
5
4/14
/200
5
4/28
/200
5
5/12
/200
5
5/26
/200
5
6/9/
2005
6/23
/200
5
7/7/
2005
7/21
/200
5
8/4/
2005
8/18
/200
5
9/1/
2005
9/15
/200
5
9/29
/200
5
10/1
3/20
05
10/2
7/20
05
Survey Date
Prop
ortio
n al
ive
Field cagesLab cages
2/2/
2005
Prop
ortio
n O
live
Fly
Fem
ales
Sur
vivi
ng
When water and honey were provided, olive fly adults survived over 8 months
(Feb to Oct) infield cages
When water and honey were provided, olive fly adults survived over 8 months
(Feb to Oct) infield cages
Oviposition 1st instar
Olive fly egg
What is the impact of high temperatures on olive fly eggs and first instars?
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Prop
ortio
n D
ead
0 Days 1 Day 2 Days 3 Days 4 Days 5 Days
Egg1st Instar
Mortality of OLF stages after 0 to 5 Days Exposure to 100ºF
Duration of Exposure within Olive
• Based on historical temperature data from the Central Valley, the frequency at which 3 to 5-day periods of 100 to 105°F occur vary dramatically between the olive production areas of the San Joaquin Valley versus the Sacramento Valley
• The San Joaquin Valley has longer and more frequent periods of high temperatures than the Sacramento Valley
• Irrigation methods vary between the regions with the San JoaquinValley having dryer orchards with little ground cover within orchards to provide moisture, shade, and high humidity for OLF adults
• Black scale, Saissetia oleae, is common throughout the Central Valley and produces honeydew that flies may potentially use as acarbohydrate source
Other Factors to Consider
8765432100
20
40
60
80
100
W 95°FW 100°FW 105°F
N 95°FN 100°FN 105°F
W + H 95°FW + H 100°FW + H 105°F
Days Exposure to Various Temperature Regimes
Perc
enta
ge S
urvi
val o
f OLF
Fem
ales
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Black scale, Saissetia oleae
• Black scale is common throughout the Central Valley and produces honeydew that flies may potentially use as a carbohydrate source
• Does honeydew consumption enable flies to survive periods of extreme heat?
• Black scale is common throughout the Central Valley and produces honeydew that flies may potentially use as a carbohydrate source
• Does honeydew consumption enable flies to survive periods of extreme heat?
54321000
20
40
60
80
100
Honedew onlyHoneydew + WaterHoney onlyHoney + Water
No Food
Days of Exposure
Perc
ent O
live
Fly
Surv
ival
Laboratory Data: High = 97.5 ºF; Low = 65 ºF
Provision of water with honey or honeydew enables olive fly
adults to survive short periods of high temperatures
Provision of water with honey or honeydew enables olive fly
adults to survive short periods of high temperatures
Some factors that potentially influence the impact of summer temperatures on olive fly
Some factors that potentially influence the impact of summer temperatures on olive fly
• Intensity of daily maximum temperature*• Duration of daily highs (e.g., > 100°F for 4 days)*• Relative humidity*• Olive fly’s access to water (availability of irrigation
sources, morning dew, ponds, creeks, etc.)• Olive fly’s access to a carbohydrate source (e.g.,
honeydew)• Olive fly’s ability to seek refuge from the heat by
dispersal
* Highly dependent on location in state
• Approaches to monitoring olive fly• Optimum placement of traps within trees• Timing and application of GF-120• Current management alternatives• Olive fly numbers in untreated olives• Impact of summer heat on fly numbers• Controling black scale• Biological control efforts underway
Presentation TopicsPresentation Topics
Potential for control using biocontrol agents
DaaneUCB
JohnsonUCR
NadelUCB
HoelmerUSDA ARS
PickettCDFA
MessingU Hawaii
Working inQuarantine
Non-target effects?
Beneficial on Star Thistle
Biocontrol Agents Under Consideration for Release
Bracon celerBracon celerUtetesUtetes africanusafricanus
DiachasmimorphakraussiiDiachasmimorphakraussii
Fopius arisanusFopius arisanus
PsyttaliaPsyttalia lounsburyilounsburyi
AfricaAfrica
AustraliaAustralia
AfricaAfrica
SouthernSouthern AfricaAfrica SE SE AsiaAsia
KM Daane
MW Johnson
KM Daane
KM Daane
KM Daane
Summary• The easiest and most efficient way to monitor for olive fly is via
yellow panel traps that attract adult flies with food and sex lures
• Various options for suppression of olive fly are available with GF-120 bait sprays probably being the optimum control currently available to commercail olive producers
• Control of black scale may reduce survival of olive fly adults due to removal of a potential food source
• Biological control is poor at this time, but new exotic natural enemies will soon be released that may improve levels of biological control
• Efforts are underway to reduce numbers of required baits sprays using alternative methods while maintaining high fruit quality
Questions?Questions?
Three to six 4-5mm (3/16 – ¼ inch) holes drilled or melted
into neck
1.5 to 2.0 liter plastic bottle. Fill 2/3 full with a 3-5% (30-50 grams per liter) solution of di-ammonium phosphate or ammonium bicarbonate
and water. Sometimes vinegar and protein
hydrolysate bait is also added
If stings exceed 3% - one mg of microencapsulated liquid
spiroketal pheromone is added
OLIPEOlive Fruit Fly
Trap from Spain
Hang in the inside of the south side of the tree in
the shade
June – Sept. 8-10 traps/acre
Sept. – Dec. 16-20 traps/acre
From Varela & Vossen 2002